ASSIGNMENT OF CHEMICAL RECOVERY PROCESSES IN

PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

(CHT-723C)

SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. A.S.K. Sinha Akshay Kumar
(Chemical Dept.) GCT/1731670

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING



 Together we can make a difference

  Objective questions

1. What is the relation between increase of concentration of black liquor and ease of burning in
furnace?
a) Favors b) negative impact c) no effect d) first +ve and then –ve
Answer: - a) Favors ( to increase the solid percentage in black liquor, to make it combustible
in the furnace and for this purpose we have to increase the solid percentage in black liquor to
above 65 % concentration, for this purpose we are using multiple - effect evaporator)
2. Which chemical is use as make up salt recovery in furnace?
a) Na2SO4 b) Na2S c) Na2CO3 d) CaCO3
Answer: - a) Na2SO4
3. What is the effect of increase of vacuum in evaporator on boiling point of black liquor?
a) Decreases b) increases c) no effect d) can't say
Answer: - a) Decreases
4. What is the negative side of direct contact evaporator in recovery section?
a) More air pollution b) less air pollution c) no effect d) high steam requirement
Answer: - d) high steam requirement
5. What is the number of evaporators used in series operation in chemical recovery section?
a) 4-7 b) 10-15 c) 0-3 d) 15-20
Answer: - a) 4-7
6. Which steam has maximum latent heat content?
a) Saturated steam b) wet steam c) super-heated steam d) no difference
Answer: - c) super – heated steam
7. How to increase the Causticizing efficiency?
a) Using better mixing b) higher purity of reactants c) increasing time d) all
Answer: - d) All
8. Why the smelt coming out of furnace is dissolve?
a) To recover inorganic b) to recover organics c) to recover CaCO3 d) all
 Answer: - a) To recover inorganic; (The purpose of the recovery boiler is to recover the
inorganic chemicals as smelt, burn the organic chemicals so they are not discharge from the
mill as pollutants, and recover the heat of combustion in the form of heat. Smelt is sodium
carbonate and sodium sulfide.)
9. What is the lime mud of Causticizing process output in recovery section?
a) Na2SO4 b) Na2S c) Na2CO3 d) CaCO3
Answer: - d) Na2CO3
10. Which gas is coming out of lime kiln process in recovery section?
a) SO2 b) SO3 c) CO2 d) H2S
Answer: - C) CO2
11. What is a green liquor clarifier?
a) It is a settling tank used to remove dregs by evaporation
b) it is a settling tank used to remove dregs by condensation
c) it is a settling tank used to remove dregs by metamorphism
d) it is a settling tank used to remove dregs by sedimentation
Answer: - d) it’s a settling tank used to remove dregs by sedimentation before the green
liquor is recausticized.
12. What is a Slacker in Causticizing process?
a) It is a chemical reactor where lime is mixed with black liquor
b) it is a chemical reactor where lime is mixed with brown liquor
c) It is a chemical reactor where lime is mixed with green liquor
d) it is a chemical reactor where lime is mixed with red liquor
Answer: - C) It is a chemical reactor where lime is mixed with green liquor. The reaction
temperature is 99-105 degree Celsius.
13. Which of the following is the reaction, which takes place in the Oxidation zone in the
Recovery Boiler?
a) CO+1/2O2 → CO2 b) Organics →C+CO+H2
c) C+H2O → CO+ H2 d) 2C+ O2→2CO
Answer: - a) a) CO+1/2O2 → CO2; (Oxygen is made to react with the species. Simple oxidation
reaction.)
14. What is the full form of M.E.E?
a) Multiple-effect evaporators b) Molecular-energy evaporators
c) Multiple –entropy evaporators d) Molecular-engineering evaporators
Answer: - a) Multiple-effective evaporators
15. Falling film evaporators are used in conventional evaporators except for the mechanism for
evaporation in each stage is of different unit.
a) True b) False
Answer: - a) True; Falling film evaporators are used in conventional evaporators except for
the mechanism for evaporation in each stage is of different unit.
16. The lime kiln is a chemical reactor in which lime mud converts to CaO, a process known as
calcining.
a) True b) False
Answer: - a) True; (The lime kiln is a chemical reactor in which lime mud CaO, a process
known as calcining.)
17. Salt cake is the make-up chemical for the Kraft process that is used to replace steams lost in
pulping.
a) True b) False
Answer: - a) True; Salt cake is the make-up chemical for the Kraft process that is used to
replace chemicals lost in pulping.
18. What is the full form of ESP in Recovery boiler?
a) Emergency shutdown point b) Emergency shutdown procedure
c) Emergency start procedure d) Emergency shared procedure
Answer: - b) Emergency shutdown procedure
19. There are three zones in recovery boilers; which are as follows in top to bottom order?
a) Oxidation, drying and reducing zone b) Reducing, drying and oxidation zone
c) Drying, oxidation and reducing zone d) Drying, reducing and oxidation zone
Answer: - a) Oxidation, drying and reducing zone; (upper section is the oxidizing zone, the middle
section is the drying zone, and the bottom section is the reducing zone where, in a bottom bed of char,
the Sulphur compounds are converted to Na2S.)
20. Which are the gases coming out of combustion process in recovery furnace?
a) SO2 b) H2S c) CO2 d) all
Answer: - a) SO2

 Short questions

1. What is the role of mixing in Causticizing reaction in paper industry?

Answer: - The more mixing compartments installed the better mixing and retention efficiency
in the Causticizer.
2. Which parameters are important for good flow of black liquor?
Answer: - dry solid mass fraction, viscosity, mass flow rate, and density
3. What is the positive and negative effect of increase of temperature in furnace?
Answer: - Positive effect; - Improved heat transfer, better and more even temperature
distribution, higher productivity, improved material surface quality.
Negative effect: - more power required by the pump to create vacuum.
4. Mention two important process parameters of mud washer?
Answer: - pressure and gravity
5. What is the range of steam pressure generated in recovery plant?
Answer: - 13 - 20 Mpa
6. Mention two method for reducing the steam consumption in evaporators?
Answer: - for reducing the steam consumption evaporators operate at vacuum.
7. What is the percentage of organic solid in black liquor after evaporation?
Answer: - 65- 80%
8. What is the relation between viscosity and solid percentage of black liquor?
Answer: - If the solid percentage of black liquor will increase , the viscosity will also increased.
Viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature of Black liquor. Increase for gas and decrease
for liquid.
9. What is the working principle of clarifier?
Answer: - The working principle of clarifier is gravity settling.
10. What is the steam pressure and associated temperature produced in recovery plant?

Answer: - steam pressure = 13 -20 Mpa and temperature = up to 650℃

11. Mention three method for feeding of black liquor to multistage evaporators?
Answer: - forward feeding, backward feeding and mixing feeding.
12. What is the use of primary air in recovery furnace?
Answer: - The primary objective is to supply air to recovery furnace for complete combustion of
black liquor.
13. What is the effect of increase of solid percentage in black liquor on burning efficiency?
Answer: - If the solid percentage of Black liquor will increase, then the viscosity will be
increased.
14. Mention the range of efficiency of Causticizing process?
Answer: - Causticizing efficiency is typically in the of about 78 - 83%.
15. What is the constituents of green liquor?
Answer: - Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S)
16. Why is slaker used in recovery plant?
Answer: -In the slaker lime and green liquor are mixed together to produce white liquor. The
lime slaker is equipped with a sedimentation type classification device to remove unreacted
lime and other reject material called grit from the system.

 Long questions
1. A five stage evaporator section in chemical recovery section of paper industry is
concentrating input black liquor at 200 tons/day and solid percentage in black liquor is 12%.
The evaporator series is concentrating to 68% solid. If each evaporator is increasing the solid
percentage by equal percentage , then calculate the stem requirement if steam economy is 5.
Assume any other process parameter if required.
Solve: - Data given
Black liquor input = 200 tons/day
Solid percentage in black liquor = 12%
Evaporator series is concentrating to solid = 68%
Steam economy = 5
Stage of evaporator = 5
Calculation;
Solid % = 200*(12/100) = 24 tons/day
After evaporation % of solid in black liquor =68%
Total mass of black liquor = (100/68)*24 = 35.29 tons/day
Water present in earlier = 200 - 24 = 176 tons/day
Water present after evaporation = 35.29 - 24 = 11.29 tons /day
Total water evaporated = 176 - 11.29 = 164.71 tons/day
Percentage of water in each stage = (68 - 12)/5 = 11.2%
So, now we can calculate the water evaporated in each stage.

12% 12+11.2=23.2% 34.4% 45.6% 56.8% 68%

W1 = 24*(100/12 - 100/23.2) = 96.47 tons/day

W2 = 24*(100/23.2 - 100/34.4) = 33.68 tons/day
W3 = 24*(100/34.4 - 100/45.6) = 17.54 tons /day
W4 = 24*(100/45.6 - 100/56.8) = 10.37 tons /day
W5 = 24*(100/56.8 - 100/68) = 6.95 tons/day
So, now we will calculate the steam requirement in each stage;
S1 = W1/5 = 96.47/5 = 19.29 tons/day
S2 = W2/5 = 33.68/5 =6.736 tons/day
S3 = W3/5 = 17.54/5 = 3.508 tons/day
S4 = W4/5 = 10.37/5 = 2.074 tons/day
S5 = W5/5 = 6.95/5 = 1.39 tons/day
Total steam requirement = 164.71/5 = 32.94 tons/day
2. Explain the working of Causticizers and settling tanks with their importance in paper
industry?

Answer: - Causticizers, one who makes caustic liquor for digesting wood chips into pulp by
mixing and heating lime, soda ash, and water in a wooden vat. The Causticizers are muti-
compartment tanks designed for uniform retention time and equipped with high-efficiency
agitators, which treat the particles gently. The final tank is used as a pump tank for causticized
slurry. The equipment features low power consumption. In a pulp mill, a process used to
convert the green liquor into white liquor by adding lime.
Importance of Causticizers;
The purpose of the multiple Causticizers is to allow sufficient time for mixing and for chemical
reactions to proceed. The output from the third Causticizer is raw white liquor, which is sent
next to the clarifiers. In the clarifiers, white liquor is separated from the dregs.

Settling tank: - Sedimentation tank, also called settling tank or clarifier, component of a
modern system of water supply or wastewater treatment. A sedimentation tank allows
suspended particles to settle out of water or waste water as it flows slowly through the tank,
thereby providing some degree of purification. A layer of accumulated solids, called sludge,
forms at the bottom of the tank and is periodically removed. Sedimentation is usually preceded
by treatment using bar screens and grit chambers to remove large objects and coarse solids.
Importance of Settling tank;
Settling tanks (clarifiers) are key waste water treatment facilities used for gravity separation of
settle-able solids contained in the waste water. The main purpose of the primary settling
tanks is to remove suspended solids from the waste water treatment plant influent.
3. Explain the process of lime kiln and slaker with important operating process parameters
and their significance in industry?
Answer: - lime kiln: - A lime kiln is kiln used for the calcination of lime stone (calcium carbonate)
to produce the form of lime called quicklime (CaO). The chemical reaction is
CaCO3 + Heat CaO + CO2
This reaction takes place at 900 °C (1,650 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of
CO2 is 1 atmosphere), but a temperature around 1000 °C (1800 °F; at which temperature the
partial pressure of CO2 is 3.8 atmospheres[1]) is usually used to make the reaction proceed
quickly.[2] Excessive temperature is avoided because it produces unreactive, "dead-burned"
lime.
Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) can be formed by mixing quicklime with water.
A lime kiln is used to produce quicklime through the calcination of limestone (calcium
carbonate).Hydrated lime can then be produced by adding water to the quicklime. At this point,
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or from industrial processes reacts with hydrated lime to
convert it back to limestone.
Important operating process parameter: - Temperature and pressure, retention time etc.
Significance: - The lime kiln calcines the recovered lime mud into quick lime for use in the lime
slaker.
Lime slaker: - The lime slaker is the heart or nerve centre of the recausticizing plant. The
chemical reaction takes place in the slaker determine the chemical composition of the white
liquor used in the digester. The size of the lime mud particles is also determined by the way the
slaker is operated, proper control of the lime and green liquor entering the slaker is important
for correct operation of recausticizing plant.
The lime slaker consists of two separate compartments. The mixing compartment where the
lime and green liquor are introduced is equipped with an agitator to keep the lime particles in
suspension while they are in the slaking process. The retention time in lime slaker is calculated
on the total green liquor flow entering the mixing compartment and using the full volume of
the mixing compartment. Typically is between 15 - 20 min.
Inside the slaker, the slurry flows from the mixing compartment into the classifier
compartment where approximately 65 mesh or larger solids separate out from the causticized
slurry.
Important operating process parameter: -
Retention time, temperature, pressure, solid percentage of lime.
Significance: - It used to removed unreacted lime and other rejected material.