Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Graphene-based tunable infrared multi band absorber

Shobhit K. Patel a , Vishal Sorathiya a , Zen Sbeah b , Sunil Lavadiya a , Truong Khang Nguyen c,d ,∗,
Vigneswaran Dhasarathan c,d ,∗
a
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Marwadi University, Gujarat, Rajkot, 360003, India
b
Department of Information Communication and Technology, Marwadi University, Gujarat, Rajkot, 360003, India
c
Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
d
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In this article, the Minkowski shaped tunable metamaterial absorber (MMA) is proposed in near-infrared
Perfect absorption wavelength and it is varied between 1200 nm and 1600 nm. The tunable absorber shows 99% of the absorption
Graphene response and its bandwidth can also be varied by different chemical potential of the graphene sheet, which
Metamaterial
can be controlled by external biasing voltage. In addition, the various physical parameters of the MMA such as
Tunable
silica substrate height, multiple graphene silica layer, and resonator height are numerically investigated. The
RLC equivalent circuit model is also observed to study the resonance behaviour over the given wavelength
range. The tunable behaviour of the proposed structure paves the way for various fields of biosensor, solar
absorption, and optical communication.

1. Introduction Recently, graphene-based metamaterial absorber has attracted ex-

The terahertz (THz) technology has made notable progress in recent
years for the development of devices such as source [1], detector [2],
waveguides [3]. The scientific research of practical aspects of ap-
plications was also discussed [4,5]. For the further development of
high-frequency wave, there is an outrageous demand for the numerical
and experimental investigation of devices such as polarizer [6,7], ab-
sorber [8]. This research is actively helpful in the potential application
in sensors [9], imaging systems [10], short and long-range wireless
communication [11]. To design such type of devices, the naturally
available materials and artificially created materials is significantly
employed. The artificially created material is known as metamaterials
(MMs). It is difficult to achieve strong frequency selective THz ab-
sorption and manipulated THz frequency detection with natural type
material based on microfabrication facility [12,13]. While MMs will
provide the manipulation of the physical parameters such as permittiv-
ity, permeability for the wide range of frequency [14,15]. Firstly Landy
et al. have introduced the perfect metamaterials absorber (MMA) for
the GHz frequency [16]. This research has attracted extensive attention
in the domain of perfect absorption and THz detection. Since these
findings, many researchers are inspired to develop a wide range of
THz [17], mid-infrared [18,19], near infrared [20], and visible spec-
trum [21] absorbers. Primarily, THz absorber is used in applications
like photovoltaic, photodetector, emitter, and sensors [22].
tensively in research because of its properties like clocking [23], a
negative value of refractive index [24], subwavelength imaging [25].
Graphene also offers exciting properties such as flexibility, high con-
ductivity, optical transparency, and high electron mobility [26–28].
The monolayer graphene sheet also provides a low loss surface resis-
tance at far-infrared and terahertz frequency [29]. Over the past few
years, ultrathin graphene is used to control the absorption and trans-
mission for the electromagnetic wave [3,30–33]. A graphene-based
structure can be illustrated as a perfect absorber using the dielec-
tric substrate material [29,34]. The conductivity of the monolayered
graphene-based structure can be controlled by varying different phys-
ical parameters such as frequency, temperature, chemical potential,
and scattering rate [35]. The tunability of the transmission through
the stacked graphene layer separated by a dielectric layer is reported
in [30,36]. And in [37,38], the amplitude of transmission can be
controlled by changing the external biased voltage. Similar tunability
of transmission phenomena for controlling the short-band and wide-
band absorption of the THz wave is reported in [33,39,40]. From this
survey, it is possible to design the application-specific wideband and
narrow-band perfect absorber with tunable behaviour of the transmis-
sion control. It is also possible to control the resonance frequency at
every absorption point by stacking the graphene layers, each separated
by a dielectric material.

∗ Corresponding authors at: Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh
City, 700000, Vietnam.
E-mail addresses: nguyentruongkhang@tdtu.edu.vn (T.K. Nguyen), vigneswaran.d@tdtu.edu.vn (V. Dhasarathan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126109
Received 27 March 2020; Received in revised form 17 May 2020; Accepted 24 May 2020
Available online 26 May 2020
0030-4018/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Inspired by the above theory and investigation, the Minkowski chemical potential of the graphene sheet. The values of 𝜇c have been
shaped tunable graphene-based metamaterial absorption is designed considered in this range as it allows to change the external potential
and numerically investigated for near-infrared wavelength. The Vg up to 200 V range [45]. Recently, we have derived the relationship
Minkowski shape is considered as a promising structure for types of ra- between the chemical potential and external voltage. The graphical
diating devices [41–43]. The primary reason for considering Minkowski representation of the variation of external biasing potential (Vg) for
shape is for generating multiple resonances which has been discussed the different values of 𝜇c is presented in [45]. From the analysis of
using mirror shape structure in all the directions [41]. Because of the the graph, we have concluded that the variation in chemical potential
multiple fractals structure in the proposed absorber which generates between 0 to 1 eV allows us to change the external voltage in the range
multiple resonance peaks between 1200 nm to 1600 nm region. The
of 0–200 V. The relationship between the external bias voltage and the
numerical results of the proposed structure are derived from 1200 nm √
graphene chemical potential can be given as 𝜇𝑐 = ℏ𝑣𝐹 𝜋𝐶𝑉𝑔 ∕𝑒 [44].
to 1600 nm wavelength range of the infrared spectrum. The proposed
In the multi-layered graphene absorber structure (Fig. 1(c), Fig. 1 (we)
designs the operating wavelength which comes under the second and
and Fig. 1(f)) the external biasing voltages are same as applied in the
the third window of the optical-based devices and offers minimum at-
configuration mentioned in Fig. 1(a). The Transverse electric mode of
tenuation loss. Concerning specific application, the proposed absorber
is studied for many optical and photonic applications such as an ampli- the wave is excited from the top of the MMA structure, as shown in
fier, sensor, biomedical devices, grating structure. The absorption and Fig. 1(a). The refractive index of the silica material is chosen as 1.45
the other physical parameters of the proposed Minkowski metamaterial and the refractive index properties of the Ag is chosen from the data
absorber can be controlled by varying the external applied voltage of given in [46].
the graphene surface. Also, the analysis of effective refractive indices,
the current and field distribution of these resonance frequencies are
3. Graphene conductivity and RLC equivalent circuit model
investigated to understand the resonance behaviour of the structure.
The design of the MMA structure with all the physical specification is
presented in Section 2. The graphene conductivity model and circuit The graphene conductivity depends on the various parameters such
theory approach for the resonance behaviour is presented in Section 3. as temperature, chemical potential, scattering rate, and frequency.
The finite element method (FEM) based simulation analysis of the In this work, it mainly focused with function of the surface con-
MMAs structures, along with the current and field distribution results, ductivity of the graphene sheet. The 𝜀 (𝜔) is the permittivity of the
are shown in Section 4. Finally, conclusions and remarks are given in graphene sheet [47] which is represented in Eq. (1). Whereas Eqs. (2)–
Section 5. (4) [28] presents the graphene conductivity 𝜎𝑠 communicated by Kubo
equation. The tunability of the proposed safeguard structure can be
2. Minkowski shaped perfect absorber constrained by various estimations of outside biasing Vg as referenced
in Fig. 1(a). The proposed structure is likewise dissected for the multi
The schematic view of the MMA and its different view are shown in layered graphene structures.
Fig. 1. Fig. 1(a) shows the 3D view of the primary structure. The ground
𝜎𝑠
material is set as silver. On top of the ground plane, arrangement of 𝜀 (𝜔) = 1 + (1)
different layers and shapes illustrated in Fig. 1(b)–(f) are investigated 𝜀0 𝜔𝛥
for the different physical parameters. Fig. 1(b) shows the combination 𝜎𝑠 = 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 (2)
of silica and the Minkowski shaped silver array on the top of the ( ( 𝜇𝑐 ))
−𝑗𝑒2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 𝜇𝑐 −
ground plane. The sheet of the single-layer graphene is placed on the 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 = + 2 ln 𝑒 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 + 1 (3)
𝜋ℏ2 (𝜔 − 𝑗2𝛤 ) 𝑘𝐵 𝑇
top of the silica-silver arrangement, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Similarly, ( | | )
−𝑗𝑒2 2 |𝜇𝑐 | − (𝜔 − 𝑗2𝛤 ) ℏ
Fig. 1(c) shows the proposed structure by placing an extra graphene 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ln (4)
4𝜋ℏ 2 ||𝜇𝑐 || + (𝜔 − 𝑗2𝛤 ) ℏ
layer on the top of the ground plane. The third structure is designed by
sandwiching a silica layer between top Minkowski silver and ground Here, 𝜔 is radian frequency, 𝛤 is scattering rate, ℏ and 𝑘B are is
silver layer. The reason for considering the double layer of the silver Planck’s constant and Boltzmann’s constant respectively. Here, 𝜇c is
(Ag) is to generate the multiple resonances using fractal shape and varied between 0.2 eV to 1 eV, the value of electron relaxation time 𝜏 −1
also, the top layer of Ag provides the impedance transformation to is considered as 10−13 s (𝜏 −1 = 𝛤 ), the value of temperature 𝑇 = 300 K.
achieve the perfect absorption. In the same manner, the silica helps The proposed structure is numerically investigated based on Equivalent
to generate the multiple dipole moment, which helps to improve the R–L–C circuit model [48]. The resistance R and inductance L are in-
resonance for the proposed wavelength range. The multiple silica and duced by the metal; meanwhile, capacitance C is caused due to the gaps
graphene layers can generate tunable absorption band by controlling
between the metals. The normalized impedance is mentioned in Eqs.
the chemical potential of the graphene sheet. We have derived that
(5)–(6). The equivalent circuit model and the normalized impedance
for the multiple layers of the graphene silica, the absorption band is
response of the absorber structure for over 1200 nm to 1600 nm is
wider for the higher chemical potential of the graphene sheet. This is
shown in Fig. 2.
because of the strong confinement of the energy at the specific point of
(√ )
the wavelength and chemical potential of the graphene sheet. A sheet of 𝜔𝜇0 ( √ )2
𝑍1 = 𝑗 √ × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜔 𝜇0 𝜀𝑠 − 𝑘20 sin2 𝜃𝑡𝑔 (5)
graphene is placed over the top of the silica layer, as shown in Fig. 1(d). ( √ )2
2 2
While Fig. 1(e) and Fig. 1(f) are designed and analysed for the two and 𝜔 𝜇0 𝜀𝑠 − 𝑘0 sin 𝜃
three layers of graphene and silica, respectively. Fig. 1(g) shows the top 1 1 1 1
view of the MMA structure. The dimensions of the proposed absorber = + + (6)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑔 𝑍𝑚 𝑍1
structure are: Overall length and width (W) are set as 2 μm, Length of
the square Minkowski fractal box (wg) is 0.3 μm, width of the square where graphene impedance Zg = 1∕𝜎𝑠 , 𝑍1 is the equivalent impedance
Minkowski fractal box (lg) is 0.3 μm, the gap between the two square of the silica surface, 𝑡𝑔 is the thickness of the silica substrate, 𝜀𝑠 is the
Minkowski fractal boxes (gp) is set as 0.3 μm, Height of silica and Au permittivity of the silica material, 𝑘0 is the free space wavenumber, 𝜃
(ha and hs) is set as 0.3 μm, and the size of the graphene sheet (GR) is is incidence angle, 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 is the refractive index of air space and
set as 1.5 μm. graphene material, 𝑍0 is air impedance (∼377 Ω), 𝑟 is the proposed
{ } { }
All the proposed structures are excited by external biasing voltage reflectance efficiency which is defined as 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍0 ∕𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛 +
Vg as mentioned in Fig. 1(a). The external biasing voltage controls the 𝑍0 .

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S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Fig. 1. Schematic of the Minkowski shaped tunable absorber. (a) 3-D view of the tunable absorber structure, (b) Top view of the absorber structure with single-layered graphene,
(c) Side view of the structure. The dimensions of the structures are: W = 2 μm, wg = 0.3 μm, lg = 0.3 μm, gp = 0.3 μm,
√ ha and hs = 0.3 μm, gh = 0.2 μm and GR = 1.5 μm. External
applied Voltage denoted as Vg for the graphene sheet. The relation between 𝜇𝑐 and 𝑉𝑔 are presented by 𝜇𝑐 = ℏ𝑣𝐹 𝜋𝐶𝑉 𝑔∕𝑒 [44]. Fermi potential can vary between 0.2 eV to 1
eV.

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit model of the proposed single-layered graphene absorber structure. (a) Generalized Resistive, inductive and capacitive component-based circuit
representation. (c) Normalized impedance (𝑍 = 𝑍𝑖𝑛∕𝑍0) response for the TE mode of excitation.

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S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Fig. 3. Normalized in graphene conductivity for the different values of 𝜇𝑐 . Real part of the normalized graphene conductivity (𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ∕𝜎0 ) for the different chemical potential (a)
𝜇𝑐 = 0.2 eV, (c) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV, (e) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.6 eV, (g) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.8 eV and (i) 𝜇𝑐 = 1 eV. Imaginary part of the normalized graphene conductivity (𝜎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 ∕𝜎0 ) for the different chemical potential
(b) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.2 eV, (d) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV, (f) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.6 eV, (h) 𝜇𝑐 = 0.8 eV and (j) 𝜇𝑐 = 1 eV.

4. Numerical results

4.1. Effect of graphene conductivity on absorption

The graphene conductivity approach indicates to control the permit-

tivity of the single-layer surface of the graphene by applying various
external parameters such as frequency, chemical potential, scattering
rate, and temperature. However, graphene conductivity offers minor
changes in these parameters in the infrared frequency. Fig. 3 shows
the real and imaginary part of the normalized graphene conductivity
(𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 ∕𝜎0 and 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∕𝜎0 ) variation at different values of chemical poten-
tial. It can be observed from the conductivity response that the real
part of the conductivity is increasing for the higher chemical potential
whereas the imaginary part of the conductivity does not vary linearly
for the higher chemical potential. A unique conductivity variation can Fig. 4. Absorption response for the MMA structure with single-layered graphene placed
over the Ag-Silica layer. (a) MMA structure (as proposed in Fig. 1(b)). (b) Absorption
be observed at the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV as compared to other values of 𝜇𝑐 .
amplitude response for the different values of the 𝜇𝑐 over 1200 nm to 1600 nm
For 𝜇𝑐 > 0.4 eV, 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 = 0 is observed for an imaginary part of the wavelength. Perfect absorption bands are: 1249 nm–1251 nm, 1437 nm–1440 nm,
conductivity (Fig. 3(f), (h) and (j)). 1445 nm–1449 nm and 1474 nm–1475 nm..

4.2. Absorption response of single-layer graphene silica structure

It is observed from the mathematical expression of the graphene

conductivity (Eqs. (2)–(4)) that for the higher chemical potential (𝜇𝑐 >
0.4 eV) the value of 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 becomes zero in terms of both real and
imaginary values. This can be graphically represented in the same
equation in Fig. 3. This condition shows that after the values of 𝜇𝑐 >
0.4 eV, another part 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 is solely responsible for the conductivity
variation. If we observe the equation of 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 , the denominator and
numerator part of the equation depends on the values of 𝜇𝑐 and 𝜔. This
ultimately indicates that these two parameters are responsible for the
variation of 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 term. These parameters make a possible variation in
absorption amplitude as the conductivity changes for the higher value
of 𝜇𝑐 . The same effect has been observed as different resonance peak
for the high infrared wavelength for the different values of 𝜇𝑐 . The
formula gives the intraband condition for varies of 𝜔−1 for the 𝜔 ≫ 𝛤 Fig. 5. Absorption response for the MMA structure with two-layered graphene sand-
condition. Due to that, the high infrared frequency for the specific wiched between Ag-Silica layer. (a) MMA structure (as proposed in Fig. 1(c)). (b) Ab-
values of chemical potential and the temperature, the abrupt change sorption amplitude response for the different values of the 𝜇𝑐 over 1200 nm to 1600 nm
can be possible [28]. wavelength. Perfect absorption bands are: 1203 nm–1204 nm, 1345 nm–1346 nm,
1453 nm–1455 nm and 1574 nm–1576 nm.
Secondly, we have considered the circuit theory approach to iden-
tify the different resonating region for the proposed absorber structure.
Fig. 2 shows the different resonating point of the proposed MMA
structure based on circuit theory approach. From the circuit theory values of the frequency and physical parameters of the structure. As
approach, multiple resonance points can be generated for different a result, the circuit theory approach leads us to the multiple resonating

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S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al.
Fig. 6. Absorption response for the MMA structure with single-layered graphene
sandwiched between separate Ag and silver layer. (a) MMA structure (as proposed
in Fig. 1(d)). (b) Absorption amplitude response for the different values of the 𝜇𝑐 over
1200 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect absorption bands are: 1320 nm–1321 nm,
1378 nm–1379 nm, 1397 nm–1398 nm, 1460 nm–1461 nm and 1531 nm–1542 nm.
Fig. 7. Absorption response for the MMA structure with two layers of graphene and
silica. (a) MMA structure (as proposed in Fig. 1(e)). (b) Absorption amplitude response
for the different values of the 𝜇𝑐 over 1200 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect
absorption bands are: 1217 nm–1220 nm, 1247 nm–1248 nm, 1265 nm–1266 nm,
1311 nm–1316 nm, 1367 nm–1368 nm, 1393 nm–1402 nm, 1420 nm–1428 nm,
1472 nm–1475 nm and 1572 nm–1573 nm.
behaviour of the structure and graphene chemical potential shows us
the variation in the absorption peak at the resonating points. With
these approaches, we have observed the multiple resonance peaks for
the different values of the wavelength. Fig. 4(b) reflects the absorption
amplitude response of the proposed structure shown in Fig. 4(a) for the
different values of the graphene chemical potential and wavelength.
Fig. 4(a) is the single-layered graphene silica-silver structure as pre-
sented in Fig. 1(b). The absorption response of the double-layered
graphene structure (Fig. 1(c)) is shown in Fig. 5(b). In Fig. 5(b) the
multiple narrow resonance peaks have been observed. Very narrow
band peaks have been observed between 1200 nm–1300, 1450 nm–
1600 nm. The stacked layered of the both Ag layer gives narrower band
absorption peaks as compared to the other proposed MMA structures.
It is observed that the absorption band of the proposed MMA structure
increases after 𝜇𝑐 > 0.4 eV as shown in Fig. 4. The effect of the
absorption to increase is due to the variation in the conductivity of the
graphene material after the 𝜇𝑐 > 0.4 eV in the 𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 term as shown in
Fig. 3. The same effects of the absorption variation can be observed in
the two-layer and three layers of the graphene silica structure.
4.3. Absorption response of the multi-layer graphene silica structure
The absorption amplitude response for the single-layer graphene
sandwiched between silica and Minkowski MMA structure is shown in
Fig. 6(b). Similarly, the absorption amplitude response for two-layer
and three-layer silica graphene MMA structure is shown in Fig. 7(b)
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Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109
Fig. 8. Absorption response for the MMA structure with three layers of graphene and
silica. (a) MMA structure (as proposed in Fig. 1(f)). (b) Absorption amplitude response
for the different values of the 𝜇𝑐 over 1200 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect
absorption bands are: 1211 nm–1220 nm, 1326 nm–1350 nm, 1353 nm–1374 nm,
1378 nm–1393 nm, 1408 nm–1445 nm, 1556 nm–1561 nm and 1580 nm–1581 nm.
Fig. 9. Absorption variation for the different values of the gap between square boxes
of Minkowski. (a) Top view of the MMA structure. (b) Absorption amplitude response
for the different values of the Gap (gp) over 1500 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect
absorption bands are: 1480 nm–1484 nm, 1487 nm–1492 nm, 1498 nm–1504 nm,
1509 nm–1518 nm, 1576 nm–1577 nm.
and Fig. 8(b) respectively. The derived absorption response is tunable
for the different values of the chemical potential and wavelength. It is
observed that for the higher value of the graphene chemical potential,
the absorption bandwidth is higher while for the lower chemical poten-
tial, the absorption bandwidth is lower. The variation in the bandwidth
is observed at multiple resonance points over the proposed wavelength
spectrum. It can be observed from all the absorption responses that
the multi-layered graphene structure shows a wide band absorption
response. The tunability to control the bandwidth of absorption is
also higher for the multi-layered MMA structure as compared to the
single-layer MMA structure.
It is observed that there is a variation in the absorption amplitude
for the different geometric parameters such as the gap between two
squared boxes in the Minkowski shape (gp), the height of the silica
(ha), the height of the top silver (ht). The amplitude of the absorption
is varying for the different values of the gap between two squared
boxes, as shown in Fig. 9. The middle wavelength is set at 1550 nm
to derive the variation in absorption for different values of the gap
between the boxes. It is clear from the response presented in Fig. 9
that the resonance wavelength can be controlled by changing the values
of the gap between the squared boxes. Similarly, the variation in the
absorption of the different height value of Ag and silica are presented in
Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 respectively. It is observed from Figs. 10 and 11 that
the resonance peaks are shifted over 1500 nm to 1600 nm wavelength
range for the different values of the silver height and silica height. The
differential value of the height results can be compared in terms of the
variation in the RLC equivalent circuit. Ultimately, the variation in RLC
S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Fig. 10. Absorption variation for the different height values of the top Ag layer.
(a) Side view of the MMA structure. (b) Absorption amplitude response for the
different values of the height (ht) over 1400 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect
absorption bands are: 1458 nm–1465 nm, 1499 nm–1510 nm, 1513 nm–1522 nm,
1531 nm–1564 nm, 1581 nm–1582 nm and 1594 nm–1593 nm.

Fig. 12. Electric field (𝐸z ) and surface current density response for the different values
of the graphene chemical potential and wavelength. The single graphene layered MMA
is (as shown in Fig. 1(d)) is considered for the electric field response. Height of the
top Ag layer set as 400 μm. (a) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.2 eV and wavelength = 1538 nm.
(b) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV and wavelength = 1460 nm. (c) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.6 eV and
wavelength = 1395 nm. (d) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 1 eV and wavelength = 1315 nm.

Fig. 11. Absorption variation for the different height values of the middle silica
layer. (a) Side view of the MMA structure. (b) Absorption amplitude response for the
different values of the silica height (ha) over 1400 nm to 1600 nm wavelength. Perfect
absorption bands are: 1400 nm to 1402 nm, 1407 nm–1409 nm, 1417 nm–1435 nm,
1472 nm–1476 nm and 1488 nm–1506 nm.

component of the circuit also varies the resonance peak. It is observed

that the selection of resonance peaks is possible by changing the height
of the MMA structure.

4.4. Comparative analysis

A comparative analysis of the proposed structures is shown in

Table 1. The designs are compared in terms of the type of structures,
graphene chemical potential, numbers of resonating point, minimum
resonating wavelength, maximum resonating wavelength, centre res-
onating wavelength, and bandwidth. The data in Table 1 is considered
for the values of absorption of more than 85%. It is observed from
Table 1 that the lower chemical potential offers the relatively small
absorption bandwidth as compared to the higher chemical potential.
It is also observed that the multiple graphene silica structure offers Fig. 13. Electric field (𝐸z ) and surface current density response for the different values
multiple narrow-band regions. of the top layer Ag height (ht) and wavelength. The single graphene layered MMA is
(as shown in Fig. 1(d)) is considered for the electric field response. 𝜇𝑐 of the graphene
The comparative analysis of the previously published results with
as 0.6 eV. (a) 𝐸z for the ℎ𝑡 = 400 μm and wavelength = 1510 nm. (b) 𝐸z for the
the proposed structure has been shown in Table 2. The comparative ℎ𝑡 = 600 μm and wavelength = 1530 nm. (c) 𝐸z for the ℎ𝑡 = 800 μm and wavelength
analysis is carried based on the dimensions of the structure, operating = 1540 nm.
wavelength, maximum absorption value, materials, and types of the
layered structure. It is observed that the graphene-based and non-
graphene-based structure gives a similar absorption peaks. Most of wavelength. It is observed from the electric field intensity response
the comparative work offers the wideband absorption response while
that the resonating mode and the field intensity are not unique for the
the proposed design offers both narrowband and wideband type of
multiple resonating points. The resonating dipole is also changing for
absorption response. The proposed structure also is designed using
the different values of the chemical potential and the wavelength. It
simple graphene silica structures.
shows that for a particular wavelength, the middle box of the shape
4.5. Resonating electric field and temperature effect resonates. The outer box is also resonating for the different values
of wavelength and chemical potential. The dipole moment is also
Fig. 12 shows the Electric field intensity (𝐸z ) and surface current generated according to the resonating area and surfaces. The response
density response to the different values of the chemical potential and to the different values of the gap between the box and the height of

6
S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Table 1
Comparative analysis of the proposed absorber structure for the different physical parameters.
Structure μ𝒄 (eV) No of Resonating Min Wavelength Max Wavelength Peak Wavelength Absorption
Point (nm) (nm) (nm) bandwidth (nm)
1320.0 1321.0 1320.5 1.00
0.40 2
1379.0 1380.0 1379.5 1.00
One layer graphene silica
0.60 2 1320.0 1321.0 1320.5 1.00
1535.5 1539.5 1537.5 4.00
1312.5 1314.5 1313.5 2.00
1367.0 1368.0 1367.5 1.00
0.40 5
1394.0 1395.0 1394.5 1.00
1399.0 1401.5 1400.3 2.50
1422.0 1428.0 1425.0 6.00
Two layer
graphene silica 1219.0 1220.0 1219.5 1.00
1312.0 1314.0 1313.0 2.00
0.60 5
1366.5 1367.5 1367.0 1.00
1397.5 1401.5 1399.5 4.00
1421.5 1427.0 1424.3 5.50
1217.0 1219.5 1218.3 2.50
1331.0 1334.5 1332.8 3.50
1340.0 1345.0 1342.5 5.00
0.40 8 1360.0 1364.5 1362.3 4.50
1370.5 1373.0 1371.8 2.50
1378.5 1380.0 1379.3 1.50
1430.5 1439.0 1434.8 8.50
1461.0 1462.0 1461.5 1.00
Three layer
graphene silica 1216.5 1218.5 1217.5 2.00
1330.0 1334.5 1332.3 4.50
1339.5 1346.5 1343.0 7.00
0.60 8 1358.0 1365.0 1361.5 7.00
1370.0 1373.5 1371.8 3.50
1378.0 1382.0 1380.0 4.00
1418.0 1420.5 1419.3 2.50
1429.0 1438.5 1433.8 9.50

Table 2
Comparative analysis of the proposed design with the other previously published research.
References Type of layer Dimensions of a unit cell Material Operating band (μm) Maximum Absorption
This work SL and ML 2 × 2 × 0.5 μm3 G–S–Ag 1.2–1.6 99%
[49] SL 2.5 × 2.5 × 0.3 μm3 G–S–D 20–40 20%
[20] ML 0.32 × 0.9 × 0.8 μm3 D–M 1.4–1.7 90%
[50] ML 0.104 × 0.052 × 0.16 μm3 M 0.4–0.6 97%
[51] SL 0.3 × 0.5 μm2 Au 1.8–2.4 ∼95%
[3] ML 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.74 μm3 D–M–Au 9-14.0 99%
[52] SL 0.48 × 0.48 × 0.3 μm3 M–T–S–Ag 0.7–1 ∼95%
[53] ML 70 × 70 × 72 μm3 Al–D 150–200 ∼98%
[54] SL – Al–D–Au 1.6–3 ∼99%
[55] ML 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 μm3 D–Au–MgF2 1.36–2.14 99%
[56] SL 0.09 × 0.05 × 0.09 μm3 M–D–Ag 2.4–3.2 98%
G—graphene, S—silica, D dielectric, M metal, Au—gold, Al—aluminium, Ag—silver, SLsingle layer, ML multi-layer

the silver layer is shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14. It is observed that the
resonating mode and the dipole moment are different in all the cases.
The relative number of the resonating points over the proposed
wavelength range is higher in the multi-layered graphene silica struc-
ture. The relative resonating electric field responses for two-layer and
three-layer graphene silica MMA structure is shown in Fig. 15 and
Fig. 16 respectively. Side view of Figs. 15 and 16 shows the resonating
dipole moment of the second and third layers. It is found that the
multiple layers create high intense dipole moments across the edges
of the graphene. This will increase the concentration of power for a
particular wavelength. Fig. 17 shows the absorption spectrum of the
single-layered graphene structure for the different temperature value
of the graphene sheet. It is observed that the temperature variation of
the graphene sheet does not affect the absorption value. The proposed
MMA structures provide the tunability over the wide range of the
graphene chemical potential. All the numerical results are concluded
that the resonance bandwidth of the absorption is properly controlled
by the various physical and geometrical parameters for the MMA
structures. The proposed MMA can be applicable for the infrared sensor
for optical communication as well as for biomedical applications.
5. Conclusion
Graphene assisted Minkowski shaped metamaterial absorber has
been numerically investigated for the near-infrared frequency region.
The proposed structure has been investigated for the single-layered and
multi-layered graphene silica structures. The absorption behaviour of
the proposed structures has been investigated for different values of the
graphene chemical potential. Narrowband and wideband absorption
response is observed over the wavelength range of 1200 nm to 1600
nm. It is reported 99% absorption response over the multiple resonance
wavelengths for all the proposed structure of the MMA. The equivalent
RLC circuit model is investigated for the proposed MMA structure to
analyse the resonance behaviour over the near-infrared wavelength. It
is also observed that the resonance bandwidth can be controlled, using
different values of the chemical potential. We have also investigated
the response of the MMA for the different physical parameters like
variation in silica height, silver height, etc. The physical parameters
can control the absorption bandwidth and resonance wavelength. The
proposed structure can be used as an important component in the

7
S.K. Patel, V. Sorathiya, Z. Sbeah et al. Optics Communications 474 (2020) 126109

Fig. 16. Electric field (𝐸z ) and surface current density response for the three-layer
graphene MMA structure. The three-layered graphene MMA is (as shown in Fig. 1(f))
is consider for the electric field response. (a) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV and wavelength =
1438 nm. (b) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.6 eV and wavelength = 1350 nm.

Fig. 14. Electric field (𝐸z ) and surface current density response for the different values
of the gap between square and wavelength. The single graphene layered MMA is (as
shown in Fig. 1(d)) is considered for the electric field response. 𝜇𝑐 of the graphene
as 0.6 eV. (a) 𝐸z for the 𝑔𝑝 = 400 μm and wavelength = 1500 nm. (b) 𝐸z for the
𝑔𝑝 = 600 nm and wavelength = 1510 nm.

Fig. 17. Variation in the temperature for the one of proposed MMA structure (Fig. 1(d))
for the different values of the frequency. 𝜇𝑐 is set for 0.8 eV for this response.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Shobhit K. Patel: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodol-

ogy, Writing - original draft. Vishal Sorathiya: Conceptualization,
Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing - original draft. Zen Sbeah:
Data curation, Resources, Software. Sunil Lavadiya: Data curation,
Resources, Software. Truong Khang Nguyen: Funding acquisition,
Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review &
editing. Vigneswaran Dhasarathan: Funding acquisition, Project ad-
ministration, Supervision, Validation, Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement
Fig. 15. Electric field (𝐸z ) and surface current density response for the two-layer
graphene MMA structure. The two-layered graphene MMA is (as shown in Fig. 1(e)) is Authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Mar-
considered for the electric field response. (a) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.4 eV and wavelength = wadi University, Rajkot and Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam for
1480 nm. (b) 𝐸z for the 𝜇𝑐 = 0.6 eV and wavelength = 1400 nm.
this research.

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