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Summer I 2016
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How to get, and stay, ahead in this class?
Preview
Book to Class
Review
Homework
Will it work if I “Preview”, but not “Book to Class” ?
Well, yes, maybe, but…
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND
BASIC CONCEPTS
Objectives
• Identify the unique thermodynamics vocabulary.
• Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.
• Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such
as system, state, state postulate, equilibrium,
process, and cycle.
• Review temperature, temperature scales, pressure,
and absolute and gage pressure.
• Introduce an intuitive systematic problem-solving
technique and the format of homework solution.
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Application Areas of Thermodynamics
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1-1 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
• Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• thermodynamics stems from therme
(heat) and dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another (transform) but
the total amount of energy remains
constant.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
The first law asserts that energy is a Energy cannot be created
thermodynamic property. or destroyed; it can only
change forms (the first law).
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• The second law of thermodynamics:
It asserts that energy has quantity as well as
quality.
Actual processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy.
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1-2 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• Primary or fundamental dimensions
Basic dimensions, such as
mass m,
length L,
time t,
temperature T
• secondary or derived dimensions
such as
velocity V,
energy E,
volume V
are expressed in terms of the primary dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
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•
Copyright O McGraw-Hill Education All rignts reserved No reproduction
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Education
103
volume: V = 200 mL = 0.2 L = 200 cm3
10‘4 yotta, Y
10* zetta, Z
10‘ exa, E
10 ^ peta, P
10 ** tera, T
LO giga, G
106 mega, M
• English system: It has no apparent 10*
10*
kilo, k
hecto, h
systematic numerical base, and various units 10
LO
deka, da
deci, d
in this system are related to each other 10" 2
10-^
centi, c
mi1Ii, m
rather arbitrarily. 10 6
10—’
micro, p
nano, n
10 * 2 pico, p
10 —!5 fernto, f
10 —!8 atto, a
10- 2‘ zepto, z
10—2^ yocto, y
Some SI and English Units
Force
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Some SI and English Units
Energy (such as Work)
Work = Force Distance
1 joule (J) = 1 N∙m
1 calorie (cal) = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
Power = Energy/Time
1 watt (W) = 1 J/s
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W
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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
• Every term in an equation must have the same unit.
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless, and thus
such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently into any
calculation to properly convert units.
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1-3 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The region outside the system
• Boundary (------): The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its surroundings.
fixed or
movable.
• Systems may be considered to be
closed or
open. piston-cylinder device
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1-4 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Property: Any characteristic of a system, such as
pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m, etc.
Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
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1-5 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density
Specific volume
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1-6 STATE AND EQUILIBRIUM
• State: Condition of a system
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states.
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The State Postulate
• The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties.
•
State Postulate : number of properties required to fix the state of a system.
Process Diagram
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Temperature Scales
• All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states
such as the freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the
steam point.
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air
saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
• Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in
equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
• Celsius scale: in SI unit system
• Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.
Kelvin scale (SI)
Rankine scale (E)
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Some basic pressure gages.
• Absolute pressure: The actual pressure (relative to absolute
vacuum)
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THE BAROMETER AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus, the
atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• standard atmosphere: Pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm (= h)
in height at 0°C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration
(g = 9.807 m/s2).
Barometer
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PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
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