ENGINEERING DESIGN PRESENTATION I June 2020

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING
DESIGN
LECTURE I
AGENDA
1. Definition of basic terms

2. Classification of Engineering Design
3. Process/Procedure followed in Eng. Design
4. Ethical principles of Engineering Design
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Definition of Basic Terms/Concepts
Engineering
 It is a creative process that combines the
fields of Science and Mathematics to
solve real world problems that improve the
world around us.
Engineering design
Definition 01: Is the process of applying
creative energy to devise a system,
component, or process to meet desired needs
Definition 02
 Engineering design is a systematic,
intelligent process in which engineers
generate, evaluate, and specify solutions for
devices, systems, or processes whose form(s)
and function(s) achieve clients’ objectives and
users’ needs while satisfying a specified set of
constraints.

 Mechanical design process is the use of

scientific principles and technical information
along with innovations, ingenuity or
imagination in the definition of a machine,
mechanical device or system(product) to
perform pre-specified functions with
maximum economy and efficiency. (Engineering
Design Council, UK)

Design functions
 Things that a designed device or system is
supposed to do
 Almost always involve transforming or
transferring energy, information, or material
 Includes supporting and transmitting forces, the
flow of current, the flow of charge, the transfer of
material, and so on

Design objective
 A feature or behavior that we wish the design
to have or exhibit
 Not always what the design should do, but what
the design should be
 Objectives may be completely or partially
achieved, or may not be achieved at all

Design constraint
 A limit or restriction on the features or
behaviors of the design
 A proposed design is unacceptable if these limits
are violated
 Can be functional, safety, manufacturing,
economic, environmental etc

Conceptual Design
 Basically, conceptual design is the very first
stage of the product design process, where
drawings and other illustrations or models are
used.
 It serves to provide a description of the
proposed product, in terms of a set of
integrated ideas and concepts about what it
should do, behave and look like in a way that
is understandable for users.

Detailed Design
 Detailed design is the phase where
the design is refined and plans,
specifications and estimates are
created. Detailed design can include outputs
such as 2D and 3D models, cost build up
estimates, procurement plans. This phase is
where the full cost of the project is identified
in most cases

Definition of Basic Terms/concepts
Engineering design Vs Scientific Methods

The main difference between the two is based on:
1. The Purpose and
2. The Goal
Description Purpose Goal

Engineering To create Create a cost effective,
design process solution to a workable solution
Specific problem
Scientific To discover To add to our collective
Methods things about knowledge and
natural world understanding of our
world
 Engineers are described primarily as problem

solvers
Engineers:
 Provide ways to meet needs and wants of
society
 Invent or design new products and processes
 Improve existing products and processes
 Work in teams throughout the design process

Important Facts about Engineers and
Design Problems
 Engineers are Designers

 Design problems are open ended in nature due to
the fact that:
 They have more than one correct solution
 Are usually more vaguely defined than analysis
problems.
 Solving design problems is often cyclic or iterative
process

Classification of Engineering
Design
Design my be classified as:
a) Original design/New design
b) Adaptive design
c) Redesign/Development Design
d) Selection design
e) Industrial design

a) Original or New Design
 This form is at the top of the hierarchy
 Employs an original, innovative concept to
achieve a need
 Sometimes, but rarely, the need itself must
be original
 Original designs occur rarely, but when occurs
they usually disrupt existing markets
 This type of design requires are lot of
research work and maximum creativity

b) Adaptive Design
 Occurs when the design team adapts a
known solution to satisfy a different need
to produce a novel application
 Modification of the existing design in
terms of e.g. dimensions, material, etc
 Parameters are slightly modified to
improve quality or to suit a new trend in
the market

b) Adaptive Design
 It is normally a response to consumer need

 It can involve introducing a new member
without changing the structure of the
existing design
 It does not need much knowledge or skills
compared to new design approach

c) Redesign or Development
Design
 It starts from an existing design to bring a

new idea
 Final product may differ significantly or
moderately from the existing design
 Employed to improve an existing design

c) Redesign or Development
Design
 It employs working principles of one machine

on another machine and bring entirely new
product which may posses good quality in e.g
working, size, etc.
 It is accomplished without any change in the
working principle or concept of the original
design

Why do we Redesign?
 In order to reduce failure in service, or
 To reduce its cost
 Sometimes for changing some of the
design parameters, this is often called
Variant design
 Adopting new methods of manufacturing
or new material are also a reason for
development design

Redesign or Development Design
 Design development demands considerable
knowledge and design ability
Examples
 Combining the principle of bicycle and internal
combustion engine and develop the motorcycle,
 Converting:
 Mechanical watch to quartz watch,
 Manual gearbox of a car to automatic gearbox

Other types
d) Selection Design
 Most of products employ standard components
 Selecting the components with the needed
performance, quality, and cost
e) Industrial Design
 Deals with improving the appeal of a product to
the human senses, especially its visual appeal
 More artistic than engineering
 Consideration of how the human user can best
interface with the product
Process/Procedure followed in
Eng. Design
 A design process is a systematic problem-

solving strategy;
 It is a decision-making process (often
iterative),
 Engineering Sciences and Mathematics are
applied to convert resources optimally to
meet a stated objective.

Eng. Design
Among the fundamental elements of the

design process are:
 Establishment of objectives and criteria,
 Synthesis, (e.g. combination, union, mixture
etc),
 Analysis
 Construction,
 Testing and
 Evaluation.

Eng. Design
Commmon Steps of the Design Process:
1. Identification of the problem
 Recognition of the Need
 Problem Definition
 Clarification of the objectives
2. Gathering of Information
 Establishing user requirements and specification
 Establish practical functions of the design
 Analysis of existing solution

Eng. Design
Commmon Steps of the Design Process:
3. Generation of multiple solutions
 Concept Generation
 Analysis and selection of a solution
4. Detailed Design and Analysis
5. Prototype Development and Testing
6. Communication of the Design

Common Steps followed in Solving Design
Problems
Engineering
Design
Process
4.0
Analysis and
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solution
Eng. Design
 Engineering design requires:
 Creative minds
 Innovative solutions
 Synthesis of variety of knowledge
 Interactivity
Above all “Passion for Design”

Eng. Design
The Four Cs of Design:
1. Creativity
 Requires creation of something that has not existed before
or has not existed in the designer’s mind
2. Complexity
 Requires decisions on variables and parameters
3. Choice
 Requires making choices between many possible
solutions at all levels
4. Compromise.
 Requires balancing multiple and sometimes conflicting
requirements
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Eng. Design
 Decisions made during design process have

major effect on the cost of the product
 It is not always possible in manufacturing to
compensate for defects caused by poor
design
 The design should be in such a way that it has
minimum or no errors.

Eng. Design
 The design should aim at high quality, cost

competitive product in the shortest period
of time possible

Representation of Design solution
 Design solution is normally expressed in the

available modes of communication, such as
graphic (drawings), written (reports), and
verbal presentation.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING
DESIGN
 Engineers during the design processes

make decisions concerning ethical
issues like safety, health and welfare
of the public and sustainability.
 These obligations should be
translated into design process.

DESIGN
 Morally relevant values should find their
way into the design process
 This has led to number of new design
approaches:
e.g:
 Eco-design or sustainable design, aimed at
developing sustainable products

DESIGN
 This has led to number of new design
approaches:
e.g:
 Value-sensitive design, an approach in
information technology that accounts for
values such as human well-being, human
dignity, justice, welfare, and human rights
throughout the design process

DESIGN
 Ethical issues may arise as well during the
operationalization of design requirements.
 Example a design criterion such as
minimizing global warming potential,
which may arise from a moral concern
about the greenhouse effect.

DESIGN
More examples:
 Such criteria as safety almost always conflict
with other criteria such as cost, sustainability,
and comfort.
 This raises a question about morally
acceptable tradeoffs between these different
design criteria.

DESIGN
 Examples of ethical issues addressed at the
detail design phase are related to the choice
of materials:
 Different materials may have different
environmental impacts or impose different health
risks on workers and users.
 Choices with respect to maintainability, ability to
be recycled, and the disposal of artifacts may have
important impacts on the environment, health, or
safety.
DESIGN
 Engineering design usually affects many
people with interests and moral values other
than those of the designers.
 One way to do right to these interests and
values is to give different groups, including
users and other stakeholders, a role in the
design and development process itself

DESIGN
 Different approaches have been proposed:
 participatory design
 Constructive technology assessment aims at
inclusion of stakeholders in the design and
development process in order to improve social
learning processes at both the technical and
normative levels with respect to new technologies

DESIGN
 Recognising the fact that while a design

problem has no unique answers, the designer
has to consider and reconcile the possibly
conflicting interests and value judgements of
1) the consumer,
2) producer,
3) distributor and
4) himself.

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INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

1. Definition of basic terms

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 Mechanical design process is the use of

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Engineering design Vs Scientific Methods

Description Purpose Goal

 Engineers are described primarily as problem

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 Engineers are Designers

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 It is normally a response to consumer need

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 It starts from an existing design to bring a

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 It employs working principles of one machine

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 A design process is a systematic problem-

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Among the fundamental elements of the

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 Decisions made during design process have

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 The design should aim at high quality, cost

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 Design solution is normally expressed in the

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 Engineers during the design processes

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 Recognising the fact that while a design

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