SOIL DYNAMICS Pe eee at Maron Lost a> 24 eee MODULE - 4 Dynamic Soil Properties ee ee erBecker Penetrometer Test (BPT) For coarse soils (gravels, cobbles) » Large-diameter steel pipe pile driven by a diesel pile hammer ¢ Cuttings can be retrieved pneumatically through hollow pipe ° BPT resistance can be converted to equivalent N values (Ngpr) and then to SPT Neo © Requires energy correction For details, see Youd et al. (2001) eae oo Relationship between SPT and BPT s o l. 8 Tes Sies 4 Seis tse s » ow 8% 100 120140 ‘Corrected Becker Blow Count, Nac (blows/foot) From Youd et al. (2001), given by Harder (1997) ee ee ee Corrected SPT Blow Count, Neo (blows/footVariation of CRR with SPT N value Relationship between cyclic stress ratio ‘ if causing liquefaction : ° and (N,)co values for clean sands in M = 7.5 earthquakes. _(After Seed et al. (1975). Influence of SPT | procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. Variation of CRR with SPT N value Relationship between cyclic stress ratio causing liquefaction and if (Neo Values for silty sands in M = 7.5 earthquakes. (After Seed et al. (1975). Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department eeRelationship between CRR and SPT After Youd et al. (2001) Computation of CRR from SPT 1 Meo so CBR 35— Gila 138 * [1O-Oe ¥ 4 Raunch (1998), valid for Ny69 < 30 with clean sand condition. Correction in SPT value for other than Clean Sand Men: = « + BO) a=0 for FC 5% = expll.76 = (190FC)] for 5% < FC <35% = 50 for FC = 35% B=10 for FCs 5% B= [0.99 + (FC'*/1,000)] for 5% < FC < 35% [after Youd et al. (2001)] faeComputation of Liquefaction Potential using Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) e Instead of a thick-walled sampler, a steel cone is pushed (instead of hammered) into the soil e Many types: mechanical, electrical, piezo... eee nae en ee ar Liquefaction (contd.) e Force required to extend the cone is divided by horizontal projected area to get the cone resistance, q. e Normalization for overburden pressure is required <1.0 \ds on soil type 0.5 for sands, 1.0 for clays ASTM D 3441-98 2000 ee ee eeFiction Bearing Friction Pushing rods reassiance resistance rato tens) tors 6) ‘Signal ampifer e429 100 200 900 400 so 02468 Biaxial Incinometer Ke Biaxial goophone a Feicton | sleeve | (50 en") Friction a sleeve oad cet sn se Yip toad cet @ ® ‘Typical Cone penetrometer with seismic cone capabilities (After Baldi et al., 1988); b) Results of cone penetrometer sounding (after Ward, 1986). eae oo CPT Fines Correction © If the CPT qciy values are to be used in the simplified liquefaction triggering analyses, the values must be converted to equivalent clean sand values. If the fine content is greater than 5%, use the following, Yancs = IawKe where K, is nonlinear function of I, K, = 1.0 for I, less than or = 1.64 K, = 3.5 for I, = 2.60 fort, > 1.64 K, = 0.403! +5581? -21.63/? +33.757, -17.88 1, is soil behaviour type index. ee ee eeCPT Fines Correction AO + S.SB1,-21.631+ 33.751, [ands Ken os oi ois 2 25 3 as 4 Soil Behavior Type Index, Le fee ae CPT Thin Layer Correction Thi yer Comsaton Fair Ky 3 7009 200 0 Layer Tikes. H nm ara Yun? Cone 387 a) ee ee eeeLiquefaction (contd.) — ® CPT-based liquefaction curves; (a) based on correlations with SPT data; (b) based on theoretical / experimental results (after Mitchell and Tseng. 1990) ee! eeu Relationship between CRR and CPT 08 ay z se ee (CPT Clean Sand Bo os Base Cuve se “ 38 os /—wocimtacton a a3 ‘ £8 02 a ‘After Youd et al. oa (2001) 6s Temarse STE NoéeR 906) [Smracumian © "O | mowne) [Szetig! 28 80 150 200 280900 Corrected GPT Tip Resistance, .w rol, Deepankar Choudhury, Departmentof ivi Engineering IT Bombay Muna,Relationship between CRR and CPT If @ax)e © 50 CRRrs = 0.833[(qay)-/1,000] + 0.05 (11a) Tf 50 S (arn)ec < 160 CRRys = 93{(qex)es/1.000]° + 0.08 (118) From Youd et al. (2001), Originally given by Robertson and Wride (1998) eee ae en ee ren Liquefaction (contd.) From Youd et al. (2001), given by Robertson (1990) ee ee erSPT vs. CPT * Advantages of CPT Continuous sampling with depth Faster and more economical compared to drilling and laboratory testing Repeatability is good Limitations of CPT No soil sample is obtained, so does not provide the actual soil classification per USCS — so, ALWAYS include a few SPTs with CPT investigation Cannot be used in gravelly soils, difficult when stiff crust is present Depends on operator expertise Existing empirical relationships for liquefaction triggering based on CPT are still tentative fae nae eee Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) Test Souree ¥ Receiver Receiver Typical configuration of source and receivers in SASW test. Receiver spacing is changed such that d; + dy remains constant. Travel time between receivers calculated for each frequency as: Gps (0(0) is the phase difference function). Onf eeu ee esLiquefaction (contd.) Phase velonity(tse2) ° 00, ‘600 200 tea s00 8 8 ‘Typical Experimental Dispersion Curve from SASW Test Wiavsionaih 40 eee ae en ee ren Correction for SASW test V, Value Requires overburden stress correction, 0.25 Cro where V,y = overburden stress corrected shear wave velocity P, = atmospheric pressure approximated by 100 kPa oy ial effective vertical stress in kPa foesLiquefaction from SASW test value V, 500 iquataction ely No LUquetacton 300, 00 01 02 03 04 08 08 na ttt 0 Ste (9) Chart for evaluation of liquefaction potential from shear wave velocity and peak ground acceleration (10 cycles). (After Stokoe et fee ae Liquefaction from SASW test value V, 15 7 10 25 Number of cycles 10 | me | ash | ° —____] 100 150 200 250 300 Normalized shear wave velocity, v, (m/sec) Correlations between cyclic stress ratio required to produce cyclic strain amplitude ‘of 2.5% in clean sand and shear wave velocity. (After Tokimatsu et al., 1991) eeu ices tumbal, InFY is 3 rs] in Fl i< ae BEES saan ‘ar RT ESS ch gene Phat a ae ll wend | sor CAR oa} From Youd et al. (2001) Cyclic Stress or Resistance Ratio, ° 700 (Overburdon Siess-Corrocted Shear Wave Velocity, Ver, mis fee ae Eee Liquefaction (contd.) Fearn a icone ae, ror a Tectovessona tamer novos tot Parte be mir Dru bere Se any dae ge ora lia canal ae eee Ber ad Sey ead cee" Ber Becta aay, Gin Soy wekion eye Fe ema From Youd et al. (2001) eeu ices