MATLAB

Programming

By : Ahmed Moawad
LET’S BEGIN……
MATLAB is a tool that simplify the programming than
any other programming language like c , c# , …….

Let’s begin with first function in MATLAB …

And the most helpful Fn .

>> help ;
this function gives you a very useful tutorial ,
and information about using MATLAB in every
applications.
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FIRST TIME : HOW TO INPUT A MATRIX OR
VECTOR IN MATLAB

 Vector :
>> x = [1 2 3 4]
x=1 2 3 4

o Matrix :
>> y = [1 2 3 ; 5 1 4 ; 2 3 1]
y=1 2 3
5 1 4
2 3 1

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MATRIX
 Transpose :
>> xt = x ’ convert the columns to rows and vice versa

x=1
2
3
4
 >> x = [1 : 5]

x=1 2 3 4 5 this is the step of increment

 >>x = [1 : 2 : 5]

x=1 3 5
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CONTINUE……
 >>size (y) Number of columns and rows
 >>length(y) The tallest dimension(row , column) of Matrix
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 >>z = y( 2 , 2:3 ) Choose the second & third columns.
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z=1 4 Choose the second row.
 >>zeros(M ,N); Matrix consists of zeros
 >>ones(M,N); Matrix consists of ones
 >>eye(M,N) ; The main diameter of Matrix is ones , others zeros

 >>rand (M,N) ; Uniform Distribution

 >>randn (M,N); Normally Disribution

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OPERATORS
 Scalar Arithmetic Operations :
>> z = x * y; multiply every element in x to its corresponding in y.

 Matrices Arithmetic Operations:

>> z = x .* y ; multiply as matrices rules ,with condition (Num. of rows
of x = Num. of columns of y)

+ .+ Summation
- .- Subtraction
/ ./ Division
^ .^ Exponential
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FUNCTIONS BREAK (1):
 >>sign(x) ; If an element in matrix x is +ve returns 1 ,-ve returns
-1.
 >>exp (2) The exponential function.
ans = 7.3891
 round (x); Approximate the number x to the nearest number

 Fix (x) ; Delete the fraction (1.2>>1, 1.6 >>1)

 Abs(complex ); Magnitude of complex number

 Angle(comp.); Angle of complex number

 Real(complex); Real part of complex.

 isprime(x) ; 0 for not , 1 for prime number

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FLOW CONTROL FUNCTIONS
 For loop:
i.e.:
>>a=3; initial value of b
>>for i = 1 :1: 10; initial : step : final
a=a +i;
end
>> disp(a); Fn. that display the value of a
>>sprintf (‘the number of icons is = %g ’ , a)
print the sentence ‘ ’ , replaces the %g by a

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CONTINUE … .
 While loop:
i.e.:
>>b =0; initial value of b
>>while b<4 carry out if b <4 , stop if else
b=b+1;
end
>>weight = b*2.2;
>>disp(b);
>>sprintf(‘The weight equals %f ’ , weight)
weight is float type
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CONTINUE … ..
 If Statement:
i.e.:
degree =input(‘please insert the degree(0-100): ’)
fn. that make user input the value which preferred
if degree>= 85
disp(‘Excellent’)
elseif( degree>= 75 & degree <85)
disp(‘very good’)
elseif( degree>= 65 & degree <75)
disp(‘good’)
elseif( degree>= 50 & degree <65)
disp(‘pass’)
else
disp(‘fail’)
end 9
CONTINUE … …
 Switch …case:
i.e.:
month= input (‘please input the month(1-12): ’)
switch month
case { 1,3,5,7,8,10,12} more than one case>> {1,2,…..}
disp (31)
case{4 , 6 ,9 ,11}
disp (30)
case 2 only one case>> 1
disp (28)
end
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FUNCTION BREAK(2):
 >>Str = ‘ the sentence you want to write’
 >>w = str [ 1 2 5 7 9]

w = thsne
 x(2) = 4 change the second element value in the matrix x to 4.
 X(3) = [ ] delete the third element .
 mean(x) The mean of elements of x .
 std(x) The standard diversion of elements of x.
 [theta phi r ] = cart2sph [2 , 3 , 5]

any names indicates the sph. Conversion fn. the values of Cartesian coordinates

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GRAPHS
 Line plot :
i.e.:
>>t = [ 0 : 10 ];
>> y = sin(t); y is sinusoidal wave on t
>>Figure(1) Open figure , name it 1
>>plot (t,y) plot t(h-axis) versus y (v-axis) in figure.
>>xlabel(‘time’) write 9time) under h-axis
>>ylabel(‘input’) write (input) beside v-axis
>>title (‘Gain’) Make a title for plot

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CONTINUE … .
 Bar Graph:
i.e.:
>>x = -3 : 1 : 3;
>>y = x.^2;
>>bar(x,y) Bar Graph
>>figure(1)
>>subplot 221 divide the figure into number of plots
>>z= magic (3); special function
>>subplot 222 row no. column no. position
>>bar(z)
>>subplot (2,2,3)
>> bar(z , ‘grouped’) Style type
>>subplot(2,2,4)
>>bar (z , ‘stacked’)
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CONTINUE … ..
 Histogram :
>> hist (z , 7 ) Number of intervals in histogram

 Pie Graph :
>>z = [10 4 5 8 2];
>>pie(z)

 Polar Graph :
>>polar(t , y)

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CONTINUE … …
 Scatter plot :
>>x =[1:10];
>> y = 2.*rand (1,10)
>>subplot 221
>>scatter(x ,y) scatter points on plot
>>subplot 222
>> stem ( x , y) scatter points connected with the h-axis
>>subplot 223
>>scatter(x ,y , 3 , ‘y’ ) Mark color (yellow)
size of mark (scatter point)
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CONTINUE … ….

Pie graph Polar graph Bar graph

scatter graph Histogram 16

FUNCTION BREAK(3)
 >>log (x) Ln Function
 >>log10(x) Log. Decimal Function
 >>log2 (x) Log. Binary Function
 >>semilogy(x,y) convert v-axis to dB
 >>semilogx(x,y) convert h-axis to dB
 >>loglog(x,y) convert two axes to dB
 >>barh(z) Opposite of Bar graph
 >>break; stop loop and move to the next command
 >>continue; stop the itertion and move to the other itertion on loop

 >>surf(x,y,z) Graph the surface and put the points on it

 >>contour(x,y,z)
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SYMBOLIC MATH :
 Functions:
 >>syms x y z ; convert this variables into symbols
 >>f = x^2 + y^2 +z^2;
 Substitution the symbols you want substitute
 >>f1 = subs( f , [x y] , [4 5] ) the values of substitution
 f1 = 16 + 25+z^2
 Differentiation
 >>f2 = diff ( f , 2 , z ) The symbol you want to diff.
 f2 = 2 The order of diff.
 Integration
 >>f3 = int (f1 , -10 , 10 ) Final limit
 f3 = 5 initial limit
 Limit Fn
 >>limit ( sin (x) /x , inf ) the value the limit approximate to
 Summation
 >>symsum( 1 / x^2 , 1 , inf ) the final sub . of summation 18
the initial sub. of summation
DOMAINS TRANSFORMS :
 Laplace Transform :
>>syms t ;
>> laplace ( cos (t)) laplace transform
Ans = s / (s^2 +1)
>>ilaplace (s/ (s^2 +1) inverse laplace transform
Ans = cos t
>>transferfn = tf ([1] , [1 2 1]) transfer fn.
Transfer function = 1 / s^2 + 2* s + 1
>> bode(transferfn) Bode plot
>> step(transferfn) Step response
>> impulse (transferfn) Impulse response
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CONTINUE … .
 Fourier Transform :
>>syms t w b ;
>>y = cos(b*t);
>> f = fourier (x , t ,w );
>>y = cos( 2*pi *t);
>>fd = fft ( y , 512 );
must be 2^n

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THANK YOU