Rough notes

English Language

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs = verb + particle

The particle looks like a preposition, but it doesn’t function as a preposition.

He woke up at 6:30 am.

Strangers woke him up.

Particles

Particles are part of the verb phrase, and they often change the meaning of the verb.

Preposition

He looked up at the skyscraper.

Particle

She looked up a word in her dictionary.

Using phrasal verbs

Many phrasal verbs and one-word verbs have similar meanings.

Wake up = awaken

Go on = continue

Take off = remove

Phrasal verbs are less formal and more common in everyday speech.

The two types

Transitive

Intransitive

Transitive phrasal verbs

1. These phrasal verbs need an object in order to be used.

E.g. I made up an excuse about the computer.
(‘Excuse’ is the object of the verb).

2. You can separate some of the transitive phrasal verbs, which means you can place the object
between the verb and the particle.
E.g. I looked the word up in the dictionary.

The object can come after the phrasal verb or between the verb and the particle.

At the last minute, the bride called off the wedding.

Object

At the last minute, the bride called the wedding off.

Object

1. However, some verbs can’t be separated and the object must be placed after the particle.

E.g. I will look into this matter as soon as possible.

2. Some phrasal verbs can take an object either between the verb and the particle or after the
particle.

E.g. I picked up the book.

I picked the book up.

Be careful!

When the object is a pronoun, it must come between the verb and the particle.

A friend called up her at work = wrong

A friend called her up at work = object

Intransitive phrasal verbs

Unlike the transitive ones, these verbs don’t need an object when used in a sentence.

E.g. My car broke down.

Intransitive phrasal verbs do not have objects.

He grew up in Egypt = no object

She will hang up before she gets into her car = no object

First, I worked out for an hour = no object

Then. I dressed up and dropped in at the party.

No one found out that I didn’t have an invitation!

Mathematics

Properties of angles on straight lines

Sum of all the three interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees.

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.

Science

Have you ever thought why do bananas turn brown?

Well! Bananas have gradually decomposed.

What is meant by decomposed?

In biology, decomposition refers to the biological process of breaking down an organic material into
smaller, constituent parts. Some examples of decomposition are shown next.

How does it work

Decomposers are organisms which are responsible for the process of decomposition.

What are decomposers?

1. Vital components of the nutrient cycle or the food chain.

2. These are organisms that feed on and break down dead plant or animal matter, making organic
nutrients available to the ecosystem.

Why decomposition occurs

1. The decomposers provide food for themselves by extracting chemicals fro the dead bodies or
organic wastes, using these to produce energy.
2. The decomposers will then produce waste of their own. In turn, this will also decompose,
eventually returning nutrients to the soil.

Decomposers in a food chain

 Questions.

1. What would happen if decomposers are removed from the food chain?
2. What is organic matter? What happens with an apple when you throw it away?
3. Have you ever found a leaf where you only saw the veins? If so, why?

English Literature

Why do you think setting is such an important element for any story?

Foreshadowing

It hints at things that are about to happen.

For e.g.:

As Jonathan barged into his home, he was shocked to see it bathed it darkness. “Mom! Dad! Where are
you?” His foot struck an upturned table and that is when he realized in horror that the entireliving room
was in shambles- the furniture was thrown around, the bookshelves empty, and vases lay shattered on
the floor.

Reveals about the character’s emotional state and feelings

It reveals a lot about a character’s temperament, current mood, situation in life etc.

For e.g.:

When Shawn entered the room, he was shocked to see Joe curled in a ball on the bed, trying to sleep as
the curtains were drawn tightly shut. The floor was littered with old pizza boxes and paper plates of stale
food gone bad. On the bed was a mountain of dirty clothes piled and the dresser boasted a layer of dust
at least an inch thick.

Reveals information about the plot and the characters involved

Are the characters rich and powerful? Are they destitute and struggling? Is the story set in an urban
landscape? A fantasy world?

For e.g.:

The man sat quietly in a wingback chair. He was silent throughout, quietly puffing on his cigar while his
assistant stood near the huge marble fireplace holding files, waiting for his boss’ next order.

Creates a mood

One of the most important functions of setting is to create a mood in the story.

Through the use of techniques such as light and dark, the design elements of an indoor space and time
of the day, authors routinely create a particular mood in the story that is designed to evoke a response
in the reader.

Now, think of the many, many stories you have read and the response they have evoked in you.
History

Starter activity

Keeping in view the two below mentioned events, share your views regarding the role played by Indian
National Congress and Muslim League in the then politics of India.

1) Round Table Conferences

2) Communal Awards

Last discussed events

Three Round Table Conferences called but all of them ended without drafting any single proper clause
for the Indian constitution.

Through a pamphlet, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali stated that India is actually claimed by multiple communities
so decisions about it should be taken with their consent.

He advocated the idea of creating a separate Muslim state consisting of the Muslim majority areas of
the subcontinent. He used the word Pakstan for the first time.

Failure of the Round Table Conferences made the British settle the matters by themselves.

British prime minister Ramsay Mac Donald presented the Communal Awards in August 1932.

Several political parties are now an active part of the Indian politics resulting in the radical grooming of
the locals and their growing demand for self-rule.

Later

Failed negotiations

Political deadlock

Presentation of the Communal Awards

Government of India Act of 1935

About the act

Why was it important?

1. Last written constitution by the British for their Indian colony.

2. Led the foundation of the general elections of 1937.
3. Granted more voting rights to the Indians.
4. Served as the base for the constitution of independent India and Pakistan after 1947.

Impact of the new government in Britain

1. General elections held in Britain resulted in the change of government.

2. Stanley Baldwin became the prime minister.
3. He intended to give as much as possible self-government to the Indians.
4. Some Cabinet members like Winston Churchill felt that the Indians were not ready for it.
5. However, the bill passed and became a law in 1935.

Structure of the constitution

Indian Central Body headed by the Viceroy.

Upper House of the Assembly- The Council of State

A permanent and independent body

To bring new members, one-third members of the Upper House had to retire after every 3 years.

Lower House of the Assembly- Indian Legislature Assembly

Not an independent body

Will work under the Viceroy.

Provincial assemblies headed by the Governors.

Clauses of the act

1) Power authority
a. More power to the provinces.
b. The provinces were given more authority and powers and for the first time the provinces were
made separate bodies.
2) System of diarchy
a. Abolished at provincial level but introduced in the center.
b. This meant that the provinces will be run by the Indians.
c. But power in the center will still remain with the British.

More power to the Indians

1919 1935

- India as federation of both provinces and princely

states.

Number of seats were increased to 145 in Seats were again increased.

Assembly.
Upper House- 156 + 104 (British India + Princely
States)

Lower House- 250 + 125 (British India + Princely

States)

Separate electorates for Muslims. Already granted.

Diarchy system in province. Diarchy system in Central Assembly.

Criteria of voting wealth and education – 5 million Criteria of voting wealth and education- 35 million
can vote got voting rights.