1.What outcome possible after infective endocarditis?

infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)

2.What pathological process characteristic at infective endocarditis?

 1. Bacteremia that delivers the organisms to the valve's surface
 2. Adherence of the organisms to valvular structures
 3. Eventual invasion of the valvular leaflets and formation of vegetations.

3.What heart valve the most common affected at infective endocarditis:

MITRAL VALVE

4.What is the bacteremia?

The presence of bacteria in the blood.

5.Causes of infective endocarditis:

occurs when germs enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart.
 Everyday oral activities.
 An infection or other medical condition.
 Catheters or needles

6. Risk factor of infective endocarditis?

 Birth defect of the heart
 Damaged or abnormal heart valve

7. Chief complaints at infective endocarditis:

fever,chils,sweating

8. Possible symptoms at infective endocarditis: Osler’s nodes

 Fever, chills, and sweating
 A new or changed heart murmur
 Fatigue
 Aching joints and muscles
 Shortness of breath
 Paleness
 Persistent cough
 Swelling in feet, legs, or abdomen
 Unexplained weight loss
 Blood in the urine
 Tenderness in the spleen
 Osler’s nodes
 Petechiae

9.What is the Oslers nodes?:

RED, TENDER SPOTS UNDER THE SKIN OF THE FINGERS

10.For the treatment of endocarditis apply to all of the following groups of drugs:
Antibiotics
11.What the sign include tiny purple or red spots on the skin, whites of the eyes, or
inside of the mouth:
Petechiae

12. To diagnose of invective endocarditis better using of:

TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAM

13. Instrumental diagnosis of infective endocarditis except following?:

Except * ECG, CHEST XRAY, CT, MRI

14. The major goals of therapy for infective endocarditis is?

 Eradicating the infectious agent from the thrombus
 Treating the complications of valvular infection

15. Indication for Surgery at endocarditis following except? :

*EXCEPT
 Acute AR with severe Heart failure
 Fungal endocarditis
 Mobile vegetation > 10mm in size.
 Evidence of valve ring or myocardial abscess
 Recurrent embolization despite adequate antibiotic therapy
 Poor response to antibiotics
 Prosthetic valve dysfunction associated with CHF
 Valve ring Abscess near a prosthetic valve

16. How many valves in the heart?: Four

17. How many types of heart valves? Four

(2 ATRIOVENTRICULAR AND 2 SEMILUNAR VALAVE )

18. Heart valves belong to..?

19.Where patients with endocarditis should be treated?

Hospital.

20.If there is no effect of initial antibiotic therapy within 3 days for endocarditis, you
can think : higher dose of antibiotics for prolonged period of time

21. General infectious and allergic disease in which connective tissues, mainly of
the cardiovascular system, are affected by inflammation. What the disease
characterized?
ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER OR RHEUMATISM

22.What is the most common cause of rheumatic fever?:

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus of group A

23.Rheumatic fever characterized with following processes:

 Dysfunction of the immune Response
  Antigenic Mimicry

24. What the first pathological phase of rheumatism?

MUCOID SWELLING
25. What is the last pathological phase of rheumatism? :
SCLEROSIS
26.What point does not belong to classification of rheumatic fever?
**Except
 Clinical variants:
 Clinical manifestations
 Degree of activity
 Clinical outcome
27.The basic clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever include next except?
*Except - carditis, arthritis, chorea, rheumatic nodules, and erythema annulare
(erythema marginatum);

28. Clinical outcome of rheumatic fever include followings except?

*Except- - recovery;
- chronic rheumatic disease of heart: without heart valvular defect;
- With heart valvular defect.

29. The additional clinical manifestations of rheumatic fever except?

*Except- arthralgia, (poly)serositis, abdominal syndrome.

30. What criterion include Carditis ,Migratory polyarthritis ,Sydenham’s

Chorea,Subcutaneous nodules, Erythema marginatum ?
Major Criteria

31.What means the abbreviation CRP in laboratory studying?

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

32.How does change PR interval on ECG at rheumatic fever?:

PROLONGED PR INTERVEL

33. How does change CRP at rheumatic fever:

Elevated acute phase

34. What criteria are used to diagnose of rheumatic fever?:

JONES CRITERIA

35.The most dangerous outcome of rheumatic fever is?:

MIGRATORY POLYARTRITIS

36. if migratory polyarthritis occurs what joints are more involved?

Larger joints

37. Mitral and aortic valves are commonly affected at rheumatic fever?
Valvular disease (rheumatic valvulitis)
38. What test shows about disclose preceding streptococcal infection:
STREPTOCOCAAL ANTIBIOTIC TEST

39.Which of the following antibiotic groups are used in rheumatic fever ?

PENICILLIN GROUP OF BETA LACTUM ANTIOBIOTIC

40. What types of viruses of hepatitis do not cause chronic hepatitis ?

HAV AND HEV

41. Pathological classification of chronic hepatitis include followings except?:

*Except- Chronic persistent hepatitis
 Chronic lobular hepatitis
 Chronic active hepatitis

42.What enzyme is elevated when occur liver damage?:

SERUM TRANSMINASE ENZYME

43.Normal value of ALT (alanineaminotransaminase):

5-35 IU/L

44. Normal value of AST (aspartateaminotransaminase)::

7-40 IU/L

45.What is the normal level of Hb in males?:

140-180G/L
46.What does mean HBsAg in chronic viral hepatitis?
High replicative phase

47.Which drug is indicated for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis?

INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN

48. What the visual sign of chronic hepatitis easily may detected?:
YELLOW SKIN

49. If you detect ascites, jaundice and distended abdominal veins you think about? :
LIVER CIRRHOSIS

50. What risk factor is possible at chronic viral hepatitis?:

HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA OR LOVER CACER

51.The most common cause of portal hypertension is:

CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE OR CIRROHOSIS

52. Visible clinical skin sign of portal hypertension is?:

SNAKE LIKE SKIN

53. Normal values of serum albumin?

35-55 G/L
54. Life-threatening complication of liver cirrhosis is following:
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
55. Why does ascites occur (cause)? :
CIRRHOSIS

56. Prevention a diffusion of ammonia from the bowel lumen to the blood
by using?
administering oral lactulose, lactitol, or lactose

57. What nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that effects the
mucosa of the colon and rectum?
Ulcerative colitis

58. What nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any segment of the
gastrointestinal tract?
Crohn’s disease

59. Toxic megacolon is a complication of …..? ULCERATIVE COLITIS

60. Cobblestone appearance on endoscopy, the bowel wall may be entirely encased by
creeping fat of the mesentery, and strictures may develop in the small and large
intestine. It tells about ….?
CROHNS DISEASES

61. Which following medication is used for treat Crohn’s disease?

AMINOSALICYLATES AND CORTICOSTEROIDS