Photovoltaic assisted Excitation Control of 1-phase
Dual winding Induction Generator for wind-based
Microgeneration
Arunava Chatterjee and Debashis Chatterjee
Department of Electrical Engineering
Jadavpur University
Kolkata, India
arunava7.ju@gmail.com, debashisju@yahoo.com
Abstract—Off-grid power generation from renewable source
like wind has been a topic of recent research. This paper
proposes a simple control strategy for single phase, dual stator
winding induction generator for grid secluded, domestic
application. The induction generator consists of a control
winding fed from a Photovoltaic (PV) panel and single phase
inverter. A storage battery is used which adds to the reliability of
the scheme. The load is fed from the power winding. The two
windings are decoupled from each other which make the control
flexible. The proposed control accounts for steady load voltage
with constant frequency operation with change in loads or rotor
speeds. The proposed generation scheme along with the control is
made uncomplicated keeping in mind the cost requirement and
effectiveness. Suitable simulation and experimental analysis sums
up the viability of the proposed concept.
Keywords— single phase induction generator; dual stator
winding; wind power; photovoltaic panel; hybrid excitation
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of renewable power source like wind and solar
energy has become vital with increase in global energy
demand. It is also of great significance with the soaring costs
associated with use of fossil fuels. Wind energy is widely allied
for power generation in grid connected generation schemes. In
a developing country, generation of power from wind is also of
great importance in grid isolated applications. This is because
remote and country-side electrification is difficult to establish
with higher cost of transmission lines and associated losses. A
suitable standalone renewable source of generation can be used
for grid isolated applications keeping in mind these limitations.
Due to intermittent nature of wind and uncontrollable speeds,
wind energy generation systems require proper design and
control. Induction generators coupled to wind turbines are
mostly associated with generation of power from wind [1] –
[4]. Single phase induction machines running as generators can
be used to supply domestic loads, as most of the domestic loads
are single phase. In available literatures, three phase induction
generators as well as single phase induction generators were
successfully implemented for generation of domestic power.
Single phase induction generators schemes were
implemented using single phase induction machines [5] – [7].
The financial assistance obtained from Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), India; to carry out this research work is gratefully
acknowledged.
978-1-4799-4445-3/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Most of the reported self excited induction generator schemes
suffer from the problem of voltage regulation. This is due to
the fact that these generators are solely dependent on fixed
terminal capacitors for generation and when load increases or
the wind speed changes, the variable reactive power demand
can no longer be supplied. Inverter assisted single phase
induction generator schemes are also reported [8] – [9] in
literatures. This improves the voltage regulation; however issue
of load voltage collapse may still arise if load increases, as a
single battery may drain out with increase in load demand. A
suitable closed loop scheme with backup power is thus
necessary. Electronic load controllers were used previously to
keep the output power constant with variable terminal loads
[10]. The control strategy uses a specially designed dump load,
along with dc link capacitor which increases the overall outlay
of the system. Three phase induction machines operating as
single phase induction generators are recently becoming
popular too [11] – [15].
Single phase induction generators are best suited with
simple control schemes, which will not only make it easy to
operate but also affordable. In this paper, a dual stator winding
induction generator scheme is proposed which is similar to a
single phase induction generator. A hybrid excitation scheme is
used for its operation. A fixed capacitor is used which builds
up the initial excitation for the proposed generator at nominal
rotor speeds and no-load conditions across one winding. A PV
panel excited single phase inverter assembly is used for
variable excitation connected across the other winding. This
will supply the excessive load demands or during wind speed
variations. The PV panel along with a storage battery is used as
the dc bus of the single phase inverter. Description of the
proposed system is provided in the next section.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
A single phase induction machine is used for the proposed
generation scheme. The auxiliary and the main windings of the
machine separated out. The machine’s main winding terminals
are then connected to a suitable valued fixed capacitor of which
will provide the initial VAr required for generation at nominal
rotor speed and no-load conditions. As the machine starts to
generate, single phase loads can be connected across the main
winding terminals along with the terminal capacitor. The ψ dr = Lldr idr + Ldm (ids + idr ) (7)
auxiliary winding of the induction machine is connected to
inverter assembly. The inverter assembly has a dc bus
consisting of PV panel and a storage battery. During heavy ψ qr = Llqr iqr + Lqm (iqs + iqr ) (8)
loads or when the wind speed is insufficient for generation, the
inverter assembly provides the additional reactive power via
Where, ψds, ψqs, ψdr and ψqr are the stator and rotor d-axis and
the PV panels and storage battery. Additionally, the inverter
assembly also acts as a bidirectional converter aiding in power q-axis flux linkages respectively, Llds, Llqs, Lldr and Llqr are the
storage during surplus generation at low loads. The stator and rotor d-axis, q-axis leakage inductances and Ldm and
configuration of the proposed scheme is shown in Fig. 1. Lqm are the magnetizing inductances of d and q axes
respectively.
Now, when an R-L load is connected across the generator
main winding,

d
C vqs = −(iqs − iql ) (9)
dt

d
vqs = Rl iql + Ll iql + ωe Ll idl (10)
dt
Where, Rl, Ll, iql, idl and C are the load resistance, load
inductance, q and d axes load currents and the terminal
capacitor respectively. The inverter voltage equation can be
represented as,
Fig.1. Proposed generation scheme.
vds = s fn .vdcbus (11)
III. SYSTEM MODEL AND CONTROL
Where, vdcbus is the dc bus voltage of the inverter and Sfn is the
The single phase induction generator is modeled using the inverter switching function. The switching function is
generalized d-q-axes machine model in synchronously rotating dependent on load voltage and magnitude of modulation. The
reference frame having speed ωe as [16], induction generator equivalent circuit can be formed using the
above mentioned equations in d-q axes synchronously rotating
d reference frame. Fig.2. shows the equivalent circuit of the
vds = Rds ids + ψ ds − ωeψ qs (1) induction generator in d-q axes synchronously rotating
dt reference frame as obtained from the above equations.

d Rds ωeψ qs Llds Lldr (ωe − ωr )ψ qr Rdr

vqs = Rqs iqs + ψ qs + ωeψ ds (2)
dt
− + + −
s fn .vdcbus

vds ids idr

0 = Rdr idr +
d
ψ dr − (ωe − ωr )ψ qr (3) ψ ds Ldm ψ dr
dt

d
0 = Rqr iqr + ψ qr + (ωe − ωr )ψ dr (4) (a)
dt
Where, Rds, Rqs, are the d and q axis stator resistances, vds, vqs Rqs ωeψ ds Llqs Llqr (ωe − ωr )ψ dr Rqr
are the d-q-axis stator voltages, ids, iqs, idr and iqr are the stator
and rotor d-axis and q-axis currents respectively. Also, ωr is iql + − − +
the speed of the rotor.
Flux linkage relations can be expressed as, vqs iqs
ψ qs Lqm ψ qr iqr
ψ ds = Llds ids + Ldm (ids + idr ) (5)

ψ qs = Llqs iqs + Lqm (iqs + iqr ) (6) (b)

Fig.2. Proposed induction generator (a) d-axis and (b) q-axis equivalent circuit
 Since the proposed induction generator is intended to be IV. EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS
operated to cater domestic loads, a simple control strategy [15] A 200 W, 230 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, single phase, cage rotor
is adopted for its control. The control scheme involves induction machine is used as the single phase induction
controlling the inverter to provide stable voltage output. Since generator for laboratory experimental purposes. A dc shunt
variable excitation is provided through the inverter assembly, motor along with dc motor controller is used in place of a wind
the output of the generator will contain harmonics. Harmonic turbine as electrical prime mover. The detailed descriptions of
elimination technique is applied to remove the 3rd, 5th and 7th the experimental components are presented in Table I.
harmonics from the inverter output voltage with adjustment for
the fundamental component. The load voltage is kept steady TABLE I. EXPERIMENTAL COMPONENTS
using a closed loop load voltage controller. The load voltage
rms vLrms is sensed using a voltage sensor and compared to a Components Type Ratings
* Induction machine 1-ph., Cage rotor 200 W, 230 V, 50 Hz,
reference voltage v Lrms . The error is fed to a PI controller PI 1. 4-pole
* PV panel Monocrystalline 29.6 V, 8.6 A, 188 W peak
This is used as current reference iLrms . The sensed load current Sia
iLrms is compared with the reference load current. This current MOSFET (for single n-channel 900 V, 11 A
loop will act as limiter such that the winding current limit for phase Inverter)
the generator is not exceeded with an increase in load. The Gate driver (for Single gate 20 V (input)
error is fed to another PI controller PI 2. The output is used as single phase Inverter driver
modulation index reference md*. This is used to calculate the Storage Battery Rechargeable 6 V, 100 Ahc
switching angles for the inverter for generation of pulses. The Pbb-acid
Capacitor AC, Electrolytic 10 μF, 450 V AC
switching angles are calculated offline and are stored in a
microcontroller memory for online application. The inverter is
Current sensor Hall-effect 25 Atd, 5 V (input)
switched for constant frequency of 50Hz. The block diagram of
the proposed control scheme is shown in Fig.3. Hall-effect 0-500 V
Voltage sensor

Microcontroller unit Flash EEPROM 5 V DC (power supply)

DC motor (prime Shunt motor 110 V DC, 5 A, 1500 r/min

mover)
DC motor controller Solid state 110 V DC, 5 A
iL a
Si = Silicon, bPb = Lead, cAh = Ampere-hours, dAt = Ampere turns

Initially, the induction machine is started with a set

capacitor value of 10 µF as obtained by reactive power
v*Lrms balance technique [17]. The capacitor also reduces the reactive
iLrms m*d power requirement of the variable excitation source. As the set
i*Lrms reaches a cut-off speed of 1400 r/min, the generator starts to
−
vLrms
+

−
+

generate. As the generator acquires stable speed, the load can

Fig.3. Block diagram of the proposed control scheme. be switched on. The photograph of the experimental setup is
shown in Fig.5.

The variation of the switching angles with the modulation

index can be shown as given below in Fig. 4.

Fig.4. Plot for modulation index vs. switching angles for inverter output Fig.5. Photograph of experimental setup.
voltage.
 The speed of the induction machine is varied with the help
of the dc motor which is driven by a solid state dc motor
controller. The proposed control technique is studied for the
induction generator at no-load and rated load. With the
proposed control, the induction generator shows stable
terminal voltage at no-load and rated load than without the
proposed control technique as shown in Fig.6.

(b)

(c)
Fig.7. Proposed generator (a) simulated model schematic (b) waveform of load
current and (c) corresponding terminal voltage.

Similar experimental results were obtained when the induction

generator was loaded to rated value from half rated value. The
Fig.6. Plot showing terminal voltage variation with change in speed.
same is shown in the experimental waveforms of Fig. 8.
The proposed control technique also shows good voltage
regulation with change in rotor speeds. This is accounted for
the PV excited inverter. The storage battery also aids in
supplying the real power when the generation is not sufficient
to sustain a load. Thus the control scheme adds to the
reliability of the proposed generation scheme.
A simulation study was done using the same parameters of
the experimental induction machine with Matlab/Simulink
R2012b. The experimental and proposed results obtained are
found to be in good agreement. The simulated induction
generator as shown in Fig. 7(a) is first loaded at half rated load
and suddenly the load is increased from half rated to rated load
as shown in Fig. 7(b). It was however observed that the load
voltage remained almost stable with sudden increase in load as
shown in Fig. 7(c). Fig.8. Experimental waveform of load current (CH1), terminal voltage
(CH2).

The induction generator terminal voltage harmonic

spectrum is shown in Fig. 9. As observed, the overall total
harmonic distortion (THD) is within acceptable limits.

Fig.9. Harmonic spectrum for the generator terminal voltage.

(a)
 V. CONCLUSIONS
A dual stator winding single phase induction generator is
proposed with a hybrid excitation control scheme consisting of
a terminal capacitor and a single phase inverter, PV panel and
storage battery. The generator scheme can be easily fabricated
for remote and grid secluded applications with a wind turbine
for domestic microgeneration applications. The proposed
control strategy overcomes the problem of voltage and
frequency regulation effectively during load or wind speed
perturbations. Simulations and experiments performed in
support of the proposed scheme gives encouraging results. A
PV panel also aids in the operation of the induction generator
in isolation from the grid. The inverter harmonics can also be
effectively eliminated using the switching angle calculation.
The proposed generation and control scheme is thus a suitable
option for single phase power generation in grid secluded
areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is financially supported by the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, award: file
no.: 9/96(735)/2012-EMR-I.
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