MMV025/211, March 8, 2006

P1. A tanker is to be filled with fuel oil with ρ = 920 kg/m3 and µ = 0.035 Pa s from
an underground reservoir using a 20 − m-long, 50 mm-diameter plastic (hydraulic
smooth) hose with a slightly rounded entrance (r/d = 0.050) and two 90◦ smooth
bends (R/d ≃ 10). The elevation difference between the oil level in the reservoir and
the top of the tanker where the hose is discharged (α = 1.1) is 6.5 m.

The capacity of the tanker is 20 m3 , and the filling time is 30 minutes. For an overall
pump efficiency of 82 percent, determine the required power input to the pump. (10p)
Assume stationary, fully developed flow. The oil surfaces are in contact with surround-
ing air. α = kinetic energy correction factor.
Given: ρ = 920 kg/m3 , µ = 0.035 Pa s; slightly rounded entrance, r/d = 0.050; two 90◦
smooth bends, R/d ≃ 10; capacity 20 m3 , to be filled in 30 minutes ⇒ Q = 40 m3 /h;
hose diameter, d = 50 mm; hydraulically smooth ⇒ let ǫ = 0; hose length, ℓ = 20 m;
α = 1.1; height difference, H = 6.5 m; pump efficiency, ηP = 0.82.
Sought: required power input to the pump, ẆP
ẆP = Ẇin /ηP , where Ẇin = ṁwin is the power transferred to the oil; mass flow rate,
ṁ = ρQ = 10.22 kg/s.
Extended Bernoulli equation:

ρV 2
!
ρV 2
!
p+α + ρgz = p+α + ρgz + ∆pf − ρwin
2 1
2 2

Let section 1 (inlet section) be at the reservoir surface; section 2 at the hose outlet.
Both oil surfaces are in contact with surrounding air, which means that p1 = p2 = pa
(ambient pressure); z2 − z1 = H. Since elevation H is a constant it can be assumed
that the reservoir is large, V1 ≪ V2 = V ; α2 = 1.1.
Pressure loss, ∆pf = (f ℓ/d + ΣK)ρV 2 /2 ⇒ win = (α2 + f ℓ/d + ΣK)V 2 /2 + gH.
Friction factor, f = φ(Re, ǫ/d), Re = ρV d/µ; V = Q/A, A = πd2 /4 ⇒ V = 5.66 m/s,
Re = 7.44 × 103 . Eq. (6.39): f = 0.316Re1/4 = 0.0340, f ℓ/d = 13.61.
Fig. 6.20, R/d = 10: K = 0.33; Fig. 6.21, r/d = 0.05: K = 0.23 ⇒ ΣK = 0.89.
α2 + f ℓ/d + ΣK = 15.60; g = 9.81 m/s2 ⇒ win = 313.6 J/kg.
Ẇin = 3205 W ⇒ ẆP = 3909 W.
Answer: 3.9 kW
 MMV025/211, March 8, 2006

P2. Helium gas (k = 1.66, R = 2077 J kg−1 K−1 ), at V = 2010 m/s, p = 40 kPa and
T = 20◦ C, undergoes a Prandtl-Meyer expansion until the temperature is −50◦ C.
Determine the turn angle as well as the velocity and static pressure after the expansion
turn. (10p)
Given: Helium gas; V1 = 2010 m/s; p1 = 40 kPa; p1 = 40 kPa; T1 = 20◦ C; T2 = 50◦ C.
Sought: expansion (turn) angle, ∆ω; V2 ; p2
Prandtl-Meyer theory: ∆ω = ω(Ma2 ) − ω(Ma1 ).
√
Ma1 = V1 /a1 = V1 / kRT1 ; T1 = 293.15 K ⇒ Ma1 = 1.9993.

!1/2
Ma2 − 1  1/2 k+1
Eq. (9.99): ω=K 1/2
arctan − arctan Ma2 − 1 , K=
K k−1

k = 1.66 ⇒ K = 4.0303, ω1 = ω(Ma1 ) = 21.866◦; Ma2 =?

The expansion turn can be treated as isentropic (adiabatic and with no frictional
losses), i.e., T02 = T01 (adiabatic), p02 = p01 (isentropic).
!
k−1 2
T01 = T1 1+ Ma1 = 679.84 K
2

T02 /T2 = 679.84/223.15√= 3.047 ⇒ Ma2 = 2.4903, ω2 = ω(Ma2 ) = 31.333◦, i.e.,

∆ω = 9.466◦. V2 = Ma2 kRT2 = 2184 m/s.

! k
p01 k−1 2 k−1
= 1+ Ma1 ⇒ p01 = 331.8 kPa
p1 2

p02 = 331.8 kPa, Ma2 = 2.4903 ⇒ p2 = 20.14 kPa.

Answer: ∆ω = 9.5◦ , V2 = 2.2 km/s, p2 = 20 kPa.
 MMV025/211, March 8, 2006

P3. The sluice gate below has a rectangular cross section with a width of 6.0 m. A free
outflow (free discharge) occurs when the gate opening is H = 0.25 m. The upstream
water level then is y1 = 2.0 m. Downstream of the gate there is a hydraulic jump. The
water temperature is 10◦ C.

Determine (a) the volume flow rate, (b) the water depth y2 upstream of the jump, (c)
the water depth after the jump, and (d) the power dissipated through the jump, in
kW (kilowatts)
Wall friction can be neglected. (10p)
Given: rectangular cross section, width, b = 6.0 m; H = 0.25 m; y1 = 2.0 m; water,
10◦ C; free outflow.
Sought: (a) Q, (b) y2 , (c) y3 , (d) Pf = ṁghf = ρQghf
√ q
(a) Eq. (10.41): Q = cd HB 2gy1 ; cd = 0.61/ 1 + 0.61 H/y1 (discharge coefficient)
H/y1 = 0.125 ⇒ cd = 0.588; g = 9.81 m/s2 ⇒ Q = 5.525 m3 /s.
(b) Horizontal flow without losses, i.e., E2 = E1 , where E = y +q 2/(2gy 2) is the specific
energy, q = Q/b = 0.921 m2 /s.
E1 = 2.0108 m, a = q 2 /(2g) = 0.0432 m3 ; iteration formula:

h i1/2
y2 = (y23 + a)/E1

y2 = H = 0.25 m → 0.171 m → 0.155 m → 0.1528 m → 0.1525 m → 0.1525 m.

(c) Theory for horizontal jump gives 2y3 /y2 = −1 + (1 + 8Fr22 )1/2 .
√
Froude number, Fr2 = V2 / gy2, V2 = q/y2 = 6.04 m/s ⇒ Fr2 = 4.94, y3 = 0.992 m.
(d) hf = E1 − E3 = (y3 − y2 )3 /(4y2 y3 ) = 0.976 m; ρ = 1000 kg/m3 (Table A.1) gives
Pf = 52.9 kW.
Answer: (a) Q = 5.5 m3 /s, (b) y2 = 0.15 m, (c) y3 = 0.99 m, (d) Pf = 53 kW.

C. Norberg