ENGLISH FOR AGRICULTURE

"Land Preparation and Method of Land Preparation"

Lecturer: Wahyudi Daud, S.Pd.,M.Pd

Arranged by:

1. Intan Nurazizah 217 501 030

2. Windi Permata 217 501 002

3. Helmi Olpin Yunita 217 501 023

4. Desi sapitri 217 501 015

5. Dyah Fadillah 217 501 019

6. Igo 216 501 018

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY TEACHER AND TRAINING

LAKIDENDE UNIVERSITY

2020
 FOREWORD

Alhamdulillah we are climbing into the presence of Allah SWT Almighty, because it has
bestowed his mercy in the form of opportunity and knowledge so that this paper can be
completed in time.

Thank you also we say to friends who have contributed by giving his ideas so that this
paper can be arranged properly and neatly.

We hope that this paper can add to our readers ' knowledge. But despite that, we
understand that this paper is far from the word perfect, so we expect constructive criticism and
suggestions for the creation of a better next paper.

Wawotobi,10 May 2020

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENS

FOREWORD .........................................................................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENS ........................................................................................................

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................

A. Bacground ................................................................................................................

B. Formulation Of the Problems ..................................................................................

CHAPTER II DISSCUSSION .............................................................................................

A.English for Agribusiness and Agriculture

B. Land Preparation

C.Method of Land Preparation

CHAPTER III CLOSING ...............................................................................................

A. Conclussion ..................................................................................................

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

English for Agribusiness and Agriculture is a skills-based course designed specifically for
students of agribusiness or agriculture who are about to enter English-medium tertiary level
studies. It provides carefully graded practice and progressions in the key academic skills that all
students need, such as listening to lectures and speaking in seminars. It also equips students with
the specialist agribusiness and agriculture language they need to participate successfully within
an agribusiness or agriculture studies faculty. Extensive listening exercises come from
agribusiness and agriculture lectures, and all reading texts are taken from the same field of study.
There is also a focus throughout on the key agribusiness and agriculture vocabulary that students
will need.

B.Formulation of the problem

1.English for Agribusiness and Agriculture

2. Land Preparation

3. Method of Land Preparation

 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A.English for Agribusiness and Agriculture

The Garnet Education English for Specific Academic Purposes series won the Duke of
Edinburgh English Speaking Union English Language Book Award in 2009.

English for Agribusiness and Agriculture is a skills-based course designed specifically for
students of agribusiness or agriculture who are about to enter English-medium tertiary level
studies. It provides carefully graded practice and progressions in the key academic skills that all
students need, such as listening to lectures and speaking in seminars. It also equips students with
the specialist agribusiness and agriculture language they need to participate successfully within
an agribusiness or agriculture studies faculty. Extensive listening exercises come from
agribusiness and agriculture lectures, and all reading texts are taken from the same field of study.
There is also a focus throughout on the key agribusiness and agriculture vocabulary that students
will need.

 Listening: how to understand and take effective notes on extended lectures, including
how to follow the argument and identify the speaker’s point of view.

 Speaking: how to participate effectively in a variety of realistic situations, from seminars

to presentations, including how to develop an argument and use stance markers.

 Reading: how to understand a wide range of texts, from academic textbooks to Internet
articles, including how to analyze complex sentences and identify such things as the
writer’s stance.

 Writing: how to produce coherent and well-structured assignments, including such skills
as paraphrasing and the use of the appropriate academic phrases.

 Vocabulary: a wide range of activities to develop students’ knowledge and use of key
vocabulary, both in the field of agribusiness and agriculture and of academic study in
general.
Vocabulary and Skills banks: a reference source to provide students with revision of the key
words and phrases and skills presented in each unit.

Full transcripts of all listening exercises.

The Garnet English for Specific Academic Purposes series covers a range of academic subjects.
All titles present the same skills and vocabulary points. Teachers can therefore deal with a range
of ESAP courses at the same time, knowing that each subject title will focus on the same key
skills and follow the same structure.

B. Land Preparation

When establishing a new date plantation, certain actions need to be implemented to ensure
the long term success of the plantation. One of these actions involve the initial land preparation
which should be done prior to transplanting of the plant material (offshoots or tissue culture-
derived plants).

The purpose of land preparation is to provide the necessary soil conditions which will
enhance the successful establishment of the young offshoots or the tissue culture plants received
from the nursery. Considering the nature of the date palm, one can not "save" on this operation
and hope for long term sustainability of the plantation.

The aim is to enable the date grower to plan and structure the implementation process in
advance, ensuring the successful establishment of the date plantation. Planning forms part of the
initial preparation and will help to limiting unnecessary stoppages during the implementation
phase.

Critical factors to consider during this planning exercise are summarised as follows:

- Availability and quality of irrigation water;

- Field selection;

- Mechanical actions to be implemented;

- Chemical needs for pre-plant soil improvement;

- Tools and equipment needed for date cultivation;

- Labour needs;

- Irrigation design and installation;

- Leaching schedule;

- Hole preparation;

- Financial requirements and

- Time schedule.

1. Field selection

The area selected for the establishment of the date plantation can infl uence the cost of land
preparation to the extent that it may not be viable to proceed with the development at all. The
authors' aim is to highlight the critical areas to be considered when selecting the land for the
establishment of a new date plantation.

1.1 Availability of water

Although not always realised, the date palm requires a rather large quantity of water for
sustainable growth. Critical factors regarding water for irrigation purposes are:

(i) the sustainability of the water source,

(ii) the quantity of water available for irrigation,

(iii) the distance to the fi eld, and

(iv) the quality of the water.

1.2 Soil depth

In time date palms grow very tall and become top heavy especially during the fruit
bearing stage. They therefore need sufficient room for proper root development to support the
palms. Besides the importance of root development, soil depth also infl uences drainage and
leaching possibilities. Any obstructive layers must be evaluated to determine whether they will
infl uence root development and whether they can be corrected.

1.3 Soil quality

Date palms can grow and produce in different types of soil in both hot arid and semi-arid
regions. Adaptation could go from a very sandy to a heavy clay soil. The soil quality is related to
its drainage capacity mainly when soils are salty or the irrigation water is characterised with a
high salt content. Sandy soils are common in most date plantations of the old world. Rare cases
of clay soils (i.e. Basra-Iraq) with drainage systems are found allowing the culture of date palms.
The optimum soil conditions are found where water can penetrate to at least 2 m deep.

When evaluating the soil quality, attention must be given to:

(i) the soil texture which will infl uence the water retention capacity, and

(ii) the nutrient content to determine the corrective measures necessary for soil improvement.

1.4 Soil salinity or acidity

Plant growth is influenced by either saline or acid soil conditions which, in the end, will result in
a loss of potential yield.

Saline and alcaline soils are common in date plantations and are characterised by a high
concentration of soluble salts, and exchangeable sodium, respectively. Soluble salts present in
these soils belong to cations: sodium, calcium and magnesium and to chloride and sulphate
anions.

Saline soils have an electric conductivity (EC) of their saturated extract higher than 4 mmhos/cm
at 25°C, with a sodium absorption rate less than 15 and a pH generally less than 8.5. Saline soils
can be recognised by the presence of a white layer on the surface of the soil resulting from the
high salt concentration which may harm the growth and development of date palm.
Alcaline soils are characterised by an EC of their saturated extract less than 4 mmhos/cm at 25°C
with a sodium absorption rate higher than 15, and a pH higher than 8.5. Alcaline soils do contain
harmful quantities of alkalis with the hydroxyl group - OH, especially NaOH. These types of soil
are usually diffi cult to correct coupled with a low production resulting from low content of
calcium and nitrogen. However, it is recommended to eliminate the excess of sodium by the
addition of acidifying agents (gypsum, sulphate of iron or sulphur).

Saline and alkaline soils are usually the result of:

(i) an increase of the underground level caused by excessive drought situations (high
evaporation);

(ii) the use of high salt content water, and

(iii) very poor drainage system.

Where date palm grows in climates of little rain, but great heat and much evaporation, irrigation
or flood water evaporates quickly, and its salts are left on the surface of the soil.

C. Method of Land Preparation

1. Land Preparation

Land preparation is important to ensure that the rice field is ready for planting. A well-
prepared field controls weeds, recycles plant nutrients, and provides a soft soil mass for
transplanting and a suitable soil surface for direct seeding. Land preparation covers a wide range
of practices from zero-tillage or minimum tillage which minimizes soil disturbance through to a
totally 'puddled' soil which actually destroys soil structure. It typically involves

(1) plowing to "till" or dig-up, mix, and overturn the soil;

(2) harrowing to break the soil clods into smaller mass and incorporate plant residue, and

(3) leveling the field.

Initial land preparation begins after your last harvest or during fallow period. This is important
for effective weed control and for enriching the soil. Generally, it will take 3−4 weeks to prepare
the field before planting.

2. At dry field condition

At dry field condition apply glyphosate to kill weeds and for better field hygiene.

 Irrigate the field 2−3 days after glyphosate application.

 Maintain standing water at 2−3 cm level for about 3−7 days or until it is soft enough and
suitable for an equipment to be used.

 Plow or rotovate the field to incorporate stubbles and hasten decomposition.

Implements: Power tiller with attached moldboard plow, Hydrotiller, Rotovator

 Flood the field. Keep it submerged for at least two weeks. Let the water drain naturally to
allow volunteer seeds and weed seeds to germinate.

Depending on weed population and soil condition, another tillage operation can be done.

3. Wet Preparation

Wet preparation is the most common way of preparing lowland fields. In this method, the
soil is tilled in a saturated or flooded condition. It helps improve weed control and facilitates
incorporation of nutrients in the soil. With its nature, wet preparation has a high water
requirement.

Wet preparation may be appropriate if...

 My farm has access to irrigation.

  My field is surrounded by bunds that enable flooding.

 My farm has a loamy to clay type of soil.

I have equipment for primary tillage, secondary tillage, and leveling.

4. Dry Preparation

Dry preparation is typically practiced for upland rice, but can also be done for lowland
fields. In this method, the soils are not puddled and there is no freestanding water in the field. It
requires less water and is effective for soil aeration, and in controlling golden apple snails. It also
helps to obtain a smooth and firm seedbed, control weeds, and incorporate organic materials and
fertilizer into the soil. Dry preparation is a good option when labor and water are scarce or when
you require a short turn around time between crops.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Land preparation is important to ensure that the field is ready for planting. A well-prepared
field controls weeds, recycles plant nutrients, and provides a soft soil mass for transplanting and
a suitable soil surface for direct seeding. Land preparation covers a wide range of practices from
zero-tillage or minimum tillage which minimizes soil disturbance through to a totally 'puddled'
soil which actually destroys soil structure.
 References

https://www.garneteducation.com/product/english-for-agribusiness-and-agriculture-in-higher-
education-studies/

http://www.fao.org/3/Y4360E/y4360e0a.htm

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/pre-planting/land-preparation