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    Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures R D Anchor PDF

    Uploaded by

    Nzar Hama

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 99
    Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures Second edition Robert D. Anchor BSc, CEng, FICE, FI Struct E Edward Amold A hss of Hehe Somahon Dedication To Joy Elizabeth O92 Ree, Ancor rity Cntpigi Paton Dee ‘ese ean eicterac ‘etary elgg ey ey nmin ‘eee ti eaten erg cy ‘ine eee tomy ‘Aino: Toten Gu Rs La sausage eters he upon 011 Tina Wea ol, an We FRNA os Comat Rost bon eSsaa Se Preface to second edition “Ton years have pone since the fst elton of thi book was pobished, dari whi hfe has Seen consider sty nafng Exper and Intemational Codes of Pacis In particu. a Eurscode or he espn of url conret hi Been dafed but there as Yt no extension of his sain de wo ffening effect of concrete Zou Utimate concrete tense sain Net ratio based om i ena of aid Het Faia based on gros concrete ction Poe Stel See ate, base on prose concrete ston (pronounced tho ea) bare Matric uit he wns of measure usd in his ook ae these which ate curently widely sisedin the United Kingaow They ae based on the mete St neneen hears i Notation ‘ot quite ‘pure. For the Bowe a readers wh ate not used to mete uit $n pproxiate comersom given below Quansiy ni Eenats sete (m) Member ses, etc, ilimee (mm) Fores Rewion (8) ‘oneyton Suess pressure Nin kN, KN? Volume pecs Approximate conversions 1 metre = 3 ches 1mm a tinctee 300mm foot ion ton TN? = 100 989. in S00 KN = lenis Vite = 0-2 Imperial estons = 0360 US gallons (Note: 1 Nn = MINE = 1 MP Concrete strength ‘he formula used in iis book ate based om Brith practice, wher eerste serength evaluated using tort cubes rather than ene “The elation between cube and esindr stems is wel tokens ia faa fon Dut the ratio varies widely according tothe type of aguegate Loads {Chureteristie loads and yng ae oye wl wd for design purpossh sa are based ona satin auton ‘Service fod und sess are elculated with applied charsteriaie hd ‘ond generally wath a paral sfey fat for oats gua to lima Keds and sveses are eseuated wath applied aracertic ds cand a pata safety fcr for hh mh genera Design of Liquid Retaining Concrete Structures 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope the sage of water and stheraqesoat Ede. Silo design mets sho te ured to design ftement 9 bulkngs whcte ground water must ‘Excluded and Chuptr dels with ethods of preventing vapour tans ‘Nom rwuph core stastures, Concrete generally te most econo Strut of concretion ani when rectly dengned an sonsracted il ‘unt fone fe amt snsntpance coun The types setare which ae Cintra hy te design methods given in thi book ate" storage tanks ‘ccna. ling pods cecatee Tanks. ponds, setlement tans, bse none wis. and smite sriturer (ign 1 and 4-2) Specialy exctoded ic acts hank Ke: ta pts ae Sroer tes of sretare forthe omnes of iiecmenicnt to deus designs forthe eetenlon of wate. but the winclcr apply equally wo she tenon of other aqueous Niyid. T0 Poncuae sewage tanks are neluded The posses om astroctare may have {oe calcuited vsines specie gravity poster than anys where he stored Igual ot gremer densify thn nate Tvoughout tis Bouk its assumed Ait water he seine Tgud ws ny ember qualifies i a, Te Teemsructage cused in ne Book to dere the vex oreootine hat reitinsurexcades the “The isp of sirctorsho ota pte and other penetrating Ligusit include ands dea with spent hgralare™ Likewse the deen of Unke costae hot hud at disused 1.2 General design objectives ‘A soutuns st is designed 4 oan gas mast Ful the reuirements fr ‘vom srturee in hing equate Sength drat ad freedom fam {Chitnhe cehng ov defini additon,imua be deigned so tat the ‘had ral kesh or porolste thro the concer srctre. In ‘eg of toa ung rbture.he owt eric nopet oe deh A dustrial lguids that are peer 1.3 Fundamental design methods Historically, the design of sruxtural caerete is ‘hore th speed mma ds 4 tnroducion loads, More rece iit state philosophy has ben ntoiced, providing ‘more Tosca basis for determining facto of sey” Io uate espn the ‘Novking or characte lands are enpaneed by eng molipiod bys rad Safes factor. The eahanced oF ulna loads tee then sad eh the fre ‘Htenphs ofthe materia o espn the stuctre: Limit sate desipn eds repo we hed rouse wo ov nnd er deg Formerly he desi of ligul eating srctores ws ase onthe we custe denen, with materol sees 20 fow that no Renal alle crs Slevelope. This led to the se of thlck conefte sections th capone janis of mild sie! reinforcement. “The pwobsbiiy of arin and ‘ermal cracking was no dest wath on 9 salisfactory bass and nora {quansties af reinforcement were specited in mow cadcy of practise. Nave ‘eens anclyiea! procedures have been developed to enble ex eek ‘dts tobe estimated and compared with species maxima’. A method of CBleulating the effete of thermal and shrinkage sans fe io Soe Publshed™. These tio developments enable limit stste eethode to he vended 1 he dsign a gue coin structures Limit sate design metheds chuble The pombe modes of failure of sete alanine ptr ema ry ‘tare my he presented, Lim stator may a ‘atumate (whore ulate {ds are une or nena (where dog or arc onde ae us), Inthe UK. limi state daugn ban beer weed succesfully for uve {0 year forthe desigh of ligud retaining stuctores “The former BS S33) allsed esignet to conse Between cls design and Limit sate eign However. it tends imi state design In Austria an the USA, design methods bse) se theory are Speed nthe atonal codes Eine design ie anplar Hocess. put with the widespread ase of computer fies. thre Hm {Eisen preparing hn state desig ‘Al the te of wring. hcte is much setvly in duting “European standard and inal drat of EC2 for normal eonerete uct espn i sence. Although there fs European’ hd retaining design eve inthe prouramme of work. no comitiehas jut Been set up. The dean of Viuidretainingstuetres in Europe is clouded in mystery. The sn os Ursugcessfuly attempted to dvcer how such stururar ane denne in humber of European counties ut without uny dete sacs flowevey. Sny design system tot enaes a nersceble retur to be cortrcted with ‘i economy is acceptable AS has often been sud A siroctare des no now hew i hus been desaned 1.4 Codes of practice Suutural design ion avers hy a Code of Prastoe appropriate to the ication of the stracane his the Mnsedesga ecto a i eh Impermeabiity 5 coe, the specified sess and factors of sfety may vary It is important ‘sons the elimatc conditions a the proposed ste. and bot to use cde of [racic writen for emperate sone in porteof the world wih more exteme ‘renter conditions. “Tce widely used codes ae: "rich Siondard: Code of Pracce BS, $67:1957 Design of concrete structre for retaining sus fei ™ merci Concrete faac ACT 30 RA: Conte Sanitary En: fverng rte 3. Ritalin Sunacd AS 3735-191 Coneree sutures for retaining F pcan A the tide elude material specications. joint ets and dei procedures 10 fimit cracking. ” ss Dish Stupdued Code of Practice BS MWTIBST i & revised version of [BSS337 196, uhh sel derive rm BSCP 2007 The relation betwee ihe ‘oem enmerte ces ad the gi stn et shown Pow ermalende Liga reining ode wsci ie misc SSCP a Bscr ss37 BSCP s110 BSCE si? Acts RAN" ‘The rginal poet appeared in 197 and was amended forte 197 ein Jin] gain in TRS. Structural sgn fe ladcd. wih spel erat oe Imininicing the pansy ofeach 1.8. Impermeability (Conerete fr lguieretaning srwcturs must have low permeability. This recess to prevent Lakoge toush the concrete and iso. prwse IMigiate Suri resistance to fos damages nd pratestion “ie Cemion fr the reinforcement and other empedded sec, An wpsteced Sncrteslab of adequate tekst lhe impervsus te ow of hau i the coneete mix ha been properly designed nd compacted ino Pn ‘The spotfention of suitable coneate mines Gncued In Chapter 2. The zinimum thchness of conercte for sutacory performance tment tics resis aM mp. Thinner sists should only be wae for structural meme ‘ery med dimensions or under very kw bud press, gu ee may osc at ns that hane been ly designed eon stegeled, and th craks from conte serfeet whore otom te ‘Seton Rasen accel ec msry este that ommscach ng ‘cnet in al bat the simplest apd sot seus Wa comet a 6 Innoducion cracks for any reason, there possibility that gud may leak o that a wet patch wil cur on te surface: However found tat cracks of Hed sth not sow gio feakt™ and the probiem forthe desanet 49 it the surface tack width Io. predeermiped sac, Cracks dus 10 ‘Sincage and tnemal movement end tobe of enor theknes rough the iHekness of the sib, wheseus craks due to Reaurl detion are of hed {ptt and age backed up by b depth of coneete tha sin compression ‘Gb the former type crack i more serious in alowing eage to oer 16, ‘Site conditions “The coe of site for a reservoir tank unl dictate by reaitements tude the steutural designers responsbity, Dit the oil condtions may ‘aay net the design, & welatned ate with underyng soll having ¢ ‘ion af teanng presnre a foundatin level deal. These comin ‘Ruy be achieved forsee exert ner tthe top fail bat st many ‘Rathore sewage tris re bene contacted the subo hs a por bing ipl and ta leond mater able ner tote sre igh slo Tone mt omar ening they to et Fate (9p 12)- door Be ‘gre me to Wercmcd SStement Wire the subsoils {Sure than one ype of sub Dida Tg ha) A sal smey fs hays nese) nls an sue ey sce Fis feta anny sense Influence of construction mets 7 rein the the subsoils anal. Boreoles of t east 150mm diameter ‘fou he ied to dep of Hm, and sm simples taken ad tested 10 {Termine the sequence of seata nthe allowable Gearing preset “tous dpb. THe mnrmaton from bofeetes should be supplemented hy Ulgtng lps wht sual exavatr to depth of 4 meres ets iestiation pst ssn inhide chemical test on the sls and sou tr to detoe te presence of spats of other emis in the {round wih gulch te concrete and cently enue corrosion o the vf Carta sass af the subeol tv parculay Important round ter from an adcen ip may Bow tough tes ‘tration given i Chapter 2 ‘Wien nny act suspected,» frter survey maybe necessary anda cpr trom te nr vale oF 4 mining consultant cer. Deeper. ‘eR ected reoles may be requ To detect any vows waderving fee ng ofr oe ound monet So ae ining setsy requ the provision of cera movement Joints OF Ger rect dea wt he antepated mancnent and tse he soe of we etthnitInsnome pute of the werd eansiernien must He pe 10 1.7. Influence of construction methods ‘Any strc design st take secount of the contctona problems ‘hjceand ens parctry the case fm the fed of gid retaining rie! Contac jtsim ulin sects ex numa shoe semssled grangs tor are desrbed in the speciation For gi ‘Thing sacar construction ots smst be eated on drawings adhe eeintde quiet comic he works oat concrete placed none spe stwden the pene jt potions The eat he fs srepe peste nd any permanent srovement joins most be aly etd ‘isnot jm rue a form ob watery to te ine ‘ahauction jis may generally br deigned witout ing 8 watery. arate Conaragson se guen naples Tn the ators opinion penis eng and spectcton ef gens the respons ofthe “Esse ste comet Tne quan of disuton enfnceet in sei susie of fonts ae mterdependent. Casting one section of A Jett anther section, peso cat amd hardened, ue 72 wa me eb carhuring moment act 8 Tal cane vedere CRESS foment sta! cere ine o se pe hs hae enim sctneeane = ONS HN new 98 (EB) 2-207 ee ane (BE 2) “ace wan (ISSR 2) #210 Pg suse the bese al be Se Sey armas aeobe Sew nel snl athens Moder ceadontnne Wo eine ath ro eshaard prejechon 120) Design culations | Design of reservoir 121 we [eselorons canner a aes Taurine pops ia / arr se . i aon een =e ee | Seer 7 ™ | oe | By apachen, steht —— telat eee oo eon oenten en een sey wa — Reece ro sche seme somata oe sali cus Ses eee ce tes ws 122 Design cleations Design of esercir rr ve calevlotons ae ef _[ealeaanors tonne bzoner [oul ‘pe rsateeznet acu: Fas ib epaentocenet we foe dnd oA patel by movement Cg tegen =a sac nr rnd cons, the Ror Sit alorly ded and hea to brnaverse dette ot nb too) tgs og sienace item rerfucemert \~ 1e eves mmnaale Hektensscoveee, od Feary / ‘isnug te oaslesneon ore ne limba te 2a Sah Bowrmae (FSR) fo HS ae oa see one ni enfucemest ey Sand one afoce arom esse son dog fc one hbo a etn) As walt > PRE) a, + oae2 weoneao (Jes 125 ob 5 taut wall enforcement (210) | TS st men he welded meow love wh tome come a | eae loch deo ck 220mm spacings (3m) = othom tne dns mt ene tanforcemert vere eo es pre atie Design of a crulr presveied concrete unk 125 6.3 Design ofa circular prestressed concrete tank Desi cca prestresed oo porperes (Fa 6 “Tak diameter =200m Helgi ofwater= 75m “The tanks o be construed entcy above ground eve Thi example intended to show he appistion of prestesod concrete ign wo gran rac ‘nk to contain water or Be-ighting ag tisegioee 128 Design caeuaions vl [ovrou] Design of crab pressed concrete tank 127 Inerrl demeler sf aok © 20.0% Mecimum dort of wnor «750. ‘ou Packeerd ose" ‘ba i cocinchd hve yor Fowde o aiding onPar he Bo he wal ig 8) ute Fer preirecned conse condahon ahi senghh rote in roped fee gree 40 tna nina camer conte of Seongia Renkoeamest ee hh dengh lay cele gery igh pel defomed vircenes! mass ste cond ‘cumfeerhal compseaaon nthe concrete hee ne Ina ie Falla weker “The rehening aes wl be placed cite ioe ceed wt speed concrete concitle er fe ermal cechecement = 4 witcha Feeble ne coef be pced wth 4 Layers Semel ener mee a Fat ref calculations Ean nsetrt jours pon eat Tatum simon evsnterental Re de onl rear Fe 2B$22 «ram ees force teguved bo powder areunerenal Dp dean he courte a iam i Tie Ae cshene Latebln Teel fee rene Tate 1 tof tok ler pessne © age and THO Teh Face reed oe He z2stm 18 Design eoeuaions Design of rear presiesed conrete tank 129 ref | colcvlonions tenure ws sane [oval t_|_ eetatins cma es maar [eet <= a so seeing \a a0 weeny N] sospeing Be earl mim shel fee prod nro face fesune ory seen | coves iol hea (ost eae Ine eeeatemnng pres memes me me SSoy One (teehee orem Fecheaing Cable. sate | LE Sion Pane low avai bond Ghovecharahe land = een Chamalenahe srenghh © 178 Nt ntl einen 075144 & Inhal dress = 07-170 286 130, Design caeuaions Desig of crentarprsresedconeree tank t_| exeatatins cee ose | oat ret | coleuloions esa 63 sues [Outeul Sapuncuee awe Loe dhe tere of ow reson sand 28 {ion newcfoshoant folgun) pot 12) Lone dae lo date celchinfcnre — edule of aha aFtoncete ~ nat ede of clahely of ial meen vbcreonre ore sodele mio me to nf a: simu else dren concrete wll fk enol Frehe Pe enienae rn man 2 MRE ayant ORE neon seg amet See veoeniwt 88) op as tethe tran neanrele ena ch nal tes of min in abel Tose of tens ae Tea e330 2/nat 1 a anal be pst Jenna Bal he ‘ee tensor afer ser he doa olen she ewurde ha kan suet thewirs heauprge ISas rm hen ool Re volun aesbled sooe Me Gen of roa isan Inh! thepa sans a00/nr (ae Pach bes) 132 Design etelanons Design ofa crulr preted concrete nk 133, coleviatons ceanme asencer? [putea ret | calevlotions (Ghices kab aonage Tee towmesasecre [output Tres at alne pee baka a Tc ‘ose scm n sheds acorw'® ~ Ean ae“ toe of sana m shoe = ie eaae toons nese? sunbero ledoe perch a ln ek sie Magen lee sae Lee of tress due bccn eerate coming” HAE. any = stm Stream caer o ranafer Propahon ch cate aren Sanit Intermediate semcing con bec fron Re dam cnmage 0318) se he let hn ecules Sed oh rep shen 2610" tet a Cire hn the hear sy amar wl be nace chs nsenle Inthe whe! dracon bye lngor pres ‘hron) aay sent nso forms neo toe Fel of he aliaucmperes Ie 0 he ral peneaning oven ee fhe tons rontg 80% om Goof recall ™ Te moni meres ned oy be saested 22 bony more cally al Teor hale he Pmomedt dacad bya eed ee conten ll ones =feant ores 109% Tete ee th he le of ok ch ne. or ge onda sahafacory sed EASA, | mite aa Siren shond after Pskon onan +88 Winn ace Wat ee eae smn a en 19.0987 ets) «ne wet Seidl ae doe Ie panna weenie, Les oS aT 134 Design calewaions Design of ecru prsresed concrete tank 3S ve calevorone psec es eer ref calculations comme esvecre foutpul a wnratehigtens 2 nec mianredbp Spare wwalpwnceDtatlm > SE Gre tase oor do 24%m? wth i EF Pte a etzeiit ra Fon eon names! (hinge exon} Loca (worateae 678%) Lesa The dengn memant Tobe weed one half Bea ciethmon (Peron on he ola) ctl, eaennad cn rg fe erressing aperahons the ak wll be empress toni a ah evel ‘heer san pedicel oy beodhmabed oe tomenealy equal BOS he tg ompaanve ones Bs AAW amt Monest = {es e007 reas Hrowlue fe 40. The hake troy thecfore hve Inbe Suess Tra ronan canbe escone BOR CE Neeeon on toh ee mr\ Jrtee cate tg at enptaly preted reap of Peal ae neal enncemart (le echoes) time nfercerent nay be anor te decchen enc) Ge Poonan oe nee ch (noe seme tomer a he erhaly cosh condition Eaualy forza venfocemed enmcansary a lg bo ean ns end orantal ninfrca man ae to of 100 sack face (000) # 136, Design eae Design of crcalrprewresed concrete nk 137 ~ fret Teotevlations seamees ener fovtpul [rt | eatin comme as sce fat Tartoal conker x on - ene Tsai pat | eemign en nl Sosa i Soy Teena ie pene he ten cergen sid abe naam regen | 7 Testing and rectification 7.1 Testing for watertightness “The design and construction of liquidesining structures reqire cove terion to deta by bot the designer and conraor bu sn spc he bet intentions ef both prtis, errs aed omsvons en ocut Equally ltough the design theory Stine inthis book he cen woe sucesfly for may "rutures, dom occurrences and unfavourable tlstal conjunctions ca "ult na stuture which es tan completely baught hertore ‘eveisury to tom the srtre ster compton, esau nti hac nd tha it complies with he specication, “The method est depens.on te visibility and position ofthe elements of the structure. The wall of overground structures canbe ine for lees co the outer face and i te walls ate finaly to be backed with sc the Itapecion canbe made before the Il pcos. The wats aero ‘rctues canbe inspected If there i sufcene working space wae. The ‘ior sibs of al structures but on solcannl be imgperted for aks nd athermetodsf eat hive be ed The Ror fanless {or water tower can be inspected in the sane way ae wally at ca the Lndersge of at eservoe oot the structure Sesigned to echade athe than retain water. Tee possible to tape the inside faces ofthe wl and ‘ors bat arly posible to ease tat iui vail fo mae aes, td Iatly ever posite to take remedial mesure om the outsee- An expla ofthis stuaton is tha of» tasement of baling whe te designed (0 clude ground Water" Detaled methods of testing ave desrbed the {etloming sections 7.2 Definition of watertightness ‘Tis tem weigh hey cp, acy ps or ths purposes ofa contract speeion. Exton matrmaht suse twat oman ci) na, Setene iti neve da {evaporation ar hw fin through the concrete. Als, seta easy ‘cor throu a ema nthe comet. Tew ny bel Seno thot ny treatment), This occurs us water percolites through the crack and ives cic ats om te comer As ths poesconaues fc eek Slowly led and eventually the water pensrson cesce "The proces tay {ake toto about one week wthcracks of mm yah ol uptotwce eke for crcAs of wp to .2mm wi. Cracks over 2m ick tay not self sea all Theres of autogenous healing a wht excrescene slong he Ee of ie eck hut ore lw af fii may bean Deemanen eature in some types of srctre such a underground tnis St ‘Soult not be allowed in he walls of um chvated water tower A turter fom ‘tlemge conf damp patch on the sta of swale geld Row ‘ery sal but the appearance may not be nce tis ese thatthe requlted standard of waterghiness is cess described inthe contact speciation so that there eno misunderstanding of of esl equed from te contactor ‘A complete structure may be tested by filing with water and measuring the level ee «pero of me. The cmeretein the acre mus Be alowed to sin dn argh blr ing cnn aoe mat Ne ‘call to prevent los of water though pes avers and other connor tons. The aructure shuld sso be leaned “he structure islowy tiled vo ts normal maximum operating eve. the strture file to gulch the den iccese presses Mely Woes Cracking, Av gle,» swimming ool or relate) Sal tank oul be Med ‘veri pend of tee day, Du ge rxervor wil tke much ange fl because ofthe volume of water requied: ASSN Hite ef ng thor rate of mot gente thas 2 in 28 hous, “Tallow the concrete to become completly saturated with water. 3 ‘abaing period w allowed afr ting hat been completed The length of {he sibieng period depends on the design srface uk wih and hese tho time required 10 complete any autogenous healing wich may be recesary. Fora design cack width of 0. mes pero of one meek tay be yur. but tora design erak width of oma, potod of ap to thes teks i necenary. These times may be aajusted 8 appropiate Iki ‘bir that there i ao leakage tough cracks ster some day, may be Dosible to commence the record tet somewhat eaten Atte eormetes ment of te tes, the eel ofthe water i tecorded, an subeequely each dy, for further petod of seven days. The diferene in lvl over the pore of seven days te ten used to sien he res ofthe tet The level my fe ‘messed hy tong sales tothe nals or by making marks on the walle above ‘eer ne and measuring downto water level with moveable sae father vie. "The level shoul be tecoded at four positon, but sith nse {pei aie wo Toe postions, to gad gant ems a ening amd 140 Testing an reciteation ‘pen rut (osc sare wher the sore the war seiel oy win movements) ma ne mosey xaprac, oa gh ‘arava Inning th rest of thew kel rang Ute et, alowance mont be me for hese vara A aie tthe of snag so moor maerigt canal Se led ah ‘aera poison water mre, The wae sree nae nccomaer ‘bjt the sme pie and cen te ener the main cero By {tthe measaremsns fhe waren th contami pee [TMNEcomaier te gun Ole 0 anal and voor te tin sear ay bend (ig). ‘Ril apaten that epee of Roney and care i essary when Ast ad dt wah feaage ‘Asta water level tat is necessary but not safe criterion for accepting the slur is story seapape ean be oerved om the “ry sa ofthe walls orf damp patches are preset hen femedil Work ‘Toque. The eonton ofthe surface of elements of hence elt te tested by velerance fo the contract speciation. The srucure spot ‘ote acepied as sattactry unl the speciation hasbeen sats each parca. 7.5 Remedial treatment spay ie oblate det Bre pin nd ee store the onertesrtace fee honeyconied ald We spe ‘ery thoroughly When water hat bean drained out of srt, the ‘rls ing es tain dts ye he i rts torn wet ‘damp, defo water being trapped inte deretve aca ‘Sil aks ad amp patch are sual fethealing afer two to thee weeks After the heling is complet, secretions onthe outsde ofthe tsk ‘hay be seaped off she surfae, Move pesstent feats Feqie Weatment wil Droprctiy products preerbly rom tne water ace Chemie ae seable ‘Shieh are applied to cracks ars sery ane sw into the cack by ts ‘iter flow: Pine erate ae formed sich lose the cack sar eect ‘Secu when the tury is applied To porous ea. Afeus of severe Noaeyeombing or wile crack may be repaid. wth presre ert techniques oy if here severe leakage whole section nay need 0 ct ‘tat veplaced 8 Vapour Exclusion 8.1. The problem tn recent yeas there has been wend towards ever larger Dung nity Snze. and becaute ofa shortage of land there are fequenty one oF more fesmate Below ground evel fhe basements maybe wed for er parking, -torage, ora offs oe shop accommodation A arthsr reat phenarcnor iss Been the low sein ground water levels in any eis inthe UK Folowing a reduton in pumping fo industrial wes, "The prciowt chapter in he Rook Have rend he desig of tacts ty retln aqueous lauds, and by using the same principles is posible to ftsign suusttes 10 etude giound water asin a Dasement situation. ‘en a stactur is dsigned io BS 807 to excte gud aecepted tha ‘here may boa damp patch two on the walls, Dut there ould be mo lenkage ofwate. A tasement i ths condom i be aaxpbl fo se a8 far sk bt frase as Yt sales Noor. pstageof water vapeu (or Samp) ‘most be prevented For rezone of het the UK Buiing. Regulations ‘equi alhababie rooms tbe designed so that vapour ms) Hot past ‘rough the external encore bel ground evel Properly compace concrete wil prevent the passage of water, but wil si allow water vapour ‘structural ements, particulary i ‘he banesen ested andor vented, water pour Isto be exe, ‘hen additonal mesures ae nse. “The flowing sections deal wih the waYs in which » vapour excluding sonerete tucute may be achieved, Is not posible his bok te dea th ‘ll'ike:detis applcable 10 particular materas, Dut guidance may be ‘bianed from manufactures” Information sheets, and als from BS BUD: {Code of Practice fr Proteston of srctresapint water fro the rod. "To stay wich the limite ofthe subject of thi ok. i sumed that the Linderround srt i of new nu roforced cosets constructs 8.2. Design requirements Although it may seem that pour exting fasement i slices Design requremons sxcll-efned by it deseripion, this is not so, Before design commences. “scone aceewarytetween ie designe nthe bulking Owner est ‘onthe lve of proce required. "A alae mut be sue bates ‘Ststotory pestormance ofthe ructue ima a the conto proving he Ptection. ‘The consequences ‘of fare andthe anipated He of the Eline (or contents) at so par ofthe consderaton, "BS Mie defines te levels of protection read for vais speied uses ss types A. Brand C. These are reproduce in Table 8.1 together wil the rads. unis, sd covesponiing performance lev To sais each Of hese crea srectire may Be signed In Several Ways, eh being Type A — Tanke protection “The structure elf mot water excluding and protection i provide by 2 membrane stem apie ether external or itrnall. Te tanking a "Sihere waterand vapour excluding only war cx, Type = Stacy negra protection . Sioa exclaing unas an extemal ileal memtrane Sse nn (cadence reaches Sariaronancea Esc id sas eee Taran ‘ge Wenveniguswa Second 144 Vapour Excasion ‘Type C— Drain protection {crane and pony nomited cavity wall costrstion is vide together wit drained cat Noor constuction, Te fo cotati a) ineades a damp excludiag membcane Figures 8.1-8.4 show examples ofthese types of constuction, and Table 8:1 cues recommendations of thee ppieation forthe vata pau of ‘rotetionfeqired shouldbe note that more than me ype of came tion aval for eth eve of protection. Asstted above, sen psc {6 sig’ reinfora saneret to prevent th passage of vapou a Neh ‘ational barber of an approprte mater acces. The cota {ature ofthe bari tha shouldbe coninsos, with particule tenon being given othe jnction betwee oor nd wale and toe efetive sexing of any pipes or services which pas through the was or oor (ae Figure 6) 8.3. Assessment of site conditions The wales and wate vapor thi a tobe exe ron tase ne from ground water fea surface wero aetned wate apg tein Dies Ti pan ny pone potcton font ain oe ces Fa.88 Surat rte icin Aussomen of se conditions 18 ea sa Fi 3 Sect eigen adjceat 10 the building, and paved areas should be provide around the Sructre which wl ale trace water to Be usin nay 1 Alesina he de of anc a xi 4.0 ret deep. the dengn hea of round water shuld he sumed fo be haces ofthe al dept ofthe hamenthelow ground Ke (bit ‘hi mcr) Thi ay sone acy evry comer W Vepour Exclusion | Sazasstocasy 1 Sct dahoome Exgrarratichith ‘Seneca Fa 04 Oateceniyomsineion ‘ay sol and backil x plicod around the completed structure, the 8 sp fas seen created which wl tend to ata any nurse water i he vic "A comprshensie sols vestigation sce) fo ll bul Very sal Jobs nd, in the case of basmest construction hi port to obtain detled Information concerning any ground water tale together with mn incton of ‘he key vation ofthat ble bth seasonally ad over the antate ie ‘ofthe bulding. The resus ofthe investi canbe compared wih the ‘commendations in BS S02, toarve ata design desion. The Ivestin00 should aso provide information about the quality of te si and pound ‘Stepp alo andy ded semis Sipe oe fcicularly important, together with any other chemical present from Drevious utes of the ground. The design decaons concerning the ue Of an xtra or inten membrane may well esalgenced by the fests obtained ‘rom he soll invertgntin See Figure 8.1 and 82) 8.4 Barrier materials ‘The eset properis fora harer materi are tat shoud be inhercaly ‘apour excluding and tht it should be of form tat ean e convenieaty {pple to the mui stactre. Tht inlaes the abity fo negotiate corners ‘Sh changes of level and to romain sable i 9 verte splction fo» all. “The stractre onto which the bari material spaced Should nt comtn Ucontoled casks which might ruplure the meter Hence design Of Eoneete to BS 007 to be prefered. Det for any vbovement jolts ‘Should be prepare to preserve the exchson of WepouT, amd abot ny eric materials 147 ‘hang in bucking materi (cz. ik to conert). shoud hemo that 3 “unr exlaing trier ils prevent water penetration, ssn a {he barge material st forced ay fom the Mare By aes Presse The mua materials eae desctibed below. "To spy eich aera kta i neesary Yo coma BS S12 and her appropiate Bich Standards on manutactren tertore " ‘Proton ofthe materials generally require after i hs een pace. This applies fh onthe oid oF sebttehctre faking he imide y promadinga ong material fo prevent vapour presse own the Istria wy row te star B41 Mast arpa Mastic asphalt sa material which hasbeen used widely fr many years. His spe nr and worked nt ption by hun it sormaly spied in Inerats de tothe weight of the materia ic jon In each Ler re ‘oggerdo avi posse pts fr leskage. Where phat app ote xtra the strusure, i equres protetionboure tacks paced, “This lero coma of & shooting material costed with bitumen, His ‘apo in rolls of various meth snd with, an upp by beng sae 0 the rate wth ming eat of qu Piuinen. The sara cnn whic the atria apa shoul he smo ad ac rm sgh pA at {syn at ons witht is Hh Jos bln Sager 843 Comentbaed renders “These are mine oa te rom sand, coment ahd a waterproofing admits or {ila ee ater added and te mire apd nto oe ih Stdpgered jos, These renders are not neces eey vapour exlodne ie'hprtant to ensure tht the backing mutate are ha satsacony ondlon to receive the render and tht the cking i sabe si unrscked, Rendering ener a change in materiale not ely t be satisfy treks ‘vl form the render ove the nc of change. he protection rte renders normaly nessa. S41 Polen esas ‘Varicus prods are alale which ate suppl! as gu or seri andar py ar towel oar means then ‘ecg sheet ms eee 8 Vapow Exclusion 8.5. Structural problems 85.1 Contin methods Daring consnetion, I aio sbay neces to spot the ground ‘ca ict end a te cee Sd the poston of om road water presen a4 eae) ph ite tn ser png, Spiga waliego ren of welpoina ey be ‘eed Th ign tke coon ny aobons ae conti {Sotho pons 552 Layout “The layout ofthe basement structure wil be influenced by the method of emsrution and in area, by the mean sed To suppor the grand a the sider ofthe erowation. If femporaryshest piling 6 aned. ix more {xonomie Wf the janeion of the Aor an he weal hs no Rest pret Fsyend te ouside ae ofthe wal: However thay conte wil the need Fecha overap ofthe rier mats the wale ong 853 Plo consration For saps xing sures, comtacton ols segue complet Separation between the pile caps ith hei Sang Deans andthe Wal For stature (fig. 83). octaionsllyhappent that tension ples are Feqired to old down the basement structure agains uplift foros cto {round water. This crests a prteular rotlem asthe tension reforms {ibe ples mat be propery anchored inthe main semen srr and yet any membrane must be Continous, The possible solutions are ether to Gevite a spec Toca joint around the tension bs, OF 1 se cavity 854 Diaphragm and pled wale ‘Tae ws of diaphragm walls or contiguous pled walls extemely convenicnt shen an exenaton has foe saris ot slonsie a existing Buln, but {he ature of tet pcm isch hat they enol be relied upon to be water excluding The simplest solution ots problem to use cavtyconsiraction (Gig. 83). The isa ystom where ie accepted that there wil be sme eneation ofthe main structre by vapour and posi wate” system of lining was provided, postioned fo fom a cavity whch Separates the mala siructre tom! he inne ning Siar secondary foe fproviced, which ‘loos fr an Site comideatons 9 sete mov’ | J | wu wo sit vim oroen as tasers rae n oi ccs th ibe red ay ‘Rosana aay cae ata Tie depres of prteitn que wil We detrwat Uy the pete une ‘he biking (Table 8.1). ite considerations 6.1 Workmanship Although the quality of workmanship important nal uiding operations, ‘he construc of vapour excadig nutes deande workmen of Tas highest alt. The reaons fortis ae flows (2) Moisture can easily migrate tom a delet behind a membrane co merge onthe oppor face in an entirely diferent poston, The Shure of ny leakage of wierrtmameson of pou ial (0) When an extemal membrane fused, ti vitally impossible gain gust the undersde the Root slab oe the outer faces ofthe ‘xternal walls without enormows cst and druption {e) In goers not posable to check that structure i vapour ‘lading during the construction phase when there a peat eal of faosture present Some defects may not be revealed belo the eating i tate ‘Tis wort ined inte appleaton of membranes 3 cone na stbightoewon, bt a rte dation snd detaled ie: In adverse 1S) Vapour Excasio eather conditions, work may have to be ae I the conseuton seyence Foguiress section of work to remain ipa te fs ie thn te exponed temporary edge my asd prvstnn nl he pa tee {eld dao wl Fog ent teat by ccaing the pov mk telore bonding on the ew S62 Fallre The suthor bas inspected basemen which was be ws 8 ing Poor ang the stractre was subjected ground water return ve ‘500mm below the surface. The sractte as quite omen deseo AS ‘SOU with the ation of an extrrally applied membrane i spt of tse Festuies te sirutare leaked proluel. The workmanship on the apiction ‘ofthe membrane was very por, andthe watrstops witch hud beet inserted in the construction joins were ineffective apn Gusto faulty work ship. its not salen fora contain hie he next man on he is rm the laa exthange and pat a ash is hand. The openings st pope teanednd preferably ave relevant empaiens. Suparescon sep, toon and nea to he neatly comin T caste 9 eget Ione. but te cet staat rp wl he ma es pc 863. Services ti frequently required to pas pipes or services though a water andor ‘pour ctludng wai Ie peferabe to cnt suis pcs dc ct the wall rather tan eave a hole to be made good later_-A puddle Rane sul) be provided around pipes et atthe centre of thisknes af the wal, Paddle anges canbe provided on both cast roa snd plastic pe, but with pte ies farther problem occurs duct the Mex ofthe mitral Theresa possibe ach of adhesion beeween the surface ofthe pe spd concrete {teauing to leakage). A convenient method of improving the adhesion ‘between plastic pipes and concrete to paint the ouace surface ofthe ope sith epoty adhesive and seater dy sand mo the surface. This tshagee Preuces 2 sutace simlar fo gles pape, si reduces the posto ty Feskage (Fg. 8.6) Sod Ringe When basement i used for orage. retail activity or other similar urpons ‘here will twas be requirement to fx sgh. sbever. rere i tee ‘em othe walls he vapour extn herr paced othe Ise of the stvctral wal the Reags sll penerite the Parr and destroy 43 stictvenes. 1 may be posible to esign local estas to averse Doble but, in gnerl, he ial signers or devlopée sung wil Sie considerations 181 tos sett hts ote ety SoS aii spc are te SENSE OSes emcee nec se pea pas tates Cen ee Soe inter hae tt ne ey ae a Foc ditacre rts at te SAE REN ppt Appendix A Design tables ALL Limit state design ‘The two limit sates that have a predominant effect om the thickness of onerete require andthe gaat relaorcerent ae (1) Thelimit state of racking (@). ‘The aimate imi sate for Resuce , Getta (steering ion The est seamen of cos ‘order to proceed to check tha he two it sates are sated, & not ery Posile by det methods. Tables have therefore been prepared which esis deve ch ine ha wil nae sad ong moment he etal the chosen action wil met the retemente bots pen shoe, Anti ofthe derivation of he aes {nd the method a we flows, A1.2 Layout of the design tables “The cables may Be ted to ative at the overall hikes and she amount of reinforcement regured to saisy the lint state of eacking and the eimate lint tate Vaues ae tabulated or wo iting cack width “Tables ALJ-13 limiting erack width = 0.1 rom “Tables A.I°13 mtg erack with = O.2 fe “The layout of each separate ble smise. All the tables have been prepared for material properties anc eter conditions which are dscbes in poragraph AIS. Each constucted or a prtalar oveal section fhickes Invaryng between 200mm and 1000 mi. Values ot trvce nding moment ‘reinforcement ses and ultimate shear capacity are given or sand Shes placed a standard spacing, AL.3 Tabulated values Fora given reinforcement arangement each etry in. table consis of three ‘alucs aligned vera. In dessnding order they are Service moment ofresitance (KNmn) Method of wing the bles 153 Service emi streasin he stet_ (Nin?) Uitimate shear capacty ofthe secon (kN) “The values of bending moment ate the leser of (1) The otimate moment of sistance ofthe section divided by 1.4 (©) The elastic: moment of resistance of the section at he see stress insted. ch eneres hat the crac wih within te ining aoe (ete partial cas exposure ‘whore (1) ctl the tabulated values ae printed in alis nd the test xref 8 Nm The forma wth ave heen ed tte AL4 Method of using the tables The lable should be wed fellows: (1 ese on he imu pes of tony smi te ne of Bese ane gira ae te at ra Sn atcrny n eecl ee) Oe a one eto ue cng eas paar g, tere eben aoe vate cack with (4) Beimlve th ble for vals of momen of resistance whch a at est vr pret athe ape espn momen sa dei onthe ticks at thevecion. The prs sie and spacing of reinforcement ca be Tea together wth the design (ers) Ses the forme (6) ‘Mls we several pou vaics of hand reinforcement arvangemest for-any given valve of applied moment, and the designer shoul be ude i his nal choice by adopting ‘thickness which shows the Sale of required design Bending moment asocated vith the sion ‘ene reinforcement sess dested. When desig on am appropriate ‘alas forthe thickness ofa sction, i aio necessary fo consider “ar streses, tno shear reiforecment to be sed the una shear Stress must be ited o tht permissible on the concete alone, (6) ‘The design tense ates m the reinforcement shosld be a8 high 3 posible for due economy, but eave Tow ste aos reat sry forging hese worknanahp es han Suihor therefore generally ses sretes of the order of 25 0 280 67 184 AppendicA ALS Derivation of tables ALS Calelaion method The vals of sevice bending moment snd reinforcement sess have been allied for iting design cack wits of 1 mand D2 im. The ve ‘ofthe factor forthe ifening elles ofthe conte depends on the prc Hting crack wath The tases inthis appendix have tec collated ay suming valuch for the section det, material properties snd ls he uid limiting rck width, Eom thee values. i pat cal the Permsble stress in he tense reinforcement an then the service moment of Fesstance A check ealealation ofthe ultimate moment i iso ma. ad where dhs crate vale fpinte inthe ables inital, wih tes 2S Ninn? ‘The third valu ithe uimate shear caps of he ston in BN t Fy A11.Secan sth atin dsp ALS2. Formac caution ee Scion 34) “The caleuations ae made by normal clastic theory fra unit length of sa reinforced in one foe: Figure Al.) iustrates secon through the skb. The folowing formulae af ted I equnce to evaunte the proper tthe Reheat eta Demnetminiaas~t=nd(fisZ-i}aieer= 2 any teams = fi tata Nowe: $ £0.75 nd 30.95 Applica elastic moment M = A, 23 10°" (ara) Derivation of tables 158 Value of tran at surac ignoring stitfening elect of concrete be Ere Pyeng lett oct ear cry eee wing he ‘olowing empires! formulae These formulae apply only tthe pats ‘Sack with sated a. vale ofan impli te orl, Fora timing design 10 ay ws) <2) a EA an and lowing for the wracked cont, f= 8-8 ais) For racking ah he factor inthe formals inequality “The dean srt enc wiih aun Fa A2 Goanetot sonore cor 156, Append A From Figure A.2it cam ie wen that a= 0-18 (aa) Bader lerto (avy) Hence ay can be cleulted and sed in rma AL? ALS Formule iis calaltion (10 Scion 3.3) “The lat ever am cleat as = (22s canioy ‘ith minum value of 075d and minum ve of 0.954 dhe wma mom of esstace a+ Me O81) causn ‘The factored value is My which compared wi ALS. Formulae—theerexetation ‘The permisible uhimate concrete shear stress i taken from BSSI10 Tbe 9 0.7% 25)%U00A, Pd) "AE, ‘whet dis iid o 0 mm andthe ten ati is limited to 3.0 “The ukimate permissible shea force onthe concrete lone hen: vend LSS. Constant and materiel properties ‘holon aeshanz been edict copter op om aichhe Concrete: fy = 35 Nin? ‘Reinforcement igh yield fy = 440 Niu? Modular ratio a, = 15 Covert tensile enforcement c= 52 mm (h = 20040300) Som (h= 39010800) Bm (= to) (Otis assumed thatthe cover to the sesoncry reinforcement inthe outer layer ‘wile 3mm) Sample of se of Tables AL and A218 "he ara of tes enforcement calculated from the specified ba ses THEE of compression reinforcement siamedto be 20. ALSO Restcions om tabulated values 1 The bar spacings fra ven section ae mie tothe wae ofthe section ‘hikes with 2 maximum value of 30 nm (as resomamended by BSB) 2 Whe arangoment fx panicle sand span umount oa tet fa es ha 0.175% pe fae no values of moet ose are show a the abs The steal raed eng asain ye of = se teconmended a BS 307 "Ths sel rao pace! miso, Where ‘lies afe tabulated, it does nofollow thatthe parila sel rato ‘esstiy sufioent to contol ery thermal movement nd i pit mast snags be eheked, 4H patio ar sic and sping sociated with» particular section ihiAnen. resus in design concrete compecstve sly of move tan (45foq no wale ae pnt. 4 As minforeement streses become larger with ill ratios of steel & rit i eached where the ultimate moment of restate becomes ical ‘This pot ft» Stel sires of about A615. 14) = 388 Nim In ts «ne the tabulated values ae ahown tn ale type. Dee to dieting nny tis i respoe of the sari tlclatone fr stcking an stent oo anomaly sometimes occurs when te sevice stress the cating elem § greater than 285 Ninn? although the Secon has 4 ore than adequate ‘ie engt 5, should ented ht satistactry dss maybe prepared wth values of ‘moment ad sires tht are esa than fos shown ne ils The buat Wales arate mania dered fom the formula stated above, The Sige ofthe deiner shuld be tered determining te ere reinforcement stead, A1.6 Example of use of Tables Al and A2 Design cantilever wall 65 melts high to support a lad de to water pressure. Design cack width =D. mm From Table for = 65m and possible thickness = 750m, hvac stownin Tables Al and AE fore evi momento ressance ‘ofthe scion and the serve rest nthe nforcemeat nay Beaune 8) appling the satio 10 the sel sess of actual momentaulaed ramen 158 Appendic A “Tiss obviously only posible when the tabulated moment being considers peter than heaped sce mente cme eh ” Conse unit width of sab oft metre ‘Service moment = (16) 102659 = 458 EN vin From Table A212 for t= 80 om consider 125 at 125 (3925 main, ‘Tabulate values: M, = 527 KN {= 26 Ne? a8 For a, = 458, f,= 206.358 $8 — 10 Nim! ‘whichis satstatoy. Uses hsb with = 800mm an reinforced with T25 9125, Using the values obtine from the design tables,» check on the asap ofthe ginal assumptions ust now be made “ Fa A13.Ranlocener snare Act al distance = 40+ 16+ 125 = 685 mm 4800-69 = BI me (Check timate shear capacity, ‘From Table A212 v= 420kN ‘Applied ultimate shear at ret of cate Pets s14 =2864N ‘Stsatoy Tables AD 159 ‘Tables Al Limiting moments (kN m), service steel stresses (N/mm?) and ultimate shear capacity (kN/m) for 0.1 mm crack widths . pg ie tom too as 1808200 1) Append a lea 92230 _Contyintns= 82 Crete = 04 Tables At 161 TableAL6 n=3E0_Creromantwe 6 _cchwioh =o Covertominte 52 _Cskwign= 08 rset! ee ee @ 2g Fg 162 Appendix A Tables At 163 a eps es @ ur wee iY ae’ am! ae * is° Be ye sas” 59" mt” an. * is? ist ska? ce BB OR Pa) Bergin we Cot : 7 a a = =e wm mm mo a same Not Appendic A Tables AD 165 Biinorg nt Tables A2 Limiting moments (kN m), service steel stresses (N/mm?) and ultimate shear capacity (kN/m) for 0.2 mm crack widths Tebleaay n= 200 _Cosciominane= 52 _Cachwisn=02 tn ry ® ss ® 20 166 Appendix a Tateed int} uiomiaros? canoe Tented not cqwommmncss cuonets bose, toi (Bae ssc Pe a Se a eg ee ee » 260 8) 83g) 168 Appendix a Tables Ad 169 ALA 00350 Cnetomantan ess Cin a0? Tene 019) _contomaninn ste atv? sesee Seer inne face sean mg’ aa! oae® oS? * ar ae nn a OR Bom SS 8 oe se ene? noo _coaramntes = Cast <02 Teen2s 1-100 _comromanin= $6 _Cneawinn02 sum Baoan cues cam | 1 Ao Dit d_caeumeras_cnansn : ue Serr or =e Ses a ec eS es aoe 8 ooo gs” Be = ee oar ao me ge eae tag 9278 Gowemsncie _cutmanco2 Minton tose = con cain ts = ee Po rere : oe Zi oo eee ofS gee F Appendix B ‘Two-way slabs Rectang sla ‘gare B.enabics sa panels te designed when loaded wih tiangulary iste las An adonal srcange pene wah ese a eaa oe cin be dsianed ty retrence to Table 1s n BSsHIDce comnts "he walt be extended by a eight equal to (euchargeldensty of eas, ‘An example ofthe use of Figure Bl is given Boome 6 Fig. 8.1 Twoway sibs: ectangul Panels fixed or contin lon andiion along top ego Vertical span: bending ome ones, iangulty aid Boney HC, Design of ‘oma Coie Nes, HMSO, London 97. (07 Famer,‘ Concrete ies for General Purposes, Cent ad Con Crete Audion Landon 97 18 feos (2 88 Miho Wan Sand forse Peeing of Con (2) Shika marl eesti cont Bung Reach Sn iss. 35 (Second sna MSO Tone (23) BEB. Gt of Pete jor Fonts Bt Sanda asi (20) Nii, 2 and Sates, KS! Mechanic in Foundation Engineer ag, Nal E Theay and Pie, Say Wainy Bos ed (2) facto, RID. A Wand Hats, BP, ndbot 89537 {Pewelt ution No. et Ens Conee haw: (2) Sti mead o dts newer omautes dean tram he Comercte Sockty nd th en nt 8 ra cr mt ee’ Cn Sy 2D a 8 tg 3B Sd ino MR, Bebe Bel Cement spt Conerete Aoinion Landon, 13 (2 Bie, 36a Bona BW Bsn of Pred Conran Seto nema re (co a a ch 60. "Logic ration hic ot ste peri oi nc aa Ect, Lonion 568 en een rst (00, Gea Rr Conc ni Tanks p26, Com to, ae iid an : 62) Ameria Cc i Bt and oman of daar pr sarge sence sutures, Ta oP. ac 00 pene (co) Ba Fan Hage, 8 Shag pha ring in ‘Binet taming wn: Paced anne Extent fcan eco ea 0 aE ie he of Cee on Cnr, a Act (35) tga BE “Thee cnte oye pounChil Enghering sete Nort ener See serene cre Fekete RGR He Se eta (02) Finger. ME. Large poor Cartel Pratice Shits Now. 1-3 Comer, March 116, Desmber 176, Febery ‘am Pres Ni B"Atet heme ses Cee sone Fetes AC Oaabr 1 yp, (95 Bescon. i. Manip Contre Contruson, Cente ant Corte ‘soa Condon (ao) Monk The petomancs of watson wren jis, Foch Rept Ne sb4s” Comet and Cane Rees (4) ACARI Being serge for enfrcd conte. Amr ‘err in: u a ms (s2) ‘Ctr Speco te water’ Nahe Water Got Lamon (43) ‘Admins for eonctete’ Tesh por TRES 1, The Conerte Ste London, Deen 167 (19 oye al Seni. Retford Conny eis temo 76 A. ata shea cack cel i cnere (208 Alloa, AH. Anchor. RD. Mages, BP Thane End Oxia 1 Wet ny oer ng: (a : a men ‘alls, Miata of Cone Renenh, December ia Cs own A: Peed cance for he rae of igi Cement "Ea! Ems en Wes St” Se Finestion go. 1088 ‘hrkeI and Tel RG Monving of infored one meer nen and Cone Ae Th Rep 1 Comentd Coers ‘Nannon. Wexane Sing, Song 2 Sop PLA avian paleadon Bel Ce ot Sea Ne loins 198.” van Cant Ancor, RD. Watering rare: the eae ptt di as ator: metre fe Ne Ye (alta Creu rae nk at er, EN Spon, Landon, 17, en ‘Gren x, ad esis. HL. Conte Lid eng Sener ‘au Speeton ond Cansration, Appel See Paicem, 2 Referee seta Stn entre fay ‘en sor a ra mon pa vot Tale mre an cos soci Oe mene merece He Conmitn og Coens rear sd Sage Ven Cc od wing in te neat ene yo operate aN wo a ast ye eg ane ile ame ge Dna ene ae 5 eso Sra ering deg prac, ad ei, Lo i ae

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