GRAPH OF MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS

  Each point on the Means graph is the average of the samples in a subgroup. Each
point on the Deviations graph is the internal standard deviation of each subgroup.
The control limits are calculated from the Average Standard Deviation and delimit a
zone of 3 standard deviations on each side of the mean.

 GRAPH OF MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS

  Each point on the Means graph is the average of the samples in a subgroup. Each
point on the Deviations graph is the internal standard deviation of each subgroup.
The control limits are calculated from the Average Standard Deviation and delimit a
zone of 3 standard deviations on each side of the mean.

  GRAPH OF INDIVIDUALS AND MOBILE RANGES

  The single point and moving range control chart can be used for features whose
individual samples are normally distributed. On the PI graph each point represents
an individual value. On the Rm graph each point is the difference between the
current and the previous sample.

  GRAPH OF AVERAGES, MOVING RANGES AND RANGES (OR 3D)

  The independence of the samples that make up each subgroup is one of the most
important requirements for the correct operation of control charts, but also one of the
most frequently not respected. Sometimes several measurements of the same
characteristic are made in the same sample and these repetitions are integrated as
subgroups by graphing their average value and their range. The non-independence
of the repetitions often means that the resulting graph does not show statistical
control. The 3D graphic is intended to help solve this problem. It consists of
presenting the same graphs of means, moving ranges and ranges that we already
know with one difference: the averages of the subgroups are taken as individual data
for the moving range graph and for the calculation of limits in the average graph.
This adaptation allows the calculation of more realistic natural limits.

 GRAPH OF EXPONENTIAL MOVING AVERAGES AND RANGES

(EWMA - R OR RM)
  The Exponential Moving Averages graph is an alternative to the average or
individual point graph that can be used in processes where you want to investigate
causes that cause small and constant shifts in the center of the order of 0.5 to 2.0
sigma. Each point on the graph is a geometrically weighted value with all the
previous ones so that trends are better represented at the cost of sensitivity to large
or sudden changes. A weighting factor (lambda) between 0.05 and 1.0 must be
selected as an inverse function of the degree of smoothing to be obtained. Common
values are between 0.2 and 0.4. It can be elaborated with individual or grouped data.
The range graph remains unchanged.

  GRAPH OF THE NUMBER OF NONCONFORMITIES (C)

  Each point on the graph is the number of defects found in a sample, a batch, the
production of a period, or some other area of opportunity of constant size. The
control limits enclose a probability zone of 3 standard deviations above and below
the mean, so the interpretation of the points outside the limits is similar to that of the
graphs by variables.

 GRAPH OF NONCONFORMITIES PER UNIT (U)

 Each point on the graph represents the quotient between the number of defects in
the sample, batch, the production of a period or some other area of opportunity that
may or may not be constant and its size.

Control limits are interpreted in the usual way but vary from point to point inversely to
the size of the opportunity area.  

 GRAPH OF THE NONCONFORMING FRACTION (P)

 Each point on the graph represents the percentage of the number of nonconforming
items (each rejected item may have more than one nonconforming) in the lot, the
production of a period or some other area of opportunity that may or may not be
constant, and the size Of the same. Control limits are interpreted in the usual way
but vary from point to point inversely to the size of the opportunity area.

 GRAPH OF THE NUMBER OF NON-COMPLIANT (NP)  

 Each point on the graph is the number of nonconforming items (each rejected item
may have more than one nonconforming) found in a lot, the production of a period,
or some other area of constant opportunity. The control limits enclose a probability
zone of 3 standard deviations above and below the mean, so the interpretation of the
points outside the limits is similar to that of the graphs by variables.