Copyright@ American Bearing Manufacturers Association,Inc.

, 1 990

These materials have been prepared by the American

Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc. However the
information contained in these materials has not been
independently verified by the American Bearing
Manufacturers Association or Information Handling
Services, Inc. Neither organization warrants or assumes
any liability for the accuracy or completeness of these
materials.

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 AF'BMA L3 90 M 0873073 0000395 383

e!EiEi9
ANSVAFBMA
Std 11-1990
(Revision of
ANSVAFBMA
Std 11-1978)

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

AFBMA STANDARD

LOAD RATINGS AND FATIGUE LIFE

ROLLER
FOR BEARINGS . .

Sponsor

The Anti-Friction Bearing

Manufacturers Association, Inc.

Approved July 17, 1990

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

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 AFBMA 55 90 W 0871073 0000L9b 21T

American National Standard

Approvalof an AmericanNationalStandardrequiresverificationby ANSI thatthe

requirements fordue process, consensus,and other criteria for approval have
been met
by the standards developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgmentof the ANSIBoard of Standards Review,

substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerned effort be made toward their resolution.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does
not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standardsor not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing,or using products, processes,or procedures not
conforming to the standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretationof any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the rightor authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for inter-
pretations shouldbe addressed to the secmtariat or sponsor whose name appears on the
title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn

at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that
action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years
from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive
current information on all standards by calling or writing the American NationalStan-
dards Institute.

Published by

The Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc.

1101 Connecticut Ave. N.W.,Suite 700
washingtoll, D.C. 20036
Copyright 1990 by The Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc.

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 AFBMA 11 90 0873073 0000177 156

FOREWORD

(This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard, Load Ratings

and Fatigue Life for Roller Bearings.)

This revision of ANSVAFBMA Standard 11 has as its principal feature: The

utilization of the factor,,f which depends on the geometry of the bearing
components, the accuracyto which the various components are made and
contemporary, normally used material and its manufacturing quality.

This standard is in close conformity with IS0 76-1987 (Rolling bearings-

Static load ratings) and with I S 0 DIS 281-1989 (Rolling bearings-Dynamic
load ratings and rating life). Any significant differences, where they occur,
are indicated in this standard.

The principal difference between this standard and IS0 DIS 281 is the use
of the ,,f factor which combined the f, and b, factors used in I S 0 281.
Dynamic load ratings calculated for the same bearing should have the same
value, however, when following either this or the
IS0 Standard unless noted
otherwise in this standard.

The life adjustment factor for special bearing properties, a2, intended for
use with capacities calculated in accordance with previous revisions of this
Standard may not be valid for use with the current capacities. The present
fcm values incorporate material and processing improvements which were
previously adjusted by means of the a2 factor.

Copies of IS0 Standards concerning Rolhng Contact Bearings (Ball and

Roller Bearings) are available from the American National Standards Insti-
tute.

Suggestions for the improvement of this standard gained from its use will
be welcomed. Such suggestions should be sent to the American National
Standards Institute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y., 10018.

The officers of Accredited Standards Committee B3 operating under Amer-

ican National Standards Institute Procedures and the organizations repre-
sented at the time this standard was submitted are as follows:

S. R. Ahlman,
Chairman G. T. Satterfield,
Secretary

Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association

Hydraulic Institute
National Machine Tool Builders Association
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
US. Department of the Navy
U.S. Department of Defense, DISC

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 AFBMA Standards
for
Ball and Roller Bearings
and Balls

1 -Terminology
4 -Tolerance Definitions and Gaging Practices
7 -Shaft and Housing Fits for Metric Radial Ball and Roller Bearings
(Except Tapered Roller Bearings) Conforming to Basic Boundary
Plans
8.1 "Ball and Roller Bearing Mounting Accessories, Metric Design
8.2 "Ball and Roller Bearing Mounting Accessories, Inch Design
9 "Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Ball Bearings
10 "Metal Balls
11 "Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Roller Bearings
I 2.1 "Instrument Ball Bearings, Metric Design
12.2 "Instrument Ball Bearings, Inch Design
13 "Rolling Bearing Vibration and Noise
14 "Housing for Bearings With Spherical Outside Surfaces
15 "Ball BearingsWithSphericalOutsideSurfacesandExtended
Inner Ring Width (Includes Eccentric Locking Collars)
16.1 -Airframe Ball, Roller and Needle Roller Bearings, Metric Design
16.2 -Airframe Ball, Roller and Needle Roller Bearings, Inch Design
17 "Needle Rollers, Metric Design
18.1 "Needle Roller Bearings-Radial, Metric Design
18.2 "Needle Roller Bearings-Radial, Inch Design
19 "Tapered Roller Bearings, Radial, Metric Design
20 "Radial Bearings of Ball, Cylindrical Roller and Spherical Roller
Types, Metric Design
21 .I -Thrust Needle Roller and Cage Assemblies and Thrust Washers,
Metric Design
21.2 -Thrust Needle Roller and Cage Assemblies and Thrust Washers,
Inch Design
22.2 -Spherical Plain Bearings, Joint Type, Inch Design
23.2 -Thrust Bearings of Tapered Roller Type, Inch Design
24.1 -Thrust Bearings of Ball, Cylindrical Roller and Spherical Roller
Types, Metric Design
24.2 -Thrust Bearings of Ball and Cylindrical Roller Types, Inch Design
An AFBMA Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer and the general public. The existence of an AFBMA Standard
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the
Standard or not from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using
prod-
ucts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. AFBMA
Standards are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time and users who
refer to an AFBMA Standard should satisfy themselves that they have the
latest information from the Association.

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 ~

AFBMA L L 90 W 0873073 O O O O L 9 9 T29 W

Load Ratings and Fatigue Life

For Ball Bearings
CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Purpose of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Life Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Static Load Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1 Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3 Static Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.4 Pitch Diameter of a RollerSet. D,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.5 Basic Rating Life. Llo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.6 Adjusted Rating Life. L, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.7 Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.8 Basic Static Radial Load Rating. Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.9 Basic Dynamic Axial Load Rating. C, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.10 Basic Static Axial Load Rating. Coa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1 1 Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load. P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.12 Static Equivalent Radial Load. Po. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

a Dynamic 3.13 Equivalent Axial Load. P, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.14 Static Equivalent Axial Load. Po, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15 Roller Diameter. Dwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.16 Roller Length. Lw, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
4
4
4
3.17Nominal Contact Angle. OL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.18 Line Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.19 Point Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.20
Optimized Contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.21 Conventional Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1
Bearing
Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1.2 Basic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.1.3 Double Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.1 Truncated- Contact Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.3 Bearing Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.4 Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.5 Ring Support and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.6 Internal Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.7 High
Speed Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.8 Stress Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

a
4.2.9 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.1O Plastic Deformation inthe Contact Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3 Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

iii

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 AFBMA lrlr 90 0873073 0000200 570

5. Radial Roller Bearings . . . . . . ...................... 6

5.1 BasicDynamicRadialLoadRating ..................... 6
5.1.1 BearingCombinations . . . . ...................... 6
5.2 Dynamic Equivalent RadialLoad ...................... 6 .
5.2.1 Bearing Combinations . . . . ...................... 9
5.3 Basic Rating Life . . . . . . . . ...................... 9
5.4 Basic Static Radial Load Rating ...................... 9
5.4.1 Bearing Combinations . . . . ...................... 9
5.5 Static Equivalent RadialLoad . . ...................... 9
5.5.1 Bearing Combinations . . . . ...................... 10
6. Thrust
Roller Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 10
6.1 BasicDynamic Axial Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 10
6.1 .1 Single Row Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 10
6.1.2 Bearings with Twoor More Rowsof Rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1.3 BearingDynamic Equivalent Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2 Dynamic Equivalent Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 11
6.3 Basic Rating Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.4 Basic Static Axial Load Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 14
6.5 Static Equivalent Axial Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 14
7. Adjusted
Rating
Life ............................. 14
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.3 Life Adjustment Factor for Reliability a, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.4 Life Adjustment Factor for SpecialBearingProperties. a2 . . . . . . . . . 15
7.5 Life Adjustment Factor for OperatingConditions. a3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

LIST OF TABLES
Table
No . Title Page
RADIAL ROLLER BEARINGS
1. Values off., . . . . ............................... 7
2. ValuesofXandY . ............................... 9
3. Values of X, and Y, ............................... 10
THRUST ROLLER BEARINGS

4. Values of fcm for cylindrical roller bearings. tapered roller bearings

andneedle roller bearings with machinerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5. Values of fcm for drawn cup needle roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Values of fc, for spherical roller bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Values of X and Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Life Adjustment Factors for Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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 AFBMA 33 90 0873073 00002OL 407
Load Ratings and Fatigue Life
for Roller Bearings
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Standard
Roller bearing performance is a function
of many variables. These include the bear-
ing design, the characteristics of the ma-
terial from which the bearings are made,
the way in which they are manufactured,
as well as many variables associated with
their application. The only sure way to es-
tablish the satisfactory operation of a bear-
ing selected for a specific applicationis by
actual performance in the application. As
this is often impractical, another basis is
required to estimate the suitability of a par-
ticular bearing for a given application. This
is the purpose of this standard.
This standard specifies the method of
calculating the basic dynamic load rating
of rolling bearings within the size ranges
shown in the relevant ANSVAFBMA stan-
dards, manufactured from contemporary,
commonly used, good quality hardened
steel in accordance with good manufac-
turing practiceand basically of conven-
tional design as regards the shape of roll-
ing contact surfaces.
This standard also specifies the method
of calculating the basic rating life, which is
the life associated with 90% reliability, with
commonly used material and manufactur-
ing quality, and with conventional operating
conditions. In addition, it specifies the
method of calculating adjusted rating life,
in which various reliabilities, special bear-
ing properties and specific operating con-
ditions are taken into account by means of
life adjustment factors.
Furthermore, this standard specifies the
method of calculating the basic static load
rating and the static equivalent load for
roller bearings within the size ranges shown
in the relevantANSVAFBMA Standards,
manufactured from good quality hardened
steel, in accordance with good manufac-
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turing practiceand basically of conven-
tional design as regards the shape of roll-
ing contact surfaces.
1.2 Life Criterion
Even if roller bearings are properly
mounted, adequately lubricated, protected
from foreign matter, and are not subjected
to extreme operating conditions, they can
ultimately fatigue. Under ideal conditions,
the repeated stresses developed in the
contact areas between the roller and the
raceways eventually can result in fatigue of
the material which manifests itself as spall-
ing of the load carrying surfaces. In most
applications the fatigue life is the maximum
useful life of a bearing. This fatigue is the
criterion of life used as the basis for the first
part of this standard.
Fatigue life calculated in accordance
with this standard does not represent the
maximum that can beattained by applying
all known technology to roller bearing de-
sign and application. Neither does it rep-
resentthe minimum that should be ex-
pected of a bearing made by a producer
lacking skill and experience in the design
and manufacture of roller bearings, even
though the bearing meets the geometric
parameters given below. The calculated fa-
tigue life represents the performance nor-
mally expected from high quality bearings
made by reputable manufacturers. Manu-
facturers can supply longer lived bearings
by the application of advanced materials
and manufacturing processes. The present
standard has evolved as a meansfor bear-
ing users to specify a reasonable standard
of performance for the bearing they wish
to purchase.
1.3 Static Load Criterion
A static load is a load acting on a non-
rotating bearing. Permanent deformations
appear in rollers andracewaysundera
 static load of moderate magnitude and in-
crease gradually with increasing load.
It is often impractical to establish whether
the deformations appearing in a bearing in
a specific application are permissible by
testing the bearing in that application.
Other methods are therefore required to es-
tablish the suitability of the bearing se-
lected.
Experience shows that a total permanent
deformation of 0.0001 of the rolling element
diameter, at the center of the most heavily
loaded roIIer/raceway contact, can be tol-
erated in most bearing applicationswithout
the subsequentbearing operation being
impaired. The basic static load rating is,
therefore, given a magnitude suchthat ap-
proximately this deformation occurs when
the static equivalent load is equal to the
load rating.
Tests indicate that a load of the magni-
tude in question may be consideredto cor-
respond to a calculated contact stress of
- 4000 MPa (580,000 psi) for all roller
bearings
at the center of the most heavily loaded
rolling element/raceway contact. The for-
mulae andfactors for the calculation of the
basic static load ratings are based onthese
contact stresses.
The permissible static equivalent load
may be smaller than, equal to or greater
than the basic static load rating, depending
on the requirements for smoothness of op-
eration and friction, as well as on actual
contact surface geometry. Bearing users
without previous experience of these con-
ditions should consult the bearing manu-
facturers.
2. SYMBOLS
C, =basic dynamic radial load rating,
newtons (pounds)
Cor =basic static radial load rating, new-
tons (pounds)
C, =basic dynamic axial load rating, new-
tons (pounds)
2
i
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C, =basic static axial load rating, newtons
(pounds)
Dpw=pitch diameter of rollerset, milli-
metres (inches)
D., = roller diameter applicable in the cal-
culation of load ratings, millimetres
(inches)
Fr =bearing radial load = radial com-
ponent of the actual bearing load,
newtons (pounds)
F, = bearing axial load = axial component
of the actual bearing load, newtons
(pounds)
L, =basic rating life, in million revolutions
L, =adjusted rating life, in million revolu-
tions
L,v, =roller length applicable in the calcu-
lation of load ratings, millimetres
(inches)
Pr =dynamic equivalent radial load, new-
tons (pounds)
P, =static equivalent radial load, newtons
(pounds)
P, =dynamic equivalent axial load, new-
tons (pounds)
P, =static equivalent axial load, newtons
(pounds)
X =dynamic radial load factor
X, =static radial load factor
Y =dynamic axial load factor
Y, =static axial load factor
Z = number of rolling elements in a single
row bearing; number of rolling ele-
ments per row of a multi-row bearing
with the same number of rolling ele-
ments per row
al = life adjustment factor for reliability
a2 =life adjustment factor for special bear-
ing properties
a3 =life adjustment factor for operating
conditions
e = limit value of FJFr for the applicability
of different values of factors X and Y
 AFBMA L 3 90 m 0873073 0000203
,,f = a factor which depends on the ge-
ometry of the bearingcomponents,
the accuracy to which the various
components are made and contem-
porary, normally used material and its
manufacturing quality
i =number of rows of rollers in a bearing
OL =nominal contact angle of the bearing,
degrees
3.DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the
definitions given in ANSVAFBMA Standard
1 together with the following apply.
3.1 Life
Foran individual rolling bearing, the
number of revolutions which one of the
bearing rings (or washers) makes in rela-
tion to the other ring (or washer) before the
first evidence of fatigue develops in the ma-
terial of one of the rings (or washers) or
rolling elements.
3.2 Reliability (in the context of bearing
life)
For a groupof apparently identical rolling
bearings, operating under the same c m -
ditions, thë percentage of the group that is
expected to attain or exceed a specified
life.
The reliability of an individual rolling
bearing is the probability that the bearing
will attain or exceed a specified life.
3.3StaticLoad
The load acting on a bearing when the
speed of rotation of its rings in relation to
each other is zero.
3.4 Pitch Diameter of a Roller Set, D,,
The diameter of the circle intersecting the
roller axesat the middle of the rollers in one
row in a bearing.
3.5 Basic Rating Life, L,,
Foran individual rolling bearing, or a
group of apparently identical rolling bear-
ings operating under the same conditions,
the life associated with 90% reliability, with
contemporary, commonlyused material
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28T
and manufacturing quality, and under con-
ventional operating conditions.
3.6 Adjusted Rating Life, L,,
The rating life obtained by adjustment of
.the basic rating life for a desired reliability
level, special bearing properties and spe-
cific operating conditions.
3.7 Basic Dynamic Radial Load
Rating, Cr
That constant stationary radial load
which a rolling bearing could theoretically
endure for a basic rating life of one million
revolutions.
3.8 Basic Static Radial Load Rating, C,,
Static radial load which corresponds to
a calculated contactstress at the center of
the most heavily loaded rolling element/
raceway contact of
- 4000 MPa (580,000 psi).
NOTE: For this contact stress, a total per-
manent deformation of rolling element and
racewayoccurswhich is approximately
0.0001 of the rolling element diamater.
3.9 Basic Dynamic Axial Load Rating, C,
That constant centric axial load which a
rolling bearing could theoretically endure
for a basic rating life of one million revo-
lutions.
3.10 Basic Static Axial Load Rating, C,,
Static centric axial load which corre-
sponds to a calculated contact stressat
the center of the most heavily loaded rolling
element/raceway contact of
- 4000 MPa (580,000 psi) for thrust
roller bearings.
NOTE: For this contact stress, a total per-
manent deformation of rolling element and
racewayoccurswhich is approximately
0.0001 of the rolling element diameter.
3.1 1 Dynamic Equivalent Radial
Load, Por
That constant stationary radial load
under the influence of which a rolling bear-
ing would havethe same life as itwill attain
under the actual load conditions.
 AFBMA 11 70 0873073
3.12 Static Equivalent Radial Load, P,,
Static radial load which would causethe
same contact stress at the center of the
most heavily loaded rolling element/race-
way contact as thatwhich occurs under the
actual load conditions.
3.13 Dynamic Equivalent Axial Load, P,
That constant centric axial load underthe
influence of which a rolling bearing would
have the same life as it will attain under the
actual load conditions.
3.14 Static Equivalent Axial Load, P,,
Static centric axial loadwhichwould
cause the same contact stress at the center
of the most heavily loaded rolling element/
raceway contact asthat whichoccurs
under the actual load conditions.
3.15RollerDiameterApplicable in the
Calculation of Load Ratings, D,
The diameter at the middle of the roller.
NOTE: For a tapered roller this is equal to
the mean value of the diameters at the the-
oretically sharp corners at the large end
and at the small end of the roller.
For an asymmetrical convex roller this is
an approximation of the diameter at the
point of contact between the roller and the
ribless raceway at zero load.
3.16 Roller Length Applicable inthe Cal-
culation of Load Ratings, Lw,
The theoretical maximum length of con-
tact betweena roller and that raceway
where the contact is shortest.
NOTE: This is normally taken to be either
the distance between the theoretically
sharp corners of the roller minus the roller
chamfers or the raceway width excluding
the grinding undercuts, whichever is the
smaller.
3.17 Nominal Contact Angle, a
The angle between a plane perpendic-
ular to the bearing axis and the nominal line
of action of the resultant of the forces trans-
mitted by a bearing ring to a rolling ele-
ment.
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00002011 l l r b
3.18 Line Contact
“Line contact” refers to rollers and race-
ways so formed that undernoloadand
when in good alignment they contact along
the full length of their basic form.
3.19 Point Contact
“Point contact” refers to rollers and race-
ways so formed that undernoloadand
when in good alignment they contact at a
point located approximately at the middle
of the rollers.
3.20 Optimized Contact
“Optimized contact” refers to such de-
sign of the basic form of the rollers and/or
ring raceways that under a bearing load
somewhere in the range of 25% to 50% of
the basic dynamic radial load rating C,, the
material stress is substantially uniform
along the entire effective length of the con-
tact at the most heavily loaded roller. Ide-
ally, roller bearings are designed to ap-
proach optimized contact.
3.21 Conventional Operating Condi-
tions
Conditions which may be assumed to
prevail for a bearing which is properly
mounted and protected from foreign mat-
ter, normally lubricated, conventionally
loaded, not exposed to extreme tempera-
ture and not run at low or high speed.
4. SCOPE
4.1 BearingTypes
4.1 .I General. Roller bearings covered
by this standard are presumed to be within
the size ranges shown in the ANSVAFBMA
dimensional standards, manufactured of
good quality hardened steel in accordance
with good manufacturing practice and bas-
ically of conventional design as regards the
shape of rolling contact surfaces. Since
small differences in relative shape of con-
tacting surfaces may account for distinct
differences in loadcarrying ability, this
standard does not attempt to cover all de-
sign variations, ratherit applies to basic
roller bearing designs.
4.1.2 Basic Types. This standard ap-
 AFBMA 2 2 90 Y 0 8 7 2 0 7 3 0000205 052
plies to cylindrical, spherical, and tapered
roller bearings, self-aligning radial roller
bearings and to needle roller bearings.
4.1.3 Double Row. Double row radial
roller bearings and double direction thrust
roller bearings, as specified by this stan-
dard, are presumed to be symmetrical.
4.2Limitations
4.2.1 Truncated Contact Area. This stan-
dard may not be safely applied to roller
bearings subjected to loading which
causes the contact area of the roller with
the raceway to be truncated by the edge
of the raceway or roller. This limitation de-
pends strongly on details of bearing design
which are not standardized.
4.2.2 Materials. This standard appliesto
roller bearings made from hardened, good
quality bearing steel. While a complete me-
tallurgical description is beyond the scope
of this standard, typical cleanliness and
material composition specifications for
bearing quality steel are given in ASTM A
295 andA 485 for through hardening
steels, and in ASTM A 534 for carburizing
steels. Typical hardness levels range from
HRC 58 to 64 for rings or washers and HRC
60 to 65 for rollers.
4.2.3 Bearing Types.The ,,f factors
specified in basic load rating formulae are
valid only for those roller bearing configu-
rations specified in section 4.1 above. This
standard is not applicable to designs
where the rolling elements operate directly
on a shaft or housing surface, unless that
surface is equivalent in all respects to the
bearing ring (or washer) raceway itre-
places.
4.2.4 Lubrication. Basic rating life cal-
culated according to this standard is based
on the assumption that the bearing is ad-
equately lubricated. Determination of ad-
equate lubrication depends uponthe bear-
ing application. An adequate amount of an
appropriate type of lubricant is essential to
achieving expected performance. The lu-
bricant must be free of excessive contam-
inants and of a viscosity level that will pro-
videa film thickness somewhat greater
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than the rolling contact surfaces composite
roughness at the operating temperature.
4.2.5 Ring Support and Alignment. Basic
rating life calculated according to this stan-
dard assumes that the bearing inner and
outer rings are rigidly supported, and that
the inner and outer ring axes are properly
aligned. Bearing rings (or washers) must
be mounted so that any deformation of
rings as a result of mounting compliance
is small compared to contact deformation
under the applied load.
4.2.6 Internal Clearance. Radial roller
bearing basic rating life calculated accord-
ing to this standard is based on the as-
sumption that only a nominal internal clear-
anceoccurs in the mountedbearing at
operating speed, load and temperature.
4.2.7 High Speed Effects. Basic rating
life calculated according to this standard
does not account for high speed effects
such asroller centrifugal forces andgy-
roscopic moments. These effects tend to
diminish fatigue life. Analytical evaluation
of these effects frequently requires the use
of high speed digital computation devices
and hence, cannot be included herein.
4.2.8 Stress Concentrations. A roller
bearing must be expected to have a basic
load rating less than that obtained using a
value off,, taken from Table 1 if, under load
a stress concentration is present in some
part of the roller-raceway contact.Such
stress concentrations occur in the center
of nominal point contacts, at the contact
extremities for line contacts and at inade-
quately blended junctions of a rolling sur-
face profile. Stress concentrations can also
occur if the rollers arenot accurately
guided such as in bearings without cages
and bearings not having rigid integral
flanges. Values of ,,f given in Tables 1 , 4,
5 and 6 are based upon bearings manu-
factured to achieve optimized contact. For
no bearing type or execution will the factor
,,f be greater than that obtained in Table
1, 4, 5 or 6 as appropriate.
4.2.9 Tolerances. This standard applies
to cylindricaland spherical radial roller
bearings and self-aligning radial roller
 bearings madeto RBEC 1 level of precision
or better commensurate with ANSVAFBMA
Standard 20, to tapered radial roller bear-
ings covered by ANSVAFBMA Standards
19.1 and 19.2, to needle radial roller bear-
ings covered by ANSVAFBMA Standards
18.1 and 18.2,to thrust needle roller bear-
ings covered by ANSVAFBMA Standards
21 . I and 21.2, tapered roller thrust bear-
ingscovered by ANSVAFBMA Standard
23.2, and to cylindrical and spherical roller
thrust bearings covered by ANSVAFBMA
Standards 24.1 and 24.2.
4.2.10 Plastic Deformation inthe Con-
tact Area. If P, > 0.5Crl then plastic defor-
mation may occur in the contactarea. The
user should consult the bearing manufac-
turer for recommendations and evaluation
of equivalent load and life.
4.3 Operating Parameters.
Calculations according to this standard
do not yield satisfactory results for bearings
subjectedtosuchapplicationconditions
which cause deviations from a normal load
distribution in the bearing, for example mis-
alignment, housing or shaft deflection, roll-
ing element centrifugal forcesor other high
speed effects, and preload or extra large
clearance in radial bearings. Where there
is reason to assume that such conditions
prevail, the user should consult the bearing
manufacturer for recommendations and
evaluation of equivalent load and life.
5. RADIAL ROLLER BEARINGS
5.1 Basic Dynamic Radial Load Rating
The basic dynamic radial loadrating, Cr,
for a radial roller bearing is:
C, = fcm(iLv,e COS^) 719Z314 D
,, 29/27
Values of fcm are obtained from the ap-
propriate columnof Table 1. They are max-
imum values, only applicable toroller bear-
ings in which, under a bearing load, the
material stress is substantially uniform
along the most heavily loaded roller/race-
way contact.
Smaller values of fc, than those given in
table I should be used if, under load, an
accentuated stress concentration is pres-
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Licensed by Information Handling Services
ent in some part of the roller/raceway con-
tact. Such stress concentrations must be
expected, for example, at the center of
nominal point contacts, at the extremities
of line contacts, in bearings where the roll-
ers are not accurately guided and in bear-
ings with rollers longer than 2.5 times the
roller diameter.
5.1 .I Bearing Combinations
5.1 .I .I When calculating the basicra-
dial load rating for two similar single row
roller bearingsmountedside-by-side on
the same shaft such that they operate as a
unit (pairedmounting),in“back-to-back”
or “face-to- face” arrangement, the pair is
considered as one double row angular
contact bearing.
5.1.1.2 If, for some technical reason,
the bearing arrangement is regarded as
two bearings which are replaceable inde-
pendently of each other, then 5.1. I .idoes
not apply.
5.1.1.3 The basic radial load rating for
two or more similar single row roller bear-
ingsmountedside-by-side on the same
shaft such that they operate as a unit
(paired or stack mounting) in “tandem” ar-
rangement, properly manufactured and
mounted for equal load distribution, is the
number of bearings to the power of 7/9,
times the rating of one single row bearing.
5.1.1.4 If, for some technical reason,
the bearing arrangement is regarded as a
number of single row bearings which are
replaceableindependent of each other,
then 5.1.i .3does not apply.
5.2 Dynamic Equivalent Radial Load
The dynamic equivalent radial load, Pr,
for radial roller bearings, under constant
radial and axial loads, is given by
Pr = XF,+ YF,
Values of X and Y are given in Table 2.
The dynamic equivalent radial load for
radial roller bearings with cx = O’, and sub-
jected to radial load only, is given by
Pr = Fr
NOTE: The ability of radial roller bearings
 TABLE 1. Part 1 - Metric Values for ,,f for Radial
Cvlindrical Roller Bearinas.
?apered Roller Bearings ' Drawn Cup
D,COSOL~) and Needle Roller Bearings Needle Roller Spherical
D, with Machined Rinas Bearings- Roller Bearings
0.01 57.31O 52.100 59.915
0.02 66.880 60.800 69.920
0.03 73.1 50 66.500 76.475
0.04 77.770 70.700 81.305
0.05 81.510 74.1O0 85.21 5

0.06 84.590 76.900 88.435

0.07 87.120 79.200 91 .O80
0.08 89.210 81.1O0 93.265
0.09 91 .O80 82.800 95.220
0.1 o 92.620 84.200 96.830

0.1 1 93.830 85.300 98.095

0.1 2 95.040 86.400 99.360
0.1 3 95.81 O 87.1O0 100.165
0.14 96.470 87.700 100.855
0.15 97.020 88.200 1 01.430

0.16 97.350 88.500 1 01.775

0.1 7 97.570 88.700 102.005
0.18 97.680 88.800 102.120
0.1 9 97.680 88.800 102.120
0.20 97.570 88.700 102.005

0.21 97.350 88.500 101.775

0.22 97.020 88.200 101.430
0.23 96.580 87.800 100.970
0.24 96.250 87.500 100.625
0.25 95.590 86.900 99.935

0.26 95.040 86.400 99.360

0.27 94.380 85.800 98.670
0.28 93.720 85.200 97.980
0.29 92.840 84.400 97.060
0.30 92.070 83.700 96.255

0.31 91.300 83.000 95.450

0.32 90.420 82.200 94.530
0.33 89.430 81.300 93.495
0.34 88.440 80.400 92.460
0.35 87.450 79.500 91.425

0.36 86.460 78.600 90.390

0.37 85.360 77.600 89.240
0.38 84.370 76.700 88.205
0.39 83.270 75.700 87.055
0.40 82.060 74.600 85.790

0.41 80.960 73.600 84.640

0.42 79.750 72.500 83.375
0.43 78.540 71.400 82.1 1
O
0.44 77.330 70.300 80.845
0.45 76.120 69.200 79.580

0.46 74.91O 68.100 78.315

0.47 73.700 67.000 77.050
0.48 72.380 65.800 75.670
0.49 71.O60 64.600 74.290
0.50 69.850 63.500 73.025
' Use to obtain C, in newtons when D,, and D,, are given in millimetres.
D cosa
Values of fc, for intermediate valuesof Lare obtained by linear interpolation.
D
,,

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 TABLE 1. Part 2 - Inch Values for f, :,-,, for Radial Roller Bearings')

TI
Cylindrical Roller Bearings,
Tapered Roller Bearings Drawn Cup
D,cos~Y*) and Needle Roller Bearings Needle Roller Spherical
D,, with Machined Rings Bearings Roller Bearings
0.01 51 49 4681 5383
0.02 6009 5463 6282
0.03 6573 5975 6871
0.04 6987 6352 7305
0.05 7324 6658 7657

0.06 7600 6909 7945

0.07 7828 71 I6 81 83
0.08 8016 7287 8380
0.09 81 84 7440 8556
0.1o 8322 7565 8700

0.11 8431 7665 8814

0.12 8539 7763 8927
0.13 8609 7826 9000
0.14 8668 7880 9062
0.15 8718 7925 91 14

0.16 8747 7952 91 45

0.17 8767 7970 91 66
0.18 8778 7979 91 76
0.19 8778 7979 91 76
0.20 8767 7970 91 66

0.21 8747 7952 91 45

0.22 8718 7925 91 I4
0.23 8678 7889 9073
0.24 8648 7862 9041
0.25 8589 7808 8980

0.26 8539 7763 8927

0.27 8480 7709 8865
0.28 8421 7655 8803
0.29 8342 7584 8721
0.30 8273 7521 8649

0.31 8204 7458 8577

0.32 81 25 7386 8494
0.33 8036 7305 8401
0.34 7946 7224 8308
0.35 7857 71 43 8214

0.36 7768 7062 8121

0.37 7669 6972 8018
0.38 7580 6891 7925
0.39 7482 6802 7822
0.40 7373 6703 7708

0.41 7274 6613 7605

0.42 71 65 6514 7491
0.43 7057 6415 7377
0.44 6948 6316 7263
0.45 6840 6218 71 51

0.46 6731 61 19 7037

0.47 6622 6020 6923
0.48 6503 5912 6799
0.49 6384 5804 6675
0.50 6276 5705 6561
' Use to obtain C, in pounds when D,. and D,, are given in inc S.
DWcosa
Values of fcmfor intermediate valuesof - are obtained by linear interpolation.
D,

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 AFBMA 31 70 W 0873073 O000207 7TB =
TABLE 2 . Values of X and Y for Radial arrangement, using the values of X and Y
Roller Bearings indicated in 5.2.1.
s < e
F,
s > e
F,
5.3.2 The life formula gives satisfactory
Bearing Type X Y X Y e
results for a broad range of bearing loads,
However, extra-heavy loads may cause
Single row, (Y # O” 1 O 0.4 0.4cota
1.5tana
Double row, (Y # O” 1 0.45cota 0.67 0.67cota1.5tana detrimental plastic deformations at the roll-
ingelement/raceway contacts. The user
should therefore consult the bearing man-
with CY = O” to support axial loads varies ufacturer to establish the applicability of the
considerably with bearing design and ex- life formula in cases where P, exceeds
ecution. The bearing user should therefore 0.5 Cr.
consult the bearing manufacturer for rec-
ommendations regarding the evaluation of
equivalent load and life in cases where 5.4 Basic Static Radial Load Rating
bearings with CY = O” are subjected to axial
load. The basic static radial load rating for ra-
dial roller bearings is given by the formula
5.2.1 Bearing Combinations
D
,, COS^
5.2.1.1 When calculating the equiva-
lent radial load for two similar single row
c, = 44
(
1 -
,D
, ) iZL,D,cosa (metric)

roller bearings mounted side-by-side on D cosa .

the same shaft such that they operate as a
C,, = 6430 1 -
( L ~ZL,D,cosa
,D
, ) (inch)

unit (paired mounting) in “back-to-back” or

“face-to- face” arrangement, and which,
according to 5.1.I .I , is considered as one
double row roller bearing, the values of X
and Y for double row bearings given in
Table 2 should be used.
5.2.1.2 When calculating the equiva-
lent radial load for two or more similar single
rowroller bearings mounted side-by-side
on the same shaft such that they operate
as a unit (paired or stack mounting) in “tan-
dem” arrangement, the values of X and Y
for a single row bearing given in Table 2
shall be used.
5.3 Basic Rating Life
5.3.1 The basic rating life, ,L,I for a ra-
dial roller bearing is given by
5.4.1 Bearing Combinations
5.4.1.1 The basic static radial load
rating for two similar single-row roller bear-
ings mountedside by sideon the same
shaft such that they operate as a unit
(paired mounting) in “back-to-back” or
“face-to-face” arrangement is twice the rat-
ing of one single row bearing.
5.4.1.2 The basic static radial load
rating for two or more similar single-row
roller bearings mounted sideby side onthe
same shaft such that they operate as a unit
(paired or stack mounting) in “tandem” ar-
rangement, properly manufactured and
mounted for equal load distribution, is the
number of bearings times the rating of one
single-row bearing.

5.5 Static Equivalent Radial Load

The values of Cr and P, are calculated in
accordance with 5.1 and 5.2. The static equivalent radial load for roller
bearings is the greater of the two values
This life formula is also used for the eval- given by the formulae
uation of the life of two or more single row
bearings operating as a unit, as referred to P, = X,Fr Y,F, +
in 5.1.1. In this case, the load rating C, is
calculated for the completebearing ar- Fr Por =
rangementand the equivalent load P, is where the values of factors X, and Y, are
calculated for the total loads acting on the given in Table 3,

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 TABLE 3. Values for Factors X, and Y, for
Radial Roller Bearings with 01 # O"
Bearing Type X0 Y O
Single-row 0.5 0.22cotu
Double-row 1 0.44cOtu
The static equivalent radial load for radial
roller bearings with CY = O', and subjected
to radial load only, is given by the formula
Por =Fr
NOTE: The ability of radial roller bearings
with CY = O" to support axial loads varies
considerably with bearing design and ex-
ecution. The bearing user should therefore
consult the bearing manufacturer for rec-
ommendations regarding the evaluation of
equivalent load in cases where bearings
with CY = O" are subjected to axial load.
5.5.1 Bearing Combinations
5.5.1.1 When calculating the static
equivalent radial load for two similar single-
row roller bearings mounted side by side
on the same shaft such that they operate
as a unit (paired mounting) in "back-to-
back" or "face-to-face" arrangement, the
X, and Y, values for a double-row bearing
and the F, and F a values for the total loads
on the arrangement shall be used.
5.5.1.2 When calculating the static
equivalent radial load for two or more sim-
ilar single-row roller bearings mounted side
by side on the same shaft such that they
operate as a unit (paired or stack mounting)
in "tandem" arrangement, the X, and Y,
values for a single-row bearing and the F,
and F, values for the total loads on the ar-
rangement shall be used.
6. THRUST ROLLER BEARINGS
6.1 Basic Dynamic Axial Load Rating
6.1.1 Single Row Bearings
6.1.1.1 A thrust roller bearing is con-
sidered as a single row bearing only if all
rollers carrying load in the same direction
contact the same washer raceway area.
The basic dynamic axial load rating, C a ,
for single row, single or double direction
thrust roller bearings is
10
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for (X we 314
Z7/9
= 90": C, = fc,LweD 29127
for (X # 90":
C, = fC,(Lw,COSa) Z Dbve.
29/27tan01
7/9 314
where
Z is the number of rollers carrying load
in one direction.
6.1.1.2 If several rollers, on the same
side of the bearing axis, are located with
their axes coinciding, these rollers are con-
sidered as one roller with a length Lw, equal
to the sum of the lengths of the several
rollers.
Values of fcm are given in Tables 4, 5 and
6. They are maximum values, only appli-
cable to roller bearings in which, under a
bearing load, the material stress is sub-
stantially uniform along the most heavily
loaded roller/raceway contact.
Smaller values of fc, than those given in
Tables 4,5 and 6 should be used if, under
load, an accentuated stress concentration
is present in some part of the roller/raceway
contact. Such stress concentrations must
be expected, for example, at the center of
nominal point contacts, at the extremities
of line contacts, in bearings where the roll-
ers are not accurately guided and in bear-
ings with rollers longer than 2.5 times the
roller diameter.
Smaller values of fcm should also be con-
sidered for thrust roller bearings in which
the geometry causes excessive slip in the
roller/raceway contact areas, for example
bearings with cylindrical rollers which are
long in relation to the pitch diameter of the
roller set.
6.1.2 Bearings with Two or More Rows
of Rollers.The basicdynamic axial load
rating for thrust roller bearings with two or
more rowsof similar rollers carrying load in
the same direction is given by
+ (e)
x [(2) +
912 912
, , .
. . I + (e)
]
9/2
-2j9
 AFBMA 33 90 0873073 O000233 356

TABLE 4. Part 1 - Metric Values for ,,f TABLE 4. Part 2 - Inch Values for ,,f for
;I)
- for TaDered Roller Bearina: - TEipered Roller Bearinas')
-
Dwe21

D,, Y = 90'
3,coso12
DPW
I
= 5Oo31 x = 6 5 O 4 1 Y = BOo5
Dw2
D,, 01= 90
)w,coso12
DPW
= SOo3: K = 65-: '
"
cy = 80"':
0.01 1 15.94 0.01 120.67 117.81 116.16 0.01 10400 0.01 10824 10568 10420
0.02 135.19 0.02 140.58 137.17 135.30 0.02 12127 0.02 1261O 12304 12136
0.03 147.95 0.03 153.45 149.82 147.73 0.03 13271 0.03 13764 13439 13251
0.04 157.74 0.04 163.13 159.17 157.08 0.04 141 49 0.04 14633 14278 14090
0.05 165.77 0.05 170.72 166.65 164.34 0.05 14870 0.05 15314 14949 14741
0.06 172.59 0.06 176.99 172.70 170.39 0.06 15481 0.06 15876 15491 15284
0.07 178.64 0.07 182.16 177.76 175.34 0.07 16024 0.07 16340 15945 15728
0.08 183.92 0.08 186.45 182.05 179.52 0.08 I6498 0.08 16725 16330 16103
0.09 188.87 0.09 190.08 185.57 183.04 0.09 16942 0.09 17050 16646 16419
0.10 193.27 0.1o 193.05 188.54 185.90 0.10 17336 0.1o 17317 16912 16675
0.11 197.45 0.11 195.58 190.96 188.32 0.11 1771 1 0.11 17544 171 29 16892
0.12 201.30 0.12 197.67 192.94 190.30 0.12 18057 0.12 17731 17307 17070
0.13 204.93 0.13 199.21 194.48 191.84 0.13 18382 0.13 17869 17445 17208
0.14 208.34 0.14 200.53 195.69 193.05 0.14 18688 0.14 17988 17553 17317
0.15 21 1.53 0.15 201.41 196.68 193.93 0.15 18974 0.15 18066 17642 17396
0.16 214.61 0.16 202.07 197.23 - 0.16 I9251 0.16 18126 17692 -
0.17 21 7.47 0.17 202.40 197.56 - 0.17 19507 0.17 181 55 17721 -
0.18 220.33 0.18 202.51 197.67 - 0.18 19764 0.18 18165 17731 -
0.19 222.97 0.19 202.40 197.56 - 0.19 20000 0.19 18155 17721 -
0.20 225.50 0.20 202.07 197.23 - 0.20 20227 0.20 18126 17692 -
0.21 227.92 0.21 201.52 - - 0.21 20444 0.21 18076 - -
0.22 230.34 0.22 200.86 - - 0.22 20661 0.22 18017 - -
0.23 232.65 0.23 199.98 - - 0.23 20869 0.23 17938 - -
0.24 234.85 0.24 198.99 - - 0.24 21 066 0.24 17849 - -
0.25 236.94 0.25 197.78 - - 0.25 21 254 0.25 17741 - -

0.26 239.03 0.26 196.57 - - 0.26 21441 0.26 17632 - -

0.27 241 .O1 0.27 - - - 0.27 21 961 0.27 " - -
0.28 242.99 0.28 - - - 0.28 21 796 0.28 -_ - -
0.29 244.97 0.29 - - - 0.29 21974 0.29 " - -
-
0.30L246.73 0.30 - - - 0.30 221 32 0.30 -_ - -
' Use to obtz C, in newtons when D
, and D
,, are ' Use to obtain C, in pounds when we and D
,, are given
in millimetres. in inches.
D,COS
D~, DC
, OS(YD,
Values of fm for intermediate values- of or ~ are * Values of,,f for intermediate valuesof -or ~
are
D
,, D
, D
, ,D
,
obtained by linear interpolation. obtained by linear interpolation.
Applicable for 45" < a < 60". Applicablefor 45" (Y < 60".
Applicablefor 60" 5 (Y 75". Applicable for 60" Ia < 75".
Applicablefor 75" I(Y 90". Applicable for 75" 5 (Y < 90".

The load ratings Cal, Ca*, . . . , C,, for the

rows with Z,, Z2, . . ., Zn rollers of lengths
Lvdel,Lvne2, . . . , ,,L
,, are calculated from the number of bearings to the power of 7/9,
appropriatesingle row bearing formula times the rating of one bearing.
given in 6.1. I . 6.1.3.2 If, for some technical reason,
6.1.3 Bearing Combinations the bearing arrangement is regarded as a
number of single direction bearings which
6.1.3.1 The basic axial load rating for are replaceableindependently of each
two or more similar single direction thrust other, then 6.1.3.1 does not apply.
roller bearingsmountedside-by-sideon
the same shaft such that they operate as a 6.2 Dynamic Equivalent Axial Load
unit (paired or stack mounting) in "tandem" The dynamic equivalent axial load, P, for
arrangement, properlymanufacturedand thrust roller bearings with OL = go", under
mounted for equal load distribution, is the constant radial and axial loads, is given by

11

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 TABLE 5. Part 1 - Metric Values for f, TABLE 5. Part 2 - Inch Values for ,,f for
for Cvlindrical Roller Bearinas and Cylindrical Roller Bearings and Needle
-- N et3dle Roller Bearing$) - Roller Bearings')

-Dpw
-
IDw?)

I0.01
1 = 90'
105.4
),cosa2
D,
0.01
c = 50'31
109.7
T
7-1 = 65""
107.1
I = 80")
105.6
-
D",
D, CY = gog
-
0.01 9454
~,cosa2]l
D,
0.01
a
9840
Y = 65-
9607 9472
l0.02 122.9 0.02 127.8 124.7 123.0 0.02 1 1024 0.02 11464 11186 11033
0.03 134.5 0.03 139.5 136.2 134.3 0.03 12065 0.03 12513 12217 12047
0.04 143.4 0.04 148.3 144.7 142.8 0.04 12863 0.04 13303 12980 12809
0.05 150.7 0.05 155.2 151.5 149.4 0.05 1351 8 0.05 13921 13590 13401

0.06 156.9 0.06 160.9 157.0 154.9 0.06 14074 0.06 14433 14083 13895
0.07 162.4 0.07 165.6 161.6 159.4 0.07 14567 0.07 14854 14496 14298
0.08 167.2 0.08 169.5 165.5 163.2 0.08 14998 0.08 15204 14845 14639
0.09 171.7 0.09 172.8 168.7 166.4 0.09 15401 0.09 15500 15132 14926
0.10 175.7 0.1 o 175.5 171.4 169.0 0.1 o 15760 0.1 o 15742 15375 151 59

0.1 1 179.5 0.1 1 177.8 173.6 171.2 0.1 1 161O1 0.1 1 15949 15572 15357
0.1 2 183.0 0.1 2 179.7 175.4 173.0 0.1 2 1641 5 0.1 2 16119 5733 15518
0.1 3 186.3 0.1 3 181.1 i76.8 174.4 0.1 3 1671 1 0.1 3 16245 5859 15644
0.14 189.4 0.1 4 182.3 177.9 175.5 0.1 4 16989 0.1 4 16352 5958 15742
0.1 5 192.3 0.1 5 183.1 178.8 176.3 0.1 5 17249 0.15 16424 6038 1581 4

0.1 6 195.1 0.1 6 183.7 179.3 - 0.1 6 17500 0.1 6 16478 16083
0.1 7 197.7 0.1 7 184.0 179.6 0.17 17734 0.1 7 16505 16110 -
0.1 8 200.3 0.1 8 184.1 179.7 - 0.18 17967 0.1 8 1651 4 161 19 -
0.19 202.7 0.1 9 184.0 179.6 - 0.1 9 18182 0.19 16505 16110 -
0.20 205.0 0.20 183.7 179.3 0.20I 18389 0.20 16478 16083 -
0.21 207.2 0.21 183.2 - 0.21 18586 0.21 16433 -
- - -
0.22
0.23
209.4
21 1.5
0.22
0.23
182.6
181.8 -
-
-
-
0.22
0.23
18783
18972
0.22
0.23
16379
16307 -
-
0.24 213.5 0.24 180.9 0.24 191 51 0.24 16227
0.25 215.4 0.25 179.8 I
0.25 19321 0.25 161 28 -
0.26 21 7.3 0.26 178.7 - - 0.26, 19492 0.26 16029 -
0.27 21 9.1 - - - - 0.27 19653 - - -
0.28 220.9 - - - 0.28 19815 - - -
0.29 222.7 - - - - 0.29 19976 - - -
0.30 224.3 - - - - 0.30 201 20 - - - -
"

.
L

' Use to obt; C, in ne ons whel and C ' Use to obtz C. in pounds when Iwe
and I:
in millimetres. in inches.
D
, Dwecosa
Values offm for intermediate values
D
,
of
D
,
D
,
D,COS~
-or - are Values off,, for intermediate values
D,
of
D
,
or - - are
obtained by linear interpolation. obtained by linear interpolation.
Applicable for 45" c a c 60". Applicable for 45" c a c 60'.
Applicable for 60" 5 a € 75". ' Applicable for 60" 5 a c 75".
Applicable for 75" 5 (Y c 90". Applicable for 75" s (Y -ZZ 90".

P, = X F, Y F, +
Values of X and Y are given in Table 7.
Thrust roller bearings with a = 90" can The values of C, and P, are calculated in
support axial loads only. The dynamic accordance with 6.1 and 6.2.
equivalent axial load for this type of bearing This life formula is also used for the eval-
is given by uation of the life of two or more single di-
P, = F, rection thrust roller bearings operating as
a unit, as referred to in 6.1.3. In this case,
6.3 Basic Rating Life the load rating C, is calculated for the com-
6.3.1 The basic rating life, Llo, for a plete bearing arrangement and the equiv-
thrust roller bearing is given by alent load P, is calculated for the total loads

12

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 AFBMA 11 90 m 0873073 0000213 129 m

TABLE 6. 'art 1 - Metric Values for,,f TABLE 6. Part 2 - 1nch.Values for,,f for
-- for 2 lherical Roller Bearings')
- - Spherical Roller
- Bearings')
Dm*)
-
D, o! = 9 0
),,cos(Y2)
D, y = SOo3) y = 65"" y =
D-2'
-
D,, Y = 90"
),,coso!2)
D, y
-c
= 50°3)
I
0.01 121.210 0.01 126.1 55123.165 121.440 0.01 10873 0.01 1'1316 11048 10893
0.02 141.335 0.02 146.970 143.405 141.450 0.02 12678 0.02 13183 12863 12688
0.03 154.675 0.03 160.425 156.630 154.445 0.03 13874 0.03 14390 14050 13854
0.04 164.91O 0.04 170.545 166.405 164.220 0.04 14792 0.04 15298 14927 14731
0.05 173.305 0.05 178.480 174.225 171.81O 0.05 15545 0.05 16010 15628 1541 1

0.06 180.435 0.06 185.035 180.550 178.1 35 0.06 161 85 0.06 16598 161 95 15979
0.07 186.760 0.07 190.440 185.840 183.31O 0.07 16752 0.07 17082 16670 16443
0.08 192.280 0.08 194.925 190.325 187.680 0.08 17248 0.08 7485 7072 116835
0.09 197.455 0.09 198.720 194.005 191.360 0.09 17712 0.09 7825 7402 1 71 65
0.1o 202.055 0.1o 201.825 197.110 194.350 0.10 18124 0.10 81 04 7681 1 7433

0.11 206.425 0.11 204.470 199.640 196.880 0.11 18516 0.11 1 8341 1 7908 17660
0.12 21 0.4500.12 206.655 201.710 198.950 0.12 18877 0.12 18537 1'8093 1 7846
0.13 214.245 0.13 208.265 203.320 200.560 0.13 19218 0.13 1 8681 1 8238 1 7990
0.14 21 7O.81 0.14 209.645 204.585 201.825 0.14 19538 0.14 1 8774 1 8351 1'8104
0.15 221.1 450.15 21 0.565205.620 202.745 0.15 19837 0.15 18888 18444 18186

0.16 224.365 0.16 21 1.255206.1 95 - 0.16 201 26 0.16 18950 18496

0.17 227.355 0.17 21 1.600206.540 - 0.17 20394 0.17 18981 18527
0.18 230.345 0.18 21 1.715206.655 - 0.18 20662 0.18 18991 18537
0.19I 233.105 0.19 21 1.600206.540 - 0.19 2091O 0.19 18981 18527
0.20l 235.750 0.20 21 1.255206.195 - 0.20 21 148 0.20 18950 18496

0.21 238.280 0.21 210.680 - - 0.21 21 374 0.21 18898

0.22 240.81O 0.22 209.990 - - 0.22 21 601 0.22 18836
0.23 243.225 0.23 209.070 - - 0.23 21817 0.23 18754
0.24 245.525 0.24 208.035 - - 0.24 22024 0.24 18661
0.25, 247.71O 0.25 206.770 - - 0.25 22220 0.25 18547

0.26I 249.895 0.26 205.505 - - 0.26 22416 0.26

0.27 251.965 - - - - 0.27 22601 -
0.28 254.035 - - - - 0.28 22787 -
0.29l 256.105 - - - - 0.29 22973 -
0.30 257.945
-
- - - - 231 38 - I
' Use to obt? I C, in ne :oris whel L e and C I C, in pounds when )we and D, are given
in millimetres. in inches.
D, D,,cos~ D, D,.cos~
Values of f, for intermediate valuesof ror Tare Values of fc, for intermediate valuesof -or ~ are
v,, U, D, D,
obtained by linear interpolation. obtained by linear interpolation.
Aoolicable for 45" < a < 60". Applicable for 45" < a < 60".
Applicable for 60" 5 a < 75". Applicablefor 60"5 a 75".
Applicablefor 75" 5 a 90". Applicable for 75"c: a < 90".

acting on the arrangement, using the val-

TABLE 7. Values of X and Y for Thrust ues of X and Y given for single direction

1 1')I I i I
Roller Bearinas bearings in 6.2.
6.3.2 The life formula gives satisfactory
results for a broad range of bearing loads.
",';I~TYP~ :)i X Y e However, extra-heavy loads may cause
Single
direction, detrimental plastic deformations at the
tana 1 1.5tana
Double direction, rollerlraceway contacts. Theuser should
a # 90" 1.5tana 0.67 tana 1 1.5tana therefore consult the bearing manufacturer
F, to establish the applicability of the life for-
- eisunsuitableforsingledirectionbearings.
mula in cases where P, exceeds 0.5 C,.
F,

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 6.4 Basic Static Axial Load Rating
The basic static axial load rating for sin-
gle-or double-direction thrust roller bear-
ings is given by the formula
c, = 220 (
1--
a
)D
$
: ZL,D,sn
ia (metric)
D COS&
(
D,* )
C, = 32150 1 - wo ZL,D,sn
ia (inch)
where Z is the number of rollers carrying
load in one direction.
In cases where rollers have different
lengths, ZL, is taken as the sum of the
lengths, defined in 3.16, of all the rollers
carrying load in one direction.
6.4.1 Bearing Combinations. The basic
static axial load rating for two or more sim-
ilar single-direction thrust roller bearings
mounted side by side on the same shaft
such that they operate as a unit (paired or
stack mounting) in “tandem” arrangement,
properly manufacturedandmounted for
equal load distribution, is the number of
bearings times the rating of one single-di-
rection bearing.
6.5 Static Equivalent Axial Load
The static equivalent axial load for thrust
roller bearings with CY # 90” is given by the
formula
Po, = 2.3Frtana Fa +
This formula is valid for all ratios of radial
load to axial load in the case of double-
direction bearings. For single-direction
bearings, it is valid where FJFa < 0.44 cota
and gives satisfactory but less conserva-
tive values of Po, for FJFa UP to 0.67 Cota.
Thrust roller bearings with OL = 90” can
support axial loads only. The static equiv-
alent axial load for this type of bearing is
given by the formula
Poa = Fa
6.5.1 Bearing Combinations. When cal-
culating the static equivalent axial load for
two or more similar thrust roller bearings
mounted side by side on the same shaft
14
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such that they operate as a unit (paired or
stack mounting) in “tandem” arrangement,
the F, and F, values forthe total loads acting
on the arrangement shall be used,
7. ADJUSTED RATING LIFE
7.1 General
It is often satisfactory to use the basic
rating life, L,, as a criterion of bearing per-
formance. This life is associated with 90%
reliability, with contemporary, commonly
used material and manufacturing quality,
andunder conventional operating condi-
tions.
However, for many applications it may
be desirable to calculate the life for a dif-
ferent reliability and/or for special bearing
properties and operating conditions which
deviate from the conventional in such away
that it is justified to take their influence into
special consideration.
The adusted rating life, Lna, ¡.e. the basic
rating life adjusted for a reliability of (100-
n)%, for special bearing properties and for
specific operating conditions, is given by
Ln, = ala2a3LlO
Values of a, are given in Table 8. Values of
a2and a3 arediscussed in 7.4 and7.5. The
value of L,, is calculated in accordance
with 5.3 and 6.3.
7.2 Limitations
In addition to the required fatigue life,
other factors, such as maximum permissi-
ble bearing deflection and minimum shaft
and housing strength, should be given due
consideration when selecting the size of
bearings for a given application. Particular
discretion shall be exercised when using
adjusted rating life values which are based
on values of a2 and a3 greater than 1.
7.3 Life Adjustment Factor for Reliabil-
ity, al
Reliability is defined in 3.2. The adjusted
rating life is calculated in accordance with
7.1, Values of the life adjustment factor a,
are given in Table 8.
 AFBMA 11 90 0871073 0000215
TABLE 8. Life Adjustment Factor for
Reliabilitv, a,
Reliability
% L., al
90 L, 1
95 L5 0.62
96 L4 0.53
97 L3 0.44
98 L* 0.33
99 L1 0.21
7.4 Life Adjustment Factor For Special
Bearing Properties, a2
7.4.1 Abearingmayacquirespecial
properties, as regards life, by the use of a
special type and quality of material and/or
special manufacturing processes and/or
special design. Such speciallife properties
are taken into account by the application
of the life adjustment factor a2.
The present state of knowledge doesnot
make it possible to define relationships be-
tween the values of a2 and quantifiable
characteristics of the material or bearing
raceway geometry, for example. The val-
ues of a2 have therefore to be based on
experience, and may usually be obtained
from the manufacturer of the bearing.
7.4.2 The use of a certain steel analysis
and/or process as such is not sufficient jus-
tification for the use of an a2 value other
than 1. Valuesof a2 greater than 1 may,
however be applicable to bearings made
of steel of particularly low impurity content
orof special analysis. However, if a re-
duced life is expected because of a hard-
ness reduction causedby special heat
treatment, this should be considered by the
selection of a correspondingly reduced a2
value.
7.4.3 A special design involving an in-
creased or reduced uniformity of the stress
in the contactsbetween rolling elements
and raceways should also be considered
in the selection of the value of a2.
7.4.4 It may not be assumed that the
use of a specialmaterial, process or design
will overcome a deficiency in lubrication.
Values of a2greater than 1 should therefore
normally not be applied if a3 is less than 1
because of such deficiency.
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TT1
7.5 Life Adjustment Factor For Operat-
ing Conditions, a3
7.5.1 Of 'the operating conditions di-
rectly influencing bearing life, the direction
and magnitude of the load are considered
in the calculation of the equivalent load,
(5.2, 5.5, 6.2 and 6.5), and deviations from
normal load distribution are discussed in
1.3.
Operating conditions which remain to be
taken into account here include the ade-
quacy of the lubrication (at the operating
speed and temperature), presence of for-
eign matter, conditions causing changesin
material properties (for example high tem-
perature causing reduced hardness) and
mounting conditions. The influence on
bearing life of such conditions may be
taken into account by the introduction of a
life adjustment factor a3.
7.5.2 The calculation of basic rating life
in this standard assumes that the lubrica-
tion is normal, ¡.e. that the lubricant film in
the rolling element/raceway contactshas a
thickness which is equal toor slightly
greater than the composite roughness of
the contact surfaces. Where this require-
ment is fulfilled, a3 is equal to 1 , provided
a lower value does not apply, for example
because of a changein material properties
caused by the operating conditions.
7.5.3 Values of a3 less than 1 should be
considered, for example where the kine-
matic viscosity of the lubricant, at the op-
erating temperature, is less than 13 mm2/
s') for roller bearings and/or where the ro-
tational speed is exceptionally low (¡.e. D,,
in mm times revolutions per minute is less
than 10,000).
Values of a3 greater than 1 may be consid-
ered only where the lubrication conditions
are so favourable that the probability of fail-
ure caused by surface distress is greatly
reduced.
Manufacturers of bearings are expected
to supply recommendations regarding ap-
propriate valuesofa3 to be used in the
calculation of adjusted rating life in accor-
dance with 7.1.
' 1 mm% = IcSt
15
 The standard in this booklet is one of more than10,OOO standards approved to date
by the American National Standards Institute.

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serves to eliminate duplication of standards activities and to weld conflicting standards
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