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TECHNIQUES OF COVERAGE AND CAPACITY OF CELLULAR NETWORK

Conference Paper · April 2013

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 National Conference on Innovative Trends in Signal Processing & Networking,
2013, SRMS Bareilly, pp. 146-149

TECHNIQUES OF COVERAGE AND CAPACITY OF

CELLULAR NETWORK
SACHIN KUMAR1, SACHIN CHAUHAN2, SAURABH KUMAR3, RAJESH SINGH4
1,2,3,4
Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Accurate Institute of Management & Technology,
Greater Noida
1
sachinmy2011@gmail.com, 2sachin.chauhan204@gmail.com, 3er.saurabhkumar@hotmail.com,
4
rjspi001@gmail.com

Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to examine the performance of the existing cellular networks
to transmit data. The events that occur when a call is made from a mobile telephone and
the cellular networks deal with frequency (or channel) allocation due to the increasing
demand for mobile phones. As the number of users in a cellular system increases, then
traffic per unit time also increases. The allocated spectrum becomes gradually congested
and eventually becomes used up. Congestion of the spectrum means that the call blocking
probability has increased and this is not desired in the system. As The cellular concept
allows every piece of subscriber equipment within a country or continent to manufactured
with the same set of channels so that any mobile may use anywhere within the region. . It
also has to show that an increase in channel capacity directly reduces call blocking
probability and delay probability. Here the utilization of the spectrum in cellular networks
is Frequency re-use, Microcellular systems and Multiple Access system. The buffer
administration techniques are used to reduce congestion by Fading, Co-channel
Interference and Handovers. Capacity of a cellular system is a function of many variables
the S/I in a propagation channel along with the specific performance of the air interference
environment, limits the frequency re-use factor of a system, which limits the number of
channels with in the coverage area. This paper refocusing on the techniques of coverage
and capacity of cellular network.

1. INTRODUCTION generation and have still sparked numerous

The developments in wireless
communication networks over the past
couple of decades have been enormous and
have become ubiquitous in modern days. It
is commonly assumed that the next
generation of wireless communication
networks will be heterogeneous, with
different types of wireless network and
technologies co-existing [1].There are
currently many different types of wireless
networks. Wireless local area networks and
cellular networks are by far the most
dominant wireless networks of our
research studies. [2] The design objective of
early mobile radio systems was to achieve a
large coverage area by using a single, high
powered transmitter with an antenna
mounted on a tall tower. While this
approach achieved very good coverage, it
also meant that it was impossible to reuse
those same frequencies throughout the
system, since any attempt to achieve
frequency reuse would result in interference
[3]. For example, the Bell mobile system in
New York City in the 1970s could only
support a maximum of twelve simultaneous
 National Conference on Innovative Trends in Signal Processing & Networking,
2013, SRMS Bareilly, pp. 146-149

calls over a thousand square miles. Faced called frequency reuse or frequency
with the fact that government regulatory planning. Fig. 1 illustrates the concept of
agencies could not make spectrum cellular frequency reuse, where cells labeled
allocations in proportion to the increasing with the same letter use the same group of
demand for mobile services, it became channels. The hexagonal cell shape shown
imperative to re-structure the radio in Fig. 1 is conceptual and is a simplistic
telephone system to achieve high capacity model of cluster.
with limited radio spectrum while at the
same time covering very large areas [4]. The
idea of cellular network goes back as early
as 1947, and it was thought that instead of
using just one high-powered antenna to
cover an entire metropolitan area, we should
employ several lower powered antenna base
stations scattered throughout the city,
thereby breaking a macro-cell into several
smaller micro-cells. The spectrum is then
divided such that the base stations of each of
these micro-cells would be able to use a
certain frequency band or channel without
being affected too much by neighboring
cells (i.e., to avoid inter-cell interference)
[5]. Cellular radio systems rely on an
intelligent allocation and reuse of channels
throughout a coverage region. Each cellular
base station is allocated a group of radio
channels to be used within a small
geographic area called a cell. Base stations
in adjacent cells are assigned channel groups
which contain completely different channels
than neighboring cells. The base station
antennas are designed to achieve the desired
coverage within the particular cell. By
limiting the coverage area to within the Fig 1. Remodeling the capability of cellular
network
boundaries of a cell, the same group of
channels may be used to cover different
When cellular service providers build their
cells that are separated from one another by
networks, their networks are designed to
distances large enough to keep interference
provide coverage tothe area of desire with
levels within tolerable limits.
the expectation of possible increase in
population in the near future. Forexample, a
2. FREQUENCY REUSE company may design a cellular network to
CONCEPT IN CELLULAR cover a city of area 1000 km2 with
NETWORK population of 1,000,000 people today
The design process of selecting and assuming that 15% of the population will
allocating channel groups for all of the subscribe to their cellular service, or150,000
cellular base stations within a system is people. However, to accommodate possible
 National Conference on Innovative Trends in Signal Processing & Networking,
2013, SRMS Bareilly, pp. 146-149

increase in the percentage of subscribers or

the same percentage of subscribers but an
increase in population, the network designer
may build the network to provide acceptable
GOS for 200,000. Such move guarantees
that the network will need any expansion for
possibly 5 years. In some cases, it may be
difficult to predict the need for network
expansion or even when network expansion
is predictable, the time for network
expansion arrives [6]. There are several
techniques to expand an already existing
network or to add more capacity to a
network being built. In the following we
discuss two techniques.

2.1.1 CELL SPLITTING

We have seen that reducing the size of cells

of a cellular system keeps the SIR constant
but results in an expansion of the network
capacity because the smaller cells cover less
area and therefore more cells would be
required to cover the whole region which
directly reflects on the network capacity. If
the network is already functioning, it may be
found that the network needs expansion only
in specific regions and not network‐wide
expansion. In this case, a cell (or multiple
cells) can be split into smaller cells and
frequencies are redistributed in a way that
does not cause additional interference [7-8].
This is shown in the following figure. The
Fig.2 shows a cell that has reached it
capacity and needs to be split. This cell is
split into several cells. Since the area of a
cell is proportional to R2. So, reducing the
cell radius to one half of its original value,
for example, the area of the cell drops to one
quarter of its original value. Therefore,
theoretically, 4 of the smaller cells can fit
into 1 of the large cells. However, since it is
not possible to fit 4 quarter‐size hexagonal
cells completely into 1 full‐size hexagonal
cell, some regions will have to be covered
by adjacent cells.
Fig.2 Cell splitting
2.1.2 SECTORING
The sectoring technique increases the
capacity via a different strategy [9]. In this
method, a cell has the same coverage space
but instead of using a single
Omni‐directional antenna that transmits in
all directions, either 3 or 6 directional
antennas are used such that each of these
antennas provides coverage to a sector of the
hexagon. When 3 directional antennas are
used, 120° sectoring is achieved (each
antenna covers 120°), and when 6
directional antennas are used, 60° sectoring
is achieved (each antenna covers 60°). The
sectoring technique increases the capacity
via a different strategy. In this method, a cell
has the same coverage space but instead of
using a single Omni‐directional antenna that
transmits in all directions, either 3 or 6
directional antennas are used such that each
of these antennas provides coverage to a
sector of the hexagon. When 3 directional
antennas are used, 120° sectoring is
 National Conference on Innovative Trends in Signal Processing & Networking,
achieved (each antenna covers 120°), and
when 6 directional antennas are used, 60°
sectoring is achieved (each antenna covers
60°).as it is shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4.
Fig.3 Sector covered by antenna
Fig.4 Coverage space by different antenna
2.1.3 A MICRO CELL CONCEPT.
In this technique each of three zone sites
represented as transmitter or receiver are
connected to a single base station and share
same radio equipment. The advantage of this
technique is that while the cell maintains a
particular coverage radius, the co-channel
interference in the cellular system is reduced
since a large central base station is replaced
by several lower powered transmitters on the
edges of cell [10].
2013, SRMS Bareilly, pp. 146-149
3.1 SYSTEM PARAMETERS
The various parameters which are directly
related to models under consideration in this
work are described in table 1 below. These
parameters are constant which have been
assumed to enable us successfully analyze
the various mathematical models used in this
paper.
Table 1: Coverage of cellular network
3.2 IMPACT OF INCRESAE IN CAPACITY
ON CALL DELAY PROBABILITY
The probability (Pr [delay]) that a call is
delayed or queued given by the Erlang [2]
was evaluated for different value of channels
in ascending order using MATLAB The
corresponding values of call delay
probabilities are tabulated against the
number of channels as shown below in table
2.
Table 2: Call probabilities evaluated from channel
capacity.
 National Conference on Innovative Trends in Signal Processing & Networking,
Fig.5 Graph b/w blocking probability & number of
channels
4. CONCLUSION
The probability that a new call is blocked
represented as Pr[blocked] is plotted against
channel capacity in Fig 5. The result shows
that as the channel capacity increases, the
call blocking probability Pr[blocked]
reduces until a point when it becomes
constant. Fig 5 proves that more calls is
allowed in the system as the channel
capacity increases .In conclusion, the
capacity of a cellular communication system
can be increased using cell splitting. The
extent to which the capacity increment can
be achieved is dependent on signal-to-
interference ratio of the system after the cell
splitting. The increment in channel capacity
after cell splitting helps to reduce the call
blocking probability and call delay or
queuing probability. The results show that
when properly and orderly carried out, the
cell splitting technique has the capability of
increasing the capacity of a congested
cellular system.
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2013, SRMS Bareilly, pp. 146-149
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