r-

!,!ATER QUAL I TI'ANA LYSI S SI MU LAT I OM PROG RAN WAS P1

€3
AND

MODEL VERIFICATION PROGRAM (MVP)

I ON
DOCUF;1Ef\lTAT

DOMINIC[II DITORO
JAMES J FITZPATRICK
I

ROBERT V I THOFIANN
~ Y D R O S ICENCE, INC 1 j WESTWOOD, M J
m 07675

I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF
i CONTRACT No 68-01-3872
I

PROJECT OFFICER
W I L L I A M RICHARDSON
GROSSE I LE LABORATORY
.-L
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALRESEARCH CENTER
I
GROSSE ILE, r'IICHIGAN 48138
I
 ABSTRACT

A generalized water quality modeling program and a

model verification analysis program have been developed that

have application to a wide variety of water resource management
problems. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program,
WASP, may be applied to one, two, and three-dimensional

water bodies, and models may be structured to include linear

and non-linear kinetics. Depending upon the modeling framework
the user formulates, the user may choose, via input options,
to input constant or time-variable transport and kinetic
processes, as well as point and non-point waste discharges.
The Model Verification Program, MVP, may be used as an
indicator of "goodness of fit" or adequacy of the model as a
representation of the real world.
To date the water quality modeling program has been
applied to over twenty water resource management problems.
These applications have included one, two and three-
dimensional water bodies and a number of different physical,
chemical and biolo.gica1 modeling frameworks, such as BOD-DO,
eutrophication, and toxic substances.

I
 ,-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
F-

The authors are especially grateful to Bill Richardson

for his suggestions and assistance in implementing WASP and

MYP on the EPA computer systems, and for his hospitality
during their visits to Grosse Ile. The assistance provided

by Dennis Parrott and Steve Golius in implementing WASP and

MVP is also acknowledged.

Appreciation is given to the following Hydroscience
staff members who contributed to this project: Richard
Askins, for developing MVP; Richard Winfield, for his assis-
tance in implementing the LAKE 1 kinetics, in WASP, and the
verification data sets in MVP; Eric Ringewald, for assistance

in implementing WASP and MVP on the EPA COMNET system;

Kathleen Whartenby, for typing this document.
Recognition is also given Joan Nies for assisting in
editing this documentation report.

-:
1

i-

.. , . , .
.. . .
5
".

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number

ABSTRACT i
rl
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
p SUM-MARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
1
i
RECOMMENDATIONS 5

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 Background 7
i 1.2 WASP 8
1.3 Applications 10
1.4 Program Overview 37
References 42

CHAPTER 2 WASP THEORY 45

2.1 Mass Balance Equations 45

2.2 Finite Differences 47
2.3 Stability and Numerical Error 56
2.4 Computational Procedure 59
References 62
, -
I :-.. CHAPTER 3 WASP PROGRAM LOGIC 63
!I
F
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Time Variable Functions 64
3.3 Kinetic Data 67
i 3.4 Units 68
3.5 WASP Mainline and Subroutine 72
Overview
3.6 JASP Common 82
3.7 Writing (or Revising) a WASPB 95
Kinetic Subroutine
3.8 Example WASPB Kinetic Subroutine 98
References 110

CHAPTER 4 WASP INPUT STRUCTURE 111

4.1 Introduction 111

4.2 Input Data 115
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Page
Number

CHAPTER 5 MVP THEORY 167

5.1 Introduction 167

5.2 Statistical Theory 170
References 181

CHAPTER 6 MVP PROGRAM LOGIC 183

6.1 Introduction 183

6.2 IWP Mainline and Subroutine 185
Overview
6.3 MVP COMMON 189
6.4 MVP Analysis Overview, 195
Aggregation
CHAPTER 7 MVP INPUT STRUCTURE 199

7.1 Introduction 199

7.2 MVP Input 201
APPENDIX A WASP LISTINGS
A.l LAKEl Kinetic Subroutine
A. 2 WASP -LAKEl Input Data
A. 3 WASP -LAKE1 Output Results
IBM 370 JCL for Executing WASP
A. 4
A.5 DEC PDP Overlay Command File
for Taskbuilding WASP
APPEPJDIX B MVP LISTINGS
B.1
B.2
MVP
MVP
--LAKE1 Input Data
LAKE1 Output Results
B.3 IBM 370 JCL for Executing MVP
B.4 DEC PDP Overlay Command File
for Taskbuilding P4VP
 I
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
Number Number

1-1 SEGMENTATION MAP FOR THE WESTERN DELTA- 13

SUISUN BAY STUDY -
1- 2 SYSTEMS DIAGRAM FOR THE WESTERN DELTA- 14
SUISUN BAY STUDY

1-3 MODEL CALIBRATION, OBSERVED VS. COMPUTED 16

1- 4 SPATIAL SCALES USED IN THE LAKE ONTARIO 17

ANALYSIS

1-5 MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES INCLUDED IN THE 19

4.' LAKEl MODEL
i

1- 6 SYSTEMS DIAGRAM - LAKE1 MODEL -20

SYSTEMS DIAGRAM - UPDATED LAKE KINETICS

t
.I
1- 7 21

1-8 LAKElA MODEL CALIBRATION RESULTS (1972) 22

1" 9 LONG TERM CHLOROPHYLL 'a' CALIBRATION, 25

EPILIMNION
1-10 REGRESSION ANALYSES AND RELATIVE ERROR 26
ANALYSES OF LAKElA MODEL RESULTS VS. FIELD
DATA (CHLOROPHYLL)
1-11 MEDIAN RELATIVE ERROR ANALYSES OF LAKElA 27
MODEL FOR SEVERAL STATE-VARIABLES
1-12 STUDENT'S "t" TEST ANALYSES OF LAKE1 AND 29
LAKElA MODELS
1-13 ACID SPILL PROBLEM - LAB DATA VS MODEL 31
OUTPUT
 LIST OF FIGURES
(Continued)

Figure
Number
1-14 SPATIAL RIVER pH RESPONSE TO A 72 MINUTE
Page
Number
32
q
i

SPILL OF 96 PERCENT SULFURIC ACID AT 0.8

GPM
1-15 TEMPORAL RIVER pH RESPONSE TO A 72 MINUTE 33
SPILL OF 96 PERCENT SULFURIC ACID AT 0.8
GPM
1-16 SCHEMATIC OF MAJOR FEATURES IN PCB DISTRI- 34
BUTION THROUGHOUT FOOD CHAIN
1-17 TOTAL PCB AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS CALIBRATION 36
PROFILES (UPPER HUDSON RIVER)
1-18 LAND SIDE SIMULATOR - WASP SYSTEMS DIAGRAM 38

1-19 WASP/MVP PROGRAM OVERVIEW 40 ; i

I

2-1 COORDINATE SYSTEM AND INFINITESIMAL VOLUME 45

2-2 FINITE-DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATIONS 48

2- 3 FINITE-DIFFERENCE GRID 50

2-4 COMPLETELY MIXED FINITE SEGMENTS 53

2-5 CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS AND CHARACTERISTIC 55

LENGTHS
2-6 SECOND ORDER RUNGE - KUTTA METHOD 60
3-1 PIECEWISE LINEAR FUNCTIONS 66
3-2 SIMPLIFIED WAS15 - WASPB FLOW CHARTS 80
I ’-
3-3 SIMPLIFIED BOD-DO WASPB KINETIC SUBROUTINE 101
(VERSION I)
3-4 SIMPLIFIED BOD-DO WASPB KINETIC SUBROUTINE 106
(VERSION 2)
 LIST OF FIGURES
(Continued )

Figure Page
Number Number

5-1 DETERMINATION OF VERIFICATION SCORE V 172

5-2 POSSIBLE CASES IN REGRESSION BETWEEN 178

CALCULATED AND OBSERVED VALUES

6-1 SIMPLIFIED MVP2A FLOW CHART 187

i

, -
I .
:

i
I

3
i

i
 -LIST OF TABLES
6
Table Page
Number Number
F
1-1 PARTIAL LIST OF WASP APPLICATIONS 11
1- 2 WASP AVAILABILITY 41
3- 1 PIECEWISE LINEAR APPROXIMATION FOR FIGURE 65
3-1 (b)
3-2 KINETIC TERM UNITS 71
4-1 SUMMARY OF WASP INPUT CARD GROUPS 112
4-2 PEN PLOT EXAMPLE 166
7-1 SUMMARY OF MVP INPUT CARD GROUPS 200

,
i

I
J
 S U - W R Y AND CONCLUSIONS

It is the intent of this report to provide detailed

documentation for the Water Quality Analysis Simulation
Program (WASP) and the Model Verification Program (MVP).
These two programs provide a generalized computational
framework to be used as part of the decision making process
in water resource management problems.
This report is addressed to the needs of the systems
analyst, whose responsibility it will be to design, develop

and debug new kinetic models, as well as the end user, whose
main task it might be to implement an already developed
kinetic subroutine for a new river, lake, estuarine or ocean
environment. As such the report will detail the input
structure needed to run the WASP and MVP programs (end user)
and provide a complete description of the program logic of
WASP and a detailed procedure to following for the programming
of new kinetic routines (systems analyst).

Conclusions
WASP has proved itself to be a very versatile program,
capable of studying time variable or steady state, one, two
or three-dimensional, linear or non-linear kinetic water
quality problems. To date WASP has been employed in over
twenty modeling applications, thak have included river,
lake, estuarine and ocean environments and that have investigated
dissolved oxygen, bacterial, eutrophication and toxic substance
problem contexts. MVP provides a statistical framework to
assist a user in determining whether a model developed

utilizing WASP is a "reasonable" representation of the real

world. MVP permits the user to make a detailed comparison
of the model to observed field data, so as to make a judgment

concerning the adequacy of the model. Naturally, the firmer

the faith in the adequacy of the model the more likely it
will be able to play a useful role in the water resource
management decision making process.

Model Limitations
In its present form WASP does not compute hydrodynamics.
As a result the transport mechanisms, both advective and
dispersive, must be specified by the user. The user may
choose to generate the transport input data: from a sep-
arate program capable of performing hydrodynamic computa-
tions; or by calibrating the model against dye studies or
against a conservative tracer/substance such as salinity or
electrical conductivity.

- 2 -
I

J
WASP is also limited in that it presently cannot solve
P
directly for steady state applications. Instead the program
must numerically integrate the differential equations involved
in a model structure until steady state is achieved, a very
CPU time consuming approach.
/'

%:,F

I.

- 3 -
1

,
 RECOMMENDATIONS
r

1. It is recommended that the Water Quality Analysis

Simulation Program (WASP) be put to use in as many applications,
both research and real problems, as possible. The use and
evaluation of WASP and the development of new kinetic structures
are important to demonstrate the use of WASP as an acceptable
tool in addressing water quality modeling problems.
2. The Model Verification Program (MVP) can be used
as one methodology for judging model l'accuracyll
during the
calibration and verification stages of model development.
3. It is recommended, due to the generality of the

I -. WASP program, that the user be knowledgeable in water quality

modeling techniques, and in particular knowledgeable in the

associated physical, chemical, and biological principles

that are to be incorporated in the modeling framework. The
ultimate responsibility for a model's success lies entirely

I with the modeler, as WASP just provides a computational

framework for the development of a model.
4. It is recommended that the model developer, be he
a system analyst or the programmer member of an administrator/
I-
?.

- 5-
engineer/programmer team, be knowledgeable in FORTRAN programing
and operating systems interfacing.
5. It is recommended that even the end user review

this report in some detail so that he might fully understand

the principal underlying assumptions of the WASP/MVP package.

- 6 -
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

I1
1.1 Background
r The application of mathematical modeling techniques to
water quality problems has proved to be a powerful tool in
water resource management. As a diagnostic tool, it permits

r the formulation of an analytical abstraction of a highly

f complex real world. Realizing that one can never fully
expect to detail all the physical phenomena that comprise
our natural world, one attempts to identify and include only
the phenomena, be they natural or man-made, that are relevant
to the water quality problem under consideration. As a
I
predictive tool, mathematical modeling permits the forecasting
I.
and evaluation of the effects of changes in the surrounding
environment on water quality. Although engineering insight
and political and socio-economic concerns play important
roles in water resource management, some water quality
problems are of such a highly complex nature that the predictive
capability of mathematical models provides the only real
means for screening the myriad number of management alternatives.

j
- 7 -
 It is important then, for a computer program, which is
rT
I
to serve as the basic workhorse for the mathematical modeler,
to be very general in nature. The program should be flexible
enough to provide the modeler with the mechanisms to describe
the kinetic process and the inputs to these processes, as
well as the transport processes and the geophysical morphology
or setting, that go into the framework of the model. Transport
processes, basically hydrodynamic in nature, include advection,
turbulent diffusion, and, when spatial averaging is included,
dispersion. Kinetic Cor reactive) processes are the sources
and sinks which act upon a particular water quality parameter
and may be physical, chemical or biological: for example,
sedimentation and flocculation of organics, the assimilative
capacity of a water body to receive an acid waste discharge

and the predator-prey relationship of zooplankton-

phytoplankton.

1.2 WASP

While many of the water quality modeling programs

available today, DOSAG-I (Texas Water Quality Board, 1970),
ESOOl (EPA/Hydroscience, 1970), QUAL-I (Masch, 1971), QUAL-

I1 (WRE, 19741, the RECEIV block of SWMM (EPA/WRE) , DEM

- 8 -
 (WRE), and the Hydrocomp Simulation Model (Hydrocomp],
_-
I
.'
>

provide flexibility in some of the aforementioned areas, no

one program provides the increased flexibility afforded by
the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) developed
€2 by Hydroscience in 1970. WASP permits the modeler to structure
1

one, two, and three-dimensional models; allows the specifica-

tion of time-variable exchange coefficients, advective
flows, waste loads and water quality boundary conditions;
LT
1
i and in addition WASP permits the structuring of the kinetic
processes, within the larger modeling framework, without
having to write or rewrite large sections of computer code.
Although WASP's multi-dimensionality and time-variable input
capabilities are strong points, it is probably the ease with
which one may develop new kinetic or reactive structures
!- that is WASP's main strength. However, WASP's generality
requires an additional measure of judgment and insight on
the part of the modeler. The kinetic and/or transport
structure are not "hard wired" in WASP (i.e., the equations
, are not ''fixed" and "buried" in the code). Therefore, the
burden is on the modeler (perhaps together with a programmer)
to write the applicable kinetic equations (or use those
already implemented) for a given problem context.

- 9 -
1.3 Applications
WASP has been actively used in many modeling frameworks
T
I

since its inception in 1970. Table 1-1 is a partial listing

5;
k
of the applications made to date of the WASP program. As .
I.
.,

shown, a variety of problem contexts, varying from the more

traditional D.O. and bacterial problems, to eutrophication
problems and the fate of hazardous substances, have been
studied. Spatial scales have ranged from meters to 100 km
and time scales have ranged from minute to minute simulation
of a discharge of sulfuric acid to a 10 year long term year r,.
to year analysis of phytoplankton and nutrients in Lake
1
Ontario. Kinetic structures have encompassed simple linear
kinetics, interactive linear kinetics and a wide range of
non-linear interactive kinetic frameworks. One of the first
applications of WASP was in modeling eutrophication or algal
population dynamics in the Western Delta-Suisun Bay region
of San Francisco Bay (1,2). The model segmentation and the
systems diagram of the model are shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-
2 respectively. The model incorporated time variable (monthly
averaged) flows, nutrient waste loadings, time-variable
boundary conditions, and spatially, as well as temporally,
dependent extinction coefficients. In addition the bulk

- 10 -
 U
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v3
 dispersion coefficients were adjusted as a function of net
Delta outflow. Figure 1-3 presents some model calibration
c results for the principal state variables.
The basic F7ASP structure has also been applied to
eutrophication analyses of the Great Lakes, specifically
a) Lake Ontario, including the Rochester Embayment
b) Lake Erie
c) Lake Huron, including Saginaw Bay
J
d) Lake Michigan
e\
A variety of spatial scales have been utilized in the framework
i!
as illustrated in Figure 1-4, where for Lake Ontario, the
range in longitudinal scale was from 10-100 km2 (Rochester

- ,
F. embayment model) to 13,000 km2 (the whole lake model).
Details on these analyses are given in a series of reports
on Great Lakes eutrophication models (3,4,5,6,7).
As an illustration of the application of WASP to lake
models, the earlier work in Lake Ontario can be considered.
This work utilized a whole lake analysis, vertically segmented
at the average thermocline depth. This model was designated
the LAKE1 model (to indicate its vertical one-dimensional
nature) and extended the earlier work on eutrophication of
estuaries to a large lake such as Lake Ontario.

- 15 -
 0
L €GEND.'
- COMPUTED
A- OBSERVED
60
A

I2C

W
A
- 18C I80
I-

24C
A

30C

36C 1 1
20 40 60 80 10
CHLOROPHYLL (,ug/l)

0 0

60

I20 120

W
2 18C I80

24c 240

30C 300

36C 36C
5 IO 15 20 25 3 6 9 12 15
SI LlCA (rng / I ) DISSOLVED O X Y G E N ( m g / l )

F I G U R E 1-3
M 0D E L CALIBRATION
O B S E R V E D VS. C O M P U T E D
I
 HORIZONTAL
MODEL NUMBER OF SCALE (krn2)
D ESlG N A TI0N SEGMENTS EPI L IMNlO N
SEGMENTS

LAKE 1 2 13,000

LAKE 3 67 200- 1000

(AG G R E G ATE D) 8 . 6000-1 3,000

/ #

ROCHESTER 72 10-100
EMBAYMENT

..

FIGURE 1-4
SPACIAL S C A L E S USED IN THE LAKE ONTARIO A N A L Y S I S
 I
Figure 1-5 shows the major physical features of the
LAKE1 model. The principal physical features are a) horizontal
transport, b) time variable vertical exchange between the
epilimnion and the hypoliminion to permit conditions of a
vertically mixed lake or a vertically stratified lake and c)
vertical setting of phytoplankton and other particulate
.I
P
nutrient forms. The systems diagram for the LAKE1 model is I
I'
shown in Figure 1-6 where eight variables were implemented:
the nitrogen and phosphorus variables, chlorophyll and the
two zooplankton groups. This kinetic structure was later
expanded in the Lake Erie work (6), and also subsequently
I-
incorporated in further work on Lake Ontario. The updated \-
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario kinetic structure is shown in
Figure 1-7. This expansion included the addition of silica
as a state variable (in two forms) and the division of the

phytoplankton variable into "Diatom" and "Non-Diatom.I' In

each case, the coupling between the variables is both linear
and nonlinear and the parameters may be specified as time
!
dependent straight line functions. A typical calibration
using the updated kinetics, LAKElA, is shown in Figure 1-8.

I-

- 18 -

.. . . . ,
 NUTRIENT INPUTS ENVIRONMENTAL INPUTS
NIAGARA RIVER
TRIBUTARIES MUNICIPAL
LIGHT EXTINCTION,
SYSTEM PARAMETERS

EPILIMNION
VERTICAL EXCHANGE c TRANSPORT

HYPOLIMNION

BENTHOS

FIGURE 1-5
M A J O R PHYSICAL F E A T U R E S INCLUDED IN T H E L A K E 1 MODEL
 I
I I
I I
I I

I
I
I '
I
I
I
I
--
A I
A .
 PH0;PHOHUS SPECIES SILICA SPECIES

HERBIVOROUS
ZOOPLANKTON
CARBON

DIATOM OTHERS
CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPHYLL

8
Sedimentation

UNAVAILABLE AVAILABLE
PHOSPHORUS PHOSPHORUS

.o.
Sedirnentalion

NITROGEN SPECIES

CHLOROPHYLL

AMhlONlA
NITROGEN NITROGEN

F I G U R E 1-7
SYSTEMS D I A G R A M - U P D A T E D L A K E KINETICS
 Q- -
c
u 0
9
2 0 0

NOIXNVldOOZ

I 01 llAHdOkiOlH3 I D , llAHdOklOlH3 olllAHd0~01H3

1VI01 ,IS
8 3 HIOll woivta
 The WASP structure proved particularly useful in all of
r
the Great Lakes work by permitting the ready expansion of
models in the spatial dimension as well as expansion of the
kinetic structures. In each application for each lake
system, the principal effort was in deciding on the spatial
configuration to be used, together with the appropriate
kinetics. Once the decision was made, WASP permitted the
formulation of a "new" lake model by requiring only a minimum
amount of effort to write the specific kinetics for insertion
into the program and in the preparation of any new input on
transport and dispersion.
WASP has also been used as part of studies on Lake
Ontario in a long term year to year analysis of lake be-
havior (8). Such an analysis provides a basis for estimating
f -.;
lake responses under different external nutrient loadings.
In this mode, the seasonal dynamics were computed for each

i
year and the output after a two-year run became the initial
conditions for a subsequent two-year run. Output from each
two-year run is saved on a permanent file for computations
I -.-:
using the Model Verification Program, MVP.
In the multi-year analysis, various kinetic schemes
were employed to arrive at the best overall model that

- 23 -
represented the long-term data. The WASP framework proved
particularly useful in this type of study. Figure 1-9 shows
the comparison between the observed chlorophyll data in the
epilimnion for 1967-76 and the calculated values using the
LAKElA kinetics. It should be noted that the results shown
in Figure 1-9 were calculated by setting initial conditions
in 1966 and continuing the calculation to 1976 without any
resetting of conditions. Actual year to year temperature
data and loads were used.
As noted, the output was saved and the MVP program was
accessed to provide estimates of the verification status of
the model. For chlorophyll, some results of the verification
analyses are shown in Figure 1-10 where regression analyses
and the relative error are shown across all years for the
two kinetic systems. Statistical comparison results such as
these provide the analyst with quantiative measures of model
status. Figure 1-11 shows the median relative error for
1967-1976 for each variable and across all variables. For
the latter, the results show that the inclusion of the more
complicated LAKElA kinetics did improve overall model status
by about one-third. The overall median error of 22% represents
a useful measure when discussing overall model credibility.

- 24 -
.
 J- IC-
(0

0-l

-3
- 3 IC-

& -
0

c E
0

F
0-l

0
(4
0-l
0

2
0
(D
0
m
Y
 CHLOROPHYLL -a
LAKElA KINETICS --
S E G M E N T I (0-17M E T E R S )

IO
L A K E 1 KINETICS

/f/
>- 0
I
a
0
0. 5. iT:
0
-I
**. I
.- 0
**
8
n
W 2p:
0
* *
=
x.
l I **

m C 1 I I 1

I .o
I

i
0.9 LAKE1 KINETICS

-
0.7 LAKElA KINETICS

IO0

PERCENT (I/N)

I
FIGURE 1-10
REGRESSION ANALYSES A N D RELATIVE E R R O R
A N A L Y S E S OF L A K E 1 A N D L A K E l A M O D E L
R E S U L T S V E R S U S FIELD DATA (CHLOROPHYLL) ,

L
 W
_I
m
-
a
K
a
N
rr)
>
c 1
-I ,

I
M
0
z
Ja
rr)
+
(\1
r\l
0
I z
IC

..
of
0 .n Z
M
I
(r
oc
W.
W
I=
>
l-
a W W
-I LL
W
c
d-
0
>*
a
I
In
1c)
0
I
D

c I=
a
-I
I

0 0 0 0 0
0 CD (D *
Finally, MVP also produces verification scores (using a
Student's "t" test) and some results across all years and
variables are shown in Figure 1-12. At the given standard '

errors of the mean, the verification score for LAKElA kinetics

was 70%. In other words, for the months and variables where
a comparison could be made between observed and computed
values, there was no difference between observed and computed p
means 70% of the time at a 90% confidence interval. If the
estimated standard errors are in question, then a new score
is easily computed as shown in Figure 1-12 for values of 1/2
and 1-1/2 of the given standard errors. These results
illustrate the utility of the WASP-MVP package - in this
case for a long term, multi-variable model analysis.

WASP has also demonstrated its flexibility as a modeling

tool in investigating the spread and impact of hazardous

materials in receiving waters. A particular application

was to determine the receiving water pH response to a spill

of a strong acid (91. The model's kinetic framework was based
upon the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate equilibria
(since this buffer system is the predominant buffering
system in natural waters), and the exchange of carbon dioxide

I *-

- 28 -
 .
&- m a

c I-
d-
0

1I II I I
0 0 0 0 0 0
-
0 W W w N
with the atmosphere under supersaturated conditions. As a
check on the model kinetics (carbonate-bicarbonate buffering),
a simulation of the laboratory titration of a sample volume .~r,$
: : II-
of river water with a strong acid was performed. Figure 1-
13 shows a good comparison between lab data and model results.

Figures 1-14 and 1-15 show receiving water response to a 72

minute spill of a strong acid. Figure 1-14 also indicates
the type of segment grid which one may use to model spills
of hazardous materials, a fine mesh at the immediate point

of discharge and an expanding mesh as one is further removed

from the point of discharge.

WASP was also employed in a recent study )O'( for the

State of New York, Department of Environmental Conservation,
concerning the need for remedial action and the impact of
such action on achieving polychlorinated biphenyl CPCB)
environmental objectives in the Hudson River ecosystem. A

modeling framework was developed which defined the major

interactions that lead to the PCB distribution in the biotic
and abiotic sectors of a given aquatic environment (Figure
1-16). A simplifying assumption was made which permitted
the decoupling of the biotic and abiotic sectors (ie, if the
food chain, above the phytoplankton, is viewed as a whole,

- 30 -
I
a ‘

RIVER WATER
LEGEND:

-
/
81 TITRATION DATA
M O D E L SIMULATION

0
0
I I 1 I
05 Ia 15 2 .o 2.5

ml 0.1026N H2S04 ADDED

FIGURE 1-13
ACID SPILL P R O B L E M
L A 8 DATA VERSUS MODEL OUTPUT
 1

L
I L 6401
N O TE:
C O N T O U R S IN pH UNITS
h
F I G U R E 1-14 r3

SPATIAL RIVER pH RESPONSE TO A 7 2 MINUTE SPILL OF 1

96 P E R C E N T S U L F U R I C ACID AT 0.8 GPM
 L V Y - L W L U I * V f1 U U l l V U L uI3l-clT3/wv

IO
DISPOSAL SEGMEN r
8

6
I
n
4

2
0.8 G P M 96 O/Q HZ SO
0 ~//////~///////~///////~//
1 //~
0 20 40 60 80 io0

TIME (MINUTES )

2-

io
160 FEET DOWNRIVER OF SPILL LOCdT/ON
8

6
I
Q
4

0 I I 1 1

F I G U R E 1-15
TEMPORAL RIVER pH RESPONSE TO A 7 2 MINUTE SPILL
OF 96 P E R C E N T S U L F U R I C ACID AT 0.8 G P M
I W

1
0

I
-
F',
LL
-I
-I
a
E
0

z
0
I
I-
Y
z
-=c
-I
Q
0
0
N

2
0
0 LL
I
,-;I
I-
Y 0 3
z
a
J
Q
0
I-
>
I
Q
 then its uptake and excretion produce sinks and sources of
c;
I
PCB in the abiotic sector which are negligible when compared
to those within the abiotic sector alone). WASP was used
then to compute PCB distributions in the abiotic sector
:F which were dependent upon advective and dispersive trans-
!
i
port, sedimentation and resuspension, sediment release,
evaporation, absorption and de-absorption kinetics and
external waste sources. Some model results for the upper
Hudson River are presented in Figure 1-17.
Although not initially thought of as tool for modeling
biological treatment processes, WASP is capable of being
programmed so as to provide this capability. WASP has been
applied to a number of research efforts aimed at developing
useful kinetic models for the anaerobic filter, rotating
biological contactor and the pure oxygen treatment system
to name a few (11,121.
Even though WASP is essentially a stand-alone program,
i.e. not executed in conjunction with another program (that
I

might produce hydrodynamics or runoff waste loads], it can

be user-programmed to interface with other computer programs
if desired. In the recent New York City 208 Study (13) WASP

I
was modified to accept time-variable non-point runoff flows

- 35 -
 0 0 '7

W
r-
m

0
LT
I
1
I
Ir)
I
r\l -1
83d

I 0
0
1 I 0
0
ON 0 0 0 0 ON
a) (D v DJ
 and waste loads from a landsj.de rainfall runoff model.

Figure 1-18 shows the general system logic and interfacing

of the programs.

1.4 Program Overview

i
Before going into a detailed presentation of the WASP
Fq
i program and the theories upon which it is founded and numer-
I.
ically solved a brief discussion will be presented of the
basic philosophy and assumptions underlying the program.
li The key principle upon which the model equations of
3
i
,
WASP are founded is the principle of conservation of mass.
This principle simply states that the mass of each water
quality constituent being investigated must be accounted for
'

in one way or another. WASP, conserving mass both in time

and space, accounts for and traces the water quality con-
stituents from their point of spatial and temporal input to
their final points of export.
In order to perform the spatial and temporal mass
balance computations the user must supply WASP, a priori,
with input data defining the model segmentation, advective
and dispersive transport fields, boundary conditions, forcing
functions (waste loads), segment parameters, kinetic constants,

- 37 -
 OUTPUT

QUAL IT Y

r
MATRIX

PERIOD RUNOFF LOADS

CHARAC TER/ST/CS
INTE R EST DRAINAGE AREAS R Ai N FA LL MODEL
LAND USE
RAIN GAGES RUNOFF

I RUNOFF D I STRIBUT ION

QUALITY
MODELING
PROGRAM TIME

CSO CAPTURE I
DIURNAL EXCESS RUNOFF FLOWS
I I STP CAPACITY MODEL
SEGMENT
SYNTHETIC RAINFALL (RRMPI 1
RECORD
AVERAGING
(HOURLY 1
L

c I RUNOFF FL 0WS
(FROM RRMPl )
RAINFALL
RUNOFF
TIME VAR/ABLE
MODELING
FL 0WS
PROGRAM M O D EL
2 INTERFACE

TIME
I
,
UNIT FLOWS (RRMP2 )
FLOW ROUTE
MATRIX FILE ’ ( B Y MODEL
INTERFACE )
P

BASE fLOW MODEL CHARACTER/ST/CS

(STEADY STATE GEOMETRY,INTERFACES,
BY DlSPER SION, KINETICS, B-
MODEL CONTINUOUS LOADS, ETC.
WATER TIME VARIABLE
I N TER FACE WAJER QUALITY
L QUALITY
MODEL
T/ME VAR/ABLE MODEL

STORM LOADS
(FROM RRMPI )

I
TIME VARIABLE
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
b
(WASP)
-I TIME
SEGMENT

F I G U R E 1-18
L A N D SIDE SIMULATOR- WASP S Y S T E M S D I A G R A M
time variable kinetic functions, and initial conditions for
the state variables (water quality constituents). WASP
utilizes this input data together with the user supplied

kinetic subroutine to construct the mass balance equations

which are then numerically integrated in time. At a user
specified time interval (print interval) WASP saves the
current values of the state variables, and other user selected
variables of interest, and stores them on auxiliary storage
disk files for subsequent retrieval by the WASP graphics
subroutine and the MVP program. A simplified program flow
chart is presented in Figure 1-19.
MVP may be executed at the user's discretion. If the
user should chose to perform MVP analyses he will need to
supply field data for comparison to the theoretical compu-
tations generated by WASP. MVP uses three statistical tests
for scoring the model verification. The scores are determined
using a Student's 'It" test on a comparison of the means of
the theoretical and observed data, a linear regression of
theoretical and observed data, and a comparison of differences
between theoretical and observed data. It should be noted,
however, that even without extreme field data the MVP may
prove useful in aggregating computed output according to any
spatial or temporal averaging scheme.

- 39 -
 (.il E-

- - - - .. .. ~ ..

-, . . . . . . - .. .
 Both WASP and MVP are written in FORTRAN IV, using a

modular, subroutine orientated approach. This has permitted

both programs to be available for a number of different
computers with different core capacities. Table 1-2 contains
E?
L . a list of the computers on which WASP and MVP have been

implemented.

TABLE 1-2
WASP AVAILABILITY

Core Capacity Program Configuration

Computer Words Systems Segments
IBM 1130 (Hydroscience) 16K 12 40

DSC Meta 4 (Hydroscience) 32K 12 120

3 425

DEC PDP 11/45 (Hydroscience) 32X 12 45

DEC PDP 11/45 (EPA Grosse 32X 16

Ile) 20

DEC PDP 11/70 (Manhattan

College) 32K 12 40

IBM 370/168 (EPA-Comnet)(2) 256K 19 120

CDC 6600 (NYU)(2,3) lOOK 23 20

(1) An IBM 1130 emulator

(2) Completely core-resident Call other versions require
program overlays)
(3) Modified version of WASP - input structure not
compatible with the IBM, DSC, and DEC versions

- 41-
 CHAPTER 1
REFERENCES

1. Hydroscience, 1972, Mathematical Model of Phytoplankton

Dynamics in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta,
Preliminary Report. Prepared for the California Depart-

ment of Water Resources.

2. ‘Hydroscience, 1974, Western Delta and Suisun Bay Phyto-
plankton Model - Verification and Projections. Prepared
1.;
i
1

for the California Department of Water Resources.

3. Thomann, R.V., et al., 1975 Mathematical Modeling of

Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario, 1. Model Development and
Verification. EPA-660/3-75-005, NERC, ORD, EPA, Corvallis,
Oreg. 177 pp.
4. Thomann, R.V., et al., Mathematical Modeling of Phyto-
plankton in Lake Ontario, 2. Simulations using Lake l
model. EPA-660/3-75-005, NERC, ORD, EPA, Corvallis,
Oreg.
5. DiToro, D.M., et al. (Lake Huron report) in Review.

6. DiToro, D.M., et al. (Lake Erie report) in Review.

7. Thomann, R.V., et al., 1978 Verification Analysis of i

Lake Ontario and Rochester Embayment Three-Dimensional

Eutrophication Models. In Review.

- 42-
t

8. Thomann, R.V., et al, 1978, A Ten Year Modeling Analysis

of Phytoplankton in Lake Ontario. In preparation.

5 9. Nusser, J.A., et al., "Mathematical Modeling for Impact

I

and Control of Hazardous Materials Spills." Proceedings

of the 1978 National Conference on Control of Hazardous

jr' --- - -
Material. Spills, sponsored by the U.S. EPA and the U.S.
Coast Guard, Miami Beach, Florida, April 1978.

10. Hydroscience, 1978, Estimation of PBC Reduction by

Remedial Action on the Hudson River. Prepared for the

T State of New York, Dept. of Environmental Conservation.

11. Mueller, J.A., et al, "Application of Carbonate Equilibirum
to High Purity Oxygen and Anaerobic Filter Systems,"
Presented at the 173rd National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, New Orleans, Lousiana, 1977.
12. Mueller, J.A., et al. "Nitrification in Rotating Biological
Contactors," Presented at the 51st Annual Conference of
t2
I
the Water Pollution Control Federation, Anaheim, California,
!
.

1978. " 1

13. Hydroscience, 1978, Task Report 334, Time Variable

Modeling, submiteed to Hazen and Sawyer, Engineers for
NYC 208.
._ ,.
..
.

-.

- 43 -
-1

!
 CHAPTER 2

WASP THEORY

2.1 Mass Balance Equations

The basic concept in writing a mass balance equation
for a body of water is to account for all of the material
entering and leaving the water body via direct addition of

material (runoff and loads), via advective and dispersive

transport mechanisms, and via physical, chemical, and biological
transformations. In order to formulate a mass balance equation

for a specific water quality variable, consider a coordinate

system as shown in Figure 2-la, where the x- and y- coordinates

are in the horizontal plane and the z- coordinate is in the

vertical plane. Several authors ( 1 r 2 r 3 ' have stated the
proper form of the mass balance equation around an in-
finitesimally small fluid

/
fix
//KAT///
Fa
---
A ) COORDINATE SYSTEM B ) INFINITESIMAL
VOLUME

.,.,
.
.:...
-
FIGURE 2-1
COOFiDlNATE SYSTEMS

- 45 -
volume (Figure 2-lb) to be

- -aYa uYc --a

az uzc -
+ S(x,y,z,t)

where
C - concentration of the water quality variable

[ M / L I~
t - time [TI
S - vector of all other sources and sinks of
the water quality variable
E - diagonal matrix of disperson coefficients

[L2/T1
U -
- vector of velocities [L/T]

The dispersion coefficient represents the overall

phenomenon of mixing due to the temporal variation of tidal
I _

velocity, the lateral and vertical graduents in velocity and

the density differences within the water body.
For the sake of clarity and brevity the derivation of
the finite-difference form of the mass balance equation, to

- 46 -
 be presented in the following section, will be for a one-
c
dimensional rectangular estuary. Under the assumptions of

t vertical and lateral homogenuity, and permitting variation,

or "a gradient", along only the length of the estuary, the
mass balance equation for the one-dimensional case is

a2 (E~AC) auXw
-ac _- -1 - A- ax - Slx,t)
+
J at A ax2

j_
2.2 Finite Differences

The fundamental method of solution employed in WASP is

the use of finite-difference approximations to the derivatives
of equations (2.1) and (2.2). In order to keep this section
from becoming overly long, the development of the numerical
procedures will of necessity be abbreviated, with the occasional
use of "it can be shown." However, if the reader is interested
in a more detailed explanation of finite-difference methods
the author recommends an excellent presentation by Smith (41 .

I Taylor's series expansion theorem states that for a

function u, where its derivatives are single-valued, finite,
and continuous functions of x, then

I :-.

- 47 -
 1 2 1 3
6h u
2h u"(x) + -
(x) f -

1 2 1 3
u(x-h) = U(X) - hu' (x) + Th U" (x) - 6h U' ' (x) +
- ... (2 4)

Assuming that terms containing the third and higher powers

of h are negligible in comparison to the lower powers of h,
then equations (2.3) and (2.4) may be subtracted and added
together and rearranged to produce equations (2.5) and (2.6)
respectively,

U'(X) = (du
-)
dx x=x l-
2h {u(x+h)
E - - u(x-h) } (2.5)

2
with error terms of order h . Referring to Figure 2-2,

equation (2.5) can be seen as an approximation to the slope

of the tangent centered at P formed by chord AB, and is

u( XI,,

A
u(x-h) U(X) u(u+-x)

FIGURE 2:2
FINITE- DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATIONS
 of the tangent at P may also be approximated by the slope of
the chord PB giving the forward difference formula,

or the slope of the chord AP, giving the backward-ldifference

formula,

Both equations (2.7) and (2.8) may be obtained from

(2.3) and (2.4) respectively, by assuming the second and

higher order powers of h are negligible. The error term for

both the forward-difference and the backward-difference is
on order h. To ensure positive stable solutions WASP

employs a backward-difference approximation in the spatial

plane (5). For programming simplicity WASP employs a
forward-difference approximation for the temporal plane.
Formulate a grid, as shown in Figure 2-3, that subdivides
the x-t plane into sets of equal rectangles with sides equal
to Ax and At, and let the coordinates (x,t) of a representative
14 mesh point P be

- 49 -
 . : r
x = iBx and t = nAt, ,
.I

where i and n are integers. Use the following notation to

denote the value of u at P

u
P =
u(iAx, nAt1 = u.
lrn

ih x

F I G U R E 2-3
FI NITE-DIFFERENCE GRID
Then by equation (2.6)

2 2 U -2ui U.
a u a u
- i+l, n ,n- i-1,n I
(-7.1 = (7) Y

7
ax" P ax" i,n AxL

I -

- 5c -
c

Similarly, for the backward-difference approximation

equation (2.8)

(2.10)

and for a forward-difference approximation time equation

(2.11)

Restating equation (2.2)

(2.12)

where Qx = uXA
and A = the cross-sectional area
and using equations (2.9) and (2.10) as finite-difference
approximations for the first and second terms of the right
side of the equation respectively, one may develop a finite
difference approximation at the mesh point (i,n) as follows:

I -
'.
(2.13)

- 51 -
Letting V = AAx and re-arranging terms equation (2.13) may be

expressed

Dividing the water body into completely mixed finite segments

as pictured in Figure 2-4, and recalling that S represents
the source-sink terms both for the direct addition of the
water quality constituent (point source discharge, distributed
runoff, etc.) and addition-removal through reactive processes,
one may see that equation (2.14) represents a mass balance
around segment i, and may be restated for a fixed point in
time, as follows:

dc A
I -
c + 'i-1,i i-1,i (ci-l-ci 1
i' dt - Qi-1,i ci-l - Qi,i+l i
Li-l ,i

(2.15)

- 52 -
.e
j:
I

c 'T
1$-
W

FIGURE 2-4
C O M P L E T E L Y MIXED FINITE S E G M E N T S
where
.c,
3
C
i
- segment concentration, M/L
-
- segment volume, L
3
r
vi
Qi-1,i
- net advective flow, from segment i-1 to
segment i, L3/T =
i'
'i-lI i
- dispersion coefficient for the i-l,i interface,
-7
L~/T &

Ai-l, i
- cross-sectional area of the i-l,i interface, -w3
?'
L2 1If.

- characteristic length or mixing length of .E$

Li-l I i I E
segments i-1 and i, L. I-

wi - point, or distributed sources-sinks of the

water quality constituent, M/T

Ki - kinetic or,reactive process rate, 1/T.

p.i.
'3

It can be shown (5) that equation (2.15) can be extended to t-:

d

develop the multi-dimensional, multi-constituent form of the F<%

equation as stated by equation (2.16) :1

I ...
dcy Ei,jAi,j m m
vi dt -
- C3 m
Qj,icj - kC m + C
Qi,kci
j Li,j
(Cj-ci I
}2

(2.16)
+ W? + K.V.cm + Kl"vici
1
- 1- 1 1 i - 1

where 1 -
I-.
-I
- the cross-coupling reaction term
Ki
"..-
C1 -
- the concentration of state variable 1 in I
i
segment i
- '
'i
:I

I:
- 54 -
c
It should be noted that for the one-dimensional and
multi-dimensional cases, the advective and dispersive fields
are assumed known. It should also be noted that for ir-
regularly shaped water bodies (such as embayments) that
V = AAx, where is some representative cross-sectional
I
area, as shown in Figure 2-5(a). Also note that for multi-
y
! dimensional water bodies a segment may have different
i
characteristic lengths for adjoining segments, see Figure
2-5 ( b ).

-
i I
ji'
-
j I-Lj I-K K

FIGURE 2-5
1
If we divide equation (2.16) through by Vi and permit
' I
I
the new right-hand side to equal ,:e and then use the forward-
difference approximation for the time derivative, we can
form the following expression

m n+l
(Ci) = m n + (ci)
(ci) om n At. (2.17)
..-

which states that the concentration at time n+l is equal

to the concentration at time n plus the derivative evaluated
at time n times the time step, At.

- 55-
2.3 Stability and Numerical Error

Classical stability analysis (Smith) requires At/Ax2 -

< 1/2

to guarantee stable solutions for (-2.17). However, in the

classical analysis At and Ax are normalized variables and it
is difficult to extend these variables to practicable applica-
tions. It has been shown (6) that for computational stability a
necessary condition is that

V,1
< Min (
At -
+ KiVi 1
+ CRi (2.18)
3CQi,j ,j

where

E . .A
- exchange coefficient = 1 7 ij
(2.19)
Ri,j Li,j

However, since K is, for many applications, non-linear and

i
time-dependent itself, and therefore may be difficult to
evaluate, the following criteria may be used for choosing
the integration step-size

(2.20)

providing that

-56 -
 Max (KiVi) < < CQij + :Rij.
j

It should be recognized that the use of the completely

mixed finite segment approximation in conjunction with the
backward difference spatial approximation, introduces a
numerical error (sometimes referred to as numerical or
7
pseudo-dispersion in the literature) into the model. (71
The extent of this effect is given by

-
- -UAX (2.21)
Enurn 2

where Enum is the numerical error expressed as a pseudo-

:;.r dispersion coefficient. For some applications, especially

F'=.
intra-tidal models, where u may be large, this error term
may lead to highly distorted results (i.e. artifically spread
spatial profiles). However, for many applications, especially
in well mixed estuaries, where the time scale of importance
is on the order of days to seasons rather than hours, and
where u is the net advective freshwater velocity (.usually
small), the effect of the numerical error,
Enurn, is gen-
t
erally not significant. It should be noted that one cannot
t i-
-:

reduce or eliminate the numerical or pseudo-dispersion

- 57 -
coefficient, Enum, by adjusting E, the true dispersion
coefficient. The on1 7 way to r duce the effect of E num in
WASP is to reduce the segment length in the direction of u.
However, one must also be aware that arbitrary reduction in
the segment length effects the integration step size since

V
-
At < Min (CQ + CR + KV 1

or

I'
,'I .

AAx
< Min ( C Q + CR + KV 1
At -

and a reduction of Ax requires a like reduction of At.

t..,
:1f'
Choice of proper spatial and temporal grid sizes is still
somewhat of an art and consideration of computer core size
and execution speed, the nature of the problem being analyzed,
and the degree of accuracy required, all influence the t'"i
,!I

choice.
'1
c
Q

t--

- 58 -
 2.4 Computational Procedure
c
1 In order to integrate the aforementioned finite difference

G equations WASP uses a second order Runge-Kutta or predictor-

1
1 corrector method(*) . The operational procedure for the Runge-
F Kutta method may be best explained schematically via Figure
i 2-6. First, using (2.17), c ~ + is
~ /computed
~ for the half-
step interval At/2 (predictor). Using c ~ + ~ /tn+l/2
~ , (ie,
tn+At/2), the derivative &n+1/2 is evaluated, and this

derivative is used as the average derivative for proceeding

over the whole interval At (corrector). Experience has
shown that for the general class of applications that WASP
is used for, the second order Runge-Kutta method yields
results comparable to the more commonly used fourth order
Runge-Kutta method at an execution time savings of fifty-
percent.
WASP uses a slightly modified version of the Runge-
Kutta method in that WASP, in normal operations, prohibits
any segment concentration from going negative and causing
either numerical instability or numerical oscillations of
the solution. In some applications, particularly in the
nutrient limited growth phase of eutrophication modeling, it
is possible for a particular segment derivative-timestep

- 59-
 C 4

'I PRED ICTO R '' STEP

EVA LUATE DER I VAT I VE

HALF- STEP

+I

I' COR R ECTOR " STEP

FIGURE 2-6 I
L
SECOND-ORDER R U N G € - KUTTA PROCEDURE
 combination to cause a negative concentration. This negative
concentration, if permitted to occur, might degenerate the
true solution by causing either instability or oscillations.

.Rather than permit this to happen, WASP, upon detection of a

derivative-timestep combination which would cause a negative
I-
I
segment concentration, maintains a positive segment concentra-
tion by setting the segment concentration projected for
timestep n+l to half the concentration that was present at
timestep n. It should be noted that this procedure does not
maintain a proper mass-balance, <.e., mass is not conserved.
!
However, experience has shown this procedure to be acceptable
within reason. WASP informs the user if and when a half-
concentration procedure was performed, and the user can
monitor the frequency of occurrence of the procedure and
determine if the simulation must be rerun at a smaller time-
step.

I-
C

I
i
!
.
- 61 -
 CHAPTER 2
r;
REFERENCES i
I -:

-q
1. Pritcharc , D.W., "The Equations of --assContinuity and 1

Salt Continuity in Estuaries." Journal of Marine

_I

Research, Vol. 17, (NoV. 19581, PP. 412-423.

2. Daily, J.W., and D.R.F. Harleman, Fluid Dynamics.

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Mass., 1966,
Chapter 16.
3. O'Connor, D.J., and Thomann, R.V., Estuarine Modeling:
-Assessment, Chapter I11 EPA, 16070 DZV 02/71.
An
4. Smith, G.D., Numerical Solution -
of Partial Differential

Equations, Oxford University Press, Ely House, London,

Great Britain, 1965.
5. Thomann, R.V., Systems Analysis and Water Quality
Management, Environmental Science Services Division,
Environmental Research and Applications, Inc., N.Y.,
N.Y., 1972.

6. Kent, R., "Diffusion in a Sectionally Homogenous Estuary",

Trans ASCE, Jour. SED, Vol. 86, No. SA2, Mar. 1960, pp.
15-47.

7. Bella, D.A., and W.E. Dobbins, "Difference Modeling of

Stream Pollution." Proc. ASCE, 94, No. SA5, Oct. 1968,
f
pp. 995-1016.
8. Carnahan, B., et al., AppliedNumerical Methods, J6hn
Wiley 2nd Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., 1969, pp. 361-366.
1 ,
- 62 - I
 CHAPTER 3
c WASP PROGRAM LOGIC

3.1 Introduction
WASP was designed and written so as to permit its

application to as wide a variety of water quality modeling

problems as possible without a user being required to make
I '

extensive program revisions for each new application. In

order to achieve this goal four objectives were set down and
met:
1) FORTRAN IV would be chosen as the programming
language due to its universality.
2) WASP would be written using a modular subroutine
orientated approach for both program clarity and
th ability of most computer operating systems to
accomodate subroutine overlay' structures where
core requirements are restrictive.
3) WASP would permit the user a great deal of flexibility
in structuring the physical setup of his model via
a number of user selectable input options.
4) WASP would, by splitting the kinetic portion of
t ;'
the mass balance equation (2.16) away from the

'i
jc

I
!-
cI
- 63 -
 remaining terms (.the advective and dispersive

transport and the source/sink terms), require the I.

I

user to develop only a FORTRAN subroutine that

would describe the kinetic interaction of the
state or water quality variables. This would
remove from the user the need to know how WASP
handles the remaining portion of the mas,s balance
equation on a FORTRAN coding level, although it is
important to understand the mass balance equation /1
on a general level.
WASP is comprised of a mainline program and twenty
eight support subroutines (forty subroutines for the DEC PDP

11/45 version, which includes graphics output) and one user I-

5
written kinetic subroutine. Before going into a detailed iI
f-,-
explanation of the program logic and the procedure to follow
cc
to develop a new kinetic subroutine some background explanations

must be given.

‘ 1

3.2 Time Variable Functions kr

WASP permits the user to specify time variable input q.

for any of the following parameters: exchange coefficients, r

i-
advective flows, boundary conditions, forcing functions r
t
1 ,
I
i

,
I
. .

- 64-
 (waste loads) and miscellaneous functions which might be

i required by a user's kinetic framework. The user specifies

the time variable input data for any of the previously
mentioned parameters as a series of time and value combinations
which WASP uses as a piecewise linear function of time.
Suppose Figure 3-l(a) presents the observed measurements of
daily solar radiation incident upon a body of water.
I

TABLE 3-1

PIECEWISE LINEAR APPROXIMATION

FORIFIGURE 3-1 (b)
I av Time av Time Iav Time
(ly/day 1 (days1 (ly/day 1 (days1 (ly/dayl (days)
187.5 0. 262.5 15. 337.5 45.
487.5 75. 640.0 105. 712.5 135.

750.0 165. 730.0 195. 637.5 225.

487.5 255. 300.9 285. 190.0 315.

150.0 345. 170.0 365.

Figure 3-1(b) shows how the user might approximate the solar
radiation with a piecewise function of time. Table 3-1
F"
1. presents the input data the user would supply. Core consid-

1- - erations, especially for the small minicomputers, require

- 65 -
 Eii

0 0 0 }.'.
In
E-
In
d -
M

I
 WASP to store the entire piecewise linear function on auxillary
r;
I disk storage, and maintain core resident only the appropriate
information needed to evaluate the function during the
current time step. How this is accomplished will be discussed
later in the section entitled "Writing a WASPB Subroutine."

7 3.3 Kinetic Data - Constants, Segment Parameters and

j
Piecewise Linear Functions of Time
Kinetic data - constants, segment parameters, and miscel-
laneous functions of time - are read as input data by WASP for
use in the user supplied kinetic subroutine, WASPB. The
actual choice, of what the constants, segment parameters,
and piecewise linear functions of time are to be, is determined
by the modeler and the systems analyst as they develop a new
kinetic subroutine. The selection and application of kinetic
data will be discussed in greater detail in "Writing -
a WASPB
Subroutine'', but their basic concept is presented here for
background reference. The BOD oxidation rate at 20°C, the
saturated growth rate of phytoplankton at 2OoC, ammonia to
nitrate nitrification rate at ~ o O C , temperature correction
factor for reaeration, and saturated light intensity may all
be thought of as constants. Parameters are segment dependent

- 67 -
r
and may include such factors as segment depths, reaeration
coefficients, and water temperatures. Kinetic piecewise
linear functions might include the daily incident solar
radiation for a year, or the fraction of daylight hours
over a year. Due to core requirements it was decided not
to permit segment dependent piecewise linear functions.
However, a user may use segment parameters and piecewise 7i
linear functions together to achieve the same effect. For
example, a modeler may aggregate observed variations in
water temperature over a year for different areas of the
water body into one normalized composite piecewise linear
function. The modeler would then use the segment parameters
for input of the maximum yearly water temperature for the
individual segments and a piecewise linear function for
input of the normalized aggregate variation during the year.

3.4 Units
WASP has been programmed using the following internal

units conventions. The units of concentration of the state

variables (or water quality variables) are assumed to be in
mg/l or parts per million parts (ppm). The segment volumes
r.
are read in as million cubic feet (MCF). Time is in days.

- 68 -
 Advective flows are nominally read with units of cubic feet

per second (cfs) and internally converted to units of million

cubic feet per day (MCF/day) using the following conversion
factors:

MCF ft3 86000 sec MCF

Q I-[ = Q[=I X
day day 10%~
9 jt
or
S
MCF
Q [-
] = 0.0864 X Q[cfSJ
day

T Therefore the term Qijci has units MCF-mg/l/day. The user

f

may read the exchange coefficients as exchange coefficients

with units of MCF/day, or as dispersion coefficients, cross-
sectional areas, and characteristic lengths and use equation
(2.20) to compute exchange coefficients. If the latter
option is chosen the nominal input units for the dispersion
coefficients, cross-sectional areas, and characteristic
lengths are square miles per day, square feet, and feet,

1
respectively. WASP uses the following factors to convert

the dispersion-exchange coefficient to MCF/day:

- 69 -
 2 2
Eij [mi /daylxAi. [ft 3 5280 ft2 MCF
[MCF/day] = x
Rij L.[ftl mi 2 10%~ c;rT
17
i
2 2
Eij [mi /day]xAij [ft I
or Rij [MCF/day] = 27.8764 x Lij [ftl

Similarly the term Rij(cj-ci) also has units MCF-mg/l/day.

Forcing functions, or waste source loads, are nominally read
in units of pounds/day (lb/day), and internally converted
using the following convention:

Wi[MCF-mg/l/day] = Wi[lb/day] x 453.59

!

1 ft3 MCF
lo3 mg
gm 28.32 liters
x l
10%~

or Wi [MCF-mg/l/dayl 62.43
x wi

dci
Looking at the term V-,dt we can readily see that it also
has units MCF-mg/l/day. In order to have a consistent set
of units for equation (2.15), the kinetic term must also

have units MCF-mg/l/day. Table 3-2 presents some of the

possible forms of the kinetic term which meet this requirement.
It should be noted that a user may use units other than
r,'
I
those nominally expected by WASP as long as he is careful

-70 -
c

TABLE 3-2
r
KINETIC TERM UNITS
Reaction Order Kinetic Term Units

Zero KiVi Ki [=I mg/l/day

First KiCiVi Ki[=] l/day

C,I
Michaelis-Menton Ki C,+K,'i Ki [=I mg/l/day

Coupled (derivative aKiCiCFi Ki[=] l/day/mg of C1

term for state
variable 1) a [=I mg of C 1/mq of Cm

'I
and consistent in their use. Suppose for example a modeler
is investigating coliform bacteria as a state variable.
Normally coliform bacteria are measured as most probable
number per 100 ml of sample or MPN/100 ml. If the user
b C? wishes WASP to interpret the pseudo-concentration of
bacteria as MPN/100 ml, he should enter his initial con-
ditions and boundary conditions as MPN/100 ml, and use the
following convention to enter waste loads as pseudo "lbs/day"

Wi["lbs/day"] = Qv[cfs] x 0.0864 x 62.43 x Ccoli [MPN/~OOml]

or

Wi["lbs/day"l = Qv[cfsl x 5.394 x Ccoli [MPN/100 mll

or

Wi[Illbs/day"] = Qv[MGD] x 8.34 x Ccoli [MPN/~OOm1]

1 -

- 71 -
where
Q is the waste discharge volume flow rate
V

'coli is the coliform bacteria "concentration.It

3.5 WASP Mainline and Subroutine Overview

The WASP mainline is really just a program control
module. As such it performs no computations but does assign
the logical units (disk) for temporary scratch files and the
dump-save files generated in the user's kinetic subroutine
WASP and does control the calling sequence of the WASP
subroutines.
In the following subroutine descriptions the references,
within parentheses, to Card Groups are with respect to the
card by card description of the WASP input data to be found
in Chapter 4, WASP Input Structure. Also in the following
subroutine description occasional reference to internal WASP
program variables will be made. A complete definition of
these variables is presented in the section entitled "WASP
COMMON" immediately following this section.

WASP1
1

,WASP1 reads the model identification and system by- i1-

pass options for the user's model (Card Group A). WASP1 I' \

- 72 - :1
 also performs some variable initialization. Two variables
of interest set by FTASPl are NBCPSY and NWKPSY. NBCPSY and
NWKPSY are used to indicate the maximum number of boundary
conditions and forcing functions that WASP is dimensioned
for, respectively.

WASP 2
WASP2, depending upon the input option selected by the
user, reads Card Group B, the time variable or constant
exchange coefficients (or dispersion coefficients, cross-
sectional areas, and characteristic lengths with appropriate
conversion to exchange coefficients). WASP2 also reads the
exchange by-pass options for each system.

WASP3
WASP3 reads the segment volumes (Card Group C).
y
9

I
WASP?
8,
WASP4, depending upon the input option selected by the

user, reads the time variable or constant advective flows

(Card Group D). WASP4 converts the flows from cfs to
MCF/day. WASP4 also reads the flow by-pass options for each
system.

- 73 -
WASP5
VASP5, depending upon the input options selected by the
user, reads the time variable or constant boundary conditions
for each system in the user's model (Card Group E).

WASP6
WASPG, depending upon the input options selected by the
user, reads the time variable or constant forcing functions
for each system in the user's model (Card Group F).

WASP7
WASP7 reads the kinetic constants, segment parameters,
and kinetic piecewise linear functions of time (Card Groups F.:,
i.
G, H, and I, respectively). F
WASP8

WASP8 is used to update the piecewise linear functions

of time, if any, for exchange coefficients, advective flows,
and the miscellaneous kinetic functions. This means computing
new slopes and intercepts, and setting a variable to indicate
the next simulation time that the functions are to be up-
t
dated. The following convention is used for the ith
!
update. ,A-

.I
:I

- 74 -
 f (t)i+l - f(tIi
slope = - ti
r ti+l

intercept = f (t)i+l
next update time = ti+l
F

WAS 8A

WAS8A is used to update the piecewise linear functions

of time, if any, for boundary conditions and forcing functions.
This means computing new slopes and intercepts for any
r; system or state variable that requires an update, and setting
1

a variable to indicate the next simulation time that the

piecewise linear functions are to be updated. The same
conventions used in WASP8 are used in WAS8A for computing
slopes and intercepts.

F7ASP9
WASP9 reads the initial conditions or initial segment
concentrations for each syskem or state variable (Card Group
J). WASP9 also reads the stability and accuracy criteria
(Card Group K ) for each system.

- 75 -
WAS10
WAS10 reads the print control options (Card Group L),
consisting of the print interval and up to eight system-
segment pairs for intermediate printout during the simulation.

WAS 11
WAS11 reads the integration control information (Card
Group M). The integration control information includes the
integration step-size or sizes to be used, the total
simulation time, the starting time for the simulation (if
not zero), and whether negative solutions will be permitted.

WAS12 - WA12A
- WAS12 and WA12A act together to complete the evaluation

of the mass balance equation (2.16). Upon entry to WAS12,

only the kinetic portion of the mass balance equation has

been evaluated, which for discussion purposes will be noted
as K ~ v ~ c WAS12
~ . then goes through the following steps:

a) using the IQ and JQ vectors as drivers, WAS12 computes

(Vi?:) = (Vi?:) + CQ..Cm-CQikCi
m
71 j

- 76 -
c

or (vi?') = K ~ V +~ CC Q~ ~ -~ CQCik~cmi
i

where Q may be computed as a function of time using the

MQ (slopes) and BQ (intercepts) vectors or Q may be a
.q constant (using the BQ vector)
:i
b) using the IR and JR vectors as drivers, WAS12 computes

*; where R may be computed as a function of time using the

i-
f

jl
MR (slopes) and BR (intercepts) vectors, or R may be a

constant (using the BR vector)

c) using the IWK vector as a driver, WAS12 computes
cv.em, =
1 1
( v1i 1m ) + $

or (vi?') C Q . cm
= { K . v . c+
ji i
1 1 1
~ - -c:) ~ I +
C Q ~ +~ C C R ~(c7~ w"1
,I where W may be computed as a function of time using the
FIWK (slopes) and BWK (intercepts) vectors or W may be a

constant (using the BWK vector)

l: d) WAS12 completes the evaluation of the derivative, by

r
dividing through by the volume and multiplying by the
time scale factor (SCALT)

- 77 -
 note: :e 3
now has units M/L /T - nominally mg/l/day.

WAS 13
,.
WAS13 is used to print the intermediate system-segment

pairs during the simulation.

WAS 14 El

WAS14 is used to adjust the integration stepsize as f?,

'1

necessary, during the simulation.

TINIT
.
, TINIT is used to set the initial slopes and intercepts
for any piecewise linear functions of time if the user
starts his simulation at any time other than time equal to
zero. The following real case history demonstrates the use
of TINIT. For the analysis performed in the Western Delta -
Suisun Bay area of San Francisco Bay, time zero of the
simulation runs was January 1 of the particular year being
studied. However, due to lowered water temperatures, low
incident solar radiation, and high extinction coefficients,

- 78 -
r--
5!
the phytoplankton growth rate was almost zero for the first
two months of the simulation, therefore there was little or
no algal growth. In addition this first two month period
was also the period of high flows (snowmelt and rains)
which, due to the stability criteria presented in equation
(2.21), required the smallest integration step-size. Since
the initial conditions did not dramatically change over the
first sixty days, it was decided to start the simulation at
day sixty for model calibration runs saving some 20 to 25
percent of the running time. Of course, for final verification

and projection runs, the simulation was correctly started at

time equal to zero.

WAS15
_:
WAS15 is the heart of the integration procedure. It
determines the calling sequence for TINIT, WASPB (the user's
kinetic subroutine), WAS12, WA12A, WAS13, and WAS14, and
performs the second order Runge-Kutta integration. A brief
I
.I
I
flowchart is presented in Figure 3-2.

- 79 -
 RETURN
TO W A S P
MAINLINE

FIGURE 3 - 2 i

SIMPLIFIED W A S 1 5 - W A S P B FLOW CHARTS

.. .
 WAS16
TT
1
i l WAS16, dependent upon the user's input data, retrieves
and prints the state variables (or water quality concentrations)
and any other variables of interest (that the user computed

in WASPB) from the auxiliary storage (disk files) that were

generated in WASPB during the simulation.

WAS17
WAS17, dependent upon the user's input data, retrieves
and provides printer plots for the state variables (or water
quality concentrations) and any other variables of interest

(that the user computed in WASPB) from the auxiliary storage

r-=,
..
(disk files) that were generated in WASPB during the simulation.

I -'.
WAS 18
I
WAS18, written especially for the DEC PDP 11/45 at
Grosse Ile, provides off-line digital pen plotting capabilities.
The pen plots generated are similar to the printer plots
available through WAS17, but in addition permit the user to
overplot his observed field data for model-data comparison.

- 81 -
Miscellaneous Subroutines
WASP also includes a number of subroutines which perform
rather trivial operations which the user need not concern
himself with. These subroutines include SCALP, WMESS, WERR,

SETIA, SETRA and FMTER.

.3
p

--
DEC PDP Subroutines
Two special subroutines were written for the DEC computer
system. These subroutines FILEOP and FILEOC were necessitated
due to the way the DEC operating system handles disk output,
i.e. requiring separate core buffers for each disk file.
FILEOP and FILEOC permit the disk files to share a common
disk buffer, reducing the excessive core requirements re-
quired for separate buffers, at little cost to execution
time.

3.6 WASP Common -7

p
The following list defines the variables contained in
blank COMMON. Blank COMMON is used by WASP as the vehicle
to pass information from subroutine to subroutine within the

program. The R, I, and * contained within parentheses after

_. c

the variable name indicate, respectively, whether the variable

- 92 -
I

is a REAL (floating point), or INTEGER (fixed point) and

whether the variable is read as input data.

Variable Name Definition (Units)

IN(I) Device number for reading input data.
OUT (I) Device number for printer output.
NOSYS (I*) Number of systems or water quality constituents
in the user’s model.

NOSEG (I*) Number of segments in the user’s model.

ISYS (I) System currently having its derivatives
evaluated.

ISEG (I) Segment currently having its derivatives

evaluated.
\.
I/ ISIM (I*) Simulation type - currently only time variable

” 1-
is permitted.
)s
LISTG (I*) User selected option to print exchange coeffic-
E; ient, segment volume, advective flow and
I

boundary condition input data.

LISTC (I*) User selected option to print forcing function
(waste load), kinetic constants, segment
parameters, and miscellaneous kinetic time
f; functions, and initial condition input data.

I-

- 83 -
INITB (1) Internal program indicator which permits the
user to perform initialization or to execute
special code upon intial entry to the WASPB
kinetic subroutine. Initially equal to zero,
INITB must be reset by the user in WASPB. q
[
IPRNT (I) Not currently used.
IDUMP (I*) System - segment combinations to be printed 7i
out during the integration procedure.
IDISK (I) When checked by the user in the kinetic 7 i

subroutine, WASPB, IDISK acts as internal

program indicator which informs the user when
a print interval has been reached, permitting
the user to write the current state variables
or segment concentrations to auxilliary I
storage (disk). Normally IDISK equals zero,
but at a print interval it is externally set
to one; must be reset by the user before
exiting from WASPB.
1 ,
IREC (I) Internal counter used to keep track of the f
number of print intervals generated during
the course of the simulation.

- 84 -
 MXDMP (I) Blocking factor or the maximum number of .

variables saved per segment at each print

interval.

IDFRC (I) Used only in the DEC-PDP version as the

record address pointers for the direct access
dump files. Not needed for the IBM 370
version since sequential files are used.
NBCPSY (I) Maximum number of boundary conditions permitted
per system; set for a particular WASP configu-
ration in subroutine WASP1.
NWKPSY (I) Maximum number of forcing functions (waste
f ::
i loads) permitted per system; set for a particular

f WASP configuration in subroutine WASP1.

SYSBY (I* User selected system by-pass indicators. If
a user wishes he may choose Co by-pass compu-
tations for a particular system (or systems),
ISYS, for a simulation run by setting SYSBY
(ISYS) appropriately.
RBY (I*) User selected exchange transport by-pass
indicators. If a user wishes he may by-pass
exchange transport for a particular system,
ISYS, by setting RBY (ISYS) appropriately.

- 85 -
 ,

(Example: if a user had incorporated rooted

aquatic plants in his model he would not wish
to have them "disperse").
User selected advective transport indicators.
If a user wishes he may by-pass advective xi
, $
C
transport for a particular system, ISYS, by
setting &BY (ISYS) appropriately. (Example:
if a user had incorporated rooted aquatic
plants in his model he would not wish to have
them transported via flow).
NEGSLN (I*) Indicates whether the user has chosen to
permit WASP to compute negative water quality
concentrations (Example: permit negative
D.O. deficit, ie. supersaturation). NEGSLN
normally equals zero, but will equal one, if
user choses to permit negative solutions.
TIME (R) Current simulation time.
DT (R) Current integration time step.
TZERO (R*) User selectable time for start of simulation.
If for example a user's input data for a

model was set up such that time zero was

January 1, a user may skip computations for

- 86 - 1 I-
't
 January and February and start March 1 by
setting TZERO (on input) to 59.
SCALT (R*) Time scale factor. The nominal unit for time
in WASP is days. A user may choose to run
his simulation in hours by inputting SCALT to
be 0.041667 (or 1/24). WASP will then interpret
any time specifications (such as the print
1
interval, integration step sizes and total
p'
. .

simulation time and the time breaks for any

piecewise linear functions) to be hours
rather than days.
TEND (R) Ending time for use of the current integration
step size. For single integration stepsize
input this will be the total simulation time.
I

I ,.. For multiple integration stepsize histories,

1'
jl
when TIME equals TEND, a new integration step

size will be chosen and TEND reset.

PRNT (R") Print interval.
OMEGA (R) Not used in current version of WASP.
ITCHCK (R) Not used in current version of WASP.
MXITER (R) Not used in current version of WASP.

- 87 -
 State variable or water quality concentration

array.
Derivative array.
Stability criteria vector. The vector contains
the maximum allowable segment concentration
for each system. If any segment exceeds the

stability criteria for any system (usually

because the integration stepsize is too
large) the simulation is terminated.
CMIN (R*) Not used in current version of WASP (although
user must include in his input data deck).
PARAM (R*) Segment parameters for use in the WASPB
kinetic subroutine.

cc ST R* 1 Constants for use in the WASPB kinetic subroutine.

BVOL (R*) Segment volumes {nominal input units MCF,
nominal internal units MCF).
PVOL (R) Not used in current version of WASP.
The value for any time variable exchange coefficient,
advective flow, boundary condition, forcing function or
time-variable function utilized by the WASPB kinetic subroutine
is computed using a form of the following equation

- 88 -
 VAL = M*TIME + B
where
VAL is the desired value at time = TIME
M is the slope of the piecewise linear function

E$ used to approximate the exchange coefficient,

j
flow, etc.
B is the intercept of the piecewise linear
function.

BR (R) Exchange coefficient intercepts.

BQ (R) Advective flow intercepts.

BBC (R) Boundary condition intercepts.
BWK (R) Forcing function intercepts.

!- BFUNC (R) Intercepts for the time variable functions

i"
required for the WASPS kinetic subroutine.
Exchange coefficient slopes.
Advective flow slopes.
Boundary condition slopes.
MWK (R) Forcing function slopes.
MFUNC (R) Slopes for the time-variable functions required

for the WASPB kinetic subroutine.

i -
I
I-

- 89 -
Note
If any of the above are time invariant (ie. constant in
time), then the "B" vector (array) will contain the time
invariant value of exchange, flow, etc. and the "M" vector
(array) will contain zero slope. q

IR(I*),JR(I*) Contain the segment numbers between which

exchange is to take place.
IQ(I*),JQ(I*) Contain the segment numbers between which
advective flow is to take place. If the
advective flow is positive then JQ will i

contain the upstream segment number (from

which flow is leaving) and IQ will contain
c :;
the downstream segment number (to which flow I

will go). If, however, the advective flow is I.:;

i
negative then JQ will be considered the
downstream segment (flow to) and IQ will be
considered the upstream segment {flow from).
IBC (I*) Contains the segment numbers for which boundary
conditions have been specified.
IWK (I*) Contains the segment numbers for which forcing
functions have been specified (ie. receiving
water segments for waste loads).

I
I.

- 90 - I
 IVOPT (I*) User selected volume input option. Currently

WASP only permits time-invariant or constant

volumes (IVOPT=l).
E
,'i 1 NOV (I*) Number of volumes (normally NOV equals NOSEG).

IROPT (I*) User selected exchange coefficient input

option. IROPT flags the exchange coefficients

as constant in time (IROPT=l) or time-

variable (IROPT=2,3).

NOR (I*) Number of exchange coefficienks read.

IQOPT (I*) User selected advective flow input option.

IQOPT flags the flows as constant in time
(IQOPT=l) or time-variable (IQOPT=2,3].

NOQ (I*> Number of advective flows read.

.I IBCOP (I*) User selected boundary condition input options

for each system. IBCOP(1SYS) flags the
boundary conditions for system ISYS as being
constant in time (IBCOP (ISYS)=l) or time-
variable (IBCOP(ISYS)=2,3).

NOBC (I*) Number of boundary conditions read for each

I
2
-*. systern.
--.
I
IWKOP (I*) User selected forcing functions input option
..
for each system. IWKOP(1SYS) flags the

- .-91-
 forcing functions for system ISYS as being
constant in time (IWKOP (ISYS)=l) or time-
j:
variable (IWKOP (ISYS)=2,3).
NOWK (I*) Number of forcing functions read for each
system.
NOPAM (I*) Number of segment parameters (for use in the
WASPB kinetic subroutine) read.

NCONS (I*) Number of constants (,foruse in the WASPB

kinetic subroutine) read.
NFUNC (I*) Number of time variable functions (for use in
the WASPB Kinetic subroutine) read.
"VOLT (R) Not used in the current version of WASP. r;
:j
NRT (R) Used if the exchange coefficients are time-
variable (approximated by a piecewise linear
functions of time). NRT will contain the
time at which the next break in the piecewise
linear functions will occur, at which point
it will be necessary to obtain new slopes

(MR) and intercepts (BR).

NQT (R) Used if the advective flows are time-variable
(approximated by a piecewise linear functions
of time). NQT will contain the time at which

- 92 -
 the next break in the piecewise linear functions
r
will occur, at which point it will be necessary
to obtain new slopes (MQ) and intercepts

(BQ).
NBCT (R) Used if the boundary conditions for a system
are time-variable (approximated by a piecewise
linear functions of time). NBCTIISYS) will
contain the time at which the next break in
I-
;‘ the piecewise linear functions for system
ISYS, will occur, at which point it will be
necessary to obtain new slopes (MBC) and
intercepts (BBC) for system ISYS.
NWKT (R) Used if the forcing functions for a system
are time-variable (approximated by a piecewise
linear function of time). NWKT(1SYS) will

contain the time at which the next break in

the piecewise linear functions, for system
ISYS, will occur, at which point it will be
..
’_
3 necessary to obtain new slopes (MWK) and
intercepts (BWK) for system ISYS.
NFUNT (R) Used if time variable functions (approximated
as piecewise linear functions of time) have

I,

I
- - 93 -
 'I

been read for use in the WASPB kinetic subroutine.

r-
NFUNT will contain the time at which the next
break in the piecewise linear functions will c
occur, at which point it will be necessary to 1
1

F
obtain new slopes (WUNC) and intercepts 1
i
(BFUNC).
Bq
ITIMV (I) Not used in current version of WASP r
I
ITIMR (I) Used as a breakpoint counter for obtaining r;"
1
correct slope and intercept values for the 1
time-variable exchange coefficients. f
iI
1
ITIMQ (I) Used as a breakpoint counter for obtaining
F- '
correct slope and intercept values for time- 1,
I
variable advective flows. I
i
.I
ITIMF (I) Used as a breakpoint counter for obtaining I

correct slope and intercept values for the I -.

k
i-
f
I
time-variable functions required by the WASPB
kinetic subroutine.
ITIMB (I) Used as a breakpoint counter for obtaining
' I

correct slope and intercept values for time

variable boundary conditions.
I

ITIMW (I1 Used as a breakpoint counter for obtaining

correct slope and intercept values for time
variable forcing functions.

- 94 -
F
-1
B
 3.7 Writing (or Revising)- a WASPB Kinetic Subroutine
It is the intent and purpose of this section to define
a procedure for the modeler/systems analyst to follow in
h
order to develop, program, and debug a new WASPB kinetic
subroutine or to revise an already existent kinetic subroutine.
i.
The three steps - model development, programming and debugging -
are of equal importance in developing a new kinetic subroutine.
It is the responsibility of the modeler to develop the
modeling or kinetic structure. He must understand in sufficient
f .?
i.
detail the physical, chemical, and biological principles
f
1.
that form the model structure, so as to be able to write the
f ''
1:' basic mass balance equation, including kinetics, for each
l:
state variable or water quality variable in the model. In
I 1.
addition he must, with the possible assistance of the system
analyst, determine what the kinetic constants, segment
parameters, and kinetic piecewise linear functions of time
are to be. It is the systems analyst's (or programmer's)
responsibility to program and debug the WASPB kinetic routine.
He takes the modeler's mass-balance equations and programs
them within the WASP framework. Finally, it is the joint
responsibility of the modeler and the systems analyst to
"debug" and checkout the newly written (or revised) subroutine.

- 95 -

. . . . . . .. . .
. __ . . . .
This can be done by setting the print interval equal to the
I,
integration interval (stepsize) and taking a few integration
j
steps. Then after getting the state variables printed, the
E;
Ir.
user can check the WASP results by hand computations for a i
few system-segment-timestep combinations. A kinetic subroutine E
should never be used unless this checkout procedure is f
performed. Jq-
r
I
It is recommended that the following procedure be used
i
in developing and coding a WASPB kinetic subroutine: fi
I

Subroutine Design -
.
:
-1
t
1) review and understand the kinetic structure proposed
by the modeler - check for consistent units
2) assign WASP system numbers to the state variables
f j

3) assign the order that the kinetic constants, I

i
segment parameters, and piecewise linear functions
I -; 12

are to be read in the user's input deck (the r

internal assignments are facilitated by use of the 7 i

FORTRAN EQUIVALENCE statement with the CONST,
PARAM, MFUNC and BFUNC arrays).
'1

c
Subroutine Coding K
4) determine if any variable and/or program initialization t
need be performed upon first entry into WASPB. If I -

- 96 -
 so, code the variable and/or program logic, and
r; use the variable INITB to determine primary entry.
,
5) if any piecewise linear functions are required in
r
the user's kinetic subroutine, develop the code
necessary to update the slopes and intercepts (via
a CALL to WASP8) and to compute the function
values using the appropriate slopes and intercepts.
i
6) code the segment loop, which evaluates the kinetic
portion of the derivative.
7) code the logic necessary for writing the state
variables and other variables of interest, that
are computed in WASPB, to auxiliary storage files.
Using the variable, IDISK, as an indicator that a
print interval has been reached, the user may code
the WRITE statements in one of the following two
ways:
a) for large kinetic subroutines where core

requirements may be restrictive, it is

I
I
F recommended that the user code the WRITE
statements in the segment loop.
b) for smaller kinetic subroutines or where
core requirements are not of concern,

!
!.
- 97 -

1-
 the user should code the WRITE statements
outside the segment loop (after the end
of the segment loop), in order to cut
down in 1/0 time.

:j
3.8 Example WASP3 Kinetic Subroutine
.q
As an example of how this procedure might be followed I
t
consider the modeling structure for a simple BOD-DO model.
The model will assume first order linear kinetics for BOD
removal, DO utilization and reaeration. The BOD removal I-,-

coefficient, Kr 1 the deoxygenation coefficient, Kd, and the

f
atmospheric reaeration coefficient,
Ka all at 2OoC, will be
assigned as kinetic constants. However, these coefficients
together with the DO saturation will be temperature corrected
using a segment parameter for inputting the segment dependent
temperatures. Following the previously defined procedure:

Subroutine Design 'r'

L

1) Review and understand the kinetic structure

The rate equations are given by equations (-3.1) and (3.2)

dBODi
dt
- - Kr(Ti) * BODi

dDOi
- -
dt
-- Kd(Ti) *BODi+Ka (Ti)* (DOsat(Ti)-DOi) (3.2)

I -

- 98-

- -
 The formula for temperature correcting reaction coefficients
r
1- ,
is

and the following empirical non-linear equation will be used

1
to compute DO saturation (1)

= 14.652 - 0.41022T f 0.007991T2

- 0.000077774T 3

Equation (3.1) states that BOD removal is a first order

linear function of 'the removal coefficient and the segment
concentration (note: there are no "kinetic" sources of

BOD). Equation (3.2) contains both a s'ink (deoxygenation)

and source (reaeration) term for DO. need not equal Kd
K
r
since Kr reflects BOD removal both by biochemical oxidation
and by settling, while Kd is a function only of biochemical
oxidation.

-99 -
 ,?

2) Assign WASP system numbers for the state variables. !

BOD will be assigned as system 1 and DO will be assigned as

system 2.
3) Assign the order for reading kinetic constants,
segment parameters and piecewise linear functions
of time I

Kr K ~1 . and Ka (all at 20°C) will be assigned as kinetic

constants one through three respectively, while the temperature
correction factors (0) will be assigned as four through six.
The segment temperatures will be assigned as parameter
number one (the only segment parameter). There are no
piecewise linear functions to be assigned.
Subroutine Coding - refer to Figure 3-3 as requested
4) Variable or program initialization
Since temperature is time-invariant in this model framework,
the reaction coefficients and DO saturation will also be
time-invariant, and therefore need only be computed once, at
the beginning of the WASPB subroutine. Refering to Figure
3-3 this task is accomplished using the following FORTRAN

statements (line numbers refer to the statement line numbers

under the heading C-ERRS)

- 100-

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 line number 0002: dimensions or allocates storage for
the temperature corrected rate
coefficients and DO saturation
values
line number 0023: conserves storage by equivalencing
the dimensional vectors to the
unused portions of the segment
parameter array (PARAM)
lines 0025-0034: computes the temperature corrected
reaction coefficients and DO saturation.
This will be performed only once
(saving some computer time) by
checking the status of INITB (line
no. 0025). Note the user must
reset INITB himself (line no. 0034).
5) Piecewise linear functions
Since there are no piecewise linear functions this procedure
was not coded.

6) Segment loop
Line numbers 0036 through 0042 contain the body of the
kinetic subroutine. Note the inclusion of the segment
volumes since at this point we are computing Vi dCi/dt.

- 104 -
 7) Saving the state-variables

Line numbers 0043 through 0048 provide the instructions

necessary to store the state variables on disk files for the
IBM 370 series computer, while the Comment statements immed-
iately following show the code to be utilized on the DEC PDP
iI
series computers. Note the user must set MXDMP, as shown on
line number 0024.

E'
Figure 3-4 shows a second version of the subroutine
i
which has temperature as a piecewise linear function of
time. Since temperature is time variable the reaction
coefficients and DO saturation will also be time variable,

r
necessitating their evaluation at every time step (thereby
eliminating the need for step 4). Lines 0025 through 0027

J show the FORTRAN code necessary to update the piecewise

c - linear functions of time, while line number 0028 shows the
' -1
i
i
computation of the piecewise linear function at time = TIME,

using the MFUNC and BFUNC vectors. As in the previous

example there is sufficient storage available (unused portion
'
of the P A W array) to compute and store the termperature
corrected reaction coefficients and the DO saturation values
and output these numbers, together with the state variables,
outside the segment loop. However, for demonstration purposes

- 105 -
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0 0 o w v > v)
0 Lo 0 &I-w Q v)
0
.-I e
z VI nzar
3-a S F
e
2
W
u '7.

m n
)
c
Lo uuuu v u u u u u uuuu u uuu u rn
v)n(L
wc3<
nn
HT
3 0
5 u
w
w
w
>
=* -
u r

\ Io ~mztv, \o I-CWO rl N m 2 m u 7 r- m m o cxn C Y u LL

f CT nnnn c) IONJrnf f f J f f f j * * L o r J 7 7 c o
o w
\a w
[L oooc
O o o c
0
0
0 0 0 0
o o c o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
o
c o o
O G O
cue
4zc
L u 4
a 1
.=
J n &
z
- 4
on U
t w o w
LL
o m
u
L'
Q W '
 the code was included inside the segment loop. Note: the
-7
i variable MXDMP is now set equal to four to reflect the fact
that three additional variables per system are being saved;
and the WRITE for system 2 also contains a dummy variable,
c
DUMMY, to "pad out" the WRITE to MXDMP equal 4.

- 109 -
 C'
I

- CHAPTER 3

REFERENCES

.-_1

1. Solubility -
of AtmosphericOxygen -
in Water, Twenty-Ninth c

Progress Report of the Committee on San. Engr. Res. of

San. Engr. Div., ASCE, Jour. San. Engr. Div., Vol. 86,
NO. SA4, July 1960, pp. 41-53.

- 110 -

, -. . . , , ....~
. ...
I

CHAPTER 4
r
WASP INPUT STRUCTURE

4.1 Introduction
This chapter will describe, in detail, the input required
to run a user’s WASP model. No attempt has been made in
this chapter to detail the job control language (.JCL) commands
required to execute the WASP program since JCL is not only
machine dependent but often is site-specific even for the
same series of computer.
To arrange the input data into a logical format, the
data cards required are divided into fourteen card groups, A
through N. The card groups are briefly summarized in Table
4-1. For each card group, a brief description of each card
is given to define the variables which appear within the

group, and any options which may be available. Depending

1”
!;
upon the structure of the user’s model, a certain card
group, or cards within a group, may not need to be inputted.
Where it is appropriate, the manual informs the user how to
avoid inputting unnecessary information.
Provisions for har,dling a wide range of time and space
scales are contained in the data input structure via scale

- 111 -
 I-

TABLE 4-1

SUMMARY OF CARD GROUPS

Card Group

A. Model Identification and System Bypass Options

1. Model Identification Numbers
2. Title Card
3. Simulation Option
4. System Bypass Options
B. Exchange Coefficients
1. Number of Exchange Coefficients, Input Option Number
2. Scale Factor
'i
3. Exchange Coefficients
4. Exchange Bypass Options
C. Segment Volumes
1. Number of Volumes, Input Option Number
2. Scale Factor
3. Volumes

D. . Flow
1. Number of Flows, Input Option Number
2. Scale Factor
3. Flows f -%

lr
4. Flow Bypass Options :;4
p
E. Boundary Conditions
1. Number of Boundary Conditions, Input Option Number
2. Scale Factor
3. Boundary Conditions
Cards 1-3 are inputted for each system of the model ',
F. Forcing Functions
1. Number of Forcing Functions, Input Option Number
2. Scale Factor
3. Forcing Functions
Cards 1-3 are inputted for each system of the model

G. Parameters
1. Number of Parameters
2. Scale Factors
3. Parameters

H. Constants I -.

1. Number of Constants
2. Constants
I
f

r I TABLE 4-1
I
i (Continued 1

r; SUMMARY OF CARD GROUPS

i
Card Group

I. Miscellaneous Time Functions

1. Number of Time Functions
2. Function Name, Number of Breaks in Function
3. Time Function
Cards 2 and 3 are inputted for each time function required by
the model

J. Initial Conditions
1. Initial Conditions for each system of the model

K. Stability and Accuracy Criteria

1. Stability Criteria
2. Accuracy Criteria

L. Intermediate Print Control

1. Print Interval
2. Display Compartments

M. Integration Control Information

1. Integration Option
2. Time Warp Scale Factor
3. Integration Interval and Total Time

N. Display Parameters
1. Variable Names
I 2. Dump Parameters
J 3. Printer Plot Parameters
Cards 1 and 2 are read for each system; then card 3 is read for
I: each system
4. Pen Plot Parameters
factors. These scale factors facilitate the conversion of
the user's time and space units to those consistent with the
WASP program. The standard units for the WASP input data

are detailed in this manual. Departure from these units

necessitates the use of appropriate scale factors. Scale
factors may also be used to scale input data in sensitivity
analysis. For example, a user may wish to test the effect
of increased dispersion upon the model. Rather than altering
all the interfacial dispersion coefficients he may simply
change the dispersion coefficient scale factor to reflect,
the appropriate increase in dispersion levels.

t'

- 114 -
 4.2 Input Data

Card Group A
Model Identification and SysFem Bypass Options
r;

The variables which appear on each card are as follows:

1. Model Identification Numbers

5 10 15 20 25 30 35
MODEL ISER IRUN NOSEG NOSYS LISTG LISTC
FORMAT (715)
MODEL - model designation.

p-3.
:.
ISER -
- -series designation.
i IRUN - run number.
NOSEG -
- number of model segments.
NOSYS - number of systems.
IjISTG - 0 , print input data for exchange coefficients,
volumes, flows, and boundary conditions on
the principal output device.
1, suppress printing of input data for exchange
coefficients, volumes, flows, and boundary
conditions.
LISTC - 0 , print input data for forcing functions,
segment parameters, constants, miscellaneous
time functions, and initial conditions on the
principal output device.
1, suppress printing of input for forcing
functions, segment parameters, constants,
miscellaneous time functions, and initial
conditions.

- 115 -
 MODEL, ISER, IRUN, although not actually used by the.
WASP program, can assist the user in maintaining a log of
computer simulations.

2. Title

-1 80
VERIFICATION OF AUGUST 1973 RIVER SURVEY, REACH 1 f
FORMAT (20A4)

Card columns 1-80 contain any information the user

feels would be helpful in describing the run and identifying
the output for later reference.

3. Simulation Option 1'

!ii
Presently WASP permits only time variable simulations,
therefore include the following card:

1 24
TIME VARIABLE SIMULATION
FORPIAT (6A4)
I .<

t --

I
1
- 116 - r
;i

I-
-.
I

4. System Bypass Options

r
1

SYSBY (1) SYSBY (2) ... SYSBY (NOSYS)

FOIriMAT (1912)

.cg
r SYSBY(K) = 0, perform the kinetic and transport phenomena
, associated with system K (numerically integrate
the differential equations).
- 1, bypass all kinetic and transport phenomena
associated with system K(concentrations read
as initial conditions for system K apply
throughout simulation period).

&-
I

-.-
.I

' ,
i, - 117 -
 Card Group B
Exchange Coefficients

Exchange coefficients may be inputted in one of

two forms, actual exchange coefficients or, they may be
calculated from inputted dispersion coefficients and
accompanying cross-sectional areas and characteristic lengths
as per Equation (2.19).

1. Data Input Option Number: Number of Exchange Coefficients -

5 10
IROPT NOR
FORMAT (215,)

Data input options:

1, constant exchange coefficients.

2, all exchange coefficients proportional to

one piecewise linear approximation.
3, each exchange coefficient represented by
its own piecewise linear approximation.
4, constant exchange coefficients calculated
from the dispersion coefficient, cross-
sectional area, and characteristic lengths
specified for each interface.

5, all exchange coefficients proportional to

one piecewise linear approximation, calculated
from a piecewise linear dispersion coefficient
approximation and respective cross-sectional
areas, and characteristic lengths.
6, each exchange coefficient proportional to
its own piecewise linear approximation,

- 118 -

~. ..
. : . . .. --. -~
.. . - .. ?. L. .. - , .,~... .
. ., . , .,, . . ., .
 calculated from a piecewise linear approximation
for the dispersion coefficients, cross-
sectional area, and characteristic length
specified for each interface.
r; NOR - number of exchange coefficients

If no exchange coefficients are to be read, set NOR

equal to zero, and continue with Card Group C.

2. Scale Factor for Exchange Coefficients

10
SCALR .
FORMAT (E10.3)
SCALR - scale factor for exchange coefficients.
Exchange coefficients are normally expressed
1 -.
as million cubic feet per day under options
1. 1,2, and 3. Options 4, 5, and 6 normally
f. re.quire the following units:
Dispersion Coefficient - Square miles per day
Area - Square feet
Length - Feet
The conversion of sq. mi. -
feet/day to MCF/day
for options 4, 5, and 6 is handled internally
in WASP. If units other than the normal units are
necessitated by alteration of the space and
time scales, SCALR should be set such that
the product of SCALR and the exchange
coefficient (or the equivalent computed from
the dispersion coefficient) yields MCF/DAY.

3. Exchange Coefficients

The data input format is determined by the option

selected.

- 119 -
Option -
1
,
Each card in this package contains the exchange
coefficient information for four interfaces. The number of
exchange coefficients read is equal to NOR. The information
on each card is described below:

10 15 20 30 35 40
BR (K) IR (K) JR (K) BR (K+1) IR (K+l) JR (K+l)
50 55 60 70 75 80
BR(K+2) IR(K+2) JR(K+2)BR(K+3) IR(K+3) JR(K+3)
FORMAT(4(F10.0,215)
BR (K) - exchange coefficient between segments IR(K)
and JR(K) in million cubic feet per day.
IR (K),JR (K)= segments between which exchange takes place
-- the order of the segments is not important;
if a segment exchanges with a boundary, the
boundary is specified as zero.

I -

- 120 -

--
 I
Option -
2
r:
The card package consists of two sub-packages. Sub-
package I contains the exchange coefficient data, while sub-
package I1 contains a detailed specification of the piecewise
linear approximation to which all the exchange coefficients
are proportional.
q
,
I
Sub-package I- - Exchange Coefficients
I?.
I Each card in this sub-package contains the exchange
coefficient information for four interfaces. The number of
exchange coefficients read is equal to NOR. The information
on each card is described below:

10 15 20 30 35 40
BR (K) IR (K) JR (K) BR (Kfl) 1R (K+1) JR (K+l)

50 55 60 70 75 80
BR (K+2) IR (K+2) JR (K+2) BR (K+3) IR (K+3)JR (KS3)
FORMAT(4(F10.0,215))

BR (K) - ratio of the exchange coefficient between

segments IR(K) and JK(K) to the piecewise
linear approximation

IR (K),JR (K)= segments between which exchange takes place

NOTE: the order of the'segments is not
important; if a segment exchanges with a
boundary, the boundary is specified as zero.

Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Approximation
The number of breaks required to describe the piece-
,L' wise linear approximation is followed by a time series
i- describing the piecewise linear approximation. Each time
series element consists of two parts; an exchange value,
t --

- 121 -
and a time (normal time scale is days). The input is as r1:
_.
.
follows:
1
5
NOBRK
FORLWT(15)

NOBRK - number of values and times used to describe

the piecewise linear approximation.
!
%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -- P
RT (K) T (K) RT (K+l) T (K+l) RT (K+2) T(K+2). RT (K+3) T (KS.3)
FORMAT (8F10.0 )

RT (K) - value of the approximation at time T(K), in

million cubic feet per day. i.:r
. tI
- time in days; if the length of the simulation 5
exceeds T(NOBRK), the piecewise linear
approximation will repeat itself, starting at
time T(1); i.e., the approximation is assumed
to be periodic with period equal to T(NOBRK),
this holds true for all piecewise linear
functions of time.

t--

t
- 122 - I
 Option -
3

Each exchange coefficient is defined by a package of

cards consisting of two sub-packages. The first sub-package
identifies the two segments between which the exchange will
take place, and the number of values comprising the piecewise
linear approximation. The second sub-package defines the
piecewise linear approximation which describes the exchange
coefficient. The input is as follows:

-
Sub-Package I

5 10 15
*-
i IR (K) JR (K) NOBRK (K)
f FORMAT (315)

IR(K),JR(K)= segments between which exchange takes place;

NOTE: for exchange only, order of segments is
not important. If a segment exchanges with a
E
1:
'
boundary, the boundary is specified as zero.
I'
i NOBRK - number of values and times used to describe
L-.- the piecewise linear approximation. All
b
. .-
exchanges must have the same number of breaks,
and all breaks must occur at the same time
relative to each other.

Sub-Package I1
I_
- Piecewise Linear Approximation
This consists of a time series describing the piecewise
linear approximation. Each time series element consists of
two parts; an exchange value, and a time (normal time units -
days). The input is as follows:

10 20 . 30 40 50 60 70 80
RT (K) T (K) RT (K+l) T (KS-1) RT (K+2)' T (K+2) RT (K+3) T (K+3)
FOREAT (8F10.0)
 I
RT (K) - value of the piecewise linear approximation at time
T(X) in million cubic feet per day. 7
T (K) -
- time in days. All break times must agree for I-
all segments, $.e., T(1) must be the same for
all exchanges, T(2) must be the same for all r.
IS
t
exchanges, etc. i'l

- 124 -
 Option 4

Each card in this package contains the information to

calculate the exchange coefficients for two interfaces. The
number of dispersion coefficients is equal to NOR. The
information on each card is described below:

i:
10 20 25 30 35 40
E (K) A(K) IL(K) JL (K) IR(K) JR(K)
!I 50 60 65 70 75 80
E (K+l) A (K+1) IL (K+l) JL (Kt-1) IR (K+1) J R (KS1)
FORMAT (2(2F10.012F5.0,215))

E (K) - dispersion coefficient for the interface

between segment IR(K) and JR(K) in square
miles/day.
A (K) - the interfacial cross-sectional area between
segments IR(K) and JR(K) , in square feet.

I - IL (K) - the length of segment IR(K), with respect to

:1 the IL (K)-JL (K) interface, in feet.
JL (K) - the length o f segment JR(K) in relation to
the IR(K)-JR(K) interface, in feet. If a
segment exchanges with a boundary, the characteristic
length of the boundary should be set equal to
the length of the segment with which it is
exchanging.

I IR (K),JR (K)= segments between which exchange takes place;

NOTE: for exchange only, order is not important
!i
-- if a segment exchanges with a boundary,
the boundary is specified as zero.

.-:
I .

:j
- 125 -
Option -
5

The card package consists of two sub-packages. Sub-

Package I contains the information necessary to calculate
the exchange coefficients, while sub-package 11 contains a
J
detailed specification of the piecewise linear approximation
to which the dispersion coefficients contained in Sub-
package I are proportional.

Sub-package -
I

Each card in this sub-package contains the information .q

necessary to calculate the exchange coefficient for two :'i
interfaces. The number of dispersion coefficients is equal !
to NOR. The information on each card is described below.

19 20 25 30 35 40
E(K) A(K) IL(K) JL(K) IR(K) JR(K)
50 60 65 70 75 80
E (K+l) A (K+1) IL (Kt-1) JL (K+1) IR (K+1) JR (K+l)
FORMAT (2(2F10.012F5.0,215)

E(K) . -- the ratio of the dispersion coefficient

between segment IR(K) and JR(K) to the piecewise
linear approximation.
A (K) - the interfacial cross-sectional area between
segments IR(K) and JR(X) , in square feet.

IL (K) - the length of segment IR(K) in relation to

the IR(K)-JR(K) interface, in feet.
JL (K) -
- the length of segment JR(K) in relation to
the IR(K)-JR(K) interface, in feet. If a
segment exchanges with a boundary, the
characteristic length of the boundary should
be set equal to the length of the segment
with which it is exchanging.

- 126 -
 IR (K),JK (I<) = segments between which exchange takes place:
r- NOTE: for exchange only, order is not
important.

Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Approximation
I
nr;
The number of breaks required to describe the piecewise
linear approximation is followed by a time series describing
the piecewise linear approximation. Each time series element
consists of two parts: a dispersion coefficient and a time
(normal units are days). The input is as follows:

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RT (K) T (K) RT (K-I-1) T (KS.1) RT (K+2) T (K+2) RT (K+3) T (K+3)
FOWIAT (8F10.0)

RT (K) - value of the piecewise linear approximation

at time T(K) , in square miles/day.

I
I

,.. .

- 127 -
Option -
6

Each exchange coefficient is defined by a package of

cards consisting of three sub-packages. The first sub-
package identifies the two segments between which the exchange
will take place, and defines the number of values comprising
the piecewise linear approximation. The second sub-package
defines the piecewise linear approximation which describes
the dispersion coefficient. The third sub-package defines
the interfacial cross-sectional area, and the characteristic
lengths of the two segments involved. The input is as
follows:

Sub-package -
I

5 10 15
IR (K) JR (K) NOBRK (XI.
FORMAT (315)

IR (K),JR (K)= segments between which exchange takes place;

NOTE: for exchange only, order is not important.
NOBRK - number of values and times used to describe
the piecewise linear approximation. All
exchanges must have the same number of
breaks, and all breaks must occur at the
same time relative to one another.

Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Approximation

This consists of a time series describing the piecewise

linear approximation. Each time series element consists of
two parts: a dispersion coefficient, and a time (consistent
with the normal time scale of the model). The input is as
follows:

- 128 -
 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
RT (K) T (K) RT (KS.1) T (KS.1) RT (K+2) T (KS2) RT (K+3) T (K+3)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

RT (K) - value of the piecewise linear approximation

at time T(K), in square miles/day.

T (K) - time in days; all break times must agree for

all segments, %.e., T(1) must be the same for
all exchanges, T(2) must be the same for all
exchanges, etc.

Sub-package I11

This card defines the interfacial cross-sectional area

and the characteristic lengths of the segments involved.

10 20 30
A (K) IL (K) JL (K)
FORMAT (3F10.0)

I. A~K) - the interfacial cross-sectional area between

segment IR(K) and JR(K) in square feet.
rL (K) - the length of segment I R ( R ) in relation to
the IR(K)-JR(K) interface, in feet.
JL (K) - the length of segment JR(K) in relation to
the IR(K)-JR(K) interface in feet.
If a segment exchanges with a boundary, the characteristic
length of the boundary should be set equal to the length
of the segment with which it is exchanging.

- 129 -
-
4. Exchange Bypass Options

4
RBY (1) RBY (2) ....RBY (NOSYS)
FORMAT (1912) G
L
i
RBY (K) - 0, exchange phenomena occurs in system K.
- 1, bypass exchange phenomena for system (K)
(effectively set all exchange coefficients
equal to zero for system K).

- 130 -
 Card Group c -
- Volumes

1. Data Input Option Number; Number -

of Volumes

5 10
IVOPT NOV
FORMAT (215)

i
Data input options:
IVOPT -- 1, constant volumes. Currently WASP only
permits constant volumes.
NOV - number of volumes; normally NOV is equal to
NOSEG, the number of segments, but for some
special input structures, NOV need not equal
NOSEG .

I- 2. Scale Factor for Volumes

!_

I
10
SCALV
FORMAT (X10.31

SCALV - scale factor for volumes; volumes are normally

1
expressed.in units of million cubic feet. If
other units are necessitated by alteration in
the space scale, SCALV should contain the
appropriate conversion factor; if normal
units are employed, SCALV = 1.0.

I
- 131 -
 c-
1

3. Volumes

The data input format is determined by the option

selected.

Option -
1

Each card in this package contains the volume information

for eight segments. The number of volumes is equal to NOV.
The information on each card is described below.

10 20 30 70 80
VOL (K) VOL (K+1) VOL (K+2) .... VOL (K+6) VOL (Kf-7)
FORMAT (8F10.0)
r-
.-
I.
VOL (K) -
- volumes of segment K, in million cubic feet. i:
The volumes are to be input consecutively,
starting with segment 1, and ending with
segment NOV.

- 132 -
I .:

r Card Group -
D - Flows
1. Data Input Option Number; Number -
of Flows

5 10
IQOPT NOQ
FORMAT (215)

Data Input Options:

IQOPT - 1, constant flows.

I - 2, all flows propor-ional to one piecewise
-7: linear approximation.
h
- 3, each flow is represented by its own piecewise
linear approximation.

NOQ - number of flows.

If no flows are to be inputted, set NOQ to zero, and go

to Card Group E.

2. -
Scale Factor For Flows

=ii
I 10
SCALQ
' I FORMAT (E10.3)

SCALQ - scale factor for flows, flows are normally

read in cubic feet per second! (cfs).

- 133 -
 r --

3. Flows
1

The data input format is determined by the option

selected. :j

Option -
1

"
Each card in this package contains the flow information
for four interfaces, the number of flow specifications is :i
equal to NOQ. The information on each card is described
below.

10 15 20 30 35 40
BQ (K) IQ (K) JQ (K) BQ (K+1) IQ (K+1) JQ (K+1)
50
5n 55 60 70 75 80
(K+Z)
BQ ( (K+2) JQ (K+2) BQ
~ + 2 )IQ (K+2) (I(+3) IQ (K+3) J
BQ(K+3) JQQ (K+3)
FORMAT(4 (F10.0,215)

BQ (K) -
- flow between segment IQ(K) and JQ(K) in cfs.
AESOP convention is: if the flow value is
positive, then flow is from segment IQ(K)
to JQ(K) .
IQ (K) -- upstream segment.
JQ (K) - downstream segment.

If flow is from a segment to a boundary, then JQ(K) is L

/c
set euual to zero; if a flow is from a boundary to a segment,
then IQ(K) is set equal to zero.

'!
- 134 -
 Option -
2

The card package consists of two sub-packages. Sub-

package I contains the flow routing while sub-package I 1
contains a detailed specification of the piecewise linear
approximation to which all the flows are proportional.

Sub-package -
I - Flows
Each card in this sub-package contains the flow
information for four interfaces. The number of flow
specifications is equal to NOQ. The information on each
card is described below:

10 15 20 30 35 40
BQ (K) IQ (K) JQ (K) BQ (K+1) IQ (K+1) J Q (K+l)

50 55 60 70 75 80
BQ (Kf2) IQ (K+2) J Q (Ri-2) BQ (K+3) IQ (K+3) J Q (K+3)
FOFWAT(4(FlO.O,215))
BQ (K) - ratio of the flow between segments IQ(K) and
J Q (K) to the piecewise linear flow approximation.

IQ (K) - upstream segment.

JQ (K) -- downstream segment.

I If flow is from a segment to a boundary, then JQ(K) is

1- set equal to zero; if a flow is from a boundary to a segment,
then IQ(K) is set equal to zero.

-135 -
 Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Flow r-

I
f
The number of breaks required to describe the piecewise
linear approximation is followed by a time series describing
the piecewise linear flow approximation. Each time series
,I
element consists of two parts; a flow and a time. The input
is as follows:

10
NOBRK
FORMAT (15)

NOBRR - number of values and times used to describe --I.

i:
the piecewise linear approximation; i:

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
QT (K) T (K) QT (K+1) T (K+1) QT (K+2) T (KS-2) QT (K+3) T (K+3)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

QT (K) -
- value of the piecewise linear approximation
at time T(K), in cubic feet per second.

T (K) - time in days, if the length of the simulation

exceeds T(NOBRK), the broken line function
will repeat itself, starting at time T(1),
<.e., the approximation is assumed to be
periodic, with period equal to T(N0BRK).

I
i-

- 136 -

- . . . . . . ~ _... -
 Option -
3

c: , Each flow is defined by a package of cards consisting

of two sub-packages. The first sub-package identifies the
two segments between which the flow occurs, and the number
of values comprising the piecewise linear flow approximation.
The second sub-package defines the piecewise linear
approximation which describes the flow. The input is as

Sub-package -
I

5 10 15
IQ(K) JQ(K) NOBRK
FORMAT (315)

- upstream segment, flow from segment IQ(K)

to JQ(K), assuming positive flow.
- downstream segment flow from segment JQ(K),
assuming positive flow.
- number of values and times used to describe
i: the broken line approximation. All flows
p must have the same number of breaks, and all
breaks must occur at the same time relative
to one another.
“7
Sub-package -
I1

Sub-package I1 is a time series describing the piecewise

linear approximation. Each time series element consists of
two parts: a flow and a time. The input is as follows:

- 137 -
QT (K) - value of the piecewise linear flow approximation
at time T(K) in cfs.

T (K) -
- time in days, if the length of the simulation
exceeds T(N0BRK) the broken line function
will repeat itself, starting at time, T(1). ,r
All break times must agree for all segments;
i.e., T(1) must be the same for all flows,.
T(2) must be the same for all flows, etc.

4. Flow Bypass Options

The flow bypass options permit the flow transport to be

set equal to zero in one or more systems, while maintaining p
the flow regime (as defined by one of the above options) in
the remaining systems.
F
I

2 4
QBY (1) QBY (2) .... QBY (ISYS)
FORPIAT (1912)

QBY (K) - 0 , flow transport occurs in system K.

-
- 1, bypass the flow transport for system K
(effectively set all flows equal to zero in
system K).

I. '

- 138 -

.. :-
::.
.
. .
. :
. . . -... . - . . . . - I. ,.. .. .....__.
. ~... r : .....
, -,,.......
 -
Card Group E - Boundary Condition
.I '

All input is read NOSYS times; once for each

system of the model. --
.

1. Data Input Option Number: Number -

of Boundary Conditions

5 10
IBCOP (K) NOBC (E;)
FORMAT (215)

P
:.1
Data Input Options:

IBCOP(K) = 1, constant boundary conditions.

-
- 2, all boundary conditions proportioned to
one piecewise linear approximation.
-
- 3, each boundary condition represented by its
own piecewise linear approximation.
NOBC(K) = number of boundary conditions used for system
(K)

If no boundary conditions are to be inputted, set '

NOBC(K) equal to zero, and cont,inuewith the next system, or

go to the next card group.

,-

I '

'
I -139 -
 r-
-1

2. Scale Factor For Boundary Conditions

10
SCALB
FORMAT (E10.3)

SCALB - scale factor for boundary conditions. Boundary

conditions are normally expressed as milligrams
per liter (mg/l), or parts per million parts
-
(ppm)

3. Boundary Conditions

The data input format is determined by the option

selected.

Option 1 -
10 15 25 30 40
BBC (K) IBC (K) BBC (Kfl) IBC (K+l) BBC (K+2)
45
-_ __
55 60
.. 70 75
IBC (K+2) BBC (K+3) IBC (K+3) BBC (K+4) IBC (Kf4)
FORMAT (5 (F10.0,15))

BBC (K) - boundary condition of segment IBCCK) in mg/l.

IBC (K) - segment number to which boundary condition
BBC(K) is to be applied.

I .

- 140 -
Option -
2

The card package consists of two sub-packages. Sub-

package I contains the boundary condition data, while sub-
package I1 contains a detailed specification of the piecewise
linear approximation to which all the boundary conditions
are to be proportional.

Sub-package -
I

Each card in this sub-package contains the boundary

condition information for five segments. The number of
boundary condition specifications is equal to NOBC. The
information on each card is described below.

10 15 25 30 40
BBC (K) IBC (K) BBC (K+l) IBC (K+l) BBC (K+2)
45 55 60 70 75
IBC (K+2) BBC (K+3) IBC (K+3) BBC (Kf4) IBC (Kt-4)
FORMAT (5 (F10 .0 ,I5))

BBC (K) - ratio of the boundary condition for segment

IBC (K) to the piecewise .linear approximation.
IBC (K) - segment number.

Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Boundary Condition Approximation

The number of breaks required to describe the piecewise

linear boundary condition approximation is followed by a
time series describing the boundary approximation. Each
time series element consists of two parts; boundary
concentration, and a time. The input is as follows:

- 141 -
 5
NOBRK .r
FORMAT (I5 ) /.

NOBRK - .L
number of values and times used to describe I-
the piecewise linear approximation. rI

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 4
1
BCT (K) T (K) BCT (K+l) T (K+l) BCT (K+2) T (K+2) BCT (K+3) T (K-I-3)
FORMAT (8F10.0) J?
BCT (K) - value of the broken line approximation at &2
time T(K) in mg/l
'iI
T (K) - time at breaks in broken line approximation,
in days

If the length of the simulation exceeds T(NOBRK), the

piecewise linear approximation is repeated, starting at
T(1), i.e., the approximation is assumed to be period equal
to T(N0BRK).
f:
il

I'
1

- 142 - t
 Option -
3

Each boundary condition is defined by a package of

cards consisting of two sub-packages. The first sub-package
identifies the segment associated with the boudnary condition
and the number of values comprising the piecewise linear
approximation. The second sub-package defines the piecewise
linear approximation which describes the boundary conditions.
All boundary conditions within a system must have the same
number of breaks. The input is as follows:
Sub-package -
I

IBC (K) - boundary segment number.

NOBRK(K) = number of values and times used to describe
the broken line approximation. The number
of breaks must be equal for all boundary
conditions within a system.

Sub-package -
I1 - Piecewise Linear Boundary Condition Approximation
The segment number and the number of breaks required to
I- describe the broken line approximation is followed by a time
series describing the broken line approximation. Each time
series element consists of two parts: a boundary concentration,
and a time (consistent with the .normal time scale of the
t:-
model). The number of breaks must be the same for all
boundary approximations. The input is as follows:

I-
-

- 143 -
 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
BCT ( K ) T (K) BCT (K+1) T (K+l) BCT (K+2) T (Kf2) BCT (K+3) T (Kf3)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

BCT (K) - value of the boundary approximation at time

T(K) in mg/l
T (K) - time in days if the length of the simulation
exceeds T (NOBRK), the broken line approximation
is repeated, starting at T(1) , i.e. , the
approximation is assumed to be periodic, with
period equation to T(N0BRK). All break times
must agree for all segments, i.e., T(1)
must be the same for all exchanges, T(2) must
be the same for all exchanges, etc.

- 144 - i-

i
r -
Card Group F - Forcing Functions

All input is read NOSYS times, once for each

system of the model.

1. Data Input Option Number: Number -

of Forcing Functions

5 10
IWXOP (ISYS) NOWK (ISYS)
FORMAT (215)

Data Input Options:

I

IWKOP (ISYS)= 1, constant forcing functions.

- 2, all forcing functions are proportioned to
one piecewise linear approximation.
- 3, each forcing function represented by its
own piecewise linear approximation.
NOWK (ISYS)= number of forcing functions used for system
ISYS. NOTE: forcing functions may also be
considered as sources {loads) or sinks of a
water quality constituent. If no forcing
functions are to be inputted, set NOWK(1SYS)
to zero, and continue with next system or go
to next card group.
I
I
1-

1.

' 1,

- 145 -
i

. - . .,. _,........,.,.. ...,,._.. ..

.,--.~ . , _.,_ ~ ,,.,. .
. , ....... ,
2. Scale Factor For Forcing Functions

10
SCALW
FORMAT (E10.3)

SCALW - scale factor for forcing functions. Forcing

functions are normally read as pounds per
day.

3. Forcing Functions

The data input format is determined by the option

selected.

Option -
1

10 15 25 30 40
BWK (K) IWK (K) BWK (K+1) IWK (K+1) BWK (K+2)
45 55 60 70 75
IWK (Kf2) BWK (KS3) IWK (K+3) BWK (K+4) IWK (K+4)
FOIWl.AT(5(F10.0,15)

BWK (K) - forcing function of segment IWK(,K), in pounds/day

IWK (K) - segment number to which forcing function
BWK (K) is to be applied.

- 146 -
 Option -
2

The card package consists of two sub-packages. Sub-

package I contains the forcing function data, while sub-
package I1 contains a detailed specification of the piecewise
linear approximation to which all the forcing functions are
proportional.

Sub-package
. _I

Each card in this sub-package contains the forcing

function information for five segments. The number of
specifications is equal to NOWK. The information on each
card is described below:

10 15 25 30 40
BWK (K) IWK (K) BWK (Ki-1) IWK (KS-1) BWK (Kf2)

45 55 60 70 75
IWK (K+2) BWK (K+3) IWK (Kf3) BWK (K+4) IWK (K+4)
* F O R m T (5 (F10.0115)

BWK (K) - ratio of the forcing function for segment

IWK(K) to the piecewise linear approximation.
€4
1 IWK (K) - segment number to which forcing function
BWK(K) is to be applied.

--
' 1
Sub-Packaqe I1 Piecewise Linear Forcing Function Approximation

The number of breaks required to describe the piecewise

linear forcing function approximation is followed by a time
series describing the forcing function. Each time series

- 147 -
element consists of two parts; a function value and a time.
The input is as follows: I- T
-7

5 r-
NOBRK -? !
-

I
F O W T (I5.)

NO BRK -
- number of values and times used to describe
the piecewise linear approximation.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
WKT (K) T (K) WKT (K+1) T (K+1) WKT (K+2) T (K+2) WKT (K+3) T (Kf3)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

WKT (K) - value of the forcing function at time T(K), fa-

I

in pounds/day. !-
-
T (K) time in days, if the length of the simulation
exceeds T (NOBRK), the forcing function approximation
is repeated, starting at T(11, ?.e., the
r-
:1
approximation is assumed to be periodic, with I-:1
period equal to T(N0BRK).
:I

-
I

f .:

- 148 -
.-

c Option 3 -
r.- Each forcing function is defined by a package of cards
consisting of two sub-packages. The first sub-package
identifies the segment associated with the forcing function
and the number of values comprising the piecewise linear
approximation. The second sub-package defines approximation
which describes the forcing function. The input is as
follows:

5 10
'3 IWK (K) NOBRK (K)
I
i. FORMAT (215)

IWK (K) - segment number which has forcing function

BWK(K) .
I 'j
NOBRK(K) = number of breaks used to describe the forcing
function approximation. The number of breaks
must be equal for all forcing functions within
a system.

Sub-package I1 _. - Piecewise Linear Forcing Function Approximation

The segment number and the number of breaks required to

describe the piecewise linear forcing function approximation
is followed by a time series, describing the forcing function.
Each time series element consists of two parts: a function
' value and a time. The input is as follows:

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
WKT (K) T (K) WKT (K+l) T (K) WKT (K+2) T (K+2) WKT (K+3) T (K+3)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

,.:.

- 149 -
 value of the forcing function at time T(K),
in pounds/day.
time in days, if the length of the simulation I
exceeds T(NOBRK), the approximation is &
repeated, starting at T(1), i.e., the approximation 1
is assumed to be periodic with period equal :-
to T(N0BRK). All break times must agree - 6-
-.
for all segments: i.e., T(1) must be the
same for all boundary conditions, T(2) must 1
be the same for all boundary conditions, etc.

~....... .....
-
-1 Card Group G -- Parameters

c
The definition of the parameters will vary, depending
upon the structure and kinetics of the systems comprising
each model. The input format however is constant and is
detailed below:

1. Number -
Of Parameters

5
NOPAM
FORMAT (r5 )

NOPAM -
- number of parameters required by the model.
If no parameters are to be inputted, set
NOPAM to zero and go to card group H.

2. Scale Factors For Parameters

_i n_ 20
~. 30
SCALP (1) SCALP (2) SCALP (3) ... SCALP (NOPAM)
FORMAT (8E10.3)

SCALP(K) = scale factor for parameter group K.

I
.
-

!-

a .-.
I"

1.
*

.- - 151 -
,-
 h
,

3. Segment Parameters

5 15 20
ANAME (K) P A W 4 ISEG ,K 1 ANLIE (K+1)
c
30 35 45 ---
PARAM(ISEG,K+l) ANAME (K-l-2)PARAM(ISEG,K+2) I-
50 60 65
ANAFIE (Kf3 ) PARAM (ISEG,K+3 ) ANAME (K+4)
FORMAT(5(A5,F10.0))
75
P A M 4 (ISEG,K+4 ) T! J'

I:
.-

ANAME(K) = an optional one to five alpha-numeric

character descriptive name for parameter
PARAM (ISEG,K) .
PARAM(ISEG,K)= the value of parameter ANAME(K1 in segment
ISEG.

- 152 -
 Card Group -
H - Constants
The definition of the constants will vary, depending
upon the structure and kinetics o f the systems comprising
each model.

! 1. -
Number Of Constants

5
NCONS
FORMAT (15)

NCONS - number of constants required by the model.

If no constants are to be inputted, set NCONS equal to

zero and continue with the Card Group I.

2. Constants

-; 5 15 20 30 35
ANAME (K) CONST (K) ANAME (Ki-1) CONST (K3-1) ANLYE (Xf2)
4

45 50 60 65 75
CONST (K4-2) ANAME (K+3) CONST (K+3) ANAME (K+4) CONST (Xi-4)
FORMAT (5 (A5,FlO.0) )

ANAME (K) = an optional one to five alpha-numeric

character descriptive name for constant
CONST (K).
CONST(K) = the value of constant ANAME (K).

- 153 -
 Card Group -
I - Miscellaneous Time Functions
The definition of the miscellaneous piecewise linear
time functions will vary depending upon the structure and
the kinetics of the systems comprising each model. The
input format however is constant and is detailed below.

1. --
Number Of Time Functions

5
NFUNC
FORMAT (I5 ) ff

NFUNC - number of time functions required by the

model.

If no time functions are to be inputted, set NFUNC

equal to zero, and go to Card Group K.

2. Time Functions

The following package of cards is required for each

time function. The first sub-package defines the function cj
name and the number of breaks in the time function. The i-
second sub-package contains a detailed specification of the
piecewise linear time function.

Sub-Package I-
5 10
ANAME (K) NOBRK (K)
FORMAT (A5,15)
e--
ANAME (K) = an optionali one to five alpha-numeric I
character descriptive name for the time
function K.

-154 - I
 Card Group -
H - Constants
The definition of the constants will vary, depending
upon the structure and kinetics of the systems comprising
each model.
q
1. Number -
Of Constants

5
NCONS
E$ FORMAT (15)
1

NCONS -
- number of constants required by the model.

If no constants are to be inputted, set NCONS equal to

zero and continue with the Card Group I.

2. Constants

5 15 20 30 35
ANAME (K) CONST (K) ANAME (K+l) CONST (K+1) ANAYE (Kf2)

45 50 60 65 75
CONST (K42) ANAME (K+3) CONST (K+3) ANAME (K+4) CONST (K+4)
FORMAT (5 (A5,FlO. 0) )

‘ ANAME(K) = an optional one to five alpha-numeric

:f
J character descriptive name for constant
CONST (K).
CONST(K) = the value of constant ANAME(K).

- 153 -
 ,r

--
Card Group I Miscellaneous Time Functions

The definition of the miscellaneous piecewise linear

time functions will vary depending upon the structure and
the kinetics of the systems comprising each model. The
input format however is constant and is detailed below.

1. --
Number Of Time Functions

5
NFUNC
FORMAT (I5)

NFUNC - number of time functions required by the

model.

If no time functions are to be inputted, set NFUNC

equal to zero, and go to Card Group K.

2. Time Functions

The following package of cards is required for each

time function. The first sub-package defines the function
name and the number of breaks in the time function. The
second sub-package contains a detailed specification of the
piecewise linear time function.

Sub-Packaqe -
I

5 10
ANAME (K) NOBRK (K)
FORMAT (A5,15)

.-.

ANAME (K) = an optional one to five alpha-numeric 1

character descriptive name for the time F
function K.

-154 -
 NOBRK(K) = number of breaks used to describe the time
function K.

r; Sub-package -
I1

10 20- 30 40
VALT (K) T (E() VALT (K+1) T (K4-1)

50 60 70 80
VALT (K+2) T (K+2) VALT (.K+3) T (K+3)
F O R W T (8F10.0)

e-
?' VALT(K) = value of the function at time T(K)..
- time in days. If the length of the simulation
exceeds T(NOBRK), the time function will
repeat itself, starting at T(11, i.e., the
approximation is assumed to be periodic, with
period equal to T(N0BRX). All time functions
must have the same number of breaks and
all break times must agree for all functions,
i.e., T(1) must be the same for all functions,
T(2) must be the same for all functions,
etc.

-155 -
 .

Card Group J
- - Initial Conditions

The initial conditions are the segment concentrations '

F-3
for the state variables at time zero (or the start of the C
simulation). i'

1. .Initial Conditions

5 15 20 30
ANAME(K) C(ISYS,K) ANAME(K+11 C(ISYS,K+l)

35 45 50 60
ANAME(K+2) C (ISYS,K+2) ANAME(K+3) C (TSYS,K+3) r
FORMAT (4 (A5,F10.0)

i
ANAME(K) = an optional one to five alpha-numeric
character descriptive name for the initial
condition in segment K of system ISYS.
C(ISYS,K) = initial condition in segment K of system
ISYS in the appropriate units (normally
mg/l or ppm).

The user will be required to input. initial conditions

for each system even if the system is bypassed or if the
initial conditions are zero. The initial conditions
are read in one system at a time (from system 1 through
system PJOSYS), with the concentrations being read from
segment 1 through NOSEG within a system packet. '1

- 156 - I-

f
 Card Group -
K - Stability and Accuracy Criteria
;1 1. Stability Criteria
I
i
f
10 20 30 80
CL'IAX(K) CMAX (K+l) CMAX (K+2) .... CMAX (NOSYS)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

,.
CiyAX (K) = stability criteria for system K, i.e., the
maximum concentration (normal units mg/l or
ppm) for system K which if exceeded by any
segments in system K indicates that the
numerical integration procedure has become
unstable. If unstability occurs an appro-
priate message is printed and the integration
procedure is terminated and a call is made
to the display subroutines.

2. Accuracy Criteria

10 20 30 80
CMIN (K) CMIN (K+1) CMIN (Ki-2) ... CMIN (NOSYS)
FORMAT (8F10.0)

CMIN(K) = originally WASP read the accuracy criteria

1-
for system K; i.e., for time variable
simulations the minimum concentration (normal
'> I units mg/l or ppm) that governs integration
step-size control, if the user chooses option
h 1 (described later). Since it is not recommend-
ed that the user utilize this option due to
numerical difficulties, just set CMIN = 0.0
for each system.

I .

- 157 -
 Card Group -
L - Intermediate Print Control

1. Print Interval

10
PRINT
FORMAT(F10.0)

PRINT - print interval in days for time-variable

applications (Note: the maximum number of
print outs = total prototype time/print
interval + 1 (for time zero) must be equal
to or less than 41). i

2. Compartments (System - Segment) To

-- Be Displayed

ISYS (1) ISEG (1) ISYS (2) ISEG (2). ..ISYS(81 ISEG ( 8 )
FORMAT (1613)

ISYS(K),ISEG(K) = system, segment combinations user wishes

to have displayed during simulation -
user may select a maximum of 8 (Note:
all system-segment concentrations as
well as other miscellaneous calculations
may be displayed at the end of the
simulation, see Card Group N).

- 158 -

.- .-. ...
I .
.
, I .. .".... ..,, .~ .
, ..,.. .. . . .. . .- .. . .^.
 Card Group M
- - Integration Control Information

1. Integration Option - Negative Solution Option

2 4

INTYP - 1, user wishes the WASP program to determine

the integration step size (based upon its own
accuracy criteria). It is recommended that
5
1 the user not use this option.

- 2, the user will supply the integration step

sizes to be used by WASP. It is recommend-
ed that the user utilize this option.

NEGSLN - 0, a user wishes to restrict integration to

the positive plane only -
this is the normal
option selected.
- 1, user will permit the integration procedure
to go negative -
used for special applications
(ex. DO deficit, pH -
alkalinity)

2. - -Scale Factor
Time Warp Starting Simulation Time (TZERO)

10 20
SCALT TZERO
FOFDIAT(2E10.4)

SCALT - time warp scale factor -

allows the user to
completely change the time scale of his
simulation via just one card. This scale
factor changes all times employed in piecewise

-159 -
 linear functions or piecewise linear
approximations for volumes, exchanges, flowst
etc., as well as print out time.
TZERO - prototype time for start of simulation,
usually equal to zero, but user may start at
time.other than zero (used to initialize
any of the piecewise linear time functions).

3. Number -
Of Integration Step Sizes

5
NOS TEP
FORMAT (15)

NOSTEP - number of integration step sizes to be used

in this simulation

4. Integration Step Size History

~~

10 20 __
30 --
4n
DT (K) TIME (K) DT (K+l) TIME (K+1) ... :i
FORMAT (8F10.0)

DT (K) - integration step size (normal units-days).

TIME(K) = time until which step size DT(K) will be
used, then switching to DT(K4-1) until TIME(K+l).

' i

- 160 - 1' L
r;
Card Group -
N - Display Parameters

T. The cards presented for this group are those required

by the normal WASP display package. A special subroutine
that permits off-line digital pen plotting capability is
c. available for the DEC PDP system. The input data required
L:
is described here.
The following two sub-groups are read for each system,
starting with system 1 and running through system NOSYS.
For each variable-segment combination chosen a time history
of the segment will be displayed(dumped).

1. Variable Names

8 16 80
ANAME(1) ANAME(2) .... ANAME(10)
FORMAT (10A8)

ANAME(K) = a one to eight alpha-numeric character

descriptive name for display variable K. The
order of these names is determined via the
appropriate disk file WRITE in the users
kinetic subroutine (Note: As presently
written WASP permits a maximum of 10 variables
per segment to be saved in each system for
the IBM 1130, DSC META4, IBM 370 versions
and a maximum of 8 variables for the DEC PDP
versions).
:1
9 2. Variable Number, Segment Numbers

7
J
c
v
n
3
77
L I
VARNO SEG (K) SEG (XS.1) ... SEG (KS.7)
FORMAT (913)

VARNO - the position of the desired variable, to be

displayed, in the WRITE file statement in the
kinetic subroutine (see previous note).

- 161 -
 '-1
I

SEG (K) - segment number to be displayed (note: order

of display unimportant, i.e., need not be
sequential) .

A blank card terminates display for system, ISYS. Then

'i
another Variable Name card, followed by Variable Number,
Segment Number card(s) is read until system NOSYS has b e e n ,
read, then the plot cards will be read.

3. Printer Plot Display Cards

The following cards are read for each system, starting

with system 1, and running through NOSYS. The printer
plot display sub-group requires 3 cards per plot, and
since two plots are formulated per page of printout,
the user should input an even number of plots.

3a. - ---
??umber of Segments and Variable Number for This Plot

2 4
NSPLT VARNO
FORMAT(212)
I.

i;
NSPLT - number of segments to be plotted (maximum i-

of five).
s-:;
iY
VARNO - the position of the desired variable, to be 1
plotted, in the WRITE file statement in the
kinetic subroutine.
'' 1:F p

3b. Plotting Scales

10 20
PMIN PMAX
FORMAT(2F10.0)

I ;i

PMIN, PMAX= minimum and maximum values, respectively, to i

be used for this plot. I

- 162 -

c
 3c. Segments --
To Be Plotted

3 6 9
Ir;r SEG (1) SEG (21. ... SEG (NSPLT).
i' FORMAT(513)

SEG (K) -
- segment numbers to be plotted (a maximum of 5
segments/plot allowed).
A blank card terminates the plotting for system, ISYS.
At this point, unless the user has written additional
display routines (such as the PDP graphics], WASP input is
finished, and the user should end his deck with the appro-
priate end of data set indicator.

4. Pen -
- Plot Display Cards
The following cards permit the user to obtain plots of
WASP results on a digital pen plotter, should he have access
to one on his computer system. The pen plot software has
been written such that six "variable vs. time" are generated
per 11 inch x 11 inch frame. Therefore, the user must
supply the following input data cards in multiples of six.
The user should note that unlike the Dump and Printer Plot
Display Cards which are organized by system, the Pen Plot
Display Cards permit the user to mix the various system
outputs on the same frame.
4a. System, Segment, Variable, and Units -
for_this
_ Plot
_ ~
5 10 15 16 29
SYS SEG TVAR UNITS
FORMAT (315,A14)
SYS - system number of the desired variable to
be plotted
!.. . SEG - segment number of the desired variable to
'.1
be plotted

r
- 163 -
IVAR - the position of the desired variable, to
be plotted, in the WRITE file statement in
the kinetic subroutine
UNITS - an alphanumeric descriptor, which describes
the units of the variable to be plotted

4b. Plotting Scales

10 20
YMIN YMAX -7
FON4AT (2F10.0)
i
YMIN,YMAX = minimum and maximum values, respectively,
to be used for this plot

4c. Field Data

The pen plot subroutine, WAS18, has been written so
as to permit the user to overplot theory with observed ,-
field data. Basically the input data to be supplied for
overplotting field data consists of four pieces of informa-
tion: a survey number, the time (relative to time zero of
the WASP simulation) at which the data was collected, the
value (mean value if several samples were collected and are
to be aggregated together) of the particular water quality
parameter to be plotted, and the standard deviation of the I?;
data if applicable. The input data is read as follows:
5 10 20 30 60 70 80
SURVEY SURVYT(1) Y(1) SD(1) ... SURVYT(3) Y(3) SD(3)'
I
FORMAT (I5,3 (F5.012F10.0)) f

SURVEY - survey number that the data was collected

for. Must be a number from 1 to 5. In
actuallity SURVEY selects the appropriate
plotting symbol for plotting the field data.

- 164 -
 SURVYT(1) = time, relative to time zero of the WASP
simulation, that the data was collected.
Nominal units are days.

y (1) - the value for the water quality parameter

to be plotted. If a number of samples were
collected and are aggregated together than
Y (I) is the aggregated sample mean

SD (1) - the standard deviation of the aggregated

sample mean (if applicable)

The following description, used together with Table 4-

2, should demonstrate to the user how to prepare data input
for the plots. The user will be plotting phytoplankton and
secchi depth results for segments 1 through 3 of his model.
The kinetic subroutine was written such that the phytoplankton
were written the first system file as the first variable
(SYS = 1, IVAR = 1) and, the secchi depths were written to
the second system file as the fourth variable (SYS = 2,
W A R = 4). Cards 1, 7, 16, 19, 22, and 27 specify that
phytoplankton and secchi depth are to be plotted for segments
1, 2, and 3 respectively. Cards 2, 8, 17, 20, 23 and 28 select
, .. the plotting scales to be used for the appropriate variables.
jj
:1
Cards 3 through 5 contain the field data (times, means, and
standard deviations) to be overplotted with the theory for
segment 1. Card 6 indicates that no more survey data was
collected for segment 1. Cards 9 through 14 contain the field
data, from three different surveys, to be overplotted with
segment 2 theory. Note that the data for the third survey
is just grab samples (no associated standard deviations).
Card 15 indicates the end of survey data for segment 2. Card
17 contains grab sample data collected on the third survey,
while Card 18 indicates no more survey data for segment 3.
No secchi depth field data was collected for segments
1 and 3 , therefore the card following cards 20 and 28 are
I .p
blank. Cards 24 and 25 contain single point measurements of
secchi depth collected during survey 2. Card 26 indicates
the end of survey data. Card 30 indicates that no more plots
are required.

- 165 -
 a a
..
00

m m m 9 0 -3 m m
b-3-
.. m.4. * 0
. co rl
rlrl rlt-4 4 0 m

..
04 m U-l
mr- 0 co I
N m N

ea
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..
t'
i

o . 00 00
0

FT!
04
..
rlN
mrl
cow
..
o m
w m a
I-co
.*m
40
- w m
.w
e -
m

..
m m
. . m.o.m.
m m N m o
..
-3-m e m eaco a3 -3-a
N N Nmrl rl N m

I-rlrl 03mawm
. .e
orl.
.mecorn
o . . . .
0 0000

E.+
W W
ZONI-
\ .o .m .m \X .0
O
i-I rl

rl rl -3

4 0 .
.mod
- .
0r-lcor-l
rlm
hlo.. ..* . w o o .
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c\I "N
 CHAPTER 5
MVP THEORY

5.1 Introduction
The task of a modeler in calibrating and verifying a
i
model is complicated by a number of factors. Often two of
1!
these factors are the size (number of compartments) and the
quantity of data (either lack of or wealth of). The eutro-
phication analysis performed on the Western Delta-Suisun Bay
r
was performed using an 11 system-39 segment model. The 429
linear and non-linear equations were numerically integrated
.
?.

i; for a 12 month period. Using a print interval of 10 days,

some 15,000 numbers were generated for each simulation run.
The output generated from these simulations was no small
task for the modeler to assimilate. The limitations caused
by a lack of data in a model calibration are obvious, but
consider what a wealth of data could mean. For example,
I
consider that as a result of the International Field Year on
the Great Lakes (IFYGL) some 200,000 observations encompassing
r .L
i
some 75 water quality parameters were made on Lake Ontario
i
I
alone. The modeler attempting to understand the behavior of
such large scale models would find an almost impossible

- 167 -
task. Even with the most sophisticated computer graphics

package the user can only view certain portions of the model
(either in variable, temporal or spatial planes). Furthermore,
since portions of the model are so interactive, "adjustments"
€3
7-
to improve one portion of the model often adversely effect c
ir
other portions of the model.
An important consideration in a model calibration and
verification analysis is the degree to which a model computes
a "reasonable" representation of the real world. It is at
this point that a considerable degree of confusion and
difference exists both in the realm of the model builder and
in the mind of the decision maker. What is "reasonable"?
Is it sufficient for a model to generate profiles which

''look" like what is being observed? Is it sufficient, for

example, for a phytoplankton model to simply generate a
spring pulse which has been observed or is it necessary to
ensure that the magnitude of the pulse is correct using some i

quantitative measure?
The Model Verification Program provides a statistical
framework (1) in which to answer some of these questions in
a quantitative way and to enable the user to determine a
model's relative behavior and its "reasonableness" in repre-

- 168 -
!

. . .. , . ~. . . . . .- ..
., ,
r- :
I
i
111) an evaluation of the model using relative error to
provide a gross measure of model adequacy

h;
i
I
I) Student's I't"

Let Xijk = the observed mean for variable i, segment j,

time span or time average (day, week, etc.) k, and Cijk -
-
--
a = c-x,
-

1f the comparable model computed mean. Permit the

difference of the calculated and observed means where the

i triple subscript has been dropped, to be distributed as a

6;' Student's 'It" probability density function. The test

statistic is given by (2)

2 - 6
t = S-
. (.5.1)
d

where
6 is the difference between the model and the data
s- is the standard deviation given by the pooled
d
variance or

2
2
s-
d
=
"
-
2sx
N
(5.2)

for s2
X
as the data variance for the specific variable,
segment, and time averaged period.

- 169 -
senting the real world. Further, MVP, as will be discussed

in Chapter 6, provides a means for determining the temporal

and spatial scale over which a model may be applicable.
That is, does the modeling framework chosen by the modeler
apply equally well over all temporal scales from hour-to-
hour, to day-to-day, to year-to-year, and/or all spatial
scales from local near-shore or tidal flats up to open-lake c
or estuary scales?

5.2 Statistical Theory

Assuming that the user has a sufficient water quality r
.
:

database and can generate mean and variance statistics over

segments and over time (daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly,
depending upon the time scale of the problem) for the variables
of interest, MVP can perform three simple statistical tests

to compare model output to observed field data. These tests

are :

I) test of the difference of means, using a Student's

"t" test

11) a linear regression analysis between observed data

and model output

'.
- 170 - IB?
 Under the null hypothesis: B = 0, there is a critical
3 which delineates the region of rejection of the hypothesis

r; and is given by

si c = -+ ts-
d
15 3)-
I
which for a 95% confidence region (5% change of making a
gl? Type I error) is given by (5.4)
I
I'

6i
i (5-4)
i
F =;
i
The distribution of 2 and the critical regions are shown in
Figure 5-1. As indicated if (-sic<si<dc)ijk the model is
considered verified for variable i, segment j, and time span
k, and a score of V=O is given. For 2 values falling outside
,
the confidence interval a positive value of V I given by
(5.5), indicates an overestimate of the mean, while a negative

value of V I given by (5.6) indicates an underestimate of the

mean.

(5.5)
..

(5.6)

- 171 -
 MODEL M E A N - O B S E R V E D M E A N
"I
LL I I I

i'.
0
-REGION OF N O STA-
T I STIC ALLY SIGN I FI C A N T
DIFFERENCE B E T W E E N
MODEL A N D OBSERVED
M E A N S (95% CONFIDENCE
-V LIMITS) V+
U r n
ESTIMATION
,, YERlFlED
V' SCORE.0
b
OVER-
ESTIMATION

FIGURE 5-1
DETERMINATION OF VERIFICATION S C O R E V
The V score is therefore a measure of the degree to which
the model deviates from the observed data, given the spatial

and temporal variability within a segment and timespan.

More precisely, V is the extent to which the analysis has
penetrated into the region of rejection of the null hypothesis.
Of course, all the caveats of the application of such statistics

apply, especially the change (unknown) of making a Type I1

error (that the null hypothesis is not rejected when it
should be) -
Another simple measure that may be used is the number
of segments in a given time span that have a V score of

zero. Therefore, let

Kijk -
- 1 for Vijk = o

- 172 -
 A score, defined as the S score, for variable i and time
-,.
span k is given by

-n
'ik '
-j=1 Kijk/n

where n is the total number of segments where a V score can

be computed, either for the entire water body or just for

regions of the water body (as for example tidal flats vs.
deep water channels for an estuary or near shore vs open
water for a lake). The score then simply represents the
J fraction (or percent) of the segments that "passed" the
..,.
verification test. Since a number of variables may be
scored using this verification analysis, an overall aggregated
score may be of interest and can also be computed. However,
equal verification of all variables may not be of concern.
For example, in an eutrophication model one may be willing
'--

I$ to accept a lack of verification of ammonia nitrogen in the

I
I
water body, but be particularly concerned about say, total
phosphorus and chlorophyll. Therefore, a series of weights,
w if can be assigned to each variable i, representing the
relative importance of each variable within the analysis.
The aggregated S score for a time span k is then given by

-173 -
where r is the number of variables in the aggregated score.
Sk therefore represents the weighted fraction of the total
number of segment variables that "passed" a Student's "t"
test (V=O) for the time span k. It should be noted that not
all segments and variables can be tested every time span, so

that r and n are functions of the data availability for time

span (daily, weekly, etc.) k.
As an example of the utility of this scoring framework r
i
consider Figure 1-12. A comparison of verification scores is
f
made for two different eutrophication kinetic structures
that were used in the Lake Ontario analyses (3). The three
pairs of bar-histograms reflect the verification scores as a
function of the standard deviation or standard error of the
it
I
mean. The smaller the estimated standard error of the mean 1

the more stringent are the requirements for "passing" the it

I
'It" test. It should be noted that the minimum improvement
I

in verification scores, irregardless of the estimated standard 1

error, was 40%, due solely to a change in the kinetic structure.
rp

For the readers information the principal kinetic changes j

L

between the LAKE1 and LAKElA models were as follows:

I

- 174 -
 ,
’

a) the addition of silica as a state variable and

I

j the splitting of chlorophyll into diatoms and

non-diatoms. .

b) use of threshold nutrient limitation in contrast

7.
I
j:
to product expressions. The growth rate is limited

by

rather then

[PO4-P1 [NI [Si]

IFsp+ [P04-P]
x KsN+ [N] KsSi+ [Si]

where Ksp, K s ~ ,‘ssi are the half-saturation

constants for phosphorus [PO4-PI , nitrogen EN],
and silica [Si], respectively.

c) The rate of mineralization of unavailable to

available forms of the nutrients, [PO4-PI, [N] ,
,
i.,
[Si], for uptake by the phytoplankton is dependent,
f through a Michaelis Menton recycle expression,
upon chlorophyll. Therefore, the general expression
for conversion of unavailable forms is

[UnavailableI -R [Avai lab1e ]

,-

- 175-
where
K - mineralization rate (3 20%
- half-saturation constant for
Kschl-a
chlorophyll [chl-a] .

11) Linear Regression Analyses

, sn
I
An alternate perspective on the adequacy of a model can
be obtained by regressing the calculated values with the ,.
-

observed values. Therefore, let the testing equation be

e

x = a + B c + € (5.8)
r:

where a and B are the true intercept and slope respectively

between the calculated and observed values and E is the
error in
-
x. The model equation (5.8") assumes, of course,
that c, the calculated value from the user's model is known
with certainty which is not the actual case. With Equation
(5.81, standard linear regression statistics can be computed,

including
a) The square of the correlation coefficient, r2 ,
(the % variance accounted for) between calculated
and observed

- 176 - !
 .,
'

b) Standard error of estimate, representing the

residual error between model and data

c) slope estimate, b of f3 and intercept estimate, a

of a

d) Tests of significance on the slope and intercept.

In this work, the null hypothesis on the slope and intercept
is given by

f3 = 1 and c1 = 0.

Therefore, the test statistics

b
S
Aand a/sa
b

are distributed as student's "t" with n-2 degrees of freedom (41 .

The variance of the slope and intercept, s: and s: are

computed according to standard formulae. A two-tailed "t"
test is conducted on b and a, separately, with a 5% probability
in each tail, i.e., a critical value of t of about 2

provides the rejection limit of the null hypothesis.

Regressing the calculated and observed values can
result in several situations. Figure 5-2 Cb) and (c) shows
that very good correlation may be obtained but a constant

- 177 -
 - CALCULATED
OBSERVED
(a)

IO 10
a n
W W
t- 8- l- 8
a a
J -I
3 3
0 6. u
-I J
a a /
0 / r2= I
0 4
b = I
a = o
0
0 2
I I
4
I
6
I
8
1
IO
OBSERVED OBSERVED

r2 = I (C) r2 I= (d‘
b < i b = I
IC - a = o /
L3
W
I-
a
-I
a
/ ’
AI’ a
J
8-

3 6 /
3
0 0
-I J
a 4 a
0 0

2
TIME ( d a y s ) TIME ( d a y s )
0 I I 00 I
2 4 1 6 I 8 I1 10
0 2 4 6 8 1 0
OBSERVED OBSERVED

FIGURE 5-2 ,I

POSSIBLE C A S E S IN REGRESSION BETWEEN

CALCULATED A N D OBSERVED V A L U E S
 ,
'

fractional bias may exist (b<l, b>l); also Figure 5-2 (a)
,-

indicates that poor correlation may be obtained with slope =

c; 1 and intercept = 0. Finally, Figure 5-2 (d) indicates the
I
l case of good correlation but for a > 0 a constant bias may
e=; exist. Evaluation of r2, b and a together with the residual
i
standard error of estimate can provide an additional level
of insight into the comparison between model and data.

T
111) Relative Error
*; An additional simple statistical comparison is given by
the relative error defined as

e =
Ix -- c(
(.5.9)
X

for each variable, segment or time span. Various aggregations

of this error across regions can also be calculated and the
cumulative frequency of error over time spans or segments
can also be computed. The difficulties with this statistic
are its relatively poor behavior at low values of and the
fact that it does not recognize the variability in the data.
In addition, the statistic is poor when x > since under
that condition the maximum relative error is 100%. As a

-179 -
 i

result, the distribution of this error statistic is most I

poorly behaved at the upper tail. Nevertheless, if the

median error is considered, this statistic is the most ir

I
easily understood comparison and provides a gross measure of
fb
model adequacy. It can also be especially useful in comparisons
between models. I
i $3

1
Figure 1-11 presents a comparison of the relative error
analyses for the primary state variables incorporated in the i
E

LAKE1 and LAKElA modeling frameworks. Again, this type of

analyses demonstrates the improvement in model verification

using a revised kinetic structure.

 CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES

1. Thomann, R.V. and R.P. Winfield, "On the Verification

of a Three-Dimensional Phytoplankton Model of Lake
Ontario", Environmental Modeling and Simulation, ORD
I
and OPM, U.S. EPA, 1976.
2. Wine, R.L., Statistics for Scientists and Engineers.
Prentice-Hill, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964,
671 pp.

3. Thomann, R.V., et al., "Verification Analysis of Lake

Ontario and Rochester Embayment Three Dimensional
Eutrophication Model," 1978, in manuscript.
4. Carnahan, B. et al., Applied Numerical Methods, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., N.Y., N.Y., 1969, pp. 571-573.

- 181 -
 CHAPTER 6
rr
I-
(
MVP PROGRAM LOGIC

6.1 Introduction
MVP was designed and written to be a direct compliment
to the WASP program, so that a user would have a statistical
framework for judging the adequacy of a model developed
using the WASP program. As such the same design considerations
that were incorporated into the WASP program, were included
in MVP. A very important design consideration, carried over
from WASP, was that the user not have to make any programming
changes to EIVP no matter how he formulated his model within
the overall WASP framework.
However, the most important design philosophy included
in MVP was to provide the user with the greatest flexibility
in analyzing the model verification over different temporal
, .
j'*
and spatial scales. Assuming a sufficient water quality
data base is available for the analyses, a user may look at
a model's verification or ability to reproduce observed data
from week to week up to seasonal time scale or from a
segment by segment near field scale up to a whole lake,
r, -
river, or estuary scale within the same NVP run. This

'I

l
m
!- - 183-
 r

provides both the model builder and the decision maker with
useful information. For the model builder it will quickly
inform him of areas or time periods where additional modeling
effort and/or data collection is required. For the decision
maker, the information provided might enable him to formulate
waste load allocation strategies that reflect the spatial
and temporal scales verified by the model. That is, waste
load allocations might be formulated on a regional or seasonal
basis, if the model could only be verified over large spatial
scales or long term time scales.
The purpose of this chapter is to review the program
r
logic of MVP. However, unlike the WASP program, which
requires the model builder (if not the user as well) to
understand the program structure as well as the theory upon
which WASP is based, it is sufficient for the model builder
and user to understand only the statistical theory which MVP
utilizes. In addition, sufficient flexibility has been
incorporated into the program so as to make program modifica-
tion virtually unnecessary. For these reasons the level to
which the program logic is detailed will be limited to a
rather simple overview. Instead greater emphasis will be
placed on providing an understanding of the types of temporal, I-
i
i

- 184 -
 spatial, and variable aggregation schemes available through

user selectable options within the program.

6.2 MVP Mainline and Subroutine Overview

The MVP mainline is really just a program control
I
module and as such it performs no computations but just
consists of a calling sequence to various subroutines in the
MVP package.
In the following subroutine descriptions the references,
within parentheses, to Card Groups are with respect to the
card by card description of the MVP input data to be found
rL- ..
j..
in Chapter 7, MVP Input Structure.

MVPOl performs various initialization procedures and

reads the model configuration and user 'selectable options
for all of Card Group A.
I

MVP2A
---- I.

MVP2A is the heart of the model verification analysis

:t

procedure. MVP2A controls the calling sequence for the

various subroutines which read the field data and the model

!-

- 185 -
theory, as computed by WASP, and perform the various statistical
I
r
analyses on both. A brief flow chart 2s presented in Figure
6-1.
f

MvP02
MVP02 reads the variable name card, score aggregate

weighting card(s) and field data to be used in the model

verification statistical procedures (Card Groups BB through I

BD). As the field data is read it is transferred to' a

workfile for later retrieval when needed by the statistical

analyses subroutines MVPO3, MvP04, and MVPO5. When necessary
field data are aggregated over time, if two or more data
entries would fall within the same time interval.

MVPO3-RSCOR

The linear regression analyses on field observations

and the WASP model's theoretical results, are performed by
subroutines IWPO3 and RSCOR. MVP03 permits the user to

select a number of ways to aggregate field observation and

model theory over space and time before performing each
linear regression analysis. An option to provide graphical
display of the regression analysis and the confidence intervals

- 186 -
 =
ISYS ISYS t 1

PRINT
AGGREGATE TO R E A D
FIELD D A T A

YES CALL
MVP05

a ISYS ISYS + 1 ?p Y
MESSAGE

FIGURE 6-1
SIMPLIFIED M V P 2 A FLOW C H A R T
. ..
around the regression line is provided. All options for

MVP03 are selected by the appropriate cards read from Card

Group BF. "r

MVP 0 4 i
!
MVPO4 performs the relative error analyses. The percent
relative error between the WASP model theory and the field
observations is computed and if desired the user may obtain
distributive and cumulative relative error histogram plots.
The user may, via the input options available through Card i

Group BG, aggregate field observations and model theory over

space and time.

MVPO5-TSCOR
MvP05 and its associated subroutine RSCOR compute the

Student's "t" test scores on the differences in means between

field data and theory results. As with the linear regression

analyses and relative error analyses, the user is permitted

(via Card Group BE) to aggregate field data and WASP theory
over space and time before performing the Student's 'It" test
analyses.

- 188 -
 LOADR
LOADR performs the task of loading the WASP theory

-
.
results Into core memory from the WASP disk storage files.
1 .:
j_
?r Theory for the current system variable conbination is loaded
into main memory for all segments and for all times (every
print interval specified in the WASP input) so as to minimize
disk storage retrievals. LOADR is the one subroutine in the
MVP package which is the most sensitive to disk input/output
formatting of different computer software operating systems

(as is the WASPB kinetic subroutine disk output structure),

and so the system analyst must ensure compatibility between
LOADR and WASPB.

kscellaneous Subroutines
The remaining subroutines in the MVP,package (MVPHR,
COAD2, SETA, and SETRA) perform various heading, printer

plot, and variable array initialization procedures.

Bi
r- 6.3 MVP Convnon
The following list defines the relevant variables of
importance contained in blank COMMON of the MVP package.
Blanc COLWPJIONis used by MVP as the vehicle to pass information

,- - 189 -
 I

from subroutine to subroutine within the program. The R, I,

i
and * contained within parentheses after the variable name !
I

indicate, respectively, whether the variable is a REAL

(floating point), or INTEGER (fixed point), and whether the
f
I

variable is read as input data.

[
Variable Name Definition
r I

SCORE (R)* Used to compute the aggregate "t" test scores

across systems. SCORE (J,1) contains the r
j

number of "t" tests passed, and SCORE (J,2) !

j
contains the number of "t" tests performed.
(-
The final aggregate score is defined as
FSCORE(J) = 100. * SCORE(J,l)/SCORE(J,2)
I
i
LSGLG (I*) Used to indicate which segment or segments !
are to be included in which aggregate score.
ii
Rather than use an entire word to indicate
whether or not segment ISEG is to be included
- ~-~~ ~~ ~
- ~- ~ ~~~ ~ -~
~ ~ - ~~~ ~
I'
t
.-
in aggregate score J, a single bit (bit J of
1

LSGLG(1SEG) is set to 1 if segment ISEG is to ii

be included, and set to 0 if segment ISEG is i
!
not be included.

I
i
i'
i
- 190 - 1i
I

i
I
 INTMT (.I*) Used to indicate if the aggregated "t" test
r;
score is to be computed over all time in-
tervals (INTMT = 0) or if the I't" test
score is to be computed for a specific time
interval.
VARWT (R*) VARWT(J,K) are the weights to be assigned

each variable (K) for each scoring aggregate

(J). This permits the user to give more
weight (or importance) to the Ilt" test score
of particular water quality variable than
another, when computing an aggregate score
across state variables.
TNTRX (R) Used to hold in core the WASP model theory
results for a particular water quality
variable for all segments over all time
intervals. TMTRX is loaded with the model
'i
.I
results by subroutine LOADR.
TIMEX (R) Contai-ns the times at which the WASP model
theory results were saved on the auxilliary
disk files.
IBEG(I*), Contain the beginning and ending time in-
IEND (I*)
tervals over which the verification analysis

- 191 -
 is to be performed.
F
I
TMULT (I*) Specifies the number of WASP print intervals
that are to be aggregated together to form (r:

one WASP theory data point. For example if l

the user had chosen a print interval of 10
'[
days for his WASP simulation and wishes to
P
I
I
perform the MVP analysis using a monthly
averaging interval TMULT would be read as 3. [
Contains the print interval used in the WASP I
I
simulation. I

Contains the number of aggregated WASP time

intervals that the PWP analysis will be per- 1
formed on. I
1
HEADR (R*) Contains the user selected heading or title j

for the MVP run. I

NOSYS (I*) The number of systems or state-variables

in the user's WASP model.
NOSEG (I*) The number of segments in the user's WASP
model.
MXTIM (R*) Is the ending time of the WASP simulation.
MXDMP (I*) Is the blocking factor or the maximum number

- 192 -
 of variables saved per segment at each

print interval. MXDMP is determined from

i
the user's IVASPB kinetic subroutine.

NOAGG (I*) The number of segment aggregations that the

q user wishes to compute.
I

I The number of segment weighting vectors

NOWGT (I*)
specified by the user for spatial aggrega-
tion.

MOVAR (r *) The current variable number in system ISYS

that the user is performing an analysis on.
Device number for reading input data.
Device number for printer output.

SOPT (I*) Contains the variance option for the WASP

theory as chosen by the user.
:
.
:
?II
c
.
.
TOPT (I*) Contains the degree of freedom option for the

Student's T and Snecedor's F distribution

parameters as chosen by the user.

sc (I*) Used in conjunction with the SOPT variance

t option.

ISYS (I) System currently undergoing verification

analysis.

- 193 -
 I:-

LSTVR (I) Used as an internal flag to control the

r-

calling of subroutine LOADR. If NOVAR is I

equal to LSTVR then it is not necessary to F
I
call LOADR since the necessary WASP theory
8
is already in core. If NOVAR is not equal I
iI
to LSTVR then a call to LOADR is made, to
9
obtain the WASP results for variable NOVAR I
1

and then LSTVR is set equal to NOVAR. I

i
IDF (I) Used in the DEC-PDP version of MVP as the
record address pointers for the direct i

access WASP dump files. Not utilized in the

IBM 370 version since sequential files are I

used. I

(
SY SBY (I*1 User selected system by-pass indicators.

If a user wishes he may choose to by-pass

the verification analysis for a particular
system (or systems) ISYS, by setting SYSBY (ISYS:
appropriately.
IRCRD Not currently used.

Internal record address pointers for the

direct access files utilized by MVP.

- 194 -
 Used to store the confidence intervals of
r
r
1
the linear regression analysis.
Used as an internal record address pointer
for locating field data for each segment
(similar in concept to an ISAM table).
JPTR(1) Used as an interval record address pointer
1
for retrieving F7ASP theory results.

WGT (R*) Stores the weighting factors to be used in

aggregating across state variables for the

"t" test scores.

6.4 MVP Analysis Overview Aggregation

As stated earlier PrlvP permits the user to analize his
model's verification under different temporal and spatial
scales, as well as across state variables. It is the purpose
of this section to outline the various reasons why a modeler
'Sp may choose to perform these aggregations, and the various
ways that these aggregations may be formulated using MVP.
This second point is especially important since, due to the
I I-

flexibility built into MVP, there are a number of options

and aggregation strategies which the user may choose from
1

and unless the user understands what is available to him he

L. .
. may be confused by the MVP input structure.
~
..
.

- 195 -
Segment Weights
If the user wishes to formulate a spatial aggregation, !

i.e. compute a mean for a state variable or water quality

variable that is representative of a number of segments, he
must decide how to weight the individual segment concentrations
in forming the overall area average. To do this MVP permits
6
i
a maximum of three segment weighting vectors (Card Group
AE). Normally a volume weighted average is what is desired, I

but other schemes may be included by the user. For example,

in a multi-layer model the user may wish to obtain the
average light extinction coefficient. In this case the user
i
may choose to use a weighting scheme which is a function of
segment depth, rather than volume average.

State Variable Aggregating

A user may determine how well his model verified against
all state variables and parameters of interest using the

Student's 'It" test on the difference between theory and

field means as the scoring criteria. The user, via Card
Group AG, specifies the segment and time aggregations for
which he will compute 'lt" scores across variables. Then
utilizing Card Group BC (read for each non-by-passed system),

-196 -
 he determines what state-variables and/or parameters are to
be included in the aggregate score, and what weight each is
to be given in forming the overall score.

Spatial Aggregation
Perhaps the best way to demonstrate the flexibility in
spatial aggregation is to refer back to Figure 1-1, the
segmentation map for the Western Delta-Suisun Bay eutrophication
study. Segments 1,2,3,4,5,6,14,24,25,26,27,28, and 36
comprise the main stem of the Sacramento River (channelized
j

for shipping), while 7,8,9, and 11 are the main stem sggments
of the San Joaquin River. The remaining segments are either
i
I
;:: tidal flats (regions of high algal productivity) or turbid,
?.I
f
low flow sloughs. The user may perform his verification
analysis on a near field or segment by segment basis for
those segments for which is available. Going up the spatial
I’
L ii

i-
scale he might analize: the upper Sacramento River by
aggregating segments 1 through 6, the lower Sacramento River
by aggregating segments 14,24,25,26,27,28, and 36, and
i finally the entire Sacramento River by including both of the
rI -
-.1
aforementioned groupings. A similar procedure could be
I
...

followed for the tidal flats. A comparison of verification

- 197 -
,

CHAPTER 7
MVP INPUT STRUCTURE

7.1 Introduction
The Model Verification Program, MVP, was developed and
written for use with WASP. It provides for the modeler a
statistical framework for judging model verification improve-
ments (or lack of) resulting from adjustments to model
parameters or changes in the overall kinetic structure.
Since MVP is to be used in conjunction with WASP, many of
the concepts and variable definitions used in this section
are direct carry overs from the chapter discussions concerning
WASP. Therefore it is expected that the reader have some
familiarity with these chapters before attempting to use

PIVP .

The input data required by the MVP program is divided

into two major card groups with each major card group having
seven minor card groups. These card groups are briefly
summarized in Table 7-1.

- 199 -

L
scores for the main stems or deep channel segments vs. tidal
flats could be computed by appropriate segment groupings.
Finally, an overall score is computed by aggregating all
segments together.
Control of such groupings is provided through Card
Groups BE, BF, and BG for the 'It" test, linear regression,
rf
and relative error statistical analyses respectively.

Temporal Aggregation
With the exception of the linear regression analysis
which has a little more flexibility, the user has a relatively
small degree of control over temporal aggregation, in that
he may aggregate over sequential time periods only. For
example, assuming that a user has performed a WASP simulation
for a prototype time of one year and used a print interval

of ten days, he could perform the verification analysis on a

monthly basis by specifying TMULT (Card Group AC) to be
equal to 3. A user however (with the exception of linear
regression analyses) cannot aggregate over non-sequential
time periods, eg. days 0 to 30, with days 330 to 360.

- 198 -
J ._

,
CHAPTER 7
MVP INPUT STRUCTURE

7.1 Introduction
The Model Verification Program, MVP, was developed and
written for use with WASP. It provides for the modeler a

statistical framework for judging model verification improve-

1

ments (or lack of) resulting from adjustments to model

J parameters or changes in the overall kinetic structure.

Since MVP is to be used in conjunction with WASP, many of
the concepts and variable definitions used in this section
I I.

are direct carry overs from the chapter discussions concerning

WASP. Therefore it is expected that the reader have some
familiarity with these chapters before attempting to use
MVP .
The input data required by the MVP program is divided
into two major card groups with each major card group having
i-

t seven minor card groups. These card groups are briefly

summarized in Table 7-1.

- 199 -
 TABLE 7-1
SUMMARY OF MVP CARD GROUPS

A. MVP Model Configuration Cards

AA Title Card
AB System Identification Card
AC Print Interal Aggregate Card
AD System Bypass Option Card
AE Segment Weighting Vector ( s ) Card
I
AF Variance Option Card
AG Score Aggregatecs) Card
B. IVP System Information Cards

BA System Card
BB Variable Name Card
BC Score Aggregate Weighting Card (s)
BD Field Data Card(s)
BE T-Test Card(s)
BF Linear Regression Card(s)
BG Relative Error Card(s)

For each minor card group, a detailed card by card description

is presented so as to define the variable fields which

- 200 -
 i

appear within the card group and to inform the user of any

options which may be available. Depending upon options to

r; be selected by the user, certain minor card groups or cards
t
i- within a minor card group may not need to be inputted to the
SI-
:; MVP program. Where this circumstance might arise, the data
:1
i'
input manual informs the user how to avoid inputting the

f unnecessary information.

7.2 MVP InDut

r;
Major Card Group A
Model Configuration Cards
Major Card Group A is comprised of input data necessary
to inform MVP about the configuration of the user's model
and the various aggregating and variable weighting schemes
the user wishes to apply to the verification analyses. These
input data or input variable may be thought of as being
system or state variable independent. The following is a
card by card description of Major Card Group A.

AA. Title Card

1 80
LINEAR REGRESSION OF AUG. 1973, RIVER SURVEY, REACHES 1,2&3
F O R W T (20A4)

- 201 -
 Card columns 1-80 contain any information the user

feels would be helpful in describing the run and identifying

the output for later reference.

AB. WASP Model Configuration

5 10 15 20 25
~- 30
NOSYS NOSEG MXTIM MXDMP NOAGG NOWGT
FORMAT (615)

NOSYS - number of systems in the user's WASP

model.

NOSEG - number of segments in the user's WASP

i
model.

MXTIM - maximum number of timesteps (print

intervals) generated by the user's WASP
simulation run. This parameter includes
time zero if it is in the simulation.
Example: if a user performed a 360 day
simulation with printout every 10 days,
i
then the MXTIM = (360/10) + 1 (for time
equal zero) = 37.
MXDMP - maximum number of variables dumped by
WASP from each system. MXDMP is deter-
mined by the user when writing the WASPB
kinetic subroutine. See the WASP
I
manual for further details, if necessary.

- 202 -
'1

r-
NOAGG - number of aggregate scores, aggregated
i across segments and WASP variables, to
be computed, present maximum is 26.

NOWGT - number of segment weighting vectors

specified for spatial aggregation; at
least one must be specified and there is
presently a maximum of three permitted.

AC . Print Interval - Aggregation Card

10 20 25
TBEG TEND TMULT
FORMAT (2F10.5,15)

Since the dates and times of the field statistical data

will normally differ from the WASP print intervals, this

card allows the user to specify parameters to structure
(aggregate) the V7ASP results to parallel and correspond
timewise to the field data.

TBEG - WASP print interval time which the user

selects as the starting time point for
the MVP analyses.

- 203 -
 TEND - WASP print interval time which the user
selects as the ending time point for the
PIVP execution.
TMULT - number of WASP timesteps (print inter-
vals) to be aggregated over the time
axis into each MVP Time Interval. If
not specified the default is one.
Note: These three parameters must satisfy the
following equation for proper MVP execution.

TEND -
TBEG
TMULT * ("WASP PRINT INTERVAL"1 = K where K - 1,2,3 ...

Example
Given the WASP print intervals ind ays to be:
0, 10, 20, 30, 40 ,..., 340, 350, 360.

The user should specify a Print Interval - Aggregate

Card of:
a) 0.0 360.0 3

to aggregate NVP results into twelve monthly averages

MVP interval:" 1 2 3 12
WASP time: 0+-30 30+-60 60+-90 330'-360

or
b) 150.0 230.0 2

to aggregate MVP results into four semi-monthly summer

averages

- 204-
 MVP interval: 1 2 3 4
WASP time: 150'-17 0 17O'-19 0 19
-'0 21 0 21
-'0 23 0

-I-
-. .
I- AD. System Bypass Option Card
2 4
SYSBY (1) SYSBY (2) SYSBY (NOSYS)
FORMAT (1912)

SYSBY(K) = 0, perform any and all statistical tests

jf

specified by the user for any of the

--
I:. variables associated with system K

- 1, bypass all statistical tests speci-

fied by the user for any and all variables
associated with system K

This option permits the user to bypass statistical

. _
:1 ,
analyses of any system or combination of systems with-

out having to restructure his input data deck, ie., it

is not necessary to remove the input data cards for a
system if it is not to be included in the analyses.

pI. AE. Segment.Weighting Vector (s) Card

' \5
The user must specify from one to three weighting
1 vectors according to the user's input for NOWGT. The number

._
of elements in each weighting vector is equal to NOSEG, the
I-.
number of segments in the user's WASP model. The user
inputs the first weighting vector, normally the segment

- 205 -
volumes, from 1 to NOSEG, eight weighting vector elements
per card, using as many cards as necessary. If more than
one weighting vector is to be input, start each new vector
on a new input card.

10 20 80
WGT(1,IWT) WGT(2,IWT) WGT (NOSEG,IWT)
FORMAT (8F10.5)

WGT (K,IWT)= weighting vector element K, for

weighting vector IWT. K runs from 1

. to NOSEG. IWT runs from 1 to NOWGT.

Note: The weighting vector(s) information is
utilized by XVP when statistical tests are
performed over segment aggregates. Thus if:
Ci = concentration of a state variable in
segment i, and Vi = the volume of segment i,
then for mass conservation
n
P
L
i ci vi
-
'AG n y;

c "i
i

where n is the number of segments to be in-

cluded in this aggregation.

AF. Variance Option Card

Since the WASP program does not calculate standard
deviations for its theoretically calculated means, this

- 206- i
 input card allows the user to specify what the standard
deviation of the WASP data will be. The user must also
supply an option regarding degree of freedom calculation.

8 10 15 23
SOPT SC TOPT
FORMAT (2A4,12,5XI2A4 )

SOPT - 'S TIMES ', WASP standard deviations

will be a multiple of the field data

f
T
standard deviations dependent upon the
]?
,*
E
i value of SC.

- 'S EQUAL ', WASP standard deviations are

assumed equal to the field data standard
deviations (ie, SC = 1.0).

- IS CONST I, WASP standard deviations

will be assumed to be equal to a con-

stant as specified by SC.

sc - integer value specified in conjunction

with SOPT with the meaning as indicated

above.

Note: According to the above information SOPT =

'S TIMES ' and SC = 1 is equivalent to SOPT =
IS EQUAL '

- 207-
 r
1

TOPT - 'T CONST I, Student's T and Snecedor's F

r
distribution parameters are given an 1
I

average value throughout MVP analyses r

independent of the actual number of
degrees of freedom.
- 'T VARYS ', Student's T and Snecedor's F
distribution parameters are exact and

are a function of the degrees of freedom

for small values of degrees of freedom.
Note: Specifying the average value distribution

parameter option (T CONST) allows for faster

MVP execution, while specifying the exact i

parameters option (T VARYS) produces more
accurate output results. However, result
differences become small if the degrees of
freedom involved are greater than ten. Thus,
it is recommended to use the degrees of free-

dom varying option (T VARYS) only if the

degrees of freedom are consistently small. I

i
AG. Score Aggregate (s) Card
The user is permitted to form a number of spatial and/
or temporal aggregations to see how different areas of the

- 208 -
 model (ex. surface layer vs. bottom layer, summer vs. winter)

score relative to one another utilizing the Student’s ‘It”

test as the scoring cirteria. If NOAGG was specified as

zero than this section is bypassed. Tf NOAGG is greater

than zero, then NOAGG input cards are specified

12 16b
I 20
L U 24
L4
TINT NUMSG NSV(1) NSV(2) NSV (NUMSG)
1. FORMAT (F12.6, 1714/(2014)
TINT - a time within a MVP time interval over
I which the scope aggregation will be
performed. If TINT is inputted as zero,
then all available time intervals will
be aggregated for this score aggregation.
NUMSG - number of segments within this score
aggregation.
NSV (K) - segments which are to be included in

this score aggregate. For a given score

aggregation, the various segments should

be unique.

’ ,_
!
l-

- 209 -

For each system of the NOSYS systems IncorporaEea 111

the WASP simulation, a system card must be inputted. This

I 2 - I J.”*l”rn.n*rl I 2 - --l-_.-_” 1-0
 supplied. All other input cards are optional under certain

circumstances.
4 8 10
*SYSTEM ISYS
FORMAT (2A4 I I2)

BB. Variable.Name Card

"4 This input card must always be supplied unless the
system bypass option for this system is set on (ie. SYSBY = 1)

8 16
NAME (1) IJAME(2) . . . NAME (MXDMP)
FOFWAT (10A8)
The user supplies MVP with names for the MXDMP variables

of the current system.

NAME(K) = name of the kth variable in the ISYSth

i system dump file. The user should refer

to the appropriate WRITE statement in the
WASPB kinetic subroutine.

BC. Score Aggregate Weighting Card(s)

For a discussion of score aggregation weighting vectors
refer to the MVP Theory section. NOAGG score aggregate

weighting cards must be supplied, here, in each non-bypassed

system. If NOAGG has been inputted as zero, bypass this

- 211 -
section. The first score aggregate weighting card is
utilized in computing score aggregate number one, the second
card for score aggregate two, etc., up to and including the
NOAGGth card.
8 16
VARWT(1) VARWT(2) VARWT (PIXDMP)
FORMAT (10F8.4)

--
The ith card, where l<i<NOAGG, should contain MXDMP

weights. If the user does not want to include the jth

variable of the current system in the ith score aggregate,
a zero should be specified for VARWT(J) on the ith score
aggregate weighting card. If the user desires equal weights
for all variables for the ith score aggregate, a 1. should
be specified for all the variables from the current system
that the user wishes to include in the overall score.
Note: Since any of the variables in any of the
systems may be included (weighted or un-
biased) in the score aggregate computation,
the score aggregate results are printed at
the end of an MVP run.

BD. Field Data Card(s)

The user must now supply the observed field station
data to the MVP program for the current system. For each
r;
- 212 -

i
 field station, the user must supply MVP with two types of

cards: (1) a Variable-Segment Card and (2) one or more Data

"7 I Cards.
i

1. Variable-Segment Card
4 8
NOVAR PJUP'ISG
!- FORT4AT (214)

NOVAR - The variable number within the current

system for which the following data
was collected. NOVAR may range
from 1 to MXDMP.
-L-
r-
g
t NUMSG - The segment number within the WASP
.- model for which the following field
1:.t
1-
data was collected. NUMSG may range
from 1 to NOSEG.

Note: A blank Variable-Segment Card signals

the end of field data for the current
system to the MVP programs.

2. Data Card

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T(1) x(1) s(1) N(1) T(2) X(2) S(2) N(2)
FORMAT (2(3F10.5,110))

-213 -
 I

- time data was collected for NOVAR

f

variable, PJVMSG segment, for current I

system
- mean of the collected data, in same
units as WASP output results if

s (1) - standard deviation of the sample

data

N (1) - number of observations in this iF

sample !
There is only one reduction on the input of field data. ir
Data must be entered in increasing time order. Otherwise
execution of the MVP analyses run will be terminated.
Within one system, a Variable-Segment may be repeated, but
I
only the latest entry will be used by the MVP program, all

previous entries with the same Variable-Segment pair within

one system will be overridden.'
Note : A blank time entry (with blank associated
data) signals the end of field data for the
current Variable-Segment Card. MVP will then
expect a new Variable-Segment Card immediately
following the end of the data entries for the
last Variable-Segment Card. Two blank cards
in a row terminates the input of field data
for the current system.

,I
- 214 -
 Statistical Performance Option Cards
Minor Card Groups BE through BG initiate the perfor-
!-

mance of MVP statistical tests on the inputted field data

and WASP results for the system under current analyses. Each
of these card groups has a title card which PlVP recognizes in
order to implement the appropriate statistical test. Within
each system, the user has the option of specifying any, all,
or none of the statistical tests. The only restriction is
that the user may specify a statistical test only once
within each system. Otherwise the MVP run will be aborted
without further analyses being performed.

BE. T-Test Card(s)

* To initiate the Student's T-Test, the user must imput
the character string '"T-TEST' in columns 1-7 of the title
card for this statistical group. Then the single format for
the control cards in this group are as follows:

NOVAR - Variable within current system, on which

T-Test is to be performed

IWGT - Weighting vector #1, #2 or #3 that the

user has previously specified, that is
to be used for any spatial aggregations.
IWGT must always be specified.

- 215 -
 NUMSG - 1, for T-Test of one WASP segment results 1-

versus a particular field station data 1

that was inputted in the data section of r
this system. I
p7
> 1, for spatial or segmental aggregation, I

ie. the number of segments to be aggregated.

NSV (I) - segment number or numbers (segment i"

aggregation) which will be contained in
this T-Test. The number of segments
P
specified must be equal to NUMSG. If i

segmented aggregation is specified, it

is permissible for more than one (even
all) of the segments to have associated
inputted field data.
To exit from the T-Test process, input a blank T-Test

control card.

BF. Linear Regression Card (s) I

i

To initiate Linear Regression, the user must input the

character string '*REGRESS' in columns 1-8 of the title card

- 216 -
 for this statistical group. To exit from the Linear Re-

gression process, input a blank card.

A single primary linear regression control card has the
following format and may or may not be followed by secondary
c- control cards depending on the options chosen by the user on
j
the primary control card.

r; 1. Primary Control Card

OPTION1 = 'TIME POINTS BY SEGM', this option

indicates that the linear regression

1 -
graphs under consideration will consist
-.4
I- -
of one or more WASP model segments. The
points for the linear regression will
have their y and x axis values calcu-
lated respectively from station field
data and WASP theoretical data where MVP
time intervals define the unique points

on each graph.
/I

- 'SEGM POINTS BY TIME', this option

I i'
indicates that the linear regression

,-

- 217 -
 graphs(s) will consist of one or more
MVP time intervals as defined on the

Print-Interval-Aggregate Card. The

points for the linear regression will
have then, y and x axis values calculated
respectively from station field data and
WASP theoretical data where WASP model
segments define the unique points on
each graph.
I
OPT2 - 'ALLS': associated with the points of i
!
the linear regression, either TIME or
I
SEGM (segment) points. This option i!
indicates all available points will be
i[
plotted separately. For example, if the
WASP model contained 25 segments and

OPTION1 = 'SEGiY POINTS BY TIME', was

chosen by user than there would be the

possibility of 25 points on the linear
regression graph.
- 'SPEC' points, either time or segments,
will be inputted on secondary control
cards. Each time or segment will
generate a separate point on the linear
regression graph.

- 218 -
J
-
- 'COMB' points will be inputted on
secondary control card. In this case
each plotted point may be composed of
more than one MVP time interval or
WASP segment.

OPT3 - IALLS' associated with the option of

specifying more than one linear re-
gression graph per primary control card
For example, if the user has specified
11 time intervals and OPTION1 = 'SEGM
Li

POINTS BY TIME', then 11 graphs will be

produced, one for each time interval.

- 'ALLC' all possible time or segment

graphs, depending on OPTION1 will be
combined into one graph.
- 'SPEC' the user will input a secondary
control card to specify which time or
segment graphs will be generated.
- 'COMB' same as SPEC except that user may
combine specified graphs into one graph.

NOVAR = The variable within current system, for

which the current linear regression is

- 219 -
 c

f
j

to be performed. The character string

'VARIABLE' may be input in columns 34-42

as a mnemonic device to assist the user

in reading or editing his input data deck.

IWGT - the number of the weighting vector to be

r
utilized for segmental aggregation for
this linear regression control card.
OPT4 - 'PLOT', plot all graph (s) associated
with this primary control card.
i
-
- 'NPLT', do not plot
f
- 1
I, same as NPLT

2. Secondary Control Card (s)

If the 'SPEC' or 'COMB' options are inputted by the
user for OPT2 and/or OPT3, it becomes necessary for the user
to supply the MVP program with further control information
in the form of secondary control cardcs). In all cases, any
secondary control cards required by OPT2 are inputted before
any secondary control cards required by OPT3.
The 'SPEC' option for either OPT2 or OPT3 has one of
i
the two following formats, depending on whether 'SPEC' is
associated with segments or time intervals.

- 220 -
._

A) Segments

4 8 12
NUMSG NSV(1) NSV(2) = NSV (NUMSG)
c
I-. FORMAT (2014)
j
i. NUMSG -- number of segments in the 'SPEC' options

NSV(1) -
- the segments to be included within the
'SPEC ' options
7
i" B) Time Intervals
i.
-_-
!.
4 11 20 21 30
I
NUMSG NIV (1) NIV (2) -NIV(NUMSG)
j-
FODIAT (14, 6X, 7F10.5)
NUMSG - the number of times in the 'SPEC' option

NIV (I) -
- the time intervals to be included within

the 'SPEC' option. For each MVP time

interval wanted in the 'SPEC' option, a

time within that interval should be

specified in NIV(1)
The 'COMB' option for either OPT2 or OPT3 has one of
p, the following two formats depending upon whether 'COMB' is
h
associated with segments or with time intervals.

A) Segments

Card 1:
4
NOCOB
FORMAT (14)

,-
- 221 -

i
MOCOB - number of combinations i.e., number of
r
graph (s) or point (s). Each graph or
point may be composed of one or more
WASP segments

Cards 2 through NOCOB + 1: I

4 8 12
NUMSG NSV(1) NSV(2) NSV (NUMSG)
FORPIAT (2014)

P-JUMSG - number of segments within the ith

combination

NSV (I) - segments within the ith combination. F

i
I
,
There must be NVSMG segments in this
C
combination

B) Time Intervals
Card 1:
4

i
NOCOB - number of combinations, %.e., number of
graphs or points. Each graph or point
may be composed of one or more MVP time f
intervals.

Cards 2 through NOCOB + 1

-222 -
1.
I

4 11 20 31 30
NUSMG NIV(1) NIV(2) NIV (NUMSG)
F O R W T (14, 6X, 7F10.5)
q NUMSG - number of MVP time intervals within the
i.
ith combination

NIV (I) - unique time within a unique MVP time

interval within 'COMB' option. For each
MVP time interval wanted in the ith
combination, the user should include a

time within that time interval.

Note : Within any primary linear regression control

card, no P7ASP segment or MVP time interval
should be specified more than once.

Example of time interval specification:

Assume that the Print Interval-Aggregate Card (Card AC)
supplied was as: 0.0 360.0 3 so that the year is broken
into 12 monthly average. To include January and February in

a 'SPEC' option or in the ith combination of a 'COMB' option,

the user should input the secondary control card as
4 11 20 21 30
2 T, T,

- 223 -
 I
Any values for T1 and T2 which satisfy these contraints
I
are valid. We recommend a simple approach by splitting the I

desired time interval in half. Then f

!
T1 = 15. and T2 = 45.

BG: Relative Error Card(s)

To initiate Relative Error calculations, the user must B

input the character string '*REL ERR' in columns 1-8 of the
J
title card for this statistical group. There are two different i
I

types of relative error control card: primary and secondary. /,

For each relative error calculation performed there is one i
I
and only one primary control card. However, there is at i
i
least one and maybe more than one secondary control card.
I
1. Primary Control Card

NOVAR - Variable within the current system over i1

which the Relative Error calculation is
1
to be performed. Relative error calcu- II

- 224 -
 lations will be performed over each MVP
time interval for which the user has
specified field data.

IPJGT - The number of the weighting vector that

the user wishes to use with any segmen-
tal aggregation occurring within the
1 relative error calculation.
I

-
I
I
NOCOB - number of relative error calculations
that will be performed in creating a
relative error distribution, (also
determines the number of secondary
control cards)

POPT - 'PLOT' the user should specify this

option if he desires a one page plot of
the distributive and cumulative relative
error distribution for the NOVAR variable
in current system over all rlvP time
interval for which the user has input
field data
- 'NPLT' user does not wish a plot of the
relative error distributions
-- I ' same as 'NPLT'

1 - 225 -
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APPENDIX B

MVP LISTINGS
 Appendix B provides supporting documentation for the

verification analysis of the LAKE1 model using MVP. The

supporting material includes:

1. the MVP input data for performing a verification
analysis on the LAKE1 model. The input data

listing has card group identifiers for following

the input structure.

2. the output results of the verification analysis.
3. the JCL needed for executing MVP on the IBM 370
series computer (JCL as used on the EPA - COMNET
system).
4. the taskbuilding and overlay command files needed
to taskbuild or link-edit MVP on the DEC PDP
computer systems (for a DEC PDP 11/45 running
under the TSX-11D operating system).

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 B. 1

MVP - LAKE1 INPUT DATA

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