FAILURE MANAGEMENT IN DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS

APPLYING FMEA APPROACH

Milan Andreji© a,ȗ, Milorad Kilibarda a

ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡Ž‰”ƒ†‡ǡ ƒ…—Ž–›‘ˆ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ†”ƒˆˆ‹…‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ‡”„‹ƒ



Abstract: The negative effects of failures in logistics are recognized in literature and practice. In
the last decade, more attention is paid to failure management in logistics systems. Failures in
logistics processes have significant negative impact. As a results of failures logistics companies have
additional costs, time losses, unsatisfied customers, marketing problems, etc. In this paper Failure
mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach is used for failure recovery in distribution logistics. For
each of 36 identified processes severity, occurrence and detection are identified and risk priority
number is calculated. In the observed example the most critical processes are transportation, goods
control (quantity, quality, expiration date, damage) and goods extraction and putting on pallets.
Corrective and preventive measures for failure reducing are also proposed in paper.
Keywords: distribution logistics, failures, FMEA



1. INTRODUCTION

—•–‘‡”•‡”˜‹…‡Šƒ•„‡‡”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆŽ‘‰‹•–‹…••›•–‡•Ǥ

—•–‘‡”•‡”˜‹…‡ǡ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ…ƒ‹’”‘˜‡…—•–‘‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„›–Š”‡‡™ƒ›•ǣȋƒȌ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
‡™•‡”˜‹…‡•–‘„‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘–Š‡…—•–‘‡”Ǣȋ„Ȍƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰•‡”˜‹…‡•‘”•‡”˜‹…‡‡Ž‡‡–‹
ƒ „—•‹‡•• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ …Ȍ –—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘‘†• ‹–‘ ƒ •‡”˜‹…‡ ‡Ž‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ …—•–‘‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’
ȋ
”‘”‘‘•ǡ ͳͻͺͺȌǤ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹•–‹…• •‡”˜‹…‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†
’”ƒ…–‹…‡Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡• ƒ† …—•–‘‡” …‘’Žƒ‹–• ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› —•‡† ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ
Ž‘‰‹•–‹…• •‡”˜‹…‡ “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ ‘‰‹•–‹…• •‡”˜‹…‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” Ž‘‰‹•–‹…• •‡”˜‹…‡
’”‘˜‹†‡”• ƒ† …—•–‘‡”•Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘”
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ Ž‘‰‹•–‹…• ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ Ž‘‰‹•–‹…• •‡”˜‹…‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ
‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹•˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆŽ‘‰‹•–‹…•Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡•‹†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ†
…ƒ—•‡–Š‡…—•–‘‡”…‘’Žƒ‹–•Ǥ‡”˜‹…‡”‡…‘˜‡”›ƒ›„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•ƒ•‡–‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ
…‘’ƒ› ’‡”ˆ‘”• –‘ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ …‘’Žƒ‹–• ƒ† –‘ …Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ —•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† …—•–‘‡”•
–”›‹‰–‘‡‡’–Š‡ƒ•Ž‘›ƒŽ…—•–‘‡”•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆƒ…–‘”•‹•Š‘™–Š‡…‘’Žƒ‹–
‹•Šƒ†Ž‡†Ǥ‘‰‹•–‹…•ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ”‡˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆƒ„—•‹‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ
„‡…ƒ—•‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› …”‡ƒ–‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ –‘ …—•–‘‡”•Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ”‡…‘˜‡”› ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” …—•–‘‡”•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ ‹– ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ’Žƒǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ —’ ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ”‡…‘˜‡”› ’”‘…‡•• ȋ‡›
…—•–‘‡” •‡”˜‹…‡• ƒ––”‹„—–‡Ȍ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ •—’’Ž› …Šƒ‹ ƒ† ‘– ‘Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ …Šƒ‹ •–ƒ‰‡
™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡‡†…‘•—‡”ȋ Ž‘”‡•ƒ†”‹‘ʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŽ‘‰‹•–‹…•
’”‘˜‹†‡”• ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ •—’’Ž› …Šƒ‹ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‘–ƒ…– ™‹–Š ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –™‘ •—’’Ž›
…Šƒ‹ ‡„‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‹‰ ’”‘†—…–• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘ …—•–‘‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹ˆ …—•–‘‡” •‡”˜‹…‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–—•–„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ•—’’Ž›…Šƒ‹’”‘…‡••ǡˆƒ‹Ž—”‡”‡…‘˜‡”›ǡƒ•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ…—•–‘‡”

ȗǤƒ†”‡Œ‹…̷•ˆǤ„‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ”•

ͳͶͺ
•‡”˜‹…‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǡ—•–„‡•‡‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ȋ Ž‘”‡•ƒ†”‹‘ʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•
–‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ˆ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ”‡…‘˜‡”› ‹ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ Ž‘‰‹•–‹…•Ǥ Š‡ ‡š– •‡…–‹‘
†‡•…”‹„‡•  ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ  Š‡ –Š‹”† •‡…–‹‘ †‡•…”‹„‡• ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‹
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•›•–‡•Ǥ‘…Ž—†‹‰”‡ƒ”•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡Žƒ•–•‡…–‹‘Ǥ

2. FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA) APPROACH

 ‹• ‡–Š‘†ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •›•–‡• ƒ†
’”‘…‡••‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘…‡†—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡–Š‘†‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ƒ†•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ
‘„•‡”˜‡†•›•–‡•ƒ†’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•‡–Š‘†ǡ‹•‡‡†‡†–‘
†‡ˆ‹‡–™‘„ƒ•‹…–‡”•ǣ
FailureȂ‡†‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†ˆ—…–‹‘‘„Œ‡…–ȋ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ƒˆ–‡”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‡””‘”ǡ
™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‘”–‘–ƒŽȌǤ ƒ‹Ž—”‡‹•ƒ‡˜‡–ǡ‡””‘”ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘ȋe‘Ž…ǡʹͲͳʹȌ
Fault Ȃ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡…– ‹• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› ‹–• ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ—…–‹‘ ˆ‘”
”‡ƒ•‘•‘–Š‡”–Šƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ…‡‘”‘–Š‡”’Žƒ‡†ƒ…–‹‘•ǡ‘”†—‡–‘Žƒ…‘ˆ
‡š–‡”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ  –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– “—ƒŽ‹–› Ȃ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‹• ƒ …‘†‹–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘”
•‡”˜‹…‡‘–‡‡–•…—•–‘‡””‡“—‹”‡‡–•ȋe‘Ž…ǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ
Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ  ‹• –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ †‡ˆ‡…–•Ȁˆƒ—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† •›•–‡ ƒ†
…‘””‡…–‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ–…ƒ”‡†—…‡–Š‡”‹••ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž—”‡†‡–‡…–‹‘ǣ
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒˆ‡–› ‘ˆ ˆ—…–‹‘• ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ”‡†—…‹‰ ™ƒ””ƒ–› ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡ …‘•–•ǡ
•Š‘”–‡‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘…‡••ǡ„‡––‡”…‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡†–‡”•ǡ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‘…‡••
‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ǡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ …—•–‘‡” •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘ǡ ‡–…Ǥ  †‹•…‘˜‡” ƒ† ’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡  ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• „›
…‘’—–‹‰ ”‹• ’”‹‘”‹–› —„‡” ȋȌ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‹• ˆƒ…–‘”•ǣ •‡˜‡”‹–› ȋȌǡ
‘……—””‡…‡ȋȌƒ††‡–‡…–‹‘ȋȌǤ‡˜‡”‹–›†‡•…”‹„‡•–Š‡•‡”‹‘—•‡••ȋ‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥƒ…Š
‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹• ‰‹˜‡ ƒ •‡˜‡”‹–› —„‡” ˆ”‘ ͳ ȋ‘ †ƒ‰‡”Ȍ –‘ ͳͲ ȋ…”‹–‹…ƒŽȌǤ  –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ™‡ —•‡
•‡˜‡”‹–›”ƒ–‹‰•’”‘’‘•‡†‹Š‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳǣ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‰•ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ȋŠ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌ
Rating Effect Severity of effect
ͳͲ ƒœƒ”†‘—•™‹–Š‘—– ‡”›Š‹‰Š•‡˜‡”‹–›”ƒ‹‰™Š‡ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘†‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•
™ƒ”‹‰ •ƒˆ‡•›•–‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘—–™ƒ”‹‰
ͻ ƒœƒ”†‘—•™‹–Š™ƒ”‹‰ ‡”›Š‹‰Š•‡˜‡”‹–›”ƒ‹‰™Š‡ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘†‡ƒˆˆ‡…–•
•ƒˆ‡•›•–‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š™ƒ”‹‰
ͺ ‡”›Š‹‰Š ›•–‡‹‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š†‡•–”—…–‹˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡™‹–Š‘—–…‘’”‘‹•‹‰
•ƒˆ‡–›
͹ ‹‰Š ›•–‡‹‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‡“—‹’‡–†ƒƒ‰‡
͸ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ ›•–‡‹‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‹‘”†ƒƒ‰‡
ͷ ‘™ ›•–‡‹‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‘—–†ƒƒ‰‡
Ͷ ‡”›Ž‘™ ›•–‡‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡
͵ ‹‘” ›•–‡‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š•‘‡†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡
ʹ ‡”›‹‘” ›•–‡‘’‡”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡…‡
ͳ ‘‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‡…–

……—””‡…‡ †‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡Ǥ ƒ–‹‰• ˆ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
’”‘’‘•‡†‹Š‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻƒ”‡—•‡†‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ȋƒ„Ž‡ʹȌǤ



ͳͶͻ
 ƒ„Ž‡ʹǣ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‰•ˆ‘”‘……—””‡…‡ȋ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȍ‘ˆƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ȋŠ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌ
Rating Probability of occurrence Failure probability
ͳͲ ‡”›Š‹‰Šǣˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‹•ƒŽ‘•–‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ εͳ‹ʹ
ͻ ͳ‹͵
ͺ ‹‰Šǣ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ͳ‹ͺ
͹ ͳ‹ʹͲ
͸ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ǣ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ͳ‹ͺͲ
ͷ ͳ‹ͶͲͲ
Ͷ ͳ‹ʹͲͲͲ
͵ ‘™ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‡™ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ͳ‹ͳͷǡͲͲͲ
ʹ ͳ‹ͳͷͲǡͲͲͲ
ͳ ‡‘–‡ǣˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‹•—Ž‹‡Ž› δͳ‹ͳǡͷͲͲǡͲͲͲ

‡–‡…–‹‘…ƒ„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡–‡…––Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‹–”‡ƒ…Š‡•–Š‡…—•–‘‡”•ǤŠ‡
ƒ••‹‰‡† †‡–‡…–‹‘ —„‡” ‡ƒ•—”‡• –Š‡ ”‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡•…ƒ’‡ †‡–‡…–‹‘Ǥ  Š‹‰Š
†‡–‡…–‹‘—„‡”‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡…Šƒ…‡•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š–Šƒ––Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡™‹ŽŽ‡•…ƒ’‡†‡–‡…–‹‘ǡ‘”‹
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡…Šƒ…‡•‘ˆ†‡–‡…–‹‘ƒ”‡Ž‘™ȋ„‡ƒ”‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‡–‡…–‹‘”ƒ–‹‰•—•‡†
‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹–ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͵ǣ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”ƒ–‹‰•ˆ‘”†‡–‡…–‹‘ȋŠ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͻȌ
Rating Detection Likelihood of detection by design control
ͳͲ „•‘Ž—–‡—…‡”–ƒ‹–› ‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž…ƒ‘–†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ͻ ‡”›”‡‘–‡ ‡”›”‡‘–‡…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ͺ ‡‘–‡ ‡‘–‡…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
͹ ‡”›Ž‘™ ‡”›Ž‘™…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
͸ ‘™ ‘™…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ͷ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Š‹‰Š…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
Ͷ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Š‹‰Š
…ƒ—•‡
͵ ‹‰Š ‹‰Š…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ʹ ‡”›Š‹‰Š ‡”›Š‹‰Š…Šƒ…‡–Š‡†‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ͳ Ž‘•–…‡”–ƒ‹ ‡•‹‰…‘–”‘Ž™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡…–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ…ƒ—•‡
ˆ–‡”–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡„ƒ•‹…•–‡’•ǡ”‹•’”‹‘”‹–›—„‡”ȋȌ‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†Ǥˆ–‡””ƒ‹‰–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›ǡ
‘……—””‡…‡ ƒ† †‡–‡…–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ –Š‡  …ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† „› —Ž–‹’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡
—„‡”•ǣ  α  έ  έ Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘†‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–  •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–
’”‹‘”‹–›ˆ‘”…‘””‡…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹‘•Ǥ

3. APPLICATION OF FMEA IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‹• –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• •Š‘™ ‘ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ͳǤ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ’”‘†—…–
‘”†‡”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…– ‘”†‡”‹‰ ‹• ‘”†‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘ •—’’Ž‹‡”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‡…‘† ‹•
…—•–‘‡” ‘”†‡”‹‰Ǥ ŽŽ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡••”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆŽ‘™Ǥ Š‡ ‡š– ’”‘…‡•• ‹•
™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰Ǥ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‹•’”‘…‡••ƒ›„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–™‘•‡‰‡–•Ǥ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‡‰‡–ǡƒ”‡
ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‰‘‘†•”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ƒ†•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡…‘†ƒ”‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘”†‡”’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ†
’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ ƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†‡’‡†•‘•’‡‡†‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‡š…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ”†‡”
’‹…‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•–Š‡…”—…‹ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‹™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ
ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ‹• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡”‰‹‰ ‰‘‘†• ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‡‰‡–•ǡ ˆ‘”‹‰
–”ƒ•’‘”–—‹–•ǡ‰‘‘†•‹•’‡…–‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‰‘‘†•‹˜‡Š‹…Ž‡•Ǥƒ…ƒ‰‹‰‹•‹†‹”‡…–
”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‘”†‡”’”‘…‡••‹‰ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ȋ–”ƒ•’‘”–ȌǤŠ‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‹•‡›’”‘…‡••‡•
‹–Š‡’”‘†—…–†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘’”‘…‡••ȋ†”‡Œ‹©‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤŠ‹•’”‘…‡••Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–•…—•–‘‡”
•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ…–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ ‡–‹‘‡† ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹• ‹˜‡–‘”› ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Š‡Žƒ•–’”‘…‡••‹•—Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‰‘‘†•‹–Š‡”‡–ƒ‹Ž•–‘”‡•ȋ†”‡Œ‹©‡–ƒŽǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

ͳͷͲ
 Ordering

”†‡”…”‡ƒ–‹‰ ͳ ‡…‡‹˜‹‰‘”†‡” ͸

‡†‹‰‘”†‡”–‘•—’’Ž‹‡” ʹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰‘”†‡”‹ ͹

”‡ƒ–‹‰”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ ͵ –‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ͺ
†‘…—‡– 

–”‹‰‘”†‡”‹ 
Ͷ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ…‘—– ͻ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡
”†‡”‡……‡••ƒ”›
ͷ
”‡ƒ–‹‰”‡…‡‹˜‹‰•–‘”ƒ‰‡ ”†‡”‡–”›‹ ͳͲ
ͷ ˜‡–‘”›
”‡’‘”– ‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒŽ‹‰‡–
͸ ƒŽ‹‰‡–

Warehousing ‹ŽŽ‹‰‘”†‡”
‡…‡‹˜‹‰ƒ† ’‹…‹‰Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ•ˆ‘”‹˜‡–‘”›
—’’Ž‹‡””‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ͸ ’”ƒ’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡”’‹…‹‰ ͵ ƒŽŽ‹‰‡–
ͳ
–ƒ••

‘‘†•‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘
‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘
Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‰‘‘†• ʹ ••‹‰‹‰–Š‡–ƒ•‘”†‡” ‘˜‹‰ƒ–‘”†‡”
͹ ’‹…‹‰
ʹ ’‹…‹‰Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘
͵ Ͷ

‘‘†•Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰
ͺ ‘—–‹‰ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
‰‘‘†•”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘

‘‘†•…‘–”‘Žȋ“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ
“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡š’‹”ƒ–‹‘†ƒ–‡ǡ Ͷ Inventory
†ƒƒ‰‡Ȍ
management ”‡ƒ–‹‰•–ƒ•ˆ‘”
ͻ
ͳ ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡•–‘”ƒ‰‡
 ƒ‹‰ š–”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†’—––‹‰ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•
…‘””‡…–‹‘• ‰‘‘†•‘’ƒŽŽ‡–•

”†‡”ˆ‹‹•Š‡†
ƒ•• ͳ
 †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘

‘‘†••–‘”ƒ‰‡‘ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–
™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ ͷ  Ž‘ƒ†‹‰
Žƒ…‹‰‘ˆ‰‘‘†•‹ ƒ••ƒ••‹‰‡–
ͳͲ ʹ
•Š‹’’‹‰œ‘‡

‘—–‹‰ ͵ ‡…‡‹˜‹‰–”ƒ•’‘”–
Packaging –ƒ••
‡”‰‹‰‰‘‘†•ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ͳ •‡‰‡–•

‘‘†•Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ Ͷ
‡†‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
•Š‹’’‹‰‰‘‘†•
ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰Ȃ…”‡ƒ–‹‰•Š‹’‡– ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
ʹ ‡Š‹…Ž‡•‡†‹‰ ͷ
—‹–• ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡††‡Ž‹˜‡”›

”ƒ•‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ͸
‡†‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–
‘‘†•ƒ††‘…—‡–
͵
‰‘‘†•‹•’‡…–‹‘ ‹•’‡…–‹‘
Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ͹ Transport

‹‰—”‡ͳǤ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘’”‘…‡••†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ”‘†”‡Œ‹©‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͷȌ

ŽŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡ƒ…Š’”‘…‡••ƒ”‡ƒ”‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ‘„•‡”˜‡†‡šƒ’Ž‡–‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•
ƒ”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ ‘”†‡”‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ȋͳǦͳͲȌǡ –‡ ‹ ™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ȋͳǦͳͲȌǡ –Š”‡‡ ‹
’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰’”‘…‡••ȋͳǦ͵Ȍǡ•‹š‹‹˜‡–‘”›ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”‘…‡••ȋͳǦ͵Ȍƒ†•‡˜‡‹–”ƒ•’‘”–

ͳͷͳ
’”‘…‡••ȋͳǦ͹ȌǤ ‘”‡ƒ…Šƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡ‡…‡••ƒ”›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–”‹•’”‹‘”‹–›
—„‡”•ƒ”‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ͵Ͷƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ••Š‘™‹–ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤ
……‘”†‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–• –Š‡ ‘•– …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ‹• –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡•• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ”‹• ’”‹‘”‹–›
—„‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ —‡”‘—• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ”‹• ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ”ƒ•’‘”–
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–†‡Ž‹˜‡”›’”‘…‡••ƒ†…—•–‘‡”…‘’Žƒ‹–•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ
–”ƒ•’‘”–ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‹Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡Žƒ›‡†•Š‹’’‹‰ ‹•–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ǥ
Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ•‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹•–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ †”‹˜‡”ǡ …‘‰‡•–‹‘ǡ ™”‘‰ ”‘—–‡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡–…Ǥ
ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†•‹–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ
Š‡ ‡š– ‹• ‰‘‘†• …‘–”‘Ž ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹• ’”‹‘”‹–› —„‡” ʹͻͶǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡
™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰’”‘…‡••™Š‡•—’’Ž‹‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•–Š‡‰‘‘†•‘ˆŽ‘™“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•Š‘”–‡š’‹”ƒ–‹‘†ƒ–‡Ǥ
‡‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‹…•–‡’•‹•–‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ††‹‡•‹‘•ȋ•’‡…‹ˆ‹……Š‡…Ž‹•–•Ȍ‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š
—‹– ‘ˆ ‰‘‘†• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ…Š •—’’Ž‹‡”Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ •ƒŽŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡•• Ž‹‹– –Š‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ …‘–”‘ŽǤ —––‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ…–‹˜‹–› ‹ ™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡Ǥ  Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
‹•–ƒ‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‹• ’”‘…‡••Ǥ  ”‡ƒŽ •›•–‡•ǡ ‘”†‡” ’‹…‡”• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‹• ƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
”‡“—‡–Ž›”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”†‡”’‹…‡”•ˆ”‘’‹…‹‰–‘’—––‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ƒ†…‘–”‘Ž’”‘…‡••‰”‡ƒ–Ž›
ƒˆˆ‡…–• –Š‡ ‘……—””‡…‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ƒ† ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ …—•–‘‡” •‡”˜‹…‡Ǥ Š‡› ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ –Š‹•
’”‘…‡•• ™‹–Š ‹•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ ••‹‰‡– ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ‡” —„‡” ‘ˆ ™‘”‡”• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡
‘Ž› ’—––‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ƒ† …‘–”‘Ž ’”‘…‡•• •Š‘—Ž† ”‡†—…‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• –‘ ‹‹—Ǥ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’ƒ…‡ ƒ› ƒˆˆ‡…–• ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ ƒƒ‰‡”• ‹ ™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡ ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ
‹‹‹œ‹‰–Š‡•’ƒ…‡ˆ‘”‘”†‡”’‹…‹‰Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ‹‹•–‘”‡†—…‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–‹–Š‡‘”†‡”
’‹…‹‰ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ” ‹–‡• ƒ– ˜‡”› •Š‘”– †‹•–ƒ…‡• …ƒ …ƒ—•‡
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ȋ†”‡Œ‹©‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ
ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘
P (Probability)
P (Probability)

(Risk Priority

(Risk Priority
N (Detection)

N (Detection)
R (Severity)

R (Severity)
Number)

Number)
Process

Process
RxPxN

RxPxN

ͳ ͸ ͷ ͵ ͻͲ ͳͲ Ͷ ͵ ͵ ͵͸

ʹ ͵ ͵ ͵ ʹ͹ ͳ ͺ ͷ ͷ ʹͲͲ
͵ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͺͲ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͵ ͵͸
Ͷ ͸ ͹ ͷ ʹͳͲ ͵ ͸ ͷ ͷ ͳͷͲ
ͷ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͺͲ Ͷ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ʹͶ
͸ ʹ ʹ ͵ ͳʹ ͳ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷͺ
͹ ͸ ͷ ͷ ͳͷͲ ʹ ͸ ͸ ͷ ͳͺͲ
ͺ ͷ ͸ ͵ ͻͲ ͵ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ Ͷͺ
ͻ ͹ ͷ Ͷ ͳͶͲ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ ͸Ͷ
ͳͲ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͺͲ ͷ ͹ ͸ ͷ ʹͳͲ
ͳ ʹ ʹ ʹ ͺ ͸ Ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͺͲ
ʹ ͺ ͷ Ͷ ͳ͸Ͳ ͳ ͸ ͷ ͷ ͳͷͲ
͵ ͷ ͷ Ͷ ͳͲͲ ʹ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ Ͷͺ
Ͷ ͹ ͸ ͹ 294 ͵ ͹ ͸ ͷ ʹͳͲ
ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͳʹͲ Ͷ ͹ ͹ Ͷ ͳͻ͸
͸ ͷ Ͷ Ͷ ͺͲ ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵ ͵͸
͹ ͵ ͵ ͵ ʹ͹ ͸ ͺ ͹ ͹ 392
ͺ ͺ ͸ ͷ ʹͶͲ ͹ ͹ ͹ Ͷ ͳͻ͸
ͻ ͸ ͸ ͹ 252 


ͳͷʹ
Š‡–Š‹”†’”‘…‡••™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–”‹•’”‹‘”‹–›—„‡”‹•–Š‡‰‘‘†•‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘ƒ†’—––‹‰‘
’ƒŽŽ‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘”†‡” ’‹…‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ™Š‹…Š …‘ˆ‹”• –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ”‹•
’”‹‘”‹–› —„‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …”‹–‡”‹ƒ ˆ‘” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” Ȃ ’‹…‹‰
’”‘…‡••Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ ’Žƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ȋ‹ Š‘—•‡Ȍ ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ȋ‘—–•‹†‡Ȍ
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ š–‡”ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‘•– …ƒ•‡• …ƒ—•‡ …—•–‘‡” …‘’Žƒ‹–•Ǥ  –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡”‡
ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”„ƒ•‹……ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǣ–›’‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ȋƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ…‘ˆ—•‹‘ǡ‡–…ǤȌǡˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‹ƒ‘—–
ȋ•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡š…‡••ǡ ‡–…ǤȌǡ ‘‹••‹‘ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ƒ† …‘†‹–‹‘ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ȋ†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ Žƒ… ‘ˆ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ǡ
Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ȌǤ Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ”ƒ–‡ †‡’‡†• ‘ˆ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘”†‡” ’‹…‹‰ •›•–‡ǣ ’‹…Ǧ„›Ǧ˜‘‹…‡ ȋͲǤͲͺΨȌǡ
˜‘—…Š‡” ȋͲǤ͵ͷΨȌǡ Žƒ„‡Ž• ȋͲǤ͵͹ΨȌǡ ’‹…Ǧ„›ǦŽ‹‰Š– ȋͲǤͶͲΨȌǡ ‘„‹Ž‡ –‡”‹ƒŽ• ȋͲǤͶ͸ΨȌǡ ‘„Ǥ
–‡”‹ƒŽ•ΪŽƒ„‡Ž•ȋͲǤͻͶΨȌǤ”†‡”’‹…‹‰’”‘…‡••‹•™‘”ƒ†Žƒ„‘”‹–‡•‹˜‡’”‘…‡••Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡•
ƒ› „‡ ”‡†—…‡† ‹ˆ –Š‡ ‘”†‡” ’‹…‡”• •–”‹…–Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† †‘ ‘– ƒ‡
†‡…‹•‹‘•ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ‹‡‹–Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ‘”†‡”’‹…‹‰’”‘…‡••–Š‡•ƒ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•‹–Š‡‘”†‡”
’”‘…‡••‹‰ǡ ’ƒ…ƒ‰‹‰ ƒ† Ž‘ƒ†‹‰Ǥ – ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ƒ••‹‰ ™‘”‡”• ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”
’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥȋ†”‡Œ‹©‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

3. CONCLUSION

Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž—”‡”‡…‘˜‡”›‹Ž‘‰‹•–‹…•‹•”‡…‘‰‹œ‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡ǤŠ‡”‡
ƒ”‡—‡”‘—•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‹†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ž‘‰‹•–‹…•Ǥ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† …‘””‡…–‹‘ ‹ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••Ǥ  ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ͵͸ ’”‘…‡••‡• ƒ”‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ‘”‡ƒ…Š’”‘…‡•••‡˜‡”‹–›ǡ‘……—””‡…‡ƒ††‡–‡…–‹‘ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡƒ†‹–Šƒ–„ƒ•‹•
”‹• ’”‹‘”‹–› —„‡”• ƒ”‡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ ”‡•—Ž–• –Š‡ ‘•– …”‹–‹…ƒŽ ’”‘…‡••‡• ƒ”‡ǣ
–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‰‘‘†•…‘–”‘Žȋ“—ƒ–‹–›ǡ“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡š’‹”ƒ–‹‘†ƒ–‡ǡ†ƒƒ‰‡Ȍƒ†‰‘‘†•‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘
ƒ†’—––‹‰‘’ƒŽŽ‡–•Ǥ”‘’‘•‡†‡ƒ•—”‡…ƒ”‡†—…‡ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ
—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‡†‹…ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Š›„”‹† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡• ‹
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‘‰‹•–‹…••›•–‡•Ǥ

REFERENCES

ȏͳȐ „‡ƒ”ǡǤǤǡ†Žƒ„ƒ†ƒ”ǡǤŠ”‘—–›ǡǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‡˜‹‡™ǣ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ‹Ž—”‡‘†‡ƒ†

ˆˆ‡…–ƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ƒ†‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡʹȋͺȌǡ’’Ǥ͵͹ǦͶͳǤ
ȏʹȐ †”‡Œ‹©ǡ Ǥǡ ‘Œ‘˜‹©ǡ Ǥǡ ‹Ž‹„ƒ”†ƒǡ  ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‡…Šƒ”‹‰ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ …‡–”‡• —•‹‰ ”‹…‹’ƒŽ
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ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡͶͲȋͳͲȌǡ͵ͻʹ͸Ǧ͵ͻ͵͵Ǥ
ȏ͵Ȑ †”‡Œ‹©ǡǤǡ‹Ž‹„ƒ”†ƒǡǡ‘’‘˜‹©ǡǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ‘‰‹•–‹…•ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•‹†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǡ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•
‘ˆ–Š‡ʹ†–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰‹•–‹…•…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ’’ǤʹͶ͹Ǧʹͷ͵Ǥ
ȏͶȐ †”‡Œ‹©ǡ Ǥǡ ‘Œ‘˜‹©ǡ Ǥǡ ‹Ž‹„ƒ”†ƒǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –”ƒ•’‘”– ‡ˆˆ‹…‹‡…› ‹
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘…‡–‡”•ǡ”ƒ•’‘”–‘Ž‹…›ǡͶͷȋ͵Ȍǡ’’ͻͻǦͳͲ͸Ǥ
ȏͷȐ Š‹ǡ Ǥ ƒ‰ǡ Ǥǡ ‘‘ǡ
Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ ƒ‰ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘†‡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ƒƒŽ›•‹• „› †ƒ–ƒ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ‡…‹•‹‘—’’‘”–›•–‡•ǡͶͺȋͳȌǡ’’ǤʹͶ͸Ȃʹͷ͸Ǥ
ȏ͸Ȑ Ž‘”‡•ǡǤǤ Ǥǡ”‹‘ǤǤǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ ƒ‹Ž—”‡‡…‘˜‡”›ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ‘‰‹•–‹…•
‡”˜‹…‡• ‹ ƒ ʹ ‘–‡š–ǣ  ƒ•‡ –—†› •‹‰ –Š‡ ͵ ‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†
—’’Ž›Šƒ‹ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡͳȋͳȌǡ’’ǤʹͻǦͶͲǤ
ȏ͹Ȑ
”ڐ”‘‘•ǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‡•‹š…”‹–‡”‹ƒ‘ˆ‰‘‘†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†•‡”˜‹…‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ—•‹‡••ǡͻǡ’’ǤͳͲ
Ǧͳ͵Ǥ
ȏͺȐ e‘Ž…ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ ’’Ž›‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†  ȋ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘†‡ ƒ† ˆˆ‡…–• ƒŽ›•‹•Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ‘‰‹•–‹…•
”‘…‡••ǡ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ†˜ƒ…‡†‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…”‡ƒ•…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ǡ’’ǤͳͻͲ͸ǦͳͻͳͳǤ

ͳͷ͵