A concentration cell is a limited form of galvanic cell Produes

energy from spontaneous reactions that has half cells of the same
material only differing in concentration

The potential difference of this type of cell is calculated via the

nernst equation standard conditions

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concentration cells produce small Voltages whenthey move towards equibim

as the concentrations of each half cells become the Same Cone Cells
don't tend to get used for energy storage because the icon.centation

difference only produce upto a mat of 30mV at room temp

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Concentation cells offer a way of comparing a Solution of knam Core

with a Solution of unknown core in order to find the cone ofthe

unknown Cell via the nernst equation or a comparison table
This use is present in nerve signalling energy production measuring Ksp

pH metes Corrosion cells

Corrosion is the process of degradation of a material due to a reaction that

owns within its environment Metals become metallic compounds like oxides
hydroxides or sulphate The process does tend to be electrochemical in nature

Metals corrode where they are present in environmental conditions that leave
them chemically unstable Copper gold for instance are found in their

metallic State naturally however otter metals that come from minerals

or ores are processed into the puremetallic state So are not there naturally

Corrosion can be stoned dorm by the metals if etey form protective

films over time to prevent the process from happening too quickly

Corrosion can occur in Corre cells when 2 or more areas of a

metal Surface are in contact with diffent coneS of the Same solution
E.g O im felt t o.o m felt

Metal ion concentration cells

If Two metal surfaces are in contact witheach other at a joint
the connecting Surfaces are known as a fazing Surface
If water is present at a frying surface then a concentration gradient
 is formed with a high cone of metal ions under the frying

surfaces a low core existing next to the crevice created by

the connecting frying Surfaces
The area with a high cone of metal ions is to cathode is
protected from corrosion with the area that has a loner cone

beroning corroded instead

Oxygen concentration cells i

water in contact with the metal surface usually contains
dissolved Oz Therefore water in contact with faging surfaces of
the Same metal can form 02 Cone Cells
An Oxygen cone Cell is able to form at any point where

the oxygen in the air is not able to diffuse evenly into the
solution which creates a diffence in tone
Corrosion Owns at the area of low oxygen cone which is the anodic
site

Active Passive cells

Metals that con from a protective film con for this type of cell

The film will tend to be an oxide laser if this passive film is broken

anywhere then Salts may potentially deposit Here if water is present

This opens up the activemetal for corrosion with an electrode potential

developing between the large cathode the small anode

 pH Meter
pH is measured based on acidity therefore Ht concentration

only active Ht ions need to be measured therefore an electrochemical

measurement known as a Pontentiometric method can be taken

This involves measuring the e m f created by chemical reaction such as

the sort that takes plate between metals Salts

The pH measurement token is based on the nernst equation which defines

a simple relationship between galvanic potential the chemical actints

of the ion cone being measured

Platinum

A potential difference generated by 2 electrodes can Share the loner of

unknown hydrogen ut ion Solutions Therefore a pH measurement is
actually a Voltage measurement

O 92 anode cone
Ecell Eau 0h5
by Cathode cone

E an 0.0296 or log EY 0.0592 log Ht

pH log Ht

o
Eau 0.0592 x pH
 The Value of 0.0592 comes Specifically from the galvanic cell
potential of the defined assembly of platinum electrodes in a pH
meters relationship of chemical activity being measured This isthe
Ecell value of that cell

The abone Calculation takesPlace inside a pH meter to measure Voltage

to find Ht cone

pH measurement as with all analysis comes with potential for

errors Errors Such as the standards cannot be helped
airway
when it comes to limiting theauray range of pH
measurements

External conditions have an effect on the meter Such as temp

or glass membrane hydration
More technically junction potential can have an effect
This can 0am if the analyte solution is different from the
buffer inside the pH electrode Recalibration homener casib rectifies

this Particular problem