Rolling Contact Bearing

Selection and Performance

Siraj Ahmed
Professor
Department of Mechanical Enginering
M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal
Roller Contact Bearing
Rolling or anti-friction bearing
 Contents
• Introduction
• Nomenclature of Rolling Contact Bearing
• Clasification of Rolling Contact Bearing
• Ball Bearing
• Roller Bearing
• Design Consideartion
• Life of Bearing
• Bearing Load
• Mountings
• Pre-Loading
• Alignment
• Lubrication
• Enclosure
 Contents…….
• Selection of Roller & Ball Bearing
• Dimension Series Code
• Basic Load Rating & Dimensions: DESIGN DATA
• Selection of Tapered Roller Bearing
• Bearing Manufacturer Catalogue DATA
 Introduction
• Rolling Contact Bearing:Anti-Friction Bearing
• Starting friction is very low
• Coefficient of Friction in the order of 0.001
• Main load is transferred through elements
which are in rolling contact
• Four basic elements:
• outer ring
• balls or rollers
• separator or cage to avoid rubbing of
adjacent balls
(omitted in ordinary bearings)
• inner ring
 Introduction
• Designing involves of elements to fit into a
space and to carry the load for an operational
life in terms of number of revolution or number
of hours in operation at a constant speed

• Design considerations:
• Fatigue loading
• Heat dissipation
• Corrosion resistance
• Design life
• Lubrication
• Tolerances
• Clearances
• Ease of assembly etc.
• To take radial loads, thrust loads and any
combination of the two
 Ball and Roller Bearings

• Due to low rolling friction these are called “antifriction” bearing

• Frictional resistance considerably less than in plain bearings

• Rotating and non-rotating pairs separated by balls or rollers

• Ball or rollers has rolling contact and sliding friction is eliminated and
replaced by much lower rolling friction

• In plain bearing the starting resistance is much larger than the running
resistance due to absence of oil film

• In ball and rolling bearings the initial resistance to motion is only slightly
more than their resistance to continuous running.

• Hence ball and rolling bearing are more suitable to drives subject to
frequent starting and stopping as they save power

• Owing to the low starting torque, a low power motor can be used for a line
shaft running in ball bearing
 APPLICATIONS OF ROLLER BEARINGS

• Tapered roller bearing (TRB):

TRB can take both radial and axial loads and used for gear boxes for heavy
trucks, bevel-gear transmission, lathe spindles, etc.

• Thrust ball bearing:

Can take only thrust loads.
Used for heavy axial loads and low speeds.

• Needle roller bearing:

Small diameter of rollers.
Used for radial load at slow speed and oscillating motion.
• Advantage of light weight and occupy small space.
• Used in aircraft industry, live tail stock centers, bench-drill spindles, etc.
Nomenclature of Rolling Contact
Bearing
Nomenclature of Rolling Contact
Bearing
 Bearings
Rolling Contact Bearings
Load is transferred through elements in rolling contact rather than
sliding contact.
Types of Ball Bearing
 Types of Ball Bearing
Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing:

• designed for radial loads with minor thrust

loads

• Incorporating a deep hardened raceway which

makes them suitable for radial and axial loads
in either direction, provided the radial loads
are greater than the axial loads.
 Types of Ball Bearing
• Single-Row Filling Notch Ball Bearing:
more number of balls due to deeper grove for
the same size of bearing therefore having
higher load carrying capacity
 Types of Roller Bearing
Single row roller bearing:

• Roller bearing have a greater load-carrying

capacity than ball bearing of equivalent size as
they make line contact rather than point
contact with their rings.

• Not suitable for axial loading, cheaper to

manufacture, used for heavy and sudden
loading, high speed and continuous service.
 Types of Ball Bearing
• Angular Contact Ball Bearing:

higher thrust carrying capacity in axial

direction

• Sealed Ball Bearing:

Shield or seal is provided against entering

dust and dirt
 Types of Ball Bearing
• Single-Row Aligning Ball Bearings:
to correct small angular misalignment in the shaft

• Double-Row Aligning Ball Bearings:

to take up greater misalignment of supported shaft
and take up heavier radial loads as well as thrust loads

• Self Aligning Ball Bearings:

to take up greater misalignment of supported shaft
 Types of Ball Bearing
• Simple Ball Thrust Bearing:
To take up purely thrust loads

• Self Aligning Ball Thrust Bearing:

To take up thrust loads and some misalignment
 Roller Bearing
FEATURES
• greater load carrying capacity
• larger load bearing contact area
• Demands greater perfection for the race ways
• Slight misalignment causes the roller to skew
and get out of line
• Retainer is heavier
 Ball and Roller bearing

Races and balls are high carbon chrome steel (to provide resistance to wear) machined and
ground to fine limits of 0.0025 mm, highly polished and hardened.

The cages are made of low-carbon steel, bronzes or brasses, though for high
temperature application case-hardened and stainless steels are used.
 The ball and roller bearing consists of
following parts:
⚫ Inner ring or race which fits on the
shaft.
⚫ Outer ring or race which fits inside
the housing.
⚫ Ball and roller arranged between
the surfaces of two races. These
provide rolling action between the
races.
⚫ the radius of the track for balls is slightly
greater 5 to 10 % than that of the ball
themselves.
⚫ Note that the rotating surfaces rotate in
opposite directions.
⚫ Cage which separates the balls or
rollers from one another.
The disadvantage of the ball and roller bearings
are high cost, they cannot be used in half, and
greater noise.
 Types of Roller Bearing

Straight Roller Bearing Spherical Roller Thrust Tapered Roller Thrust Bearing

Steep-Tapered Roller Bearing

Needle Roller Bearing Tapered Roller Bearing
 Types of Roller Bearing
• Straight Roller Bearing:
heavy load carrying capacity for purely radial loads

• Spherical-Roller Thrust Bearing:

heavy load carrying capacity for thrust loads as it can
take misalignment

• Tapered Roller Thrust Bearing:

heavy load carrying capacity for purely thrust loads in
axial direction
 Types of Roller Bearing
• Needle Roller Bearing:
for pure radial loads with heavy duty applications
with space constraint

• Tapered Roller Bearing:

combination of heavy loads in radial as well as in axial
directions or thrust loads

• Steep-Tapered Roller Bearing:

combination of heavy loads in radial as well as in axial
directions or thrust loads with higher taper angle
 Roller Bearing
• Taper roller bearings are designed in such a way
that line drawn parallel to roller surface and
parallel to race ways will meet at a common
point on the axis of bearing

• For high accuracy the geometrically perfect

bearings are used for precision applications
made of stainless steel

• In some applications the flexible rollers are also

used
Types of bearing
Types of ball bearings
Prelubricated sealed ball bearing
Roller Thrust Bearing
Thrust ball bearings
Needle ball bearing
 Ball Bearings
1. Deep groove (Conrad) bearing

• Load capacity is limited by the number of balls

• Primarily designed to support radial loads, the thrust

capacity is about 70% of radial load capacity
 Ball Bearings
2. Filling notch or maximum capacity ball bearings
Bearings have the same basic radial construction as Conrad
type. However, a filling notch (loading groove) permits more
balls to be used.

Notch

• Radial load capacity is 20 – 40% higher than Conrad type

• Thrust load capacity drops to 20% (2 directions) of radial

load capacity.
 Ball Bearings
3. Angular contact bearings (AC)

The centerline of contact between the balls and the raceway is

at an angle to the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Extra support
in the back

Direction
of thrust

• Used for high radial and thrust load applications

 Roller Bearings
Roller bearings have higher load capacity than ball bearings, load is
transmitted through line contact instead of point contact.

Straight cylindrical roller Needle type

 Roller Bearings
Tapered bearings
Designed to withstand high radial loads, high thrust loads, and
combined loads at moderate to high speeds. They can also
withstand repeated shock loads.
 Tapered Bearings
Indirect and Direct mounting

Indirect mounting
provides greater rigidity
when pair of bearings is
closely spaced: front
wheel of a car, drums,
sheaves,..
Indirect mounting

Direct mounting
provides greater rigidity
when pair of bearings is
not closely spaced:
transmission, speed
reducers, rollers,..
Direct mounting
aa = effective bearing spread
Measure of the rigidity
of the bearing
mounting
 Roller Thrust Bearings
Spherical Thrust Bearings

Cylindrical
Thrust
Bearings

Tapered Thrust
Bearings
 Failure Criterion
Rolling Contact Bearing

• Main cause of failure is surface fatigue stress

• Failure criterion is spalling or pitting of an area

according to Timken Bearing Manufacturing
Company as 6.5 mm2

• AFBMA standard states that failure criterion is

the first evidence
 Design Considerations
for Roling Contact Bearing:

• Design Life
• Bearing Load
• Mountings
• Pre-loading
• Alignment
• Lubrication
• Enclosure
 Design Life
Life of Bearing

• Total number of revolutions endured by it in standard

operating conditions until failure criterion develops

• Or number of hours of operation at a specified

rotational speed endured until failure criterion
develops

• Failure is due to surface fatigue of surface pitting or

spalling
 Design Life of Rolling Contact Bearing
• Median or average life
number of hours averaged when groups of bearings are tested at a
constant speed under specified load to failure

• AFBMA Rating Life or L10 Life

of group of identical bearings is measured as total number of
revolutions endured by 90 percent of the bearings in standard
operating conditions until failure criterion develops

Or measured in terms of number of hours of operation at a specified

rotational speed endured by 90 percent of the bearings before
failure criterion develops

L10 life is the standard method of specifying bearing life in industrial

practice
 Design Life
• Reliability: According to ‘Mishke’ for reliability of
R and for a specified life of bearing in hours L for
L10 is given as,

L
−( )1.17
R=e 6.84 L10

• For N bearings with equal reliability as R then for

the whole group the total reliability:

R N = ( R) N
 Bearing Life
The failure of bearing is in terms of failure criterion which is spalling or pitting of an area
according to Timken Bearing Manufacturing Company as 6.5 mm2. The Anti-Friction
Bearing Manufacturing Association (AFBMA) standard states that failure criterion is the
first evidence of fatigue failure.

Life of a bearing is measured as total number of revolutions endured by it in standard

operating conditions until failure criterion develops. It can also be measured in terms of
number of hours of operation at a specified rotational speed endured until failure
criterion develops.

Median or average life of bearing is defined in terms of number of hours averaged when
groups of bearings are tested at a constant speed under specified load to failure.

According to Anti Friction Bearing Manufacturer Association (AFBMA) the rating life or
L10 life of group of identical bearings is measured as total number of revolutions
endured by 90 percent of the bearings in standard operating conditions until failure
criterion develops.
According to ‘Mishke’ for reliability R and for a specified life of bearing in hours L,
the L10 is given as,

L
−( )1.17
R=e 6.84 L10

N bearings with equal reliability R then for the whole group the total reliability RN is given by,

R N = ( R) N

When two groups of identical bearings are tested under two different loads F1 and F2 then these
will show lives L1 and L2 according to following relation,
a=3 for ball bearing
a = 10/3 for roller bearing
L1 F2 a
=( )
L2 F1
As per AFBMA the basic load rating C of a group of rolling contact bearings is measured as
constant radial load endured for rated life of 106 revolutions of inner ring.

For any other load F other than basic load the life of bearing is determined as,

C a
L=( )
F
1
LD n D
C R = F [( )( )] a
LR n R
Subscript D is for design, R is bearing manufacturer catalogue or reference value,
CR is basic load rating for LR hours of L10 life at the speed nR,
F is actual radial load to be carried for LD hours of L10 life at a speed of nD of
bearing operation.
 Bearing Life
Life – number of revolution or hours of operation, at constant speed,
required for the failure criterion to develop.

Rating Life – defines the number of revolution or hours of

operation, at constant speed, in such a way that 90% of the bearings
tested (from the same group) will complete or exceed before the first
evidence of failure develops. This is known as L10 life.

For ball bearings and spherical bearings:

L10 = 500 (hours) x 33.33 (rpm) x 60 = 106 = 1 million revolutions

For tapered bearings manufactured by Timken:

L10 = 3000 (hours) x 500 (rpm) x 60 = 90 x 106 = 90 million revolutions

Basic Dynamic Load Rating, C – constant radial load that a group of bearings
can carry for L10 life.
 Example
• In an application the roller bearing is required
to run atleast for 3000 h. The reliability of
bearing performance is not less than 99
percent. Determine the rated life of the
bearing for the application.
L
−( )1.17
R=e 6.84 L10

3000 1.17
−( )
3000 1.17
0.99 = e 6.84 L10
 ln(0.99) = −( )
6.84 L10

L10 = 22.46 X 103 h

 Example
• In a gear box there are 8 identical bearings.
The reliability of each bearing is same as 90
percent. Determine the reliability of all the
bearings.
R N = ( R) N

RN = (0.9) = 0.43
8
 Bearing Load
• For two groups of identical bearings are tested under two
different loads F1 and F2 then these will show lives L1 and L2
accordingly,
L1 F2 a
=( )
L2 F1
a constant and depends on type of rolling contact bearing

a=3 for ball bearing

a = 10/3 for roller bearing

 Bearing Load
• AFBMA Basic Load Rating C: For a group of rolling contact
bearings is measured as constant radial load endured for
rated life of 106 revolutions of inner ring with outer ring
remains stationary

• Also known as dynamic load rating, basic dynamic capacity

or specific dynamic capacity

• So high that plastic deformation of the contacting surfaces

would result when the load is actually applied

• A reference parameter and may never be experienced by

an individual bearing in actual operation
 AFBMA Basic Load Rating C
• For any other load F life of bearing is
determined as
C a
L=( ) 1
F
C = FL a
where L = 106 revolutions

• Example for expected life of 20 X 106

revolutions, the basic load rating as per
Equation C = F (20) = 2.45F
3
10

or 2.45 times the actual radial load

 AFBMA Basic Load Rating C
CR basic load rating for LR hours of L10 life at
reference speed nR
1
LD n D
C R = F [( )( )] a
LR n R
D design value
R bearing manufacturer reference value
F actual radial load to be carried for LD hours of L10
life at a design speed of nD
 Example
• A roller bearing is to take a radial load of 5 kN
and has an L10 life of 1800 h at a speed of 720
rev/min. What will be the basic load rating of
the bearing? LD n D a
1

C R = F [( )( )]
LR nR
For LR = 3000 h, nR = 500 rev/min and a = 10/3
for roller bearing 3
1800 720 10
C R = 5[( )( )] = 4.78 kN
3000 500
From Timken Engineering Journal
basic load rating is as 478 daN
 Mountings
• rotating ring is press fitted: inner or outer ring

• Stationary ring is mounted with push fit

• Allow stationary ring to slightly creep-in into

mounting

• bearing manufacturer catalogue provide the

details of mounting to be used
 Bearing Arrangement
In the case of bearings with detachable inner and outer rings such as
cylindrical and needle roller bearings, relative movement is
accomplished by the raceway surface.

Bearings with non-detachable inner and outer rings, such as deep

groove ball bearings and self-aligning roller bearings, are designed so
that the fitting surface moves in the axial direction.

If bearing clearance is short, the bearings can be used without

differentiating between the fixed and floating sides. In this case, the
method of having the bearings face each other, such as with angular
contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings, is frequently used.
Common Bearing Mounting
Alternative Mounting
Two Bearing Mounting
Mounting for Spindle
 Angular-Contact Ball Bearing

For maximum
stiffness and
accuracy
duplexing
is used
Positions of bearing
Assembly of ball bearing
 Pre-Loading
• Obtained by using a tapered shaft and mounting the bearing
sleeve or inner ring over it by force or interference fit

• Outer ring is then pre-shrunk over the rolling elements to

complete the assembly

• Reduces internal clearance and thereby increases the fatigue life

• Ball bearings press fit by some axial load as pre-load during

assembly

• Bearing manufacturer catalogue recommends required pre-load

 Bearing fits:
• Extreme fits, whether loose or tight, are not recommended. The effect
of press fits on contact angle or radial play must be considered. As a
rule of thumb, mounted radial play (and hence contact angle) will be
reduced by approximately 75% of the press fit. This is important where
precise control on deflection rates is required or where low-radial-play
bearings are used.
• Size tolerance of the shaft and housing should be equal to those of the
bearing bore and OD. Roundness and taper should be held to one-half
of size tolerance. Surface finish should be held as close as possible.
• Extreme fits will depend upon tolerances on the bearings, shaft, and
housing. Upon request, the bearing manufacturer will code the bearing
bores and OD into increments within the size tolerance. These
increments are normally 0.0001 in., but can be supplied as low as
0.00005 in.
• When operating at a temperature considerably different from room
temperature, material expansion differences must be considered.
• Adhesives offer several advantages in producing proper fits:
• End play can be removed by applying a light external thrust load during
curing time.
• Extreme fits can be eliminated, since the adhesive will fill up any
reasonable clearance.
• Rotational accuracy can be improved by driving the shaft at slow speed
during cure time.
• Disadvantages to using adhesives include:
• Certain adhesives are attacked by lubricants or solvents.
• To ensure a good bond, bearing surface, shaft, and housing must be
thoroughly clean of oil and dirt.
• Adhesives may get into the bearing and cause damage.
• To ensure a good bond without rotational inaccuracies, clearance
should be held reasonably close. The tolerances on the shaft and
housing should be of the same magnitude as standard-fits practice.
Actual clearance depends upon the specific adhesive.
• Under vibration, some adhesives may break loose.
 Alignment
• Misalignment of axes of bearing and shaft
decreases the bearing life significantly

• Allowance limits are provided in bearing

manufacturer catalogue

• Aproximately 20 percent loss in every 0.001

radian of neutral axis misalignment
 General Practice Limits of
Mis-Alignment

Type of Bearing Permissible Misalignment

(radians)

Cylindrical and Tapered 0.001

Roller Bearing
Spherical Ball Bearing 0.0087
Deep-Groove Ball 0.0047
Bearing
 Bearing Mounting
• For instrument bearings, certain special
considerations should be emphasized:
• Heavy press fits should be avoided.
• Accuracy of mounting surfaces should be
equal to accuracy of mating bearing surface.
• Misalignment for low torque and running
accuracy should not exceed 1/4°. Loading
across the bearing during assembly should be
avoided.
 Bearing Mountings with Shoulders

Shoulders are
provided to
minimize
misalignment
 Axial Positioning
• Accurate axial positioning of the shaft relative to the housing requires
shoulders, snap rings, or bearing flanges.

• Shaft and housing shoulders: Diameter of a shaft or housing shoulder

must be sufficient to ensure solid seating and support for applied
thrust loads, yet small enough to avoid interference with other parts of
the bearing. Most manufacturers provide recommended shoulder
dimensions for each bearing size. Fit accuracy between shoulder and
mounting diameter should be as good as bearing accuracy.

• Corner between the shoulder and mounting diameter should be

undercut because undercutting provides a more accurate machining
of the shoulder surface. However, a radius is permissible if proper
clearance is allowed.
• Retaining rings: Certain cautions must be observed with this method:

• Recommendations as to the groove dimensions should be followed.

• Locating grooves machined into the shaft or housing must be controlled for
squareness of groove face to bearing mounting diameter. Recommended value
is 0.0002-in. TIR max.

• Parallelism of the faces of the ring should be held to 0.0002-in. TIR max.

• Lug dimensions should be checked to ensure there is no interference with the

bearing. (Extended inner-ring bearings may offer an advantage here.)

• Avoid a snap ring that locates directly on the shaft or housing diameter (no
groove) if heavy thrust loads are involved.

• Flanges: Squareness of face-to-bore of the housing is critical and should be

maintained to within 0.0003-in. TIR. Corners may be broken or left sharp
because the flange is undercut and flush seating is ensured.
 TIR maximum?
• When inspecting parts for runout (and a few
other characteristics), the classical method
involves holding a dial indicator to the surface
and then watching for the highest and lowest
reading. This difference is then compared to
the specification allowed by the
drawing. Here’s a visual of runout being
checked on an end face
TIR maximum?
 TIR maximum?
• The absolute value of highest to lowest gage
reading is often called “TIR,” or “total
indicator reading.” In the past it was quite
common to specify runout by adding a note to
the drawing such as “.040 max. TIR.”
 Axial Adjustment
• Removal of excess bearing end play, when required, may
involve preloading of the bearings. However, the most
common requirement is to establish an allowable range of
end play under a given reversing thrust load.
• Shims: Best material is stainless steel. Brass shims can also
be used; however, they wear more easily and produce
abrasive particles that could contaminate the bearing.
Shims, particularly brass or other soft materials, should be
used only against the nonrotating ring.
• Spring washers: Belleville and wave washers are the two
most common types used. The washer should exert a very
light load on the bearings. If extreme rigidity under external
load is required, preloaded bearings should be used.
• The use of a spring washer usually involves a loose fit
between the bearing ring and its mounting surface. Therefore,
the washer should apply its force against the nonrotating ring.
• Threads: Generally, threads are not recommended to remove
end play. They are too easily overtightened and can cause
brinelling in the bearings.
• If threads must be used, the bearings should be locked against
a solid shoulder or spacer. It is important to achieve a solid
locking force without overloading the bearing rings. A Class 2
fit is normally recommended because it provides for slight
misalignment of the nut, enabling the nut face to be flush
with the bearing. The nut-face squareness to the thread pitch
circle should be held to 0.0005-in. max wherever possible.
 Lubrication
• Relative motion of interacting surfaces in the rolling
contact bearing between inner ring, ball or rollers,
separator and outer ring are the combination of rolling and
sliding

• Lubricant trapped between the surfaces in rolling contact

is subjected to tremendous increase in presuure

• Lubrication in this situation is known as Elasto-

hydrodynamic lubrication (EHL)

• Viscosity in the film under EHL varies exponentially with

pressure and large value is observed
 Lubrication
Purpose of Lubricant

• provide a lubricant film between rolling and

sliding surfaces,

• dissipate and distribute heat

• prevent corrosion

• prevent entry of dirt

 Conditions of Lubricant for Rolling
Contact Bearing

Oil is used Grease is used

High speed Low speed
High temperature Temperature up o 100 oC
Grease is not suitable Protect entry of dirt
Enclosure is desired
Maintenance free operation
 Enclosure or Seal
• To retain the lubricant
• To exclude the dirt and other matter to enter in bearing

Types of Seals

• Felt and labyrinth seals are used in low speed

operation with grease

• Commercial seals are used with a spring backing and

press fit for low speed

• Labyrinth seal is used for high speed bearing with

either oil or grease
 Selection of Ball and Roller Bearing
AFBMA Equivalent radial load Fe

Fe = XVFr + YFa
Fr radial load
V rotational factor
V= 1.0 for rotating inner ring
V = 1.2 for rotating outer ring
V= 1.0 for self aligning bearing
of rotation of either ring
Fa applied thrust load
X radial load factor
Y thrust load factor
 Values of Radial Factor X and
Thrust Factor Y

Bearing Type X Y
Radial contact ball bearing 1 0
Angular contact ball bearing 1 1.25
with shallow angle
Angular contact ball bearing 1 0.75
with steep angle
Double row and duplex ball bearing 1 0.75
 Selection of Ball and Roller Bearing
• AFBMA standard dimensions
bearing bore d
outside diameter D
width T
fillet sizes

• For a particular outside diameter D different

combinations of bores and widths are available to suit
the operational situation
AFBMA Bearing Dimension-Series Code
 Basic Load Rating and Dimensions of
02-Series Ball Bearing
Load Bore Outer Width Fillet Shoulder
Rating mm Diamete mm Radius Diameter
kN r mm ds dH
mm
3.58 10 30 9 0.6 12.5 27
5.21 12 32 10 0.6 14.5 28
5.87 15 35 11 0.6 17.5 31
7.34 17 40 12 0.6 19.5 34
9.43 20 47 14 1.0 25 41
10.8 25 52 15 1.0 30 47
14.9 30 62 16 1.0 35 55
19.8 35 72 17 1.0 41 65
 Basic Load Rating and Dimensions of
03-Series Ball Bearing

Load Bore Outer Width Fillet Shoulder Diameter

Rating mm Diameter mm Radius ds dH
kN mm mm
6.23 10 35 11 0.6 12.5 31
7.48 12 37 12 1.0 16 32
8.72 15 42 13 1.0 19 37
10.37 17 47 14 1.0 21 41
12.24 20 52 15 1.0 25 45
16.2 25 62 17 1.0 31 55
21.6 30 72 19 1.0 37 65
 Basic Load Rating and Dimensions for
Roller Bearing
Bore 02-Series 03-Series
mm Outer Widt Load Outer Width Load
Diameter h Rating Diameter mm Ratin
mm mm kN mm g
kN
25 52 15 10.9 62 17 23.1
30 62 16 18 72 19 30.3
35 72 17 26 80 21 39.2
40 80 18 34 90 23 46.3
 Recommended Bearing Life for
Different Classes of Machinery

Class of Machinery Life, kh

Instruments Up to 0.5
Aircraft Engines 0.5 – 2
Machines with intermittent operation 4–8
and with interruptions
Machines with intermittent operation 8 – 14
and without much interruptions
Machines for 8-h service and under 14 – 20
utilized
Machines for 8-h service and fully 20 – 30
utilized
Machines with 24-h continuous 50 - 60
operation
Machines with 24-h continuous 100 - 200
operation with high reliability
 Load Application Factor
• Used as factor of safety and multiplied to
equivalent radial load Fe for selection of bearing
from bearing manufacturer catalogue

Application Load Factor K

Gearing (Precision) 1.0 – 1.1
Gearing (Commercial) 1.1 – 1.3
Machinery (poor bearing seals) 1.2
Machinery ( very light impact) 1.0 – 1.2
Machinery (light impact) 1.2 – 1.5
Machinery 1.5 – 3.0
(moderate to heavy impact)
Selection of bearing through catalogue
 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearing
• Combination of radial and axial loads
• For pure radial load will also induce a thrust
reaction
• Load to be applied in equal and opposite direction
to avoid separation.
• Mount two bearings to face backs: direct mounting
• When fronts are facing: indirect mounting
Nomenclature of Taper Roller Bearing
Direct Mounting of Tapered Roller
Bearing
 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearing
For radial load Fr thrust load
0.47 Fr
Fa =
K
K ratio of radial to thrust rating of bearing

K = 1.5 for radial bearing

K = 0.75 for steep angle bearing
 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearing
• For direct mounting of tapered roller bearing
subjected to thrust load Te
Values of radial reaction FrA and radial reaction FrB
are evaluated from moments about load centre G

• Equivalent load Fe on two bearings A and B

0.47 FrB
FeA = 0.4 FrA + K A ( + Te )
KB 0.47 FrA
FeB = 0.4 FrB + K B ( − Te )
KA
Single-Row
Straight Bore
Tapered Roller
Bearing
 Timken Manufacturer Catalogue for
Tapered Roller Bearing
Rating 500 rev/min for 3000 h of L10 1 daN = 10 N

Values of R, B, dB, dA, r, C, Db and Da

Single-Row Straight Bore

 Example
• Two tapered roller bearings as shown in Figure with
stationary cone and rotating cup. Left hand bearing
A is subjected to a radial load of 325 daN and a
thrust load of 120 daN. Right hand bearing B is
subjected to a zero thrust load and a radial load of
220 daN. The speed is 120 rev/min. The desired life
of bearing is 100 kh. The bore diameter of bearing is
initially taken as 16 mm.
Select the tapered rolling bearing from Timken
bearing manufacturer catalogue.
 Solution
• Given FrA = 325 daN, FrB = 220 daN, Te = 120 daN, Assuming
KA = KB = 1.5

0.47 FrB 0.47(220)

FeA = 0.4 FrA + K A ( + Te ) = 0.4(325) + 1.5( + 120) = 413.4 daN
KB 1 .5

• As FeA > FrA, then FeA is taken as equivalent radial load for
selection of bearing. For the given F = FeA = 413.4 daN,
LD = 100 kh, nD = 120 rev/min, for roller bearing a = 10/3,
and assuming LR = 3 kh, and nR = 500 rev/min, using
Equation for basic load rating,
 Solution
1 3
LD n D 100 120
C R = F [( )( )] = 413.4[(
a
)( )] 10
= 771.43 daN
LR n R 3 500

Using CR = 771.43 daN, d = 16 mm, Refer Table

for Tapered Roller Bearing, the nearest entry
will be chosen, Bore d = 15.875 mm, Outside
diameter D = 53.975 mm, Width T = 22.225
mm, K = 0.99, Part Number Cone 21063 and
Cup 21212, Fr = 760 daN and Fa = 770 daN.
 Solution
• Now
0.47 Fr 0.47(760)
Fa = = = 360.80 daN
K 0.99

Since FeA < FrA, use FrA = 360.80 daN in Equation for basic load rating

1 3
LD n D a 100 120 10
C R = F [( )( )] = 360.80[( )( )] = 673.27 daN
LR n R 3 500

New CR is below the catalogue value of 760 daN, hence the above selection of
bearing A is OK. Now for bearing B,

0.47 FrA 0.47(360.80)

FeB = 0.4 FrB + K B ( − Te ) = 0.4( 220) + 1.5[ − 120] = 77.576 daN
KA 1.5
 Solution
• basic load rating for bearing B
1 3
LD n D 90 120
C R = F [( )( )] = 220[( )(
a
)] = 397.76
10
daN
LR n R 3 500
With CR = 397.76 daN, d = 16 mm, Refer Table for Tapered
Roller Bearing, the nearest entry will be chosen,
with CR = 450 daN Bore d = 15.875 mm,
Outside diameter D = 44.45 mm,
Width T = 15.494 mm, K = 1.64,
Part Number Cone 05062 and Cup 05175