Physical and Chemical Change

Law of Conservation of Mass

Balancing Equations

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions

 Chemical reactions are used

in many ways in daily life.
 A chemical reaction is the
process by which a chemical
change happens.
 All chemical reactions are
also accompanied by
changes in energy
Chemical Reactions

 Some chemical reactions absorb

energy, such as in the chemical reactions that
cook food.
Chemical Reactions

Other chemical reactions release energy in

the form of heat, light and/or sound, such as
the burning of wood in a campfire
Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions happen at different rates.

Some chemical reactions are fast, such as when
rocket fuel burns.
 Chemical Reactions

Other chemical
reactions happen
slowly, such as
the formation of
rust on a
corroding bicycle
chain.
Chemical Reactions

The chemical reactions in your own body, which

are keeping you alive, are among the fastest
chemical reactions known.
Chemical Reactions

Scientists are constantly working to find new kinds

of chemical reactions in order to produce new
substances with useful properties.
Chemical Reactions

All chemical reactions involve the conversion of starting

materials, called reactants, into new substances, called
products. The products have different properties than
the reactants.
Physical Properties

 A description of a substance that does not

involve forming a new substance.

Examples:
 Colour
 Texture
 State
 Density
 Solubility
 Melting point
Chemical Properties

 A description of what a substance does as it

changes into one or more new substances.

Examples:
 Combustibility
 Corrosion
 Reaction with acid
 Bleaching ability
Properties & Change

 Properties are
descriptions similar to an
adjective: describes what
the substance is like.
 Change are descriptions
similar to a verb: describes
what the substance is
doing
Physical Change

A physical change is the change in the state or

form of a substance that does not change the
original substance.

A physical change can result in new physical

properties but not new chemical properties.
Physical Change

Classes of physical change:

1. Change in state (includes dissolving)
2. Change in form

Example:
 Evaporation
 Cutting paper in half
Chemical change

A chemical change is the

transformation of one or
more substances into new
substances with new
properties
Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

Presence of a new colour

Formation of a precipitate
Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

Release of heat or light

Visual Clues to a Chemical Change

Production of gas or bubbles

Example
Reactants: Solid magnesium
metal placed into a solution of
hydrochloric acid
Clue: bubbles / gases
Product: hydrogen gas and
magnesium chloride
Chemical Equations

A chemical reaction is often

described by writing a
chemical equation
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation uses either words or symbols and
formulas to describe the changes that occur during a
chemical reaction.

Examples

Word equation:
Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas  water

Formula equation:
H2 + O2  H2O
Chemical Equations

Every chemical equation must have:

 One or more reactants
 One or more products
 An arrow directing reactant to product
 If there are more than one reactants or
products, the chemical names/formulas are
separated by a ‘+’ sign
Chemical Equations

 For example, the chemical reaction between solid

magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid is:
word equation:
magnesium + hydrochloric acid  magnesium chloride + hydrogen

formula equation:
Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2

 Notice that hydrogen is expressed in the formula

equation as H2. Recall that pure hydrogen exists as
a diatomic molecule.
 You will need to know which elements exist as
molecules when writing formula equations
States of Matter in
Chemical Equations
The chemical formulas in a chemical equation will
often include the state of matter of each substance
(s) = solid
(l) = liquid (e.g. water and oils)
(g) = gas
(aq) = aqueous (substance is dissolved in
water, e.g. most ionic compounds)

Examples:
H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O (l)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Coefficients in
Chemical Equations
A coefficient is a whole number that is placed in front
of the symbol of an element to show the ratios of the
different substances that are present in the chemical
reaction

Example: Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

A coefficient of 2 is in front of the formula HCl

This means that Mg and HCl combine in a ratio of 1:2
Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, the mass of the products always

equals the mass of the reactants.

In other words, the mass is conserved.

Conservation of Mass

 No atoms are destroyed and no new atoms

are produced during a chemical reaction.
 Instead, the atoms in the reactants are
simply rearranged to form the products
 Chemical bonds between atoms are broken
and new ones are formed, and the atom
simply reconnect in new ways
Conservation of Mass
The rearrangement of atoms that occurs during a chemical
reaction can be illustrated using models or diagrams.

In this equation, there are equal numbers of hydrogen atoms (4)

and equal numbers of oxygen atoms (2) on both the reactants
side and the products side.
word equation: hydrogen + oxygen  water
formula equation: H2 + O2  H2O
Conservation of Mass

When the number of each kind of atom is the same in

the reactants and products, the equation is said to be
balanced.

balanced equation: 2H2 + O2  2H2O

Conservation of Mass
Skeleton Chemical Equations

A chemical equation that is

complete except for coefficients
is called an unbalanced equation
or skeleton equation.

Example:
Skeleton equation: H2 + O2  H2O
Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2  2H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations

 To balance a chemical
equation, begin by counting
the number of atoms of each
element in the skeleton
equation.
 Balance by placing
coefficients in front of the
chemical formulas until the
number of atoms in the
reactants equals to the
products.
Rules for using coefficients

 Use only whole numbers.

 Check that the coefficients in the equation
are the lowest common factor.
 Never change a subscript in a formula to help
make atoms balance!
Hints to help balance equations

Balance atoms of elements in any complicated

looking formulas first and balance atoms of
pure elements last.

H2
Hints to help balance equations

 Hydrogen atoms and/or oxygen atoms will

often appear in many or all of the formulas of
the reactants and products.
 When this is the case, balance other elements
first, balance hydrogen second last and
oxygen last.
Hints to help balance equations

You may be able to treat polyatomic ions as a

unit.
Example: If NO3- appears in the reactants and products
of a skeleton equation, count the number of NO3-
groups rather than the number of N and O atoms
separately.
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
Balance the following chemical equation:
AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g)  AlCl3(s) + Br2(g)
1.) Count the number of atoms in the reactants
and products:
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g)  AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
Balance the number of bromine atoms by adding a coefficient
of 2 in front of AlBr3 and a coefficient of 3 in front of Br2. Count
the atoms again:
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g)  AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
The number of aluminum atoms is no longer equal.
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
Balance the number of aluminum atoms by adding a coefficient
of 2 in front of AlCl3. Count the atoms again:
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
The number of chlorine atoms is no longer balanced.
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
Balance the number of chlorine atoms by adding a coefficient of
3 in front of Cl2. Count the atoms again:
Balancing Chemical Equations

Example 1:
2AlBr3(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s) + 3Br2(g)
The equation is balanced!
Balancing Chemical Equations

Try it!
Balance the following chemical equations:
1. Al + F2  AlF3
2. Ca + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2
3. CaCl2 + Na3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + NaCl
Balancing Chemical Equations

Try it!
Balance the following chemical equations:
1. 2Al + 3F2  2AlF3
2. Ca + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2
3. 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl