Introduction
• MatLab : Matrix Laboratory
• Numerical Computations with matrices
• Every number can be represented as matrix
• Why Matlab?
• User Friendly (GUI)
• Easy to work with
• Powerful tools for complex mathematics
Change the current
directory to the
location of your
Matlab file at
startup
Workspace
Command
History Command Window
Matlab Programming
• Two Approaches
– Coding in Command Window
• Good for short programs
• Commands must be re-entered each time you run
a simulation
– Coding with .m-files
• Good for long programs
• Allows users to save all the commands written in
the .m-files
Command Window Interface
Write your
commands here
(1) Creating .m-files
File New M-
File
(2) Opening .m-files
File Open
select the .m-file
.m-file Interface
Write your
commands here
To run the program, press F5
Workspace Interface
• The workspace provides a summary of the
variables
Command History Interface
• The Command History stores all the commands
entered in the Command Window previously
– No history of .m-files is shown here
Syntax Errors
• All errors are given in the Command Window in
red
– Nature of error is explained
MATLAB AS A CALCULATOR
Command window
>> 39*4.4+5
ans =
176.6000 The MATLAB command
Command window
The result.
MATLAB
• Variable names:
– Starts with a letter
– Up to 31 characters ( some use 19 or
21)
– May contain letters, digits and
underscore_
– Case sensitive (“A” is not the same as
“a”)
MATLAB Assignment
• Variable names:
– Starts with a letter
– Up to 31 characters ( some use 19 or 21)
– May contain letters, digits and underscore_
– Case sensitive (“A” is not the same as “a”)
» A=2.3
A=
The MATLAB command
2.3000
This is the result of the
MATLAB statement
Scalar Assignment
» A=2.3 this creates a variable “A”
A= and set its value to 2.3
2.3000
» A=[2.3] The square braces [ ] are
used to define matrices.
A=
We can use them for
2.3000 scalars too.
Row vector
The square braces are
used to define a matrix
» X=[2,3 7 ] Space or comma are
used to separate
X= elements in the same row
2 3 7
Column vector
The square braces are
used to define a matrix
» X=[2;3 ; 7 ] semicolon are used to end
X=
a row.
2
3
You can also use ENTER
7 to end a row
MATLAB Statements
MATLAB Statement Remarks
C=5.66 C is a scalar
C=[5.66] An alternative way
X=[3.5 6.3, 33] X is a 1X3 matrix with elements 3.5 ,
6.3 and 33. Commas or space are used
to separate the elements in a row
Y=[1 Y is a 2X1 matrix whose elements are 1
and 4.
4]
Y = [ 1 ; 4] Semicolon are used to indicate the end
of the row.
A=1:5 Equivalent to A=[1 2 3 4 5]
MATLAB Statements
MATLAB Remarks
Statement
2 3 5
V=[ 2 3 5 V
3 3 8
3 3 8]
C=[1:3:11] C=[1 4 7 10]
Z=4\8 Z=2
1 0
Y=eye(2) V
0 1
W = zeros(2,3) 0 0 0
V
0 0 0
Help
• A good idea is use the help
• help provides information about the
available functions and how to use
them.
• Try
help eig
help inv
help roots
Making the best from Matlab
• Need help ?
• HELP <function name>
• LOOKFOR <key word>
• Case sensitive
• M files (.m)
• To write and save matlab commands
• Save time and easy to debug
• Use of semicolon (;) Examples during Matlab demo
• Comments (%)
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Operation Symbol Example
Addition + 6+3=9
Subtraction - 6-3=3
Multiplication * 6*3=18
Right division / 6/3=2
Left division \ 3/63=0.5
Exponentiation ^ 6^3=216
DISPLAY FORMATS
Command Description Example
Short Fixed-point with 351/7
4 decimal digits Ans=50.1429
Long Fixed-point with 351/7
14 decimal digits Ans=50.14285756121456
Short e scientific notation with 351/7
4 decimal digits Ans=5.0143e+001
Long e scientific notation with 351/7
15 decimal digits
Ans=5.014284564654654e001
Short g Best of 5 digit fixed 351/7
or floating pont Ans=50.143
Lond g Best of 15 digit fixed 351/7
or floating point Ans=50.1428546874567
Bank Two decimal digits 351/7=50.14
Compact : Eliminates empty lines to allow more lines with
information
displayed on the screen
Loose : Adds empty lines (opposite of compact)
Elementary MATH Built-in
Functions
Common Math functions.
Exponential functions.
Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
Round-off functions.
Complex number functions.
Arithmetic Operations with complex
numbers.
Common Math functions
Function Description
abs(x) compute the absolute value of ‘x’
Ex: i) x=4;
abs(x)=4
ii) x=4+3i
abs(x)=25
iii) x=3i
abs(x)=3
Sqrt(x) computes the square root of ‘x’
Ex: x=4
sqrt(x)=2
Round(x) Rounds ‘x’ to nearest integer.
Ex :
i) x=12.56
round(x)=13
ii) x=12.46
round(x)=12
Fix(x) rounds ‘x’ to the nearest integer towards 0.
ex : x=12.3
fix(x)=12
x=12.99
fix(x)=12
Floor(x) rounds ‘x’ to the nearest integer towards -∞
Ex : x=12.99
floor(x)=12
x=11.23
floor(x)=11
Ceil rounds x to the nearest integer toward ∞.
ex : i) x=12.1
ceil(x)=13
ii) x=22.4
ceil(x)=23
Sign(x) returns the value of ‘-1’ if ‘x’ is less than ‘0’
“ “ ‘0’ if ‘x’ is equals ‘0’
otherwise returns the value ‘1’
Ex : x=232 x=0 x=-234
sign(x)=1 sign(x)=0 sign(x)=-1
Rem(x,y) returns the remainder of x/y.
Ex : x=25; y=4
rem(x,y)=1
Exp(x) computes e^x.
Ex : x=4
exp(x)=54.5982
Log computes ln ‘x’ natural logarithm, base ‘e’
Ex : x=12
log(x)=2.4849
Log10(x) computes log10(x) common logarithm,
base’10’
Ex : i) x=12
log10(x)=1.0792
x=10
log10(x)=1.0000
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Function Description
exp(x) Exponential
log(x) Natural logarithm
log10(x) Base 10 logarithm
sqrt(x) Square root
Trigonometric functions
Function Description
sin(x) Computes the sin of ‘x’, where ‘x’ is in radians.
cos(x) “ “ cosine of ‘x’, “ “
tan(x) “ “ tangent of ‘x’ “ “
cot(x) “ “ cot of ‘x’ “ “
sind(x) computes the sin of ‘x’, where ‘x’ in degrees.
lly……. Cosd(x), tand(x), cotd(x).
asin(x) computes the inverse sin of ‘x’, where ‘x’ in radians.
‘x’ must be between -1 and 1, & angle b/w –Π/2 and Π/2.
acos(x) compute the inverse of ‘x’, where ‘x’ in radians.
‘x’ must be between -1 and 1, & angle b/w 0 and Π.
atan(x)
• asind(x) compute the inverse sin of
‘x’, where ‘x’ in degrees.
• lly…….. acosd(x),
atand(x), acotd(x).
Hyperbolic functions
