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INSTRUMENTATION
AND
MEASUREMENT
Slides
Part: 1

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Instrumentation and Measurement
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES(PLOS)
Program Learning outcomes are narrow statements describing what students are
expected to know and able to do by the time of graduation. These are related to
knowledge, skills and attitude that the students acquire while progressing through
the Program.
There are 12 PLOs for BE Program as specified below:
1. Engineering Knowledge: An ability to gain and apply knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization
to solve complex engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: An ability to identify, formulate, research literature and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
3. Design / Development of Solutions: An ability to design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet
specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety,
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

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Instrumentation and Measurement
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES(PLOS)
4. Investigation: An ability to investigate complex engineering problems in a methodical
way including literature survey, design and conduct of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of experimental data, and synthesis of information to derive valid
conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: An ability to create, select and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling in
complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: An ability to apply reasoning informed by contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to complex
engineering problems.
7. Environment and Sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge
of and need for sustainable development.

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 Instrumentation and
Measurement
PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES(PLOS)
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
9. Individual and Teamwork: An ability to work effectively, as an individual or in a
team, on multifaceted and /or multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: An ability to communicate effectively, orally as well as in
writing, on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management: An ability to demonstrate management skills and apply
engineering principles to one’s own work, as a member and/or leader in a team,
to manage projects in a multidisciplinary environment.
12. Lifelong Learning: An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong
learning in the broader context of innovation and technological developments.

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 SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
After Completing the “Instrumentation and Measurement” Course, each student will be
able to:
Domain
Sr. Texanomy
CLO PLO
No. Level

1. To explain fundamental principles of measurement Cognitive 2 1

2. To apply physical principles to sensors Cognitive 3 1
3. To develop a data acquisition system Cognitive 3 3, 5

Reproduce a complete instrumentation and measurement system

4. data acquisition, display, archiving and retrieval. Psychomotor 3 5

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RELEVANT PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOs):
The course is designed so that students will achieve the following PLOs:

√
1 Engineering Knowledge 7 Environment and Sustainability:

2 Problem Analysis: 8 Ethics:

Design/Development of
3 √ 9 Individual and Team Work:
Solutions:

4 Investigation: 10 Communication:

5 Modern Tool Usage: √ 11 Project Management:

6 The Engineering Society: 12 Lifelong Learning:

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 Contents
• Measurements terminologies including resolution, sensitivity,
accuracy, and uncertainty, engineering units and standards.
• Principles of different measurement techniques. Sensors for
measurement of temperature; Thermocouples, RTDs, Thermisters.
Sensors for displacement and position; digital encoders, shaft
encoders, absolute and relative encoders, linear encoders. Sensors
for force, pressure, strain, vibration, velocity, flow rates etc.
• Signal conditioning and filter design. Types of bridge circuits for
measurement of resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Analog to
digital conversion. Systems for signal processing and signal
transmission. Data recording and data acquisition systems.
Microprocessor based instrumentation circuits.
• Techniques to select different sensors, sensor calibration.

• Note : Practical work is based on the above theoretical course

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 INSTRUMENTATION

▪ Instrumentation is the variety of measuring

instruments to monitor and control a process.

▪ It is the art and science of measurement and

control of process variables within a production,
laboratory, or manufacturing area.

▪ The process variables used in industries are Level,

Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Flow, pH, Force,
Speed etc.

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 INSTRUMENT

▪ An instrument is a device that measures a physical

quantity such as flow, temperature, level, distance,
angle, or pressure.

▪ Instruments may be as simple as direct

reading thermometers or may be complex multi-
variable process analyzers.

▪ Instruments are often part of a control system in

refineries, factories, and vehicles.

▪ Electronic Instrument is based on electrical or

electronic principles for its measurement functions.

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INSTRUMENTATION SUITE

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 INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS
The 3 basic functions of instrumentation :-

▪ Indicating – visualize the process/operation

▪ Recording – observe and save the

measurement reading

▪ Controlling – to control measurement and

process
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 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
▪ An Instrumentation System is collection of instruments used
to measure, monitor and control a process.
▪ An simple Instrumentation System as shown below consist of
the following elements
1. SENSOR- A sensor measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer
or by an instrument.
2. PROCESSING UNIT/SIGNAL MODIFIER- Modifies the
transducer(sensor) signal into a desired form.
3. ACTUATOR-An actuator accepts energy and produces
movement (action).

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 SENSORS
▪ A sensor measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument.
▪ A thermocouple converts temperature to an
output voltage which can be read by a
voltmeter.
▪ Sensors may operate simple on/off switches to
detect the following:
▪ Objects (Proximity switch)
▪ Empty or full (level switch)
▪ Hot or cold (thermostat)
▪ Pressure high or low (pressure switch)
Proximity switches : open or close an electrical circuit when they make contact with or come
within a certain distance of an object.

Level switch: senses the level of a liquid in a water tank.

SENSORS DIVERSITY
 TRANSDUCER
▪ A transducer is a device that converts one type of
energy to another.
▪ The conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-
mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic,
photovoltaic, or any other form of energy.
▪ Transducer commonly used as a sensor/detector.
▪ Transducers can be found both at the input as well
as at the output stage of a measuring system.
 MEASUREMENT
▪ Measurement is finding a number that shows
the size or amount of something.
▪ Measurement is the process or the result of
determining the magnitude of a quantity, such
as length or mass, relative to a unit of
measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.

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 TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
There are two types of measurement:
▪ Vectors: have an magnitude (an amount) and a direction

Vector Examples: Force, Velocity , Acceleration, Weight

▪ Scalars: have an magnitude but have no direction.

Scalars Examples: Volume , Mass, Speed, Temperature

Vector Measurement Scalar Measurement

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 COMPONENTS OF MEASUREMENT
• Units: The measurement will be made in some kind of units.
These should reflect the range of possible values.

• Scale: Many measurements are made in the form of numbers, as

this is an absolute and flexible format, and the scale is simply the
possible range of measured values.
– In some cases, the measurement scale is typically made up of
discrete set of values. This can be useful when numbers are
unclear, and it is easier to describe your satisfaction as 'high'
or 'low' rather than '1' or '5'.
 COMPONENTS OF MEASUREMENT
• Tool: The measurement may be made using some kind of
measuring device. It is essential that this tool is accurate and
reliable (calibrated). Measurement tools include all methods of
gathering data, may be from voltmeters to surveys.
• Target: There is often a target or goal value for the measurement.
This may be a center value about which the measurement varies,
or a distant target that is to be achieved. The measurement can
thus be usefully expressed as a difference from this ideal, rather
than as an absolute value.
• Limits: Aside from target values, there are always action limits,
beyond which the measurement should not go. If the measured
value falls outside such specification limits, then some kind of
action may be defined, such as rejection of the measured item or
an investigation into the cause of failure.
 MEASUREMENT UNITS
• A unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical
property, used as a factor to express occurring quantities of that
property.
• Example: length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit of
length that represents a definite predetermined length. When
we say 10 meters (10 m), we actually mean 10 times the definite
predetermined length called "metre“.
 MEASUREMENT UNITS
• Each type of measurement has a base unit to which prefixes are
added to indicate multiples of ten.
• Scientific notation is a shorthand for writing very small and very
large numbers.

Common Metric Prefixes Unit Multiples 100 = 1 x 10 x 10 = 1 x 102

kilo 1,000 (in scientific notation)
Hecto 100
deca 10
-- (base unit) --
deci 0.1
centi 0.01
milli 0.001
 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM UNITS
• For most quantities a unit is absolutely necessary to communicate
values of that physical quantity.
• For example, conveying to someone a particular length without
using some sort of unit is impossible, because a length cannot be
described without a reference used to make sense of the value
given.

• Different systems of units are based on different choices of a set

of fundamental units.

• The most widely used system of units is the International System

of Units, or SI.
 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM UNITS- S.I. UNITS

• The International System of Units (SI) is the modern form of the

metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of
measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science.

• There are seven SI base units.

– Metre, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, candela, and mole--

• All other SI units can be derived from these base units.

 BASIC SI BASE UNIT….
Unit
Name Quantity Symbol
symbol
metre m length l ( lowercase L)

kilogram kg mass m

second s time t

ampere A electric current I ( capital i)

kelvin K thermodynamic temperature T

Iv ( capital i with
candela cd luminous intensity
lowercase v subscript)

mole mol amount of substance n

 SI DERIVED UNIT
Expression in
Expression in terms
Name Symbol Quantity terms of SI base
of other units
units

hertz Hz frequency 1/s s-1

newton N force, weight kg·m/s2 kg·m·s−2

pascal Pa pressure, stress N/m2 m−1·kg·s−2

joule J energy, work, heat N·m = C·V = W·s m2·kg·s−2

watt W power, radiant flux J/s = V·A m2·kg·s−3

electric charge or quantity of

coulomb C s·A s·A
electricity
voltage, electrical potential
volt V difference, electromotive W/A = J/C m2·kg·s−3·A−1
force

electric resistance,
ohm Ω V/A m2·kg·s−3·A−2
impedance, reactance
 SI derived unit
Expression in Expression in
Name Symbol Quantity terms of other terms of SI base
units units

siemens S electrical conductance 1/Ω m−2·kg−1·s3·A2

weber Wb magnetic flux J/A m2·kg·s−2·A−1

magnetic field strength, V·s/m2 = Wb/m2

tesla T kg·s−2·A−1
magnetic flux density = N/(A·m)

henry H inductance V·s/A = Wb/A m2·kg·s−2·A−2

Celsius °C Celsius temperature K − 273.15 K − 273.15

lumen lm luminous flux lx·m2 cd·sr

lux lx luminance lm/m2 m−2·cd·sr

radian rad angle m·m-1 dimensionless

steradian sr solid angle m2·m-2 dimensionless

 compound units derived from SI units
SI base units
Name Symbol Quantity
Expression

square metre m2 area m2

cubic metre m3 volume m3

metre per second m/s speed, velocity m·s−1

cubic metre per second m3/s volumetric flow m3·s−1

metre per second squared m/s2 acceleration m·s−2

radian per second rad/s angular velocity s−1

newton second N·s momentum, impulse m·kg·s−1

newton metre second N·m·s angular momentum m2·kg·s−1

newton metre N·m = J/rad torque, moment of force m2·kg·s−2

kilogram per square metre kg/m2 area density m−2·kg

 compound units derived from SI units
SI base units
Name Symbol Quantity
Expression

kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3 Density, mass density m−3·kg

cubic metre per kilogram m3/kg specific volume m3·kg−1

joule second J·s action m2·kg·s−1

joule per kelvin J/K heat capacity, entropy m2·kg·s−2·K−1

watt per metre kelvin W/(m·K) thermal conductivity m·kg·s−3·K−1

pascal second Pa·s = N·s/m2 dynamic viscosity m−1·kg·s−1

electric displacement
coulomb per square metre C/m2 m−2·s·A
field

farad per metre F/m permittivity m−3·kg−1·s4·A2

henry per metre H/m permeability m·kg·s−2·A−2

volt per metre V/m electric field strength m·kg·s−3·A−1

ampere per metre A/m magnetic field strength A·m−1

 Pressure measurement units
Pound-
Technical force per
Atmospher
Pascal Bar atmosphere Torr square
e
(Pa) (bar) (at) (Torr) inch
(atm)
(psi)

1 Pa ≡ 1 N/m2 10−5 1.0197×10−5 9.8692×10−6 7.5006×10−3 145.04×10−6

1 bar 100,000 ≡ 106 dyn/cm2 1.0197 0.98692 750.06 14.5037744

1 at 98,066.5 0.980665 ≡ 1 kgf/cm2 0.96784 735.56 14.223

1 atm 101,325 1.01325 1.0332 ≡ 1 atm 760 14.696

≡ 1 Torr;
1 torr 133.322 1.3332×10−3 1.3595×10−3 1.3158×10−3 19.337×10−3
≈ 1 mmHg

70.307×10− 68.046×10
1 psi 6.894×103 68.948×10−3 3 −3 51.715 ≡ 1 lbf/in2
SYSTEM
The term system will be freely used throughout so here is a brief
explanation of what is meant by a system and how we can represent
systems. If you want to use an amplifier then you might not be
interested in the internal working of the amplifier but what output you
can obtain for a particular input. In such a situation we can talk of the
Fig. 1 System

amplifier being a system and describe it by means of specifying how

the output is related to the input. With an engineering system an
engineer is more interested in the inputs and outputs of a system than
the internal workings of the component elements of that system

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A useful way of representing a system is as a block diagram.
Within the boundary described by the box outline is the system
and inputs to the system are shown by arrows entering the box and
outputs by arrows leaving the box. Figure 1.2 illustrates this for an
electric motor system; there is an input of electrical energy and an
output of mechanical energy.

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 Amplifier System

Interconnected System
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The purpose of an instrumentation system used for making
measurements is to give the user a numerical value corresponding to
the variable being measured. Thus a thermometer may be used to give
a numerical value for the temperature of a liquid. We must, however,
recognise that, for a variety of reasons, this numerical value may not
actually be the true value of the variable. Thus, in the case of the
thermometer, there may be errors due to the limited accuracy in the
scale calibration, or reading errors due to the reading falling between
two scale markings, or perhaps errors due to the insertion of a cold
thermometer into a hot liquid, lowering the temperature of the liquid
and so altering the temperature being measured.

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An instrumentation system for making measurements has an input of
the true value of the variable being measured and an output of the
measured value

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 The elements of an instrumentation system

An instrumentation system for making measurements consists of

several elements which are used to carry out particular functions.
These functional elements are:

1. SENSOR/TRANDUCER

2. SIGNAL PROCESSOR OR CONDITIONER

3. DISPLAY

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1 Sensor/Transducer
This is the element of the system which is effectively in contact with
the process for which a variable is being measured and gives an
output which depends in some way on the value of the variable and
which can be used by the rest of the measurement system to give a
value to it. For example, a thermocouple is a sensor which has an
input of temperature and an output of a small voltage.

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2 Signal processor/conditioner

This element takes the output from the sensor and converts it into a
form which is suitable for display or onward transmission in some
control system. In the case of the thermocouple this may be an
amplifier to make the e.m.f. big enough to register on a meter. The
term signal conditioner is used for an element which converts the
output of a sensor into a suitable form for further processing. Thus in
the case of the resistance thermometer there might be a signal
conditioner, a Wheatstone bridge, which transforms the resistance
change into a voltage change, then an amplifier to make the voltage
big enough for display.

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2 Signal processor/conditioner (Cont’d.)

Amplifies, linearises, removes noise

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3. Display (Data presentation)

This presents the measured value in a form which enables an observer

to recognise it (Fig. 7). This may be via a display, e.g. a pointer
moving across the scale of a meter or perhaps information on a visual
display unit (VDU). Alternatively, or additionally, the signal may be
recorded, e.g. on the paper of a chart recorder or electronically, or
transmitted to some other system such as a control system.

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3. Display (Data presentation) Cont’d.

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