HlaMoe Crimes

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oufaocHMuonf/ wd&pämef q&m0efuvnf; vltrsm; "m;ckwcf &H onfh
jrif;udk awGU&onht f cg jrif;"m;ckwcf &H onfrmS av;em&Davmuf Mumjrifh
cJhNyD[k xGufqdkonf/
zcifjzpfol oif;tkyq f &mBu;D uvnf; xdn k u olYom; a*smo h nf
ud;k em&DcNJG yD;onfah emuf tdrjf yifoYkd xGujf cif; r&Sad wmhaMumif;? olwYkdom;
tzESpaf ,muf twlwl tdyMf ujcif; jzpfaMumif;? tdy&f m0ifonfEiS hf tcef;
wHcg;udk ydwv f u
kd u f m aomhukd rdr, d x
l m;aMumif; xGuq f okd nf/ ykvyd f
tzGYJwYkd oufaocH ypön;f tjzpf odr;f ,lxm;aom rkwq f w d &f w d "f m;rsm;rSm
rdr"d m;rsm;omjzpfaMumif;? a*sm\ h "m;rsm; r[kwyf gaMumif; xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf/
odYkaomf tpd;k & a&SUaeBuD;url w&m;cHonf eHeufvif;tm;BuD;
(2) em&DEiS fh (3) em&DMum;wGif tjyifoYkd xGuo f mG ;aMumif;? olYtusrÐ sm;
ay:wGif jrif;arG;rsm;ESifh aoG;paoG;e tpGe;f rsm;udk awGY&aMumif;? tcsi;f
jzpfymG ;onfh ae&mwGif awGY&onfh zdeyf&monf a*smh zdeyf&mrsm;om jzpfEikd f
aMumif;? a*smhtcef;wGi;f u awGU&onfh &TUH ajrteufrsm; ayusHaeonfh
zdeyfjzpfEikd af Mumif; ½H;k awmfwiG f wifjyavQmufxm;cJo h nf/ ½H;k awmfu a*smh
tufvm*sDudk axmifckepfESpf jypf'PfpD&ifcJhavonf/
þwGif Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;? a&SUaersm;? xif&mS ;onfh yk*Kd¾ vfBuD;
rsm;u w&m;½H;k odYk t,lcw H ifoiG ;f cJMh uonf/ b[m;rm;uRe;f rS tNidr;f pm;

w&m;olBuD;wpfO;D acgif;aqmifaom Oya' ynm&SiBf uD;rsm;wdYk uvnf;
jyefvnfMum;em&ef avQmufxm;cJMh uonf/ vlwpfaomif;ausmf vufrw S f
a&;xd;k xm;aom toem;cHpmudk wifcMhJ uonf/ odYkaomf ½H;k awmfu ta&;
,laqmif&u G jf cif; r&Scd ahJ wmh/ bmrif*rf owif;pmBuD; wpfapmifuvnf;
ykvyd Ef iS fh w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;wdYk\ aysmu h u
G [f muGurf sm;udk aqmif;yg;a&;
om;í uefYuGufcJhMuavonf/ ½Hk;awmfBuD;\ rSm;,Gif;rI? ykvdyfwdkY\
w&m;cHtjzpf rw&m;pGypf rJG [ I k pGypf cJG o hJ nf/ þodYktwGi;f tvm;wl jrif;
wpfaumifowfrI *&dw0f ½dik af v aus;&GmteD;wGif jzpfymG ;vmaomtcg
pOf;pm;&ef taMumif;ay:vmonf/
1906 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mvwGif tusO;f pH a*smt h ufvm*so D nf
q&mBu;D udek if'KdGi;f xHoYkd pma&;í olYtrItm; w&m;ojzifh jzpfap&ef aqmif
&Guaf y;zdYk awmif;yefcahJ vonf/ pmzwfy&dowfrsm;u q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f
onf emrnfausmf pHak xmufBuD; &Sm;avmh[rk ;f udk zefw;D ol[í l om jrif
xm;Muonf r[kw/f &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;) onf q&mBu;D udek if'KdGi;f
jzpfonf[k ,lqcJMh uonf/ pma&;q&m\ pdwaf epdwx f m;onf ol zefw;D
ay;vdu k af om Zmwfaumif\ p½du k w f iG f xif[yfaeonfrmS rvGEJ ikd af y/
xkYdaMumihyf if a*smt h ufvm*so D nf q&mBuD;xH tultnD awmif;yH&k onf/
q&mBuD; udek if'KdG if;onf ½k;H awmfrS tufvm*s\ D trIwrJG sm;udk
pepfwus avhvmonf/ jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh a'oodYk oGm;a&mufí ½H;k awmfwiG f
oufaoyg0iforl sm;udk oGm;a&mufawGUqHo k nf/ xdpk Ofu owif;pmrsm;
wGif azmfjycJo h nfh owif;aqmif;yg;awGukd avhvmonf/ rIcif;q&m0ef
BuD;ESihf ½Hk;awmfwGif oufaotjzpf wifjycJhonfh tufvm*sD\ zdeyf?
abmif;bD? ukwt f us?Ð rkwq f wd &f w d "f m; ponfrsm;udk ppfaq;olrsm;tm;
oGm;a&mufawGUqHo k nf/ olu, kd w f ikd f avhvmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd avhvm
cJNh yD; tao;pdwf tpD&ifcpH m wpfapmifukd ½H;k awmfBuD;odYk wifoiG ;f cJNh yD;
ykvyd w f Ykd\ rSm;,Gi;f rIrsm;udk wpfcsucf si;f &Si;f vif;onfh aqmif;yg;wpf
apmifudkvnf; owif;pmwkduf toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYcJhavonf/
owif;pmBuD;rsm;uvnf; udek if'KdG i;f (&Sm;avmh[rk ;f ) BuD; trI
rSefay:aygufa&; aqmif&GufNyD[laom owif;rsm;udk azmfjycJhMu\/
q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f awGU&Scd surf sm;onf þodYkjzpf\/ ykvyd rf sm;
a*smt h ufvm*s\ D rkwq f w d &f wd "f m;[k odr;f oGm;aom "m;rsm;rSm wpfBudrf
wpfcgrS oH;k pGjJ cif; rjyK&ao;onfh "m;rsm;jzpfaeonf/ ukwt f usaÐ y:wGif

8 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
awGU&onfh jrif;arG;rsm;rSmvnf; tpu r&Sad y/ ykvyd rf sm;u ½H;k awmfwiG f
wifjy&ef oufaocHypön;f tjzpf aoqH;k aom jrif;a&udk vS;D NyD; a*smt h usÐ
jzihf xkw, f v l mcJ&h mrS jrif;arG;rsm; uyfaecJjh cif; jzpfaMumif; awGU&awmh
onf/
ukwt f usÐ? abmif;bDEiS fh zdeyfrsm;wGif awGU&onfh &TUH pufrsm;
onf tcsi;f jzpfymG ;onhaf eYu a*smt h ufvm*sD avQmufvnfco hJ nfh &GmeD;
csKypf yfrS &TUHG ajrrsm; jzpfaeNy;D jrif;aoaeonfukd awGU&onfah e&mwGif &So d nfh
ajrrsm;rSm 0gMuefYMuefY jzpfNy;D ? teDa&mifEiS fh a&maxG;aeonfukd awGU&onf/
odYkjzpfí a*smt h ufvm*st D m; ykvyd wf Ykdu oufaotaxmuftxm; cdik v f kH
jcif; r&Sd/ tay:,Hudkom MunhfNyD; oufaorsm;qifí trIwifoGif;
aMumif; aqmif;yg;Bu;D wpfy'k u f vkd nf; owif;pmu tjynft h pHk azmfjyxm;
cJhavonf/
odYkjzpfí w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;u rSm;,Gi;f rI[q k u kd m a&SUaeuav;
a*smhtufvm*sDudk axmifrS vTwfypfvdkuf&avawmhonf/
usrf;udk;

(2)
1889 ck? Zlvikd v f 28 &uf? we*FaEGaeY/ jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrdKY

emrnfausmf ql&aD w; pHak xmufXmecsKyfrS tBuD;tuJjzpfol z&efppf*&kd rf
onf ½H;k ydw&f uf jzpfaomfvnf; tem;r,lEikd /f olreS jf ywif;rS olY½;kH cef;
jyifbufodkY vSrf;arQmfMunhfrdonf/ pl;&Saom aea&mifjcnfonf ydk;pm
yifrsm;? 0ufopfcsyifwef;rsm;ukd xk;d azmufí vlomG ;vrf;yvufazmif;
ay:odYk usa&mufvsuf &Sad eayonf/ tm;vyf&ufjzpfojzihf vrf;rBuD;
ay:wGif vloGm;vlvm uif;rJhvsuf&SdNyD; wpfcgwpf&H cyfjyif;jyif;
armif;oGm; aom jrif;vSnf;wpfpD;wav\ toHudkom Mum;&onf/
yg&DNrdKY\ tBuD;qH;k jzpfaom *g'Dv, D eG b f w
l m½HBk uD;rS rD;&xm;
OMooH? wGJcsdwfoHrsm;udkom Mum;&onf/ trSeftm;jzihf pHkaxmufBuD;
*dk&rfonf 27 &uf? paeaeYnuyif tdrfodkY rjyef/ olY½Hk;cef;wGif
tcsed u
f ek f cJo
h nf/ olYpm;yGaJ y:wGif jyefYusv J su&f odS nfh yg&D ykvyd t f zGYJ\
tpD&ifcHpm rsm;? ql&Daw;tzGJY\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? owif;pmzdkifwGJrsm;?
jynf o l r sm;xH ay;yd k Y aom wk d i f M um;pmrsm;? nwpf n vH k ;
wpfcGufNyD;wpfcGuf aomufcJh onfh cyfjyif;jyif; azsmfxm;onfh
aumfzDcGufrsm;? pD;u&ufwdkrsm;ESihf ½Iyf axG;vsuf &Sdayonf/ *dk&rfrSm
acsmif ; qd k ; yef ; em&S d c J h o jzih f ol Y rd o m;pk q&m0ef BuD ; u
pD;u&ufudkaomufjcif; rjyK&ef wif;wif;MuyfMuyf ydwfyifonf/
odkYaomf pdwf½IyfaxG;vsuf&Sdonfh pHkaxmufBuD; *dk&rftzkdY pD;u&ufudk
raomuf& raeEdkif/

10 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
olY½;kH cef;&Sd urÇmUtausmt f armf rIcif;yg&*lBuD; jzpfco hJ l olYq&m
bJw, D eG \ f "mwfyu kH kd vSr;f Munhrf o d nf/ bJw, D eG o
f nf jyifopfjynf?
pHkaxmuforkdif;wGif odyÜHenf;udk yxrqHk; toHk;jyKonfh pHkaxmuf
yg&*l BuD;tjzpf rSwfwrf;wif xm;oljzpfavonf/
*d&k rf\ ud, k af &;t&m&So d nf tcef;twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmcJNh yD;
owif;pmwpfapmifrS vlwpfO;D aysmufq;kH aeonfh owif;wpfy'k u f kd wifjy
cJah vonf/ touf 49 ESpcf efY&dS yg&DNrKd UrS bDvpf½;kH pma&; Bu;D *k(zf) ½H;k rS
tdro f Yjk dyefa&mufjcif; r&Sb d J aysmufq;k H aeonfh owif;yif jzpfonf/ jzpfEik d f
onfrmS vltowfc&H jcif;? odYrk [kwf rdru d ,
kd rf rd d owfaojcif; jzpfayonf/
Zlvikd vf 27 &ufaeYnuyif aysmufq;kH aeol bDvpf½;kH pma&;Bu;D
*k(zf)\ a,mufzawmfol vef'½do k nf ½H;k rS tdro f Ykd jyefvnfa&muf&jdS cif;
r&Sad Mumif;? ykvyd Xf mewGif wdik cf suzf iG cfh ahJ vonf/ *k(zf)rSm ZeD;uG,v f eG cf NJh y;D
aemuftrd af xmifrjyKbJ orD;i,frsm;ESifh aexdik o f jl zpfonf/ touf 49
ESp&f odS jl zpfaomfvnf; *k(zf)rSm trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESifh ½Iy½f yI af xG;axG; aexdik o f l
jzpf\/ aMu;pm; trsKd ;orD;tcsKd UESiv hf nf; ruif;oljzpfavonf/ ykvyd f
tzGYJonf Zlvikd v f 30 &ufaeYtxd apmifq h ikd ;f vsuf *k(zf)tm; wwfEikd f
oavmuf &SmazGcahJ vonf/ olomG ;vmwwfonfh aysmfypJG m;½Hrk sm;? olY
rdwaf qGrsm;\ tdrrf sm;? olY½;kH trIxrf;rsm;tm; pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; jyKcahJ omf
vnf; *k(zf)tm; awGU&Sdjcif; r&Sdawmh/ owif;tpte aysmufaeojzihf
ykvyd t f zGYJonf yg&DNrKd U ql&aD w; pHak xmuftBu;D tuJ z&efppf*&kd rfxH tpD
&ifcH wifjycJhavonf/
*k&d rfonf csucf si;f qdo k vdk jyifopfjynf? ykvyd Xf me toD;oD;odYk
aysmufq;kH aeol *k(zf) \ toGio f P²mef? touft&G,?f t&yftarmif;?
0wfpm;qif,ify?kH olYtusipfh ½du k pf aom tao;pdwf tcsut f vufrsm;?
*k(zf)\ "mwfyw kH Ykdukd ay;ydYkí owif;tpte&&Su d tjrefq;kH taMumif;
Mum;&ef nTefMum;cJhavonf/
Mo*kwv f ? 17 &ufaeYxw k o f wif;pmrsm;wGif vGKd iftifNrdKUteD;
*krf;jrpfurf;ezl;wGif xl;jcm;í ysufpD;aeaom aowåmBuD;wpfvHk;ESihf
tavmif;wpfavmif; awGU&S&d aMumif;udk *d&k rfonf zwf½cI ahJ vonf/ olY
tzdYk ,if;tavmif;onf aysmufq;kH aeaom *k(zf)\ tavmif;rsm; jzpfEikd f
oavm[k xifjrif,q l cJo
h nf/ *k(zf) aysmufq;kH puvnf; *k(zf)\ ½H;k cef;
odYk &SmazGc&hJ mwGif rD;cHaowåmBu;D rSm ajc&mvuf&mrysuf awGU&S&d Ny;D rD;cH

aowåmteD;wGirf l rD;jcpfqrH sm; trsm;tjym;udk awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/ *k(zf)\
½H;k cef;udk ydik q f ikd o
f nfh trsKd ;orD; tdr&f iS rf BuD;url Zlvikd v f 27 &ufnu
½H;k cef;twGi;f rS ypön;f rsm; a&TUajymif;oHrsm; Mum;&ojzihf oGm;a&mufMunhf
½IcJh&m ½Hk;cef;udk twGif;rS uvefYxdk;í ydwfxm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&ojzihf
bDvpfBuD; *k(zf) tcsed yf kd tvkyq f if;onf[k xifjrifcrhJ ad Mumif;? odYkaomf
rMumrD rjrifz;l aom vlprd ;f wpfO;D uwdu k uf ½du
k f avSum;rS qif;oGm;
aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf[k owif;ay;cJhavonf/
pHak xmuftwwfynmqdo k nfrmS &mZ0wfrw I pfrI jzpfymG ;&mwGif
w&m;cHtppftrSeu f kd Edu
I Ef u
Id cf Rwcf Rwf r&&atmif&mS azGjcif;? rnfoYkd rnfykH
jypfru I sL;vGeyf u kH kd axmufvrS ;f pHpk rf;onfh ynmjzpf\/ ,if;twwfynmrSm
&JtzGYJ EiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJ wYkd \ t"duusaom vkyif ef;BuD; jzpfavonf/
&mZ0wfjypfrrI sm;udk oufaoxGucf suf xif&mS ;rSom tjypfay;&rnf jzpf
onf/ rsufjrifoufao r&Sdojzihf tqufjywfíaewwf&m pHkaxmuf
ynmtzdYk ,if;uJo h Ykd jywfíae wwfaom uGi;f qufukd qufpyfa&; jzpf
avonf/
*k(zf)aysmufqHk;rIwGif rsufjrifoufaoESifh oJvGefprsm; &SmazG
rawGUojzihf yg&Dq&l aD w; pHak xmufBuD; *d&k rftzdYk tcuftcJ jzpfaeonf/
,ckuJhodkY owif;pmrsm;wGif ygvmaom owif;tpteonf aysmuf
qH;k aeaom bDvpfBuD;*k(zf) trIEiS fh oufqikd Ef ikd o f nf[k ,lqcJah vonf/
odkYjzpfí a,mufzawmfol vef'½dkESifhtwl tavmif;udk awGU&Sd&onfh
vGKd it
f ifNrKd UrS 10 rdik u f mG ? rDvm&D[al om &Gmuav;odYk oGm;a&mufí awGU
&Sd&aom tavmif;udk ppfaq;cJhMuavonf/ tavmif;rSm &ufMumcJhNyD
jzpfojzihf teHYtoufq;kd 0g;NyD; ½kyyf suq f if; ysujf zpfaecJo
h nf/ tdwBf uD;
wpfv;kH wGif xnfx h m;cJNh yD; teD;wGif ysupf ;D aeaom aowåmBuD;wpfv;kH udk
awGU&Sd&avonf/
*k(zf)\ a,mufzawmfol vef'½drk mS teHYtouf qk;d 0g;aeojzihf
tavmif;udk aumif;pGm Munh½f jI cif; rjyKawmhbJ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f uyif Munh½f I
um *k(zf)\ tavmif;rjzpfEikd yf g[k xkwaf zmfajymMum;cJah vonf/ ql&aD w;
pHak xmufBuD;tzdYk pdwyf sufz, G &f myif jzpfawmhonf/ odYk aomf tavmif;
teD;awGU&aom aowåmysufBuD;ay:wGif rD;&xm;XmerS uyfxm;aom
uwfjym;trSwaf owåmudk yg&DNrdKUrS Zlvikd v f 27 &ufaeYpjJG zifh ay;ydYkonfh
taxmuftxm;udk awGY&onf/ bl&aD w;pHak xmufBuD;tzdYk jywfaeaom

12 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
oJvGefpuGif;qufudk qufpyfEdkifzdkY vrf;yGifhoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfavonf/
aysmufq;kH aeaom *k(zf)\tavmif; jzpfEikd o f nf[k xifjrif,q l onf/
pHak xmufBu;D *k&d rf\ t,ltqudk cdik rf maponfh tcsuw f pfcsuf
rSm owif;ay;wpfO;D \ owif;ay;csut f & bDvpfBu;D *k(zf)onf raysmuf
qH;k rD ESp&f ufcefYu rdu k u
f ,ft½D yk q f o kd El iS t
fh wl awGU&aMumif;? ¤if;wdYEk pS Of ;D
ESit fh wl bGeyf ufqo kd l trsKd ;orD;i,fwpfO;D udv k nf; awGU&ygaMumif;?
bGeyf ufrmS ysupf ;D aeaom rde;f uav;wpfO;D jzpfavonf/ ¤if;wdYkEpS Of ;D rSm
vnf; Zlvdkifv 27 &ufaeYuyif rawGU&aMumif; od&SdvmcJhonf/
pHak xmufBu;D *d&k rfonf aowåmysuBf u;D wGif awGU&onfh yg&DNrKd U?
rD;&xm;trSwu f wfjym;t& ,if;aowåmBu;D udk 27.7.1889 aeYuyif yg&D
tjref&xm; trSwf (3) jzihf vdKG it f ifNrdKUodYk ay;ydYkjcif;jzpfaMumif; od&v dS m
cJh&onf/
aysmufq;kH aeaom bDvpfBuD; rawGU&awmhaom rdu k uf ,ft½D yk f
ESifh bGeyf ufpw kH ?JG tavmif;teD;wGif rawGY&aom aowåmBuD;ESifh rD;&xm;
Xme\ pm&Guu f wfjym; taxmuftxm;rsm;onf ql&aD w; pHak xmufBuD;
tzdYk *k(zf) aysmufq;Hk rIukd azmfxw k Ef ikd zf Ykd vrf;yGio hf mG ;jcif; jzpfavawmhonf/
rIcif;q&m0efBuD; tvufZE´m;vmupif; ppfaq;csut f & vGKd if
tifNrKd UrS 10 rdik t f uGm? rdvm&D&mG teD;wGif awGU&S&d aom tavmif;\ vnf
yif;wGif ndKrnf;aeaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& aoqk;H ol vnfyif;udk
BuKd ;jzihf csnaf ESmifowfjzwfjcif; jzpfonf[k ckid cf idk rf mrm ajymqdck ahJ vonf/
jyifopfjynf rIcif;ordkif;wGif ,if;*k(zf)\ trIonf yxrqHk;tBudrf
rIcif; q&m0efBuD;\ pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;jzihf trIjzpfyGm;yHkudk cdkifcdkifrmrm
wifjychJaom trIBuD;jzpfonf[k uRef awmfwdkY zwf½IcJh&ygonf/
rIcif;q&m0efBuD;onf aysmufq;kH aeaom *k(zf)\ ,cif aq;
rSww f rf;rsm;? ud, k tf wkid ;f twmrsm;? oGm;rsm;? ud, k t
f rSwf tom;rsm;udk
wdwu d sus ppfaq;cJNh yD; tavmif;rSm aysmufq;kH aeol *k(zf) tavmif;
jzpfaMumif; wdwu d sus xkwaf zmfajymqdo k jzihf ql&aD w;pHak xmufBu;D *d&k rf
tzdYk vlowfru I kd usL;vGeo f rl mS aysmufq;kH aeaom tD½yk Ef iS fh bGeyf ufwYko d m
jzpf&rnf[k aumufcsucf scahJ vonf/ yg&DNrdKUxkwf owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif
rIcif;q&m0efBuD; vmupif;\ tavmif;udk ppfaq;yH?k aysmufq;kH aeol
*k(zf)\ rdom;pkq&m0efBuD;rsm;ESifh oGm;q&m0efwYkduvnf; rIcif;q&m0ef
BuD; ,lqonft h wdik ;f tavmif;onf aysmufq;kH aeaom bDvpfBuD;*k(zf)

jzpfygonf[k axmufcHMuyHk? jyifopfjynf\rIcif;ordkif;wGif yxrqHk;
tBudrf rIcif;q&m0efBuD; yg0ifí w&m;cHazmfxw k Ef ikd af &; ulnyD u kH kd a&;
om;azmfjycJhMuonf/ rIcif;ynm&yf\ tHhMozG,f&m aumif;yHkudkvnf;
wcrf;wem; cs;D usL; a&;om;Muojzihf arhavsmah eaom *k(zf)\ trIonf
topfwpfzef jyefay:vmcJNh yD; yg&Dvx l Bk uD;u pdw0f ifpm;vmcJah vonf/
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0,f,v l u kd Nf y;D yvufazmif;eHygwf (8)wGif qku d xf m;aom rD;&xm; yxr
wef;wGaJ y:odYk wufcahJ vonf/ ol yxrwef;vufrw S f 0,f,al epOfu
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<um; trsKd ;om;wpfO;D u apmihMf unhaf eonf/ xdo k rl mS OD;xkyf cyfjrifjh rifu h kd
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yxrwef; vufrw S w f pfapmifukd 0,f,cl NhJ y;D b&pf(cs)f ae&m,lxm;onfh
wGaJ y:odYk wufvmcJo h nf/ xdv k o l nf b&pf(cs)f ESifh rvSr;f rurf;&Sd xdik cf kH
ay:wGif ae&m,lvu kd o f nf/ olYwiG v f nf; bPfpma&;Bu;D b&pf(cs)f uJo h Ykd
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wGif axmifxm;cJo h nf/ wGx J ed ;f oli,fav;onf yxrwef;wGw J pfwv JG ;kH
c&D;onfEpS Of ;D om &Sad eojzihf tjcm;wGw J pfwb JG ufoYkd ul;oGm;cJah vonf/
rD;&xm;onf 0dw&kd , d m; blwmBu;D rS xGuv f mcJNh y;D ]qd;k } blwm
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raor&Sif tavmif;Bu;D udk &xm;jywif;aygufrS ypfcsvu dk Nf y;D [wfae;
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wef;pD; c&D;onfEpS Of ;D onf bPfaiGpm&if;udik Bf u;D pD;eif;vku d yf gvmcJo h nfh
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aomf towfc&H [ef&o dS nfh tavmif;rSmvnf; aysmufq;kH vsu&f NdS y;D tjcm;
wpfpw kH pf&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rawGU&ay/

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awGU &avonf/ c&D;onfEpS Of ;D onf csucf si;f qdo k vdk rD;&xm;wGaJ pmihEf iS fh
wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tm; taMumif;Mum;cJah vonf/
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owif;&&So d jzihf vef'ef ykvyd t f zGYJonf csucf si;f rIcif;jzpfymG ;&modYk oGm;
a&mufppkH rf;ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/
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wm0efay;cJah vonf/ xl;qef;aeonfrmS towfc&H ol bPfaiGpm&if;
udik Bf uD;\ OD;xkyrf mS aysmufq;kH aeNyD; rD;&xm;wGt J wGi;f rS awGU&S&d onf/
OD;xkyrf mS aoqH;k ol bPfaiGpm&if;udik Bf uD; b&pf(cs)f OD;acgif;xufBuD;ae
ojzihf vlowform;\ OD;xkyjf zpf&rnf[k pHak xmufausmw f efemu aumuf
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aoqH;k ol aiGpm&if;udik Bf uD;\ ydu k q f tH w d ?f em&DBudK;wdYkrmS aysmufq;kH aeNyD;
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&Sad om a&TEmS ½SLbl;wdYkukd awGU&ojzihf vlowform;onf BudKwifBuHxm;
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towfc&H ol\ OD;xkyu f kd vlowform;onf ,laqmif;oGm;onf[v k nf;
,lqonf/

22 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
towfc&H ol b&pf(cs)f \ OD;xkyrf mS vlowform;\ OD;xkyEf iS fh
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wGufqonf/
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BuD; b&pf(cs)f towfc&H rIukd tom;ay;í a&;cJo h nf/ t*FvefEikd if H
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ay;Edik vf Qif qkaiGrnfrQay;ygrnf[k aMumfjimonf/
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ukrP
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tcsKd Y udk vuf0,fwiG Mf um&Snpf mG xm;rnfr[kw/f rnfonfeh nf;ESirfh qdk
xkcJG a&mif;csrnfrmS aocsmonf[k pHak xmufausmf wefemu wGuq f onf/
odYkro S m vlowform;tzdYk &mZ0wfab;rS ajy;&vG,rf nf/
wefemonf vef'efNrKd Y&dS a&Tqikd rf sm;? taygifqikd rf eS o f rQ 0ifa&muf
ppfaq;onf/ taygifq;kH ypön;f rsm;udv k nf; rcsef oGm;a&mufowif;,l
onf/ aemufq;kH csyd q f u dk v
f rf;rS a&Tqikd yf ikd &f iS f *Re'f wfqo kd ul olYxo H Ydk
vlcyf00 OD;xkycf yfao;ao; aqmif;xm;aom vlwpfa,mufonf Zlvikd v f
11 &ufaeYu vma&mufí olYxrH S taygpm; vufywfBudK;wpfacsmif;?
vufpGyfwpfuGif;ESihf olYtaumif;pm; vufywfBudK;ESihf vJoGm;Mumif;
wefemtm; owif;ay;chaJ vonf/ xdo k o l nf *smreftrsdK;om; jzpf[ef

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azmf xkwf&ef vrf;yGifhoGm;avawmhonf/
pHak xmufBuD; wefemonf &&Sx d m;aom oJveG pf rsm;? w&m;cH
[k xif&ol\ yHpk rH sm;udk avhvmonf/ aemufa,mifco H nf/ aemufq;kH
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onf rlvmtm; zrf;qD;Edik &f ef 0&rf;&&Sad &; aqmif&u G af epOfwiG yf if rlvm
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onf rlvmudk r& t&&SmazGí zrf;qD;&ef qH;k jzwfxm;cJo h nf/
wefemonf tjcm;pHak xmufwpfO;D ESit fh wl tjcm; tjrefoabFm
BuD;jzpfaom pDw;D atm(z) refcsupf wm jzihf

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jzpfaeNyD jzpfavonf/
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onf ]Apfw&kd ;D ,m;} &Guo f abFmBu;D udk aeYpOfomG ;apmiho f nf/

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orm; rlvmonf towfc&H ol bPfaiGpm&if;udik Bf u;D b&pf(cs)f \ aysmuf
qH;k aeaom OD;xkyu f kd ydu
k í f oabFmrS qif;vmwmudk awGYMu&awmhonf/
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[k wefemu qufajymvdu k of nf/ vlowform;uvnf; pdwu f w
kd if;í
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24 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
wefemonf ]]rlvm? rif;vufxu J vufpyG ef YJ b&pf(cs)f &JU qGBJ uKd ;
xkwu f mG ? rif; rjiif;aeawmheYJ? rif;om;qDu aiGpm&if;udik Bf u;D b&pf(cs)f
&JU em&D rdxm;Ny/D ig paumhwvef,m'fu tifpyufawmf wefemyJumG }}
[k ajymvdu k Nf y;D rlvmudk zrf;qD;vdu
k of nf/
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ay;cJah wmhonf/ rlvmtm; t*FvefoYkd jyefac:vmcJNh y;D td;k bdik v f m

&mZ0wfw&m;½H;k Bu;D wGif w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vawmhonf/

aemufq;kH rlvmcrsm BudK;'PfccH &Jh avonf/ tifpyufawmfBuD;

wefem yxrqH;k rD;&xm;ay:wGif vk,ufowfjzwfrBI uD;udk ajymifajrmuf
pGm zrf;Edik cf o
hJ jzihf paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJrmS ydí k *kPw f ufvm
cJah vonf/ urÇmausmfpakH xmuftzGYJ BuD;tjzpf a&muf&v dS mcJ&h avawmh
onf/
usrf;udk;

(4)
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wkud u f ukd k bPfcrJG S aiGpm&if;udik u f av; atwmrdw k mqefonf olY½;kH cef;
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vGr;f armwozG,f jzpfaeonf/ awmufavmifc&hJ onfh 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;
\ rD;vQaH Mumifh jymyHjk zpfc&hJ onfh NrKd UawmfBu;D udk jrif&onf/ NyKd usysupf ;D ae
onfh eH&rH sm;? xd;k xd;k axmifaxmif jzpfaeonfh oH,ufrBuD;rsm;? rD;avmif
wdik if wk rf sm;? tkwu f sKd ;tkwyf yhJ rkH sm;? vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif AH;k 'PfaMumifh jzpf
aeonfh wGi;f BuD;rsm; tm;vH;k Munh½f &I ufp&myif r&Sad wmh/ jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&; vkyif ef;rsm; pç aeaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &; 'Pf&m'Pf
csuu f kd ukozdYku rvG,/f Adv k cf sKyBf uD; ruftmom acgif;aqmifaom
jynford ;f wyfzYJGwYkduvnf; ppfBuD;twGi;f vlom;wpf&yfv;kH rsKd ;jyKe;f atmif
BuaH qmifco hJ nfh "mwkaA' vufeufrsm; vQKd Y0u S pf mG jyKvyk cf o hJ nfh ppfw&m;
cHrsm;? tjypfrhJ jynfoal wG? ppfoYkHyef;awGtm; n§O;f yef;cJo h nfh ppfw&m;
cHrsm;udk cH½k ;kH wGif ppfaq;Edik &f ef aqmif&u G af eonfrsm;udk pOf;pm;rdonf/
bPfyw d &f ef tcsed ef ;D uyfvmNyDjzpfonf/ qd;k &Gm;aom &moDOwk
aMumifh vrf;rsm;ay:wGiv f nf; vltoGm;tvm enf;yg;vsuf&o dS nf/
avmifpmqD &Sm;yg;aeonft h wGuv f nf; um;toGm;tvm enf;yg;vsuf
&So
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26 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
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aom touf 50 cefY&dS trsdK;om;wpfO;D 0ifvmonf/
xdt k rsKd ;om;onf aiGpm&if;udik u f av;tm; ol\ a'gufwm
*s½D ;kd ,mrm*lcsD wduk sKd NrKd Uawmfu;l pufa&m*g umuG,af &;Xme[l aom

vdypf muwfjym;uav;udk ay;vdu k Nf y;D bPfwu kd Bf u;D &Sd trIxrf;rsm; ESifh

aiGvma&mufxw k o f rl sm;tm; ta&;ay: umuG,af q;wdu k &f ef vdt k yf
aeaMumif;? þbPfwu kd Bf u;D &So d nfh &yfuu G w f pf0u kd w f iG f vsijf refpmG ul;
pufEikd af om 0rf;udu k af &m*gjyefYymG ;vsuf &Sad eygaMumif; odYkjzpfí aq;wdu k f
jcif;udpu ö kd aqmif&u G cf iG ahf y;zdYk awmif;yefcahJ vonf/
atwmrdw k q kd efonf aiGvmxkwo f al v;OD;ESifh bPf&dS trIxrf;
t&mxrf;tm;vH;k pkí aq;aomuf&ef pDpOfay;cJo h nf/ atwmrdw k q kd ef
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onf/
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awmhonf/
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aq;ay;aq;wdu k jf yKco hJ l a'gufwm ,mrm*lcsq D o kd ol nf vltm;vH;k owd
vufvw G o f nfEiS fh bPfct JG wGi;f rS ,ef;aiG 180000 (xdak cwfu aiGvJ
EIe;f t& aygif 1400) cefYukd ,laqmifomG ;cJo h nf/ olwu kd o f nfh aq;udk
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pm&if;udik u f av; tygt0if (4) OD;om toufcsr;f omcJ&h onf/
ppfNyD;p *syefEikd if w H iG f wkev f yI af csmufcsm;cJ&h aom trIBuD; wpfrI
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rsm;cJo h nf/ aeYpOfxw k f owif;pmBuD;rsm;jzpfaom tqm[D&iS Af eG ;f ESifh
t*Fvyd b f momjzihf xkwaf 0onfh rdik ef cd sD owif;pmBu;D rsm;wGif

owif;tjynht f pHk azmfjycJMh uonf/

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w&m;cH\ oJveG pf udk &SmazG&ef cufaeonf/ bPftrIxrf;rsm;\ rSwrf d
oavmufq&kd vQif w&m;cHonf touf (50) ausmcf efY jzpfNy;D t&yfrmS
ig;ay? oH;k vufrcefYom&So d nf[k qdo k nf/ ESmacgif; cReNf y;D azsmah wmhaom
tom;ta&mif &So d nf/ qHyifww kd kd n§yxf m;ol jzpfonf/ jypfru I sL;vGef
pOfu tndKa&mif0wfpu kH kd 0wfqifxm;cJo h nf[al om tcsut f vuf
avmufom cefYreS ;f Edik Mf uonf/
,mrm*lcsD [laom trnfrmS *syeftrsKd ;om;rsm;? trsm;twGi;f
ac:a0:avh&o dS nhf emrnfjzpfonf/ odYkjzpfí &JtzGYJtzdYk trIuiG ;f pudk azmf
xkwzf Ykcd ufonf/ ppfBu;D Ny;D p jzpfojzihf zsuo f rd ;f cJah om wyfzYJrG sm;rS tvkyf
vufr&hJ aJ bmfrsm;? ppfjyefrsm;? pD;yGm;a&; 'kua© Mumihf awm&yfa'orS wdu k sKd
NrKd UawmfoYkd wufa&mufvmcJo h rl sm;\ ta&twGuu f vnf; 'keYJa';? &JtzGYJ
ESifh pHak xmuftzGYJwYk\ d rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;rSmvnf; ppf'PfaMumihf ysupf ;D
cJ&h Ny/D
odYkaomf ,if;trIBu;D tm; azmfxw k &f ef wm0efay;cH&ol wyfMuyf
BuD; wmr*l½t kd u d D url ,if;trIukd azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif;r&Syd gu olYu, kd of l
([&ud&)d owfaornf[k xkwaf zmfajymqdo k nf[k qdck MhJ uavonf/
wyfMuyfBu;D umr*l½t kd u d oD nf ,if;trIBu;D udk a&qH;k a&zsm;xd
vku d &f ef qH;k jzwfonf/ a'gufwm,mrm*lcs[ D al om vdypf muwfjym; uav;onf
olYtzdYk wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om oJveG pf wpfck jzpfonf/ wku d sKd NrKd UwGif
vlodxif&Sm;aom q&m0efBuD; ,mr*lcsD &Sdonf/ q&m0efBuD;rSm
vlaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ,ck trIBu;D wGif q&m0efBu;D ,mrm*lcsD
yg0ifywfoufEikd jf cif; r&Sad omfvnf; wpfpw kH pf&maom owif;tpte
&&Sad umif;&Edik o f nf[k wGuq f rdaom wyfMuyfBu;D tduo D nf q&m0efBu;D
,mrm*lcsx D H oGm;a&muf pHpk rf;cJo h nf/
q&m0efBuD;taejzihf owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhaom
taMumif;t&m avmufomvQif odcahJ vonf/ odYkaomf q&m0efBuD;xHrS
ol\vdypf muwfjym;ay;cJrh ad om vlrsm;udk rSwrf o d avmuf pm&if;jyKpak y;
cJo h jzihf &JwyfMuyfBuD; tdut D zdYk trIBuD;\ w&m;cH ay:aygufEikd af &;
vrf;yGio hf mG ;cJah vonf/ q&m0efBuD;\ trnfyg uwfjym;ay;cJo h nfh

28 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
vlrsm;rSmvnf; tenf;i,frQom &Scd o hJ jzihf tduo D nf raerem; wpf
a,mufNyD;wpfa,muf owif;axmufvrS ;f cJo h nf/ tduo D nf axmuf
vSr;f &mwGif ukeu f sc&hJ onfh p&dwpf uudk rdryd ikd f y&dabm*rsm; a&mif;cs&
onfh aiGukd oH;k pGcJ &hJ onf/
tduo D nf w&m;cHjzpfo\ l ud, k af euk, d [ f ef taxmuftxm;
wdYkuv kd nf; pepfwus avhvmxm;cJo h nf/ trIBuD;jzpfymG ;NyD; 4 vtMum
wGif [du k ikd 'f ;kd uRe;f wGif w&m;cH yef;csq D &m q'grdcs[ D &d q0udk zrf;qD;&rd
cJah vonf/ yef;csq D &m q'grdcs[ D &d q0rSm a&aq;bk&if[k ausmMf um;
aom a&aq;yef;csDausmfwpfO;D jzpfavonf/
tdu\ D owif;azmfjycsut f & tqm[D&iS Af eG ;f owif;pmBuD;ESifh
t*Fvyd b f momjzihf xkwaf 0aom rdik ef cd sD owif;pmBuD;rsm;

url ,if;trIEiS yhf wfoufí tao;pdwaf zmfjycJo h nf/ tar&duef jynf

axmifpw k iG f xkwaf 0aom e,l;a&mhwikd ;f (p) owif;pmBuD;uvnf; ,if;
trIBuD;taMumif;udk tao;pdwaf &;om; azmfjyay;cJo h nf/
owif;pmrsm;yg owif;t&qdv k Qif yef;csq D &m [d&q0onf
trIBu;D udk rusL;vGecf if tmqefepf tqdyt f ajrmuftjrm; 0,f,cl o hJ nf[k
[d&q0\ orD;u xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf[k qdo k nf/ &JwyfMuyfBu;D tdu&D &So d nfh
owif;t& yef;csq D &m [d&q0onf olYZeD;tm; ,ef; 80000 ay;cJo h nf
[lívnf; owif;&cJo h nf qdo k nf/ txufazmfjyygtcsuf ESpcf suo f nf
cdik vf akH om oufaocHrsm; jzpfonf[k ,lqum &JwyfzYJu G [d&q0udk
1948 ck Mo*kwv f (21) &ufaeYwiG f zrf;qD;cJah vonf/
yef;csq D &m [d&q0onf olYu, kd uf ,
kd f owfao&efvnf; BudK;
pm;cJo h nf[k qko d nf/ &JwYkdurl [d&q0onf ajzmifch suaf y;cJo h nf[k
qdí k owif;pmBuD;rsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;udk xkwaf zmfcMhJ uonf/ odYk
aomf tcsKd Yowif;pmrsm;rS aqmif;yg;&Sirf sm;onf ,if;&JwYkd w&m;cHyg[k
pGypf cJG &H ol [d&q0udk w&m;cH[k rxif/ rjzpfEikd [ f k ,lqonf/ [d&q0
onf rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f vlwpfa,mufukd aoapEdik o f nfh tqdyaf q;udk
rnfuo hJ Ykd &&SEd ikd o f enf;/ tqdyaf q; pm;aomufc&hJ olrsm;rSmvnf; jyif;
jyif;xefxef a0'emcHpm;jcif;r&Sd aovGecf MhJ u&onfrmS tHMh ozG,f jzpfae
onf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f emZD*smreD xdyw f ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;?
ppfbufqikd &f m wm0ef&o dS rl sm;twGuf emZDorm;awmfBuD;rsm;u a0'em

jyif;xefpmG cHpm;jcif;r&Sd aoqH;k apEdik o f nfh tqdyaf q;udk azmfpyfay;cJo h nf
[k qdck MhJ uonf/
*syefEikd if wH iG vf nf; "mwkvufeufrsm; xkwaf &;? a&m*gyd;k rTm;
vufeufrsm; xkwaf 0a&;udk ppfBuD;twGi;f u vQKd Y0u S pf mG jyKvkycf MhJ uNyD;
tqdyaf q;wpfrsdK;udv k nf; azmfpyfco hJ nf[k owif;jzpfco hJ nf/ 'kw, d
urÇmppfBuD;NyD;qH;k í *syefwyfrawmfukd zsuo f rd ;f cJ&h aomtcgwGif ,if;
"mwkvufeufEiS fh a&m*gyd;k rTm;vufeufrsm; xkwv f yk af &;XmetaMumif;
owif;wpfpw kH pf&m rMum;cJ&h awmh/ odYkjzpfí [d&q0onf ,if;wyfz0JG if
wpfO;D rsm;jzpfaeoavm[k ,lqMuonf/ odYkaomf [d&q0onf ppfBuD;
twGi;f touf 50 ausmf jzpfaeojzihf wyfrawmftwGi;f trIxrf;cGirhf &
[k qdo k nf/
[d&q0\ zcifurl om;jzpfoo l nf i,fpOfuyif odraf rGUEl;nHh
oljzpfonf/ rnfonfeh nf;ESirfh Q þrQ &ufpufaom vlowfrBI uD;rsm;udk
usL;vGerf nfr[kw/f tu,fí usL;vGecf o hJ nfqydk gu olYtaejzihv f nf;
olwYdk aqG*P k rf sKd ;*kPf xdcu dk of jzihf [&ud&v d yk í f owfaornf[k qdk
onf/
[d&q0\ taMumif;onf r*¾Zif;*sme,frsm;wGif aeYpOf azmfjyae
onfh owif;rsm;jzpfvmNy;D [d&q0\ taMumif;onf vQKd Y 0Suef ufeí J
jynfot l rsm; pdw0f ifpm;p&mjzpfvmonf/ w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGirf l [d&q0
onf ol &JwYx kd wH iG f ajzmifch suaf y;jcif;onf &JwYkd n§O;f yef;cJo h jzihf ay;cJ&h yg
onf/ þvlowfrBI u;D udk ol rusL;vGecf &hJ yg[k xGuq f ckd ohJ nf/
[d&q0\ trIonf ydrk ½kd yI af xG;vmonf/ tusO;f axmiftwGi;f
ol trSew f u,f rusL;vGecf &hJ yg[k ajymqdNk yD; [&ud&v d yk &f ef BudK;yrf;
onf/ odYkaomf tusO;f axmif trIxrf;wdYkEiS fh awGU&So d jzihf ratmifjrif/
yef;csu D m;awG tusO;f uspOf aeYpOfqo JG nf/ oDcsi;f pyfonf/
ol a&;om;pyfqo kd nfh oDcsi;f onf emrnfBu;D vmonf/ olYocD si;f udk
vli,fawGu oDqv kd mcJo
h nf/ [d&q0\ a&SUaeBu;D url [d&q0onf
1925 ckEpS cf efYu acG;½l;udu k cf &H zl;onf/ acG;½l;jyefa&m*gumuG,af q; xk;d
&mrS wpfcgwpf&H pdwaf zmufjyefo[ l k ajymygonf[k owif;pmwpfapmif
wGif owif;axmufwpfa,mufu a&;om;azmfjycJjh yefonf/
jynfot l rsm;pkurl vlowfw&m;cHrmS [d&q0 rjzpfEikd /f &JEiS hf
wm0ef&o dS w l Ykdonf w&m;cHtppftrSeu f kd od&adS umif; od&rdS nf jzpfaomf

30 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
vnf; zH;k uG,&f ef BudK;yrf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ [d&q0rSm "m;pmcHomvQif
jzpfonf[k xifrw S v f mcJMh uonf/
owif;pmBuD;rsm;uvnf; [d&q0onf trSet f jypfuif;pif
oljzpfoavm[lí oHo,0ifvmonf/ vlaygif; 1500 ausmu f kd w&m;
½H;k awmfBuD;u ac:,lppfaq;cJ&h onf[k qdo k nf/ [d&q0\ trIonf
ydrk ½kd yI af xG;vmcJNh yD; jynfot l rsm;pku &JwYkdtm; rw&m; trIqifrt I wGuf
ta&;,l awmif;qdv k mcJMh uonf/
1950 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f wGif w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;u w&m;cH [d&q0
tm; ao'PfjypfrI csrw S af vawmhonf/ wpfjynfv;kH qlyw l ek v f yI cf &hJ aom
trIBuD;jzpfvmonfh [du k ikd 'f ukd Re;f om;? omref a&;aq;yef;csq D &m [d&
q0onf urÇmo h wif;pmBuD;rsm;\ rsuEf mS zH;k wGif aeYpOfygaeaom Zmwf
aqmifwpfO;D jzpfvmonf/
[d&q0onf oufqidk &f modYk t,lcw H ufco hJ nf/ t,lcH wwf
aepOftwGi;f bmoma&;qdik &f m uAsmawG oDu;kH onf/ olY ud, k af &;tw¬K
yÜwBåd uD;udk a&;om;cJo h nf/ owif;axmuftrsm;url w&m;cHtppfrmS
zsuo f rd ;f cJah om "mwky;kd rTm; ppfqifa&; okawoewyfzYJrG S Adv k rf ;ª a[mif;
wpfO;D jzpfonf[k qdck MhJ uonf/ *syeftmPmydik w f Ykt d aejzifh ,if;"mwk
yd;k rTm;ppfqifa&; enf;ynmrsm;udk tar&du tmPmydik w f YkEd iS fh tay;t,l
vkycf o hJ nf[k qdo k nf/ ,if;Adv k rf ;ª rSm xdpk pfjyeftzGYJ &efyakH iGtwGuf usL;
vGecf jhJ cif; jzpfonf/ xdAk v kd rf ;ª ESifh [d&q0wdYk ½kycf si;f wlno D jzifh &JwYku d
[d&q0udk vlowform;tjzpf tuGuq f ifízrf;qD;cJo h nf[k qdMk uonf/
w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;\ pD&ifcsut f ay: oufqikd &f mrS pdppfcNhJ yD;
vl owfw&m;cH [d&q0tm; axmif'PftESpf (40) csrw S cf ahJ vonf/
þuJh odYk t,lcw H ufaepOftwGi;f rSmyif &JwYko d nf trSm;rSm; t,Gi;f ,Gi;f
jyKvyk f cJMh ujyefonf/ tjypfuif;pifol v,form;wpfO;D tm; bPfBu;D wGif
vl owfrI usL;vGepf Ofu vlowform;0wfqifco hJ nfh teDa&mif jrif;pD;bGwf
zdeyf&n S f ESifh tndKa&mif0wfpkH 0wfqifxm;onfukd awGU&Sd

ojzihf vlowform;udk awGU&NyD[k zrf;qD;cJjh yefonf/ okYdaomf rSm;,Gi;f rI

qdu k m jyefvw T cf &hJ onf/
jynfov l x l tk zdYk [d&q0 rjzpfEikd [ f k ydrk ,
kd MkH unfvmcJNh y;D [d&q0
tm; vTwaf y;&ef awmif;qdv k mcJMh uonf/ odYkaomfvnf; tmPmydik w f Ykd
url tESpf (40) tjypf'Pfp&D ifcsuu f kd ajymif;vJjcif;? jyifqifjcif; rjyKcahJ y/

'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; NyD;qH;k pwGif axmif'Pf tESpf (40) cH&ol
ESpOf ;D om&Scd ahJ vonf/ wpfO;D rSm emZDygwD 'kw, d acgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfol
emrnfausmf ½l;a'gh[uf(p) jzpfNyD; wpfO;D rSm ,ck uRefawmf a&;om;
wifjycJo h nfh a&aq;yef;csDq&m q'grdcsD[&d q0wdYk jzpfonf/
q'grdcs[ D &d q0 crsm 1987 ckEpS w f iG f wdu k sKd qif'ikd f tusO;f
axmifBuD;wGif uG,v f eG cf &hJ &Smonf/ ol\ ud, k af &;tw¬Kyw Ü u åd v
kd nf;
xkwaf 0cJNh y;D [d&q0\ om;jzpfoEl iS fh a&SUaejzpfow l Yku
d rl tm;ravQm?h
w&m;udk ewfapmifo h nf? wpfaeYwiG f trSew f &m; ay:vm&rnf[í l quf
vuf pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f vsu&f o dS nf[k qdMk uavonf/
usrf;udk;

(5)
&mZ0wfru I sL;vGeo f w l YkdtzdYk rdrwd Ykd usL;vGecf ahJ om jypfrI ray:

aygufap&ef enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzihf yd&pd mG pDpOfí vQKd Y0u S uf sL;vGeaf vh&dS
wwfMuonf/ odYkaomfvnf; rsuu f , G wf iG f jzpfymG ;cJah om &mZ0wfrcI if;
BuD;rsm;udk pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f twwfynmjzihf jypfrI xif&mS ;ap&ef omref
ywf0ef;usif avhvmpHpk rf;aom enf;jziho f mru odyyHÜ pön;f ud&, d mESifh
uRr;f usio f w l Ykd\ tultnDu&kd ,ljcif;jzihv f nf; azmfxw k &f \/
rIcif;BuD;wpfrw I iG f rnfrQy&d pd mG BuHpnfusL;vGeaf omfvnf; oJ
vGepf wpfck use&f pfNrJjzpfonf/ þoJveG pf rsm;wGif tcdik t f rm oJveG pf rSm
rIcif;usL;vGeo f w l Yk\
d vufaAG&myifjzpf\/ vlwpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D &moufyef
uGjJ ym;aom rwlnED ikd af om tcsurf mS vufaAGyif jzpfonf/ vufaAGonf
tjriftm;jzihf wlnaD ,mif&o dS nf[k xif&aomfvnf; pepfwus pdppf
avhvmaomtcgü tHMh ozG,&f m uGjJ ym;aeonfukd awGY&onf/
vufaAGrmS wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D rwlnED ikd o f nft h jyif oufwrf;
tvdu k v f nf; ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sad y/ vlwYkd\ ud, k cf E¨monf Zmwd? Z&m?
Asm"d? r&Poabmw&m;t& ajymif;vJcahJ omfvnf; vufaAGrsm;rSm ajymif;
vJjcif;r&S/d cdik Nf raJ eonf/ vlrsm;uG,v f eG of nftxd vufaAGrmS wpforwf
wnf; &So d nf[k qdMk u\/ tcsKd Y&mZ0wfusL;vGeo f w l Ykdonf enf;vrf;
trsKd ;rsKd ;jzihf vufaAGukd ajymif;vJ&ef BuHaqmifcMhJ u\/ vufxyd rf sm;udk

a&aEG;jzihpf rd jf cif;? cGpJ w
d uf o k jcif;tm;jzifh a&Smifv&JT ef BudK;pm;cJzh ;l onf/
odYkaomf vufaAGu rl&if;twdik ;f rajymif;vJcahJ y/
vlwpfa,muf\ vufaAGypkH u H kd trsKd ;tpm; cGjJ cm;Edik o f nfh tcsuf
aygif; 32 ck awGU&Scd MhJ u&onf/ vlwpfa,mufEiS w fh pfa,muf vufaAGypkH H
csi;f wlrwl EdiI ;f ,SOMf unh&f mü tqdyk g tcsut f vufrsm;udk t"duxm;í
avhvmMunh½f MI u&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf vufaAGwpfv;Hk onf a,bk,s
tm;jzihf bJOyHpk ?H puf0idk ;f yHpk pH ojzihf yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;&Sad omfvnf; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck
qufaeaom ta&;taMumif;rsm;? jzmícGx J u G o f mG ;aom ta&;taMumif;
rsm;? jzwfaeaom ta&;taMumif;rsm; ponfjzihf trsKd ;rsKd ;tpm;pm; uGjJ ym;
aeMu\/
vlwpfO;D ESihf wpfO;D vufaAGypkH H rwlnED ikd jf cif;udk cdik cf idk rf mrm
,kwaåd A'enf;jzihf wifjycJo h rl mS qm[ife&Djzpf\/ odyyHÜ nm&Sif qmz&efppf
*Jvw f efuvnf; odyyHÜ nmenf;usus cGjJ cm;Edik cf o hJ jzihf xdek nf;ESpcf u k kd
aygif;í ]*Jvw f ef[ife&D} enf;[k ac:wGicf MhJ uonf/
þenf;jzihf azmfxw k cf ahJ om rIcif;BuD;rsm;wGif ,ck azmfjyrnfh
jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;BuD;onf txif&mS ;qH;k jzpf\/ trIjzpfymG ;cJah om NrdKUuav;
wpfNrdKUvH;k &Sd trsKd ;om;rSeo f rQwYkd\ vufaAGrsm;udk ppfaq;í pHak xmuf
tzGYJu w&m;cHtppftrSeu f kd azmfxw k Ef ikd cf ahJ omaMumifh t*FvefEikd if \ H
rIcif;ordik ;f wGif rSwo f m;zG,&f m rIcif;BuD;tjzpf rSww f rf;wifcx H m;&\/
rIcif;okawoDrsm;onf t*FvefEikd if w H iG f jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh *E¦0ifrcI if;BuD;
aygif; 81 rIukd [k owfrw S cf MhJ u\/ xdrk cI if;

BuD;rsm;wGif ,ckazmfjyrnfh rIcif;BuD; yg0ifcahJ vonf/

t*FvefEikd if H vef(u)½dik &f mjynfe,f bvufbef;

NrKd Uuav;onf vlO;D a&enf;yg;í at;aq;wnfNird af om NrKd U uav;wpfNrKd U

jzpf\/ NrKd Uaevltrsm;rSmvnf; puf&ufuef;ynm&Sirf sm;? &ufuef;puf½kH
tvkyo f rm;rsm;om jzpf\/ xdNk rKd Uuav;\ ordik ;f wGif vlowfrq I o kd nf
rMum;zl;oavmuf jzpf\/ NrKd Ui,fuav;jzpfojzihf ae xdik o f tl rsm;rSm
wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;jzifh acwftquf quf
puf&ufuef;vkyif ef;jzifo h m toufarG;cJo h rl sm; jzpfMuonf/
odYkaomf 1948 ck? arv 14 &ufaeYwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om
vlowf rIBu;D onf bvufbef;NrKd Uuav;omru t*FvefEikd if w H pfEikd if vH ;kH
[d;k av;wausmf jzpfc&hJ aom rIcif;BuD;jzpfc\ hJ / xdNk rdKUuav;&Sd wpfcw k nf;

34 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
aom aq;½HBk uD; &Sd uav;rsm; ukoaqmif

trSwf (3) wGif aq;ukorI cH,al eaom toufav;ESpt f &G,f *Ret f efeD
'DAae qdo
k l uav;rav;wpfO;D aysmufq;kH

oGm;cJ\ h / xdu k av;rav;ESit fh wl aq;ukorI cH,al eol tjcm;uav;

i,f (5) OD;&Scd o hJ nf/ *Ret f eferD mS tBuD;qH;k jzpfonf/
bk&ifrBuD; yef;NcHaq;½HkBuD;rSm

bvufbef;NrKd Uuav;rS wpfrikd cf efYumG a0;aom uke;f jrifah y:wGif wnf&NdSy;D

aq;½H0k if;Bu;D \ tus,t f 0ef;rSm {u 70 cefY&\ dS / um&Hxm;aom tkwf
eH&tH jrifrh mS 6 aycefY jrifo h nfqo kd nf/ uav;rsm; ukoaqmif trSwf (3)
onf ajrnDxyfjzpfojzihf tjyifrS wpfpw kH pfO;D vG,u f pl mG 0ifxu G f
oGm;vmEdik o f nf/ xdak eYu wm0efus olemjyKq&mrESifh wHcg;apmifh jzpfol
wdYu
k rl aq;ukoaqmifoYkd vlprd ;f wpfO;D wpfa,mufrS vma&mufjcif; r&S[ d k
xGuq f ckd MhJu\/
aysmufq;kH oGm;oluav;rSm ESp&f ufcefYu tqkwt f at;rdaom
a&m*gjzihf aq;ukorIc, H al e&jcif; jzpfonf/ aemufwpfaeY arv (15)
&ufaeYwiG f aq;½Hrk S qif;cGi&fh rnfjzpf\/
zcifjzpforl mS qif;&Jaom ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f tvkyo f rm;
wpfO;D jzpfonf/ aq;½HBk uD;rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ESifh olemjyKq&mrrsm;onf
q&mrrsm;em;aecef;rsm;? aq;½H0k if;BuD;twGi;f &Sd tjcm; taqmifrsm;wGif
&SmazGcMJh u\/ 'DAae\ tdy&f mckwifteD;wGif wpfpw kH pf&m oJveG pf
use&f pf jcif; &Srd &Su d v kd nf; pepfwus &SmazGMuonf/
aysmufq;kH aeol 'DAae\ ckwifteD;wGif xl;jcm;onfh vlBuD;
wpfO;D \ ajc&mudk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; awGUMu&\/ Murf;jyifukd za,mif;wdu k f
xm;ojzihf txufazmfjyyg ajc&mudk awGU&Sjd cif;jzpf\/ aysmufq;kH oGm;onfh
uav;ruav;\ ajc&mrsm;udrk l rawGUMu&/
vlBu;D ajc&mrSm uav;rsm;ukoaqmif jywif;aygufrS pwif
awGU &S&d jcif;jzpfí 0ifvmolonf zGix hf m;aom jywif;aygufrS 'DAaetm;
tjyif odYk ac:,lomG ;cJjh cif; jzpfEikd o f nf[k ,lqMuojzihf q&m0efBu;D rsm;ESifh
olemjyKq&mrrsm;onf aq;½H0k if;Bu;D twGi;f &SmazGcMhJ u&m csKH yw k wf pfck
atmufwiG f uav;ruav;\ tavmif;udk awGYMu&onf/ awGU&onfh
tcsed rf mS eHeuf (2) em&Dx;kd aeNyD jzpf\/

uav;rav;udk &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;Ny;D vlowform;
onf vlrqefaom vdiaf zmufjyefusL;vGerf I &Scd o hJ nf[k q&m0efBu;D rsm
;u ppfaq;awGU&SMd u&\/ wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJEiS fh
ykvyd f (&J) tzGYJoYkd csucf si;f taMumif;Mum;cJMh uonf/
paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ rS emrnfausmf vufaAGyg&*l tifpyuf
awmfBuD; uif;bJvaf cgif;aqmifaom tzGYJonf pepfwus pHpk rf;ppfaq;rI
rsm; jyKvyk cf MhJ uNyD; oJveG pf &SmazGcMhJ u\/ w&m;cHonf uav;rav;tm;
jywif;aygufrS 0ifa&mufí aoqH;k oGm;ol uav;rav;tm; ayGYíac:
oGm;jcif; jzpfonf[k pHak xmuftzGYJ u aumufcsufcsonf/
'DAae\ ckwifatmufwGif aygif;cHa&aEG;ykvif;wpfvHk;udk
awGU &onf/ olemjyKq&mrsm;\ xGufqdkcsuft& xdkykvif;rSm
aoqHk;ol uav;\ ckwifab;&Sd pm;yGJay:wGif wifxm;aom
ykvif; jzpfygonf[k xGufqdkMuojzihf wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf
xd k a &yk v if ; ud k ,l í a&T U ajymif ; xm;jcif ; jzpf & rnf [ k
paumhwvef,m'fpHkaxmuf tzGJYu ,lqMu\/ xdka&ykvif;ay:wGif
vufaAG&mrsm;awGU&ojzihf aq;½HkBuD;&Sd olemjyKq&mr rsm;\
vufaAGrsm;ESihf wdkufqdkifppfaq; Munhf½I&m olemjyKq&mr wpfOD;
wpfa,muf\ vufaAG&mrsm;ESihf wlnDjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&ojzihf
xdk vufaAG&monf vlrqefaom vlowfrIudk usL;vGefoljzpf&rnf[k
aumuf csufcscJhMuNyD; vlowform;onf aq;½HkBuD;taMumif;udk
aumif;aumif; odaeolwpfOD; odkYr[kwf 0ifxGufoGm;vmavh&Sdol
jzpf&rnf[lívnf; ,lqMu\/
awGU&S&d onfh vufaAGrmS ,cifpaumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYrJ S
rSww f rf;jyKpxk m;onfh vufaAGypkH rH sm;ESifh vH;k 0rwl/ odYjk zpfí vlowfrI
usL;vGeo f o l nf ,cifu jypfru I sL;vGeo f l r[kwEf ikd /f paumhwvef,m'f
pHak xmuftzGYt J zdYk tcuftcJ jzpfvmcJo h nf/ bvufbef;NrKd Uawmf0ef jzpf
oluvnf; þNrKd Uuav;wGif xdrk Q &ufpufvrl qefaom rIcif;Bu;D jzpfymG ;
&jcif;onf NrKd Uaevlxt k zdYk yxrqH;k &Suzf , G v
f vd d jzpf&onfth wGuf NrKd Uol
NrKd Uom;rsm;taejzihf pHak xmufEiS fh ykvyd (f &J)tzGYt J m; tultnDay;&ef wdu k f
wGe;f cJ\h / aemufq;kH awmh paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ\ tBuHay;csut f &
bvufbef; NrKd Uuav;wGif aexkid af om trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k \ vufaAG&m
rsm;udk ppfaq;cJMh uonf/

36 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
vufaAG&maygif; 46000 ausmfukd ppfaq;rSww f rf; wifcMhJ u
onf/ trSwf 46253 ydik &f iS jf zpfol yDwm*&yfzpfqo kd \l vufaAGtrSwf
rsm;onf aoqH;k ol 'DAmae\ a&ykvif;ay:wGif awGU&onfh vufaAG&m
rsm;ESifh xyfwn l aD eonfukd awGUMu&onf/ jywif;aygufwiG f awGU&onfh
vufaAG&mrsm;ESiv fh nf; xyfwnl aD eonf/
yDwm*&yfzpfrmS ppfjyefwpfO;D jzpfonf/ yDwmonf ,cifu
xdk aq;½HBk u;D odYk wufa&mufí aq;ukocH,cl o hJ w l pfO;D jzpfojzihf aq;½HBk u;D
\ aq;ukoaqmifrsm;\ taetxm;udk od&x dS m;oljzpfonf/ aemufq;kH
yDwm *&yfzpfonf pHak xmuftzGYJEiS fh ykvyd f (&J) wdYkxw H iG f ajzmifch suaf y;cJh
&\/
yDwm*&yfzpftm; ½Hk;awmfBuD;rS ao'Pftjypfay;cJhonf/
usrf;udk;

(6)
1959 ck? Zlvdkifv (13) &uf/

eHeufapmapmpD;pD; rd;k om;rsm; tHYk qikd ;f rdiI ;f ysí onf;vdu k f zGJ
vduk jf zihf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rd;k rsm;&GmoGe;f ae\/ &moDOwk tpOftvmt&
om,mMunfvif&rnfjzpf\/ odYkaomf rd;k av0o txl;owif; aMunm
csuft& rd;k om;rsm; tHYk qikd ;f NyD; rd;k wpfNydKufEpS Nf ydKuf&mG rnf[k od&x dS m;
Muaom vef'efNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf rdrw d Ykd aetdrrf sm;üom &moDOwk
Munfvifom,mvmrnft h csdeu
f kd iHv
h ifah eMu\/
nae 3 em&DcefYwiG f eHeufapmapmu &GmcJah om rd;k onf vH;k 0
wdwo f mG ;cJNh yD jzpfonf/ aumif;uifwiG f rd;k om;wdrw f u
kd rf sm;vnf; vH;k 0
uif;pifomG ;cJNh yDjzpf&m vef'efNrdKUuifpifwefpuG, J m;&Sd vrf;rBuD;onf om
,mMunfvifonfh aea&mifatmufwiG f awmuf yvsu&f o dS nf/
pawmhwvef,m'ftzGYJ rS pHak xmufwyfMuyfBuD; *RefqifzYkd tzdYk
olYwpfoufwmwGif b,faomtcgrS arh&ufp&m r&Sad om jrifuiG ;f aMumifh
wkev f yI of mG ;onf/ olEiS b fh 0wl c&D;wl wpfc&D;wnf; avQmufcMhJ uonfh
olYoil ,fcsi;f pHak xmufwyfMuyfBuD; a&rGeyf ,f'cD rsm yvufazmif;ay:wGif
aoG;oH&&J jJ zihf vJusaeavNyD/
olESihf olYoli,fcsif; wyfMuyfBuD;y,f'DwdkYonf vef'efNrdKU
uifpifwef&yfuu G f trSwf 105 wGif aexkid o f l rpöpAf mae&Sprf if;qdok l
tbGm;BuD;wpfO;D aexdik o f nfah etdrt f m; azmufxiG ;f í xdpk Ofu umv

38 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
wefaMu; aygif 2000 cefYwefaom vuf0wf&wemrsm;udk ,laqmifomG ;
cJhol[k ouFmruif;jzpfol *smreftrsdK;om; tm0ifzdk'dkvmqdkoltm;
vma&mufppfaq;ar;jref;chJMu\/
tm0ifonf ajcpvufp&So d w l pfO;D jzpf\/ olYu, kd of l tvGwf
pHak xmufwpfO;D trnfjzihf aiGnp§ jf cif; ponfh tao;trTm;trIrsm;rSpí
azmufxiG ;f rIrsm;txd &J&0J 0hH hH wpfu, kd af wmfusL;vGeaf eonfh apm&rif;om;
wpfO;D jzpf\/ paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJonf rpöpAf mae&Sprf if;\
vQKd U0Supf mG wdik Mf um;rIaMumifh txufazmfjyyg *smreftrsKd ;om; ajcpvufp
&So
d l tm0iftm; paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJrS wyfMuyfBu;D a&rGeyf g'D
ESifh wyfMuyfBuD;*RefqifzYkd wYkd EpS Of ;D onf apmifMh unhcf o hJ nf/
wyfMuyfBuD; a&rGeyf g'DEiS fh wyfMuyfBuD; *Req f ifzYkdwYkd ESpOf ;D onf
'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; rjzpfymG ;rDuyif emrnfausmf vef'efyv k yd (f &J) tzGYJBuD;
odYk omref&o J m;uav;rsm;tjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJMh u&mrS olwYkEd pS Of ;D \
½d;k om;BudK;pm; wm0efausyGerf w I Ykd aMumifh wyfMuyfBuD;rsm;tjzpf &mxl;
wd;k ay;í paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJoYkd ajymif;a&TUtrIxrf;cJMh u&onf/
olwYkEd pS Of ;D \ rdom;pkrsm;rSmvnf; txl; cifrifMuonf/ ½d;k om;
BudK;pm;olrsm;jzpfojzihf txuft&m&Srd sm;uvnf; oabmusMu\/ ,ck
tm0ifusL;vGeo f nfh [efaqmifr?I aiGnp§ rf ?I azmufxiG ;f rIrsm;udk tao;
pdwaf vhvmí tm0iftm; zrf;qD;&ef nTeMf um;xm;cJo h nf/ olwYkEd pS Of ;D onf
xdak eY eHeufapmapmuyif uifpifwef&yfuu G f trSwf 105 ESihf cyfvrS ;f
vSr;f rSaeí apmihMf unhaf ecJMh u\/
tvGwpf akH xmuf[efaqmifavh&o dS l tm0ifonf rpöpAf mae
&Sprf if;xHoYkd olYtrd f azmufxiG ;f cd;k ,lc&H rIEiS fh ywfoufí owif;&xm;ol
tvGwpf akH xmuftjzpf aiGxyfrn H p§ &f ef &nf&, G cf sufjzihf vma&mufrnfh
owif;udk wifBudK&xm;aomaMumifh apmihq f idk ;f aeMu\/ wpfaeYv;kH
rd;k &Gm oGe;f aejcif;aMumifh tm0if a&mufvmjcif;r&Scd /hJ
nae &moDOwkMunfvifonfh tcsed af &mufvmrS tm0if a&muf
vmcJo h nf/ olYtzdYk ajy;vrf;r&Sad wmh/ wyfMuyfpakH xmufBuD; ESpOf ;D ESifh
&ifqikd af e&NyD jzpfonf/ wyfMuyfBuD;ESpOf ;D uvnf; tm0iftm; eD;pyf&m
&Jpcef;odYk ppfaq;&ef vdu k cf &hJ ef ac:qdck o hJ nf/ tm0ifuvnf; [efaqmif
aumif;olwpfO;D yDopGm vdu k cf rhJ nf[k at;at;aq;aq; oabmwlchJ
ojzihf pHak xmufwyfMuyfBuD;qifzYkdonf tm0ifukd ac:aqmifomG ;&ef um;

oGm;a&muf,al epOf wyfMuyfBuD; y,f'ED iS hf tm0iftm; tdrt f rSwf 105
a&SU&Sd yvufazmif;ay:wGif apmihq f ikd ;f aeapcJo h nf/
]'dik ;f }[laom aoewfoaH Mumifh wyfMuyfBuD;qifzYkdonf tdrf
trSwf 105 a&SUqDrjS zpfaMumif; odvu dk &f onf/ olYoil ,fcsi;f wyfMuyf
BuD;y,f'rD mS wpfpw kH pf&m vufeufryg&So d l jzpfojzihf qifzYkdonf olY
rdwaf qGawmh aoewftypfc&H NyD[k csucf si;f awG;rdum tdrt f rSwf 105
a&SU&Sd yvufazmif;qDoYkd wpf[ek x f ;kd ajy;xGuv f mcJoh nf/
vQyw f pfjyuftwGi;f tdyrf ufyrm ,HEk ikd zf , G &f mr&Sad om aMuuGJ
p&maumif;onfEiS t hf rQ wkev f yI af csmufcsm;p&m aumif;vSonfh ted|m½Hk
jrifuiG ;f BuD;udk jrifvu dk af wGYvu kd &f aom qifzYkdcrsm rSiw f ufro d mG ;onf/
xdt k cGit hf a&;udk tok;H csvakd om vlowform;tm0ifonf vrf;rbufoYkd
jzwfajy;oGm;cJo h nf/
pHak xmufwyfMuyfBuD; qifzYkdonf ajy;oGm;ol tm0ifaemufoYkd
xufMuyfruGm vku d cf o hJ nf/ odYkaomf ½Iyaf xG;vSonfh ,mOftoGm;tvm
aMumihf vlowform;udk rsufjcnfjywfomG ;onf/ uifpifwef&yfuu G rf S
xGufMunhfolrsm;tm;vHk;rSm vlowform;\ rsufESmudk rrSwfrdMu/
tm0ifrmS uae'gEdik if rH S vef'efNrdKUodYk a&mufvmonfrmS rMum
ao;/ odYkjzpfí olYrw S w f rf;rSw&f mrsm; paumhwvef,m'fwiG f r&Sd jzpfae
cJ\
h /
t*FvefEikd if rH S owif;pmBuD;tmvH;k onf vufeufrhJ paumh
wvef,m'f pHak xmufwyfMuyfBuD;wpfO;D towfc&H rIukd ,lusKH ;r& jzpfMu
onf/ wm0ef&o dS rl sm;udv k nf; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefwu dk cf ukd Mf u\/
towfc&H ol wyfMuyfBuD; a&rGeyf ,f'rD o d m;pktm; tultnD ay;cJMh u\/
tm0ify'kd v kd m\ "mwfyrkH mS vnf; r&S/d odYkjzpfí olYajc&maemufoYkd
vduk &f onf/ &JEiS hf pHak xmufrsm;tzdYk tcuftcJ jzpfaeonf/ odYkaomf
,cif tm0if aexdik cf o hJ nfh uae'gEdik if &H t J zGYJxrH S "mwfyEkH iS fh olYtao;
pdwt f csut f vufrsm;? vufaAGtaxmuftxm;rsm; &&Scd \ hJ / tm0ifonf
uae'gEdik if üH acwåaexdik pf Of azmufxiG ;f rI? cd;k rI? vdrv f nfrrI sm;udk usL;
vGecf o hJ l jzpf\/
,ck wyfMuyfBuD; a&rGeyf ,f't D oufc&H rIwiG f usL;vGeo f nhf
w&m;cHonf tm0ifjzpfonfqo kd nft h csurf mS rnforl Q oHo, r&S/d
olY tm; zrf;qD;Edik af &;omvQif t"du jzpfaeonf/ paumhwvef,m'f

40 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
pHak xmuftzGYJEiS fh &JtzGYJwYkdonf ydu k pf yd wf ukd f &SmazGco hJ nf/ tm0if\
"mwfyu kH kd owif;pmrsm;wGif jynfot l rsm;od&EdS ikd &f ef xnfo h iG ;f aMumfjim
ay;cJ\ h /
tm0iftm; paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJonf ajc&mcHro d nf/
uifpifwef&yfuu G f [dw k ,fwpfcw k iG f wnf;cdak exdik o f nfh tm0ifukd zrf;qD;
rdc\ hJ / 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;&mwGif pHak xmuftzGYJtm; ckco H jzihf vH;k axG;owf
ykwí f zrf;qD;cJ&h ojzihf olYO;D acgif;wGif xdcu kd rf o
d nf[k qdMk u\/
vef'efNrdKU td;k bdik af v &mZ0wfw&m;½H;k BuD;wGif tm0ify'kd v kd m
tm; wyfMuyfBu;D a&rGeyf ,f't D m; owfrjI zihf w&m;pGq J ckd o hJ nf/ tm0iftm;
ppfaq;&mwGif twdwaf rha&m*g &&Sad eolwpfO;D jzpfaeonf[k qdo k nf/
oufaotaxmuftxm; tjynht f pH?k olYvufaAG &m? olYxrH S zrf;rdonfh
aoewf? aoewfwiG f awGU&onfh usnq f efEiS fh wyfMuyfBuD; a&rGeyf ,f'D
towfc&H onfah e&mrS awGU&S&d onfh usnq f efcHG ponfo h ufaocH tcsuf
tvufrsm;wdYkonf tm0ifonf vlowfru I kd usL;vGecf o hJ jl zpfonfrmS
oHo,jzpf&mrvd/k
odYkaomf w&m;cHjzpforl mS twdwaf rha&m*g&aeol wpfO;D jzpfonf
[k pdwaf &m*gukq&m0efBuD;rsm;u ½H;k awmfwiG f xGuq f ckd MhJ u\/ ½H;k awmf
BuD;wGif w&m;pGq J jkd cif;rjyKrD pdwaf &m*guk q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm [maA;
acgif;aqmifaom pdwaf &m*gukq&m0efBuD; 6 OD;u pepfwpfus ppfaq;
cJMh uonf/ q&m0efBuD;av;OD;u tm0iftm; twdwaf rha&m*g&So d [ l k
axmufccH ahJ omfvnf; q&m0efBuD;ESpOf ;D url a&m*g&S[ d efaqmifol wpfO;D
jzpfonf[k rSwcf suaf y;cJ\ h /
tm0if\ trItm; w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;ü 14 &ufww d d ppfaq;
cJ\h / tm0iftm; tusO;f axmifwiG f zrf;qD;xm;pOf axmiftwGi;f rS olY
rdwaf qGwpfO;D xH ay;ydYkonfph mudk &JwYku d oufaocHtjzpf ½H;k awmfBuD;wGif
wifjycJo h nf/ xdpk mwGiaf &;om;azmfjycsurf sm;onf twdwaf rha&m*g a0'em
cHpm;olwpfO;D jzpfEikd o f l r[kwEf ikd [ f k w&m;olBuD;ESihf *sL&D vlBuD;
rsm;u aumufcsucf sco Jh nf/
tm0iftm; w&m;½Hk;awmfBuD;u ao'PftjypfcsrSwfcJhonf/
tm0ifonf t,lc0H ifa&mufcahJ omfvnf; olYt,lct H m; y,fcsjcif;cH&\/
w&m;olBuD;wdYk url w&m;cHonf twdwaf rha&m*g&onf[k qdak pumrl
pdwf upOfhuvsm; ½l;oGyfaeolr[kwf[k qHk;jzwfcJh\/

tm0iftm; 1959 ck? Ed0k ifbmv 5 &ufaeYwiG f BudK;'Pf
pD&if cJo h nf/ tm0ify'kd v kd mudk *smreDEikd if H bmvifNrdKUü zGm;jrifco hJ nf/
'kw,d urÇmppfBu;D twGi;f uae'gEdik if o H Ykd oGm;a&mufcNhJ y;D qHovkyif ef;jzihf
toufarG;cJhonf/
tm0ifonf apm&eu©wo f w
l pfO;D jzpf\/ qHovkyif ef;udk wpf
zufu jyKvyk í f ck;d rI? azmufxiG ;f rIrsm;udv k nf; tcgtm;avsmpf mG usL;
vGecf ohJ jzihf uae'gtpd;k &onf olYtm; rdcif*smreDEikd if o H Ykd jynfEiS 'f Pf
ay;cJ\h / *smreDEikd if rH S vef'efNrdKUodYk vma&mufNyD; qHovkyif ef;ESifh touf
arG;aepOf vlowfru I kd usL;vGecf o hJ l jzpfavonf/
usrf;udk;

(7)
1944 ck rwfv 8 &uf/

jyifopfjynf yg&DNrdKU trSwf 21? ½l;vmqdv k rf;&Sd emrnfausmf
q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm yDww G f tdr0f ikd ;f BuD;rSm xl

xyfpmG aygufa&mufaeaom yd;k pmyifrsm;? 0ufopfcsyifrsm;aMumifh tvif;

a&mif uif;rJah eonf[k xif&\/ um&Hxm;onfh tkww f w H ikd ;f BuD;rsm;
vnf; aq;a&mifuif;rJv h su&f NdS yD; 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f avaMumif;
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumihf uGt J ufvsu&f adS eonfukd awGUMu&\/ tdrBf uD;
udk ½Ijrif&oltaygif;onf nrzwf& wapäyjHk yifrsm;? pmtkyrf sm; zwf½cI MhJ u
&onfh wapäajcmufaom tdrBf uD;wpftrd Ef iS fh wlaeonf[k qdMk uonf/
xdt
k rd Bf u;D \ rlvydik &f iS rf mS emrnfausmf jyifopfjyZmwf rif;orD;
wpfO;D jzpf\/ xdk rif;orD;xHrS ½k&mS ;Zmbk&if\ aqGawmfrsKd ;awmf rif;orD;
Bu;D wpfO;D u 0,f,x l m;cJ\
h / 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D \ ppf&yd pf pfaiGYrsm;
,Suo f rf;vmaomtcgü xdt k rd Bf u;D \ ydik &f iS jf zpfaom ½k&t S rsKd ;orD;Bu;D
onf qufvuf aexdik jf cif; rjyKawmh/ xdt k csed rf pS í aexdik o f l uif;rJch hJ
onfrmS 10 ESpcf efY Mumjrifch o hJ nf/ xdt k rd Bf u;D udk a'gufwmyDww G of nf
z&efY aiG 50000 cefYjzihf &&Scd o hJ jzihf 0,f,jl yifaexdik cf ahJ vonf/
rwfv 8 &ufaeYonf &moDOwk MunfvifaomaeY jzpfojzihf
½l;vmqdv k rf;wpfavQmuf vlomG ;vlvm ysm;yef;cyfomG ;vmvsuf &So d nf/

txufazmfjyyg a'gufwm yDww G \ f aetdrrf mS yg&DNrKd U\ emrnfausmf
atmifArd mefEiS fh udu k f 200 cefYom uGma0;ojzihf vlrsm; jzwfoef;jzwfvm
rsm;vS\/ eHeuf 10 em&DcefYürl a'gufwm yDww G af etdrrf S rD;cd;k rsm; xGuf
vmNy;D &yfuu G af evlxt k zdYk rcHr&yfEikd af tmif tom;udk rD;avmifonfh
teHYq;kd rsm; xGuv f su&f adS e\/ odYkjzpfí &yfuu G rf S wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf
yg&DNrKd UrD;owfXmeESifh ykvyd (f &J) XmeodYk taMumif;Mum;cJo h nf/ rD;owf
tzGYJEiS fh ykvyd (f &J) tzGYJwYkd a&mufvmonft h cg a'gufwm yDww G \ f rD;zdrk S
rD;cd;k rsm;xGuaf eNy;D pl;&Saom tom;rD;avmifonfh an§mef YHaMumifh Nc0H if;
wHcg;udk zsuq f ;D 0ifa&mufcMhJ u&onf/
tdryf ikd &f iS Bf uD; a'gufwm yDww G u f rkd l rawGYMu&/ c&D; xGuaf e
onf[k qdo k nf/ rD;owftzGYJ0ifrsm;? yg&Db&l aD w; pHak xmuftzGYJ0ifrsm;ESifh
ykvyd f (&J)tzGYJwYkdonf an§mef YHxu G af eonfh tcef;rsm;udk zGií hf pepfwus
&SmazGcMhJ u&m jyifopfjynfrcI if;ordik ;f wGio f mru urÇmo h rdik ;f wGif pHwif
&onfh vltrsm;tm; tpkvu kd t f NyHKvu kd f r&PEdik if o H Ykd ydYkco hJ nfh rIcif;BuD;
ay:aygufvmcJ&h onf/
rD;zdak [mif;BuD;wpfcw k iG f rnforl nf0g[k azmfjyEdik pf rG ;f jcif; r&Sd
onfh rD;avmifxm;aom vlaotavmif; 40 cefY awGUMu&\/ tjcm;
ay 20 ywfvnf&o dS nfh wGi;f wpfwiG ;f ü xH;k rIeYfrsm;jzL;xm;onfh vlao
tavmif;tcsKd Yuv kd nf; awGUMu&\/ tdrBf uD;atmufxyf&dS tcef;wpfcef;
twGi;f ü trsKd ;orD;0wfprkH sm;? trsKd ;orD;zdeyfrsm;? trsKd ;orD; toH;k
taqmifypön;f rsm;udk awGYMu&onf/
tdrBf uD;\ {nhcf ef;tm; ½H;k cef;tjzpf toH;k jyKxm;onf[k
pHak xmufEiS fh ykvyd t f zGYJwYkdu ,lqxm;Muonf/ ½H;k cef;twGi;f &Sd AD½rkd sm;
twGi;f rIcif;r*¾Zif;rsm;? jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;pmtkyrf sm; owif;pmrsm;rS
jzwf,l xm;onfh rIcif;owif;zdik w f rJG sm;udv k nf; thMH ozG,&f m awGYMu&\/
odYk aomf ydik &f iS jf zpfol a'gufwm yDww G u f kd t&dyt f a,mifrQ rawGYMu&ay/
pHak xmufEiS fh ykvyd t f zGYJwYkod nf a'gufwm yDww G \ f aq;cef;
zGix hf m;onfh yg&DNrKd U trSwf 66 ½l;ulrmwifvrf;odYkvnf; oGm;a&muf&mS
azGcMhJ u&m txkyt f yd;k aowåmrsm;udk jyifqifaeonfh a'gufwm yDww G \f
touf 17 cefY&dS om;ESiZfh eD;udo k m awGYMu&\/ tdref ;D csi;f rsm;\ owif;
ay;ydYkcsut f &qdv k Qif a'gufwmyDww G o f nf eHeufapmapmuyif qdik u f ,f
wpfp;D jzihf xGuo f mG ;onf[k qkMd u\/ olaexdik cf o hJ nfqo dk nfh trSwf

44 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
21 ½l;vmqdv k rf;&Sd aetdrrf S aowåm 47 vH;k tjynfh t0wftpm;rsm;
awGYMu&onf[k qd\ k / wefz;kd rSm jyifopfz&efYaiG oef;aygif;rsm;pGm wef
onf[k pHak xmufEiS hf ykvyd (f &J) wdYku cefYreS ;f cJMh uonf/
a'gufwmyDww G rf mS emZD*wfpwmydt k zGYJrS acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
&if;ES;D ojzihf pHak xmuftzGYJEiS fh ykvyd w f Ykt
d zdYk a'gufwmyDww G u f kd zrf;qD;&ef
BuKd ;pm;cJjh cif; r&S[ d k qdck MhJ u\/ olYukd &SmrawGUMu[k qdMk u\/ tcsKd Uurl
a'gufwm yDww G u f kd yg&DNrKd U *g'Dv, D eG bf w l mBu;D ü awGU&onf/ a&Smif
tavaZvrf;rBu;D ay:ü awGU&onf/ pde;f jrpfoabFmay:ü awGU&onf
ponfjzihf owif;rsm; xGuaf y:vmcJah omfvnf; emZD*smrefwYko d nf yg&D
NrKd UrS qkwcf mG &ef jyifqifaeMuNyjD zpfí &JEiS fh pHak xmufwYku d a'gufwm
yDww G f trIukd ,m,Dyw d cf MhJ u&\/
txufazmfjyyg vlaygif; 63 OD;udk owfjzwfco hJ nfh rIcif;Bu;D
um; þodYkjzpf\/ yg&DNrKd U trSwf 66 ½l;ulrmwifvrf;&Sd a'gufwm
yDww G f aq;cef;odYk *sL;vlrsKd ;tyfcsKyo f rm; a*gcsi;f aemfonf vma&mufawGUqHk
onf/ xdpk Ofu emZD*wfpwmydw k Yko
d nf yg&DwpfNrKd UvH;k udk ydu k pf yd wf u
dk í
f
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odYkjzpfí *sL;vlrsKd ;a*:csi;f aemfonf *ufpwmydrk sm;ESifh cifrifol a'gufwm
yDww G \
f tultnDEiS hf jyifopfEikd if rH S xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif Mu&H , G x f m;\/
xdpk Ofu a'gufwmyDww G o f nf jyifopfEikd if rH S xGuaf jy;vdyk gu
z&efYaiGEpS o f ef;ay;vQif rdom;pkyg vGwaf jrmufatmif aqmif&u G af y;Edik f
onf[k owif;BuD;ae\/ a'gufwmyDww G uf rl a*:csi;f aemfwYkd rdom;pk
onf wpfpw k pfa0;wnf; wpfcsed w f nf; xGucf mG &ef rjzpfEikd ?f wpfO;D csi;f
yg&DNrdKUrS xGucf mG í wpfae&mwGipf u k m usL;bm;Edik if o H Ykd xGuaf jy; wdr;f
a&Smif&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k a'gufwmyDww G u f qdck \ hJ /
odYkjzpfí *sL;trsKd ;om;a*:csi;f aemfonf olwYkrd o d m;pktm; emZDwYkd
vufrS vGwu f if;atmif pDpOfay;rnfh a'gufwmyDww G f vufoYkd z&efaiG
ESpo f ef; ay;cJ&h onf/ usL;bm;Edik if o H Ykd rxGucf mG rD a*:csi;f aemfwYkd rdom;pk
0iftm;vH;k tm; umuG,af q;xd;k &ef vdt k yfojzihf rdom;pktm;vH;k tm;
a'gufwmyDww G o f nf olYtvky½f BkH uD;wnf&&dS m trSwf 2 ½l;vmqdv k rf;odYk
csed ;f qdx k m;\/
csed ;f qdxk m;aomaeYwiG f a*:csi;f aemfEiS fh rdom;pkwYkdonf vQKd U0Suf
pGm a'gufwmyDww G \f txufazmfjyyg tvky½f BkH uD;odYk a&mufvmcJMh u

onf/ a'gufwmyDww G \ f apwemjzihf xd;k ay;onfh umuG,af q; txd;k
cHMu&\/ trSet f m;jzihf xd;k ay;onfah q;rSm umuG,af q;r[kw/f r&P
vrf;odYk csucf si;f ydYkaqmifonfah q; jzpf\/ xdak q;xd;k Ny;D ygu rnfrQa0'em
cHMu&í aoqH;k &onfukd a'gufwm yDww G rf w
S pfyg; rnforl Q roday/
xdak q;xd;k ay;onfh vlrsm;udk a'gufwmyDww G of nf olY tvkyf
½H&k dS rD;zdtk wGi;f xnfo h iG ;f rD;oN*ØK[v f u kd af vawmhonf/ *sL;vlrsKd ; a*:
csi;f aemf rdom;pkaysmufu, G Nf yD;aemuf jyifopfEikd if rH S xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmuf
vdo k w l Ykdonf a'gufwmyDww G Ef iS fh vQKd U0Supf mG vma&mufawGYqMkH u\/
usL;bm;odYk ydYkaqmifay;Edik o f nf[al om owif;onf awmrD;yrm ysUH ESYH
oGm;avawmhonf/
emZD*wfpwmydw k Ykd \&efukd aMumuf&UHG aom *sL;vlrsdK;rdom;pk
rsm;tzdYk a'gufwmyDww G \ f vQKd U0Suv f o l wf½o kH Ykd rdrwd Ykd &So
d rQ pnf;pdrf
csr;f omudk ay;í towfcMH u&ef vma&mufoal wG 'kEiS afh '; jzpfvm\/
olYvo l wf½u Hk v kd nf; rnforl Q ouFmruif;r&SMd u/ yg&DNrdKUrS *wfpwmydk
xdyo f ;D rsm;udk a'gufwmyDww G o f nf olYtw d w f iG ;f xnfx h m;oljzpf\/
emZD*wfpwmydrk sm;ESifh &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aygif;cho J vdk ajratmufawmf
vSeaf &;orm;rsm;ESiv fh nf; &if;ES;D onf/ ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;
rsm;tm; emZDwyfrawmfBuD;\ vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk owif;ay;avh&\ dS /
vl owf½o kH Ykd 0ifomG ;Muolwikd ;f uvnf; olYtm; a&T? aiG? &wemrsm;udk
&uf &ufa&ma&m ay;cJMh uojzihf olYtrd Bf uD;rSm &wem a&TaiGrsm;ESihf
jynfah eovdk olYtrd &f dS ajratmufcef;rBuD;rSmvnf; vlaotavmif;rsm;
xyfaeawmh onf/
a'gufwmyDww G o f nf vlowf&mwGif aoG;at;at;jzihf rnfoYl
udrk Q csr;f omray;/ odYkaomf yDww G o f nf aq;uko&mü aiGaMu;csr;f omol
rsm;udo k m csr;f omovdk tcaMu;aiG ,lcahJ omfvnf; vlYqif;&JavmuwGif
emrnfaumif;ol jzpf\/ odYkaomf olYrw d af qG i,foil ,fcsi;f a'gufwm
ayg(vf)b&Geb f m*gqdo k u l ykd if csrf;om ray;cJ/h
a'gufwmayg(vf)b&Geb f m*gtm; awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;tm;
owif;ay;onf[k emZD*wfpwmydw k Ykud waumufaumuf vku d af eonf/
jyifopfEikd if rH S acwåxu G cf mG &efví kd olYrw d af qG yDww G t f m; xGucf mG &ef
tultnDawmif;cJ\ h / a'gufwmayg(vf) crsmrSmvnf; a'gufwm yDww G f
\ vlowfpuf½t kH wGi;f odYk 0ifc&hJ &Smawmhonf/

46 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
yDww G t f m; trIacwåyw d xf m;pOf r[mrdww f Ykod nf aemfref'D
urf;ajcudk atmifjrifpmG wufa&mufEikd cf MhJ uNy;D *smrefwyfrsm;rSmvnf; jyif
opfrS qkwcf mG aeMu&onf/ r[mrdwrf sm;ESifh jyifopfawmfveS af &;orm;
rsm; yg&DNrKd Uudk odr;f ydu k v f u kd af omtcg a'gufwmyDww G t f m; awmfveS af &;
orm; Adv k Bf u;D Amvm&Dtjzpf awGYMu&awmhonf/
yg&Dyv k yd t f zGYJ EiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJ wYkd u Adv k Bf uD;Amvm&D trnfcH
a'gufwmyDww G u f kd vlowform;tjzpf oufaocdik cf ikd v f v kH jkH zihf w&m;pGq J kd
cJMh u\/ olYtm; rIcif;okawoDwYkdu ESpq f ,f&mpkEpS w f iG f t&ufpufq;kH
vlowform;wpfO;D jzpfonf[k uifyeG ;f wyfcMhJ u\/
yg&Dyv k yd Ef iS fh pHak xmuftzGYo J nf yDww G \
f trIukd 18 v wdik w f ikd f
yrmPppfaq;rIrsm; jyKcMhJ u&\/ a'gufwm yDww G u f rl vlowfrrI sm;udk
0efrcH/ olUvlowfpuf½w kH iG f awGU&aom tavmif;rsm;rSm *smref*wfpwm
ydrk sm; vma&mufyYkx d m;aom tavmif;rsm;om jzpfonf[k qdck \ hJ / odYkaomf
ykvyd (f &J) tzGYu J rl trIukd cdik cf idk rf mrm wnfaqmufí oufaocH taxmuf
txm; trsm;tjym; wifjycJ\ h /
olYtrIukd 1946 ck Zefe0g&DvwGif pwifí ppfaq;aomtcg
½H;k awmfBuD;wpf½;kH vH;k vma&mufem;axmiforl sm;ESifh jynhaf ecJo h nf/ jyif
opfjynfxw k f aeYpOfowif;pmrsm;wGio f mru Edik if w
H um pme,fZif;rsm;
wGiv f nf; olYtm; pdwZå vlowform;[k uifyeG ;f wyfcMH uí tao;pdwf
olY taMumif;udk azmfjycJo h nf/
a'gufwm yDww G u f kd 1897 ck? jyifopfjynf MoZ,fNrdKYü zGm;
jrifco hJ nf/ ol\zcifjzpforl mS pmwku d pf ma&;wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf/ olonf
i,fpOfuyif wd&pämefrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf owfco Jh ?l umrMuL;olwpfO;D
jzpfonf[k qdMk u\/
olYtm; w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D u ao'Pfay;vdu k af omtcg w&m;ol
Bu;D ESifh *sL&DvBl u;D rsm;tm; ]]usKyf cifAsm;wdYkukd ao&mrS vmí uvJph m;acsjy
r,f}} [k Budr;f 0g;oGm;cJ\ h /
1946 ck arv 25 &ufaeYwGif a'gufwmyDwGwfudk ao'Pf
pD&ifcJhonf/
usrf;udk;

(8)
1991 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (5) &uf/

qm;ykvif; *srd ;f (pf)bm;&uf onf a&SUrS cyf

okwo f wk f oGm;aeonfh Nct H vkyo

f rm; ud;k 0,f aemufoYkd vdu k af e&onf/
,refaeYu oJorJ rJ J &Gmxm;aomrd;k aMumihf um;vrf;ray:wGif a&tdik f
uav;rsm; jzpfxeG ;f aeNy;D vrf;ab;&Sd rd;k rcyifrsm;? yd;k pmyifrsm;ESifh a&ozef;
yifrsm;rS tudik ;f tcufrsm;onf rd;k 'PfaMumifh udik ;f nGwaf eayawmhonf/
0ifcgeD; ae\ azsmah wmhaom a&mifjcnfrsm;onf vrf;rBu;D ab;&Sd
awmtkyrf sm;? ,mawmtdrrf sm;ESifh trd;k eDeED iS fh bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;uav;
ay:odYk usa&mufvsu&f \ dS / rMumrD tcif;jzpfymG ;onfh vefupfpwm
vrf; qHo k Ykd olwYkdEpS Of ;D a&muf&&dS ayawmhrnf/
NcHtvkyo f rm; ud;k 0,f\ owif;ay;csut f &qd&k vQif aoqH;k
aeol trsKd ;orD;onf pufb;D ay:rS vJusaoqH;k &jcif; jzpf[ef&o dS nf[k
qd\k / rMumcif ae0ifawmhrnfjzpfí trIEiS fh oufqikd o f nfh oJveG pf rsm;
&SmazGjcif;? aoqH;k ol\ tavmif;udk ppfaq;jcif;? oufqidk &f modYk ydYkjcif;
ponfrsm;udk aqmif&u G &f rnf jzpfí qm;ykvif; *srd ;f (pf)bm;&uftzdYk
pdwf ½Iyaf xG;vsu&f o dS nf/ olwYEkd pS Of ;D rIcif;jzpfymG ;onfah e&modYk a&muf&adS om
tcsed wf iG f tcif;jzpfymG ;onfh ae&mESifh teD;qH;k jzpfaom ,mawmrsm;rS
vma&mufMunh½f o I rl sm;ESihf a'gufwm 0Dv, D u H kd awGU&onf/

48 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
a'gufwm 0DvD,H\ wifjycsuft& aoqHk;olrSm touf
(21) ESpfcefYom &Sdrnf[k ,lqaMumif;ESihf aoqHk;ol\ udk,fay:wGif
'Pf&m wpfpHkwpf&m awGU&Sd&jcif;r&Sdojzihf pufbD; rawmfwq
vJus&mrS OD;acgif; wGif xdcu kd rf o
d jzihf aoqH;k &jcif; jzpfrnfxifonf[k
qd k \ / qm;yk v if ; *sd r f ; (pf ) bm;&uf t zd k Y a'guf w m0D v d D , H \
xif j rif , l q csuf u d k trS e f [ k r,l q Ek d i f / wm0ef & S d o nf h
rIcif;q&m0efBuD;\ ppfaq;csufudkomvQif trSef [k ,lqí
oufqikd &f modYk tpD&ifc&H rnf jzpfonf/ arSmifpysKd ;aeNyDjzpfí a'gufwm
0DvD,HtzdkY aoqHk;ol trsdK;orD;udk jrifjrifxifxif ppfaq;Edkif jcif;
r&Sday/
qm;ykvif; *sdr;f (pf)bm;&ufonf tavmif;\ teD;tem;
wpf0u kd f oJveG pf rsm; &Sv d &kd jdS im; vdu k v f &H mS azG&onf/ olYwiG f ygvmonfh
rD;tdrjf zihf oJorJ rJ J &SmazGc&hJ \/ trSet f m;jzihf pHak xmufEiS hf &JtzJYG0ifwYkt d zdYk
tcif;jzpfonfah e&mü awGU&aom aq;vdyw f pfw?kd tyfwpfacsmif;? Mu,f
oD;wpfc?k vufypkH w H pfco k nf ta&;BuD;avonf/ omrefvw l pfO;D tzdYk
toH;k r0if? wefz;kd r&Sad om ypön;f wpfpw kH pf&monf pHak xmufwpfO;D tzdYk
ta&;BuD;í wefz;kd &Sv d mwwfonf/
aoqH;k ol trsKd ;orD;ESifh (10) aycefYtuGmwGif aoG;rsm; pGe;f ay
aeonfh awmus;Dd uef;aowpfaumifukd trSwrf xif awGY&&dS ojzihf ta&;
BuD;aom oJveG pf tjzpf odr;f qnf;xm;vdu k \f / aoqH;k ol trsKd ;orD;ESifh
awmus;D uef;aowdYk teD;wGif usnq f efxyd zf ;l wpfcu k vkd nf; awGU&S&d \/
trSet f m;jzihf rIcif;BuD;rsm; jzpfymG ;&mwGif ouf&o dS ufaorsm;
onf taMumif;trsKd ;rsKd ;aMumihf tjriftMum; rSm;jcif;? todcRw, f iG ;f jcif;?
xifa,mifjrifa,mif ajymqdjk cif;wdYk &Sw d wfjzpfwwfonf/ oufro hJ ufao
onfum; wduscikd rf maom taxmuftxm;udk odyeHÜ nf;usaom qef;ppf
rIwYkdEiS fh azmfxwk Ef ikd jf cif;aMumifh ydrk w kd nfwchH ikd rf mNrJaom oabm&So d nf/
qm;ykvif; *srd ;f (pf)bm;&uf awGU&Sx d m;onfh usnq f efxyd zf ;l ESifh
awmus;D uef;aowdYk onf tzd;k rjzwfEikd af om oufro hJ ufaowdYk jzpfae
onf/ *sdr;f (pf)bm;&ufonf tavmif;udk oufqikd &f modYk ydYk jcif;ponfh
&JwYkd aqmif&u G &f rnfh 0wå&m;rsm;udk aqmif&u G Nf yD;onfEiS fh aemufwpfaeY
wGif ywf0ef;usif avhvmppfaq;rIrsm;udk wm0ef&o dS l paumhwvef,m'fü
tzGYJ rS pHak xmufrsm;ESifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; jyKvkycf MhJ u\/

trIjzpfpOfrmS þodYkjzpf\/ touf (21) ESpcf efYom&Sad om
b,f vm½du k f trnf&adS om trsKd ;orD;uav;rSm pdeYfar&D &mbmpuf½w kH iG f
pma&;rav;wpfO;D tjzpf trIxrf;aeol jzpf\/ olYrb d ESifh twl aexdik Nf y;D
wpfcgwpf&H rIcif;jzpfymG ;onfh vefupfpwm vrf;qH&k dS olYO;D av; tdrw f iG f
oGm;a&mufaexdik af vh&\ dS /
1919 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (4) &ufaeY tvkyq f if;csed w f iG f b,fvm
½du
k o f nf olYO;D av; tdro f Ykd oGm;a&muf&ef pufb;D jzihf ol tvkyf vkyo f nfh
pdeYfar&D&mbmpuf½rkH S nae (4;30) em&DcefYwiG f xGuv f mcJ\ h / olYO;D av;
jzpforl mS vrf;XmerS trIxrf;wpfO;D jzpfojzifh vefupfpwm vrf;qH&k dS
vrf;Xme jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f a&; tdr&f mwGif aexkid o f l jzpfonf/
vrf;wGif b,fvm½du k o f nf tpdr;f a&mif pufb;D wpfp;D ESifh olEiS fh
&G,w f l trsKd ;om;wpfO;D ESifh awGYqckH MhJ uonf[k qk\ d / xdo k ol nf b,fvm
½duk Ef iS fh vrf;wpfavQmuf pum;ajymqdv k mcJNh yD; vefupfpwm vrf;qHk
ta&mufwiG f b,fvm½du k tf m; apmihaf ernf[k ajymqdck o hJ nf/
aoqH;k ol b,fvm½du k o f nf olYO;D av;jzpfot l m; tpdr;f a&mif
pufb;D pD;vmonfh vli,ftaMumif; ajymjycJNh yD; olYtrd t f jyefwiG f xkd
vli,fu vdu k yf Ykdrnf[k qd\ k / OD;av;jzpfol rpöwmrJ&mS ;onf olUwlr
tjyefwiG f vefupfpwm vrf;qHo k Ykd vdu
k yf Ykcd \
hJ / vrf;qHw k iG f pufb;D tpdr;f
a&mifEiS fh vli,ftm; awGU&jyefonf/ vli,fonf b,fvm½du k uf kd apmifh
ae[ef&o dS nf[k xifonf/ olYO;D av;jzpfo\ l xGuq f ckd sut f & vli,frmS
rGe&f nfol jzpfonf/ t0wftpm; oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfqifxm;NyD; pum;
ajym&mwGiv f nf; odraf rGY,Ofaus;olwpfO;D jzpf[ef&\ dS / olwYkdEpS Of ;D twl
pufb;D pD;í xGuo f mG ;cJMh uNyD; av;q,fih g;rdepfcefY tMumwGif vefupf
pwm vrf;qHük b,fvm½du k \ f tavmif;udk awGY&&dS jcif; jzpfonf[k
owif;ay;cJ\ h /
aoqH;k olEiS fh tpdr;f a&mif pufb;D pD;vmol vli,fonf at;at;
aq;aq; pum;ajymoGm;onfukd ,mawmtcsKd YrS tvkyo f rm;rsm;u
vnf; jrifvu kd yf gonf[k xGuq f Mkd u\/ pufb;D tpdr;f a&mifEiS hf oli,f\
vufwiG f wpfpw kH pf&m vufeufuikd pf x JG m;jcif;udk rjrif&yg[lívnf;
xGuf qko d mG ;Mu\/
rIcif;q&m0efBuD;\ aq;rSww f rf;wGif aoqH;k ol\ OD;acgif;
wGif aoewf'Pf&m awGU&onf[k azmfjyxm;ojzihf yxrqHk;

50 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
tavmif; tm; ppfaq;ol a'gufwm0DvD,H ppfaq;cJhpOfu
tvif;a&mif r&S/d arSmif rnf;aeojzihf xdak oewf'Pf&mudk awGY&jdS cif;
r&Sd jzpfayrnf/ odkYjzpfí b,fvm½dkufonf pufbD;vJusojzihf
OD;acgif;wGif xdcdkufí aoqHk;jcif; r[kwf/ aoewf'Pf&maMumifh
uG,fvGef&jcif; jzpfonf/ trIrSm vlowfrI jzpfayawmh\/
qm;ykvif; *srd ;f (pf) bm;&ufonf aemufaeYwiG f vefupfpwm
vrf;qHk tavmif;awGU&onfh ae&mwpf0u kd f oJveG pf rsm; &SmcJjh yefonf/
tavmif;awGU&S&d onfah e&mESifh reD;ra0;wGif aoG;rsm;pGe;f aeonfh us;D uef;
ajc&mrsm;udk awGY&onf/ us;D uef;aoaumifawGY&onfh Ncw H cH g;0onf
b,fvm½du k f tavmif;ESifh (10) ayausmcf efYom uGma0;onf/ awmus;D
uef;onf tavmif;awGY&onfah e&mrS xdNk cw H cH g;0txd oGm;cJyh &kH \/ vrf;
wpfavQmufwiG f aoG;pGe;f aeaom us;D uef;\ajc&mrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;
oJveG pf &Smr&/
aoqH;k ol? b,fvm½du k \f OD;acgif;wGif aoewfusnq f ef
'Pf&m rawGU&cifurl ESv;kH a&m*gaMumifh pufb;D rS vJusaoqH;k &onf[í l
om aumufcsucf scMhJ uaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif vlowfrt I jzpf yk'rf
ajymif;vJowfrw S cf NhJ yD; tpdr;f a&mifpufb;D wpfp;D tm; awGY&o dS l (odYkr[kw)f
owif;ay;Edik o f ul kd xdu k w
f efaom qkay;rnf[k paumhwvef,m'f
pHak xmuftzGUJ rS aMunmcsuf xkwjf yefc\ hJ / odYkaomfvnf; rnfow l pfO;D
wpfa,mufrQ owif;ay;ydYkEikd jf cif; r&S/d trIukd pHpk rf;ppfaq;qJ[í l om
rSww f rf;wifxm;cJ\ h /
þodYktwGi;f t*FvefEikd if rH S xkwaf 0aom emrnfausmf vQKd Y0u S f
onf;zdk r*¾Zif;BuD; wGif pma&;q&mwpfOD;u

txuf a zmf j yyg b,f v m½d k u f aoqH k ; rI E S i h f ywf o uf í

aqmif;yg;wpfapmif a&;om;cJh\/ xdkaqmif;yg;wGif b,fvm½dkuf
aoqHk;&jcif;rSm rawmfwq aoewfypfcH&jcif; jzpf[ef&SdaMumif;?
aoewfEiS fh ypfcwforl mS awmus;D uef; udk ypf[ef&adS Mumif; rawmfwq
xdcu dk 'f Pf&m&&mrS aoqH;k &yH&k adS Mumif; a&;om;azmfjycJo h jzihf pOf;pm;p&m
jzpfvmcJh\/
1920 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufaeYwiG f a&ajrmif;Bu;D twGi;f rS
tpdr;f a&mifpufb;D udk awGU&Scd &hJ mrS b,fvm½du k \
f trIonf vltrsm;
pdw0f ifpm;vmcJjh yefonf/

pufb;D trsdK;tpm;rSm trsdK;tpm;jzpfNyD; pufb;D \

trSwt f om;rsm;udk rod&adS p&ef zsux f m;onfukd awGU&onf/ odYkaomf

vufuikd w f iG f awGY&aom trSwt f om;t& pufb;D \ eHygwf rSm 103648
[k od&&dS ojzifh &JwYkt d wGuf w&m;cHzrf;qD;&rda&;rSm eD;pyfvmcJNh yD jzpfonf/
odYkjzpfí xdt k pdr;f a&mif pufb;D 0,f,cl o hJ t
l m; &JwYko d nf pHpk rf;cJMh uonf/
pufb;D ESifh pufb;D tydk ypön;f rsm; a&mif;csonfh qdik rf sm;rS pHpk rf;ppfaq;
csut f & xdt k pdr;f a&mifpufb;D ydik &f iS rf mS vefupfpwm vrf;qkt H eD;wGif
aexdik o f l touf (34) ESpt f &G,f ausmif;q&m vlysKd Bu;D rpöwm ½ked ,f
vdu k f qko d l jzpfaeonf/
paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJ EiS fh &JtzGYJ wYkd onf rpöwm
½dek ,fvu kd f aexdik o f nfh aetdru f kd &SmazGc&hJ m ajcmufv;kH yl; aoewftw d Ef iS fh
usnfqeftcsdKYukd awGY&cdS &hJ ojzihf 1919 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (5) &ufaeYu
aoqH;k ol b,fvm½du k t f m; owfco hJ nfh w&m;cHtjzpf w&m;pGq J ckd \ hJ /
rpöwm½dek ,fvu dk rf mS yxrurÇmppfBu;D (1914-17) tjzpfymG ;rDu
rD;&xm;XmewGif tif*sief , D mtjzpf trIxrf;chNJ yD; yxrurÇmppfBuD; jzpf
yGm;vmaomtcgwGif tif*sief , D mwyfoYkd 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJ&h m Adv k tf jzpf
&mxl;wd;k jr§ijhf cif; cHc&hJ onf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qH;k aomtcgwGif tif*sief , D mwyfrS
xGucf í hJ ausmif;q&mtjzpf trIxrf;aeol jzpf\/ ½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfí
at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnfNidrNf idrf aexdik o f wl pfO;D jzpfojzihf rnforl Q
olYtm; vlowfw&m;cH[k rxif/
paumhwvef,m'f tzGYJEiS hf &JwYku d rl ½dek ,fvu kd of nf vlowf
w&m;cH jzpf&rnf[k aumufcsucf sc\ hJ / tb,fah Mumihf tpdr;f a&mif pufb;D
tm; azsmufzsujf cif; jyKco hJ enf;/ olYtrd w f iG f awGY&aom ajcmufv;kH jyL;
aoewftw d t f vGwEf iS fh usnq f efukd bmaMumihf odr;f qnf;xm;&oenf;/
pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmonf/
½H;k awmfBuD;wGirf l w&m;cHjzpfol ausmif;q&m ½dek ,fvu kd u f
tcif;jzpfymG ;onfah eYu olEiS fh aool b,fvm½du k w
f Ykd vefupfpwm vrf;
qHw k iG f awGU&aMumif;? aoqH;k ol\ pufb;D csed ;f BuKd ; cRw, f iG ;f ojzihf olYxH
rS pufb;D jyifqif&ef cGwpfacsmif; iSm;cJo h jzihf apmihq f ikd ;f ,lrad Mumif;? aemif
b,fvm½du k f aoqH;k onf[k owif;&onft h cg olYtay:wGif trIywf
vmrnfxifojzihf oltpdr;f a&mifpufb;D tm; a&ajrmif;twGi;f azsmuf
zsurf cd ahJ Mumif;? olYtrd w f iG f awGU&onfh ajcmufv;kH jyL;tdwEf iS fh usnq f ef

52 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
rsm;rSm 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D twGi;f wyfrawmfü trIxrf;cJ&h í trSwf
w&tjzpf odr;f xm;jcif; jzpfonf[k xGuq f ckd \
hJ /
½H;k awmfBuD;rS aoewfuRr;f usio f l a&mbwfcsmcst D m; aoqH;k ol
b,fvm½du k t f eD; awGU&onfh usnq f efxyd zf ;l ESihf ½dek ,fvu kd f tdrwf iG f
awGU&onfh usnq f efrsm;udk ppfaq;apcJo h nf/ a&mbwfcsmcsu D rl aoqH;k
ol teD;wGif awGU&onfh usnq f efxyd zf ;l rSm ½dik zf ,f usnq f efxyd zf ;l
jzpfaMumif;? ½dek ,fvu dk f tdrw f iG f awGU&onfh usnq f efrsm;rSm ajcmufv;kH yl;
usnq f efrsm; jzpfonf[k xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf/ aemufq;kH ½H;k awmfBuD;rS b,f
vm½du k f aoqH;k &jcif;onf awmus;D uef;tm; ypfcwfonfh aoewfusnf
qef xdreS jf cif;aMumifh jzpfEikd o f nf[k ,lqcJNh yD;? ½dek ,fvu kd t f m; tjypf
r&Sad Mumif; trdeYfcsrw S cf o
hJ nf/
,aeYxd tpdr;f a&mif pufb;D vlowfrI w&m;cHukd xkwaf zmf
Edkifjcif; r&SdcJhay/
usrf;udk;

(9)
1896 ck azazmf0g&Dv ..../

Oya'udk azmufzsuí f jypfru I sL;vGeo f l wpfa,mufonf ol\
pdww f iG f pd;k &drpf w
d u
f xm0pOf vTr;f rd;k xm;jcif; cH&onf/ xdYkaMumifh rnfrQ
yif acgif;at;at;xm;í ydy&d &d d aooyfpmG jypfrw I pfcuk kd usL;vGeyf gap/
oJveG pf usepf NrjJ zpfonf/ rIcif;wpfc\ k twdrt f eufonf ]oJveG pf } ay:
wGif vH;k 0 tajccHonf/
pHak xmufynmonf ]oJveG pf } &Smjcif;yifjzpf\/ emrnfausmf
pHak xmufjzpf&efum; rvG,/f ]oJveG pf } &SmazGwwfygrS trIreS f &Edik o f nf/
]oJveG pf } &Sm&mwGif aooyfí ÓPfomG ;onhf pHak xmufwpfa,mufrmS
urÇmausmf&ef rcJ,Of;/
paumhwvef,m'f tzGYJBu;D \ emrnfausmf pHak xmufBu;D rm&S,f
ESifh tifpyufawmfBu;D ewfuifpf wdYkonf ]oJveG f

p} &SmazG&mwGif r,SOEf ikd af tmifawmfonf[k qdMk u\/ rnfrQ ½Iyaf xG;cuf

cJaom trIjzpfap? olwYkEd pS Of ;D onf ydy&d &d Ed iS fh oJveG pf &atmif &SmazG
Edik Mf uonfh pHak xmufBu;D rsm; jzpfonf/
xdYkaMumifyh ifvnf; trSwrf xif uav;rsm; upm;onfh rD;tdrf
uav;rS vlowfrBI uD;wpfrI azmfxw k Ef idk o
f jzihf rIcif;ordik ;f wGif xl;jcm;
onfh *E¦0ifrcI if;jzpf\/ trIjzpfpOfum; þokYd jzpfonf/

54 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
[ife&Dprpfonf yifyef;EGr;f e,fveG ;f ojzihf ESpEf pS Nf cdKuNf cdKuf tdyf
armusaeavonf/ trSeaf wmh NcpH u kd yf sKd ;jcif; vkyif ef;onf yifyef;vSonf/
xdo k Ykd yifyef;onft h vkyu f kd [ife&Dprpfonf wyfrufonf/ olonf
tNidr;f pm; tif*sief , D mwpfO;D jzpf\/ ol tNidr;f pm;vpmjzihf wpfO;D wnf;
aumif;aumif;rGerf eG af exdik Ef ikd o f nf/ olYwiG f rScD o kd rl &S/d tif*sief , D mXmerS
tNird ;f pm;ay;cJNh y;D [ife&Dprpfonf vef'efNrKd UESirhf eD;ra0; vlaeenf;yg;onfh
rwfp0f v J f awmifuek ;f wGif NcHpu kd yf sKd ;aecJ\h / olYü om;

orD; r&S/d tdro f ol ufxm; r&S/d aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f r&S/d tazmftavSmrf xm;/
wpfu, kd w f nf; aeonf/
xdn
k onf 1896 ck azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYn jzpfonf/
tcsed u f m; n 12;00 ausmcf NhJ yDjzpf\/ tvif;a&mifonf ESpEf pS Nf cdKuNf cdKuf
tdyaf rmusaeaom [ife&Dprpf\ rsuEf mS ay:odYk a&mufvmojzihf olonf
tenf;i,f vl;vGeYfvu kd o f nf/ vlq;kd ESpOf ;D url olrEd;k ap&ef *½kjyK&if;
&SmazGaeMu\/ odYkaomf vlq;kd wpfO;D rS acsmif;qd;k rdojzihf [ife&Dprpf Ed;k
vmonf/ vlq;kd wpfO;D udk trSwrf chJ sKyu f ikd vf u kd of nf/ odYkaomf usev f q l ;kd
wpfO;D u oHww k jf zihf qifu h m qifuh m acgif;udk ½du k vf u kd o
f jzihf prpfcrsm
Murf;jyifay:odYk acGvsuo f m; usomG ;awmh\/
aoqH;k aeaom rpöwmprpfukd OD;qH;k awGY&olrmS olYO,smOfr;ª
jzpfonf/ aoqH;k olrmS n0wf&yS t f us?Ð ajcaxmufwiG f ajctdwpf yG v f suf
&SNd y;D pm;yGcJ if;rS qkwNf zx J m;aom teDa&mif t0wfprsm;jzihf ajcESifh vufwYu kd kd
wkyx f m;onf/ av;aom t&m0w¬KwpfcEk iS fh ½du k Ef u S xf m;ojzihf OD;acgif;cGH
uGaJ eyH&k \/
O,smOfr;ª onf aMumufvefYwMum;ESifh atmf[pfNyD; tdref m;eD;
csi;f rsm;odYk taMumif;Mum;onf/ xdYkaemufrS &JtzGYJoYkd oGm;a&muf owif;
ydYkco hJ nf/ pHak xmuf&rJ ;ª Bu;D rm&S,Ef iS fh tifpyufawmfBu;D ewfuifpw f Yko
d nf
a&muf&v dS mcJMh uNy;D tcif;jzpfymG ;onfah e&mudk aphaphpyfpyf ppfaq;Muonf/
teD;tem;&Sd O,smOform;rsm;udk pHpk rf;ar;jref;Mu\/
ywf0ef;usiaf vhvmcsurf sm;t& ,refYaen ae0ifcsed cf efYwiG f
vlEpS af ,mufukd rpöwm[ife&Dprpf\ O,smOfteD;wGif awGY&aMumif;?
xdkol wdkY\ yHkyef;oP²mefrSm npfayaeonfh t0wftpm;udk
0wfqifxm;ojzihf rouFmzG,jf zpfaMumif;? nOfo h ef;acgifcsed af vmufwiG f
atmfoHvdkvdk Mum; Mu&aMumif;? eHeufrdk;vif;rS olYO,smOfrª;

rpöwmtDazmfpwm oGm;a&muf Munh½f &I mrS ,ckuo hJ Ykd awGY &aMumif;
od&cdS MhJ u&\/
rpöwm prpf\ tdrt f eD;tem;wGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; oJveG pf
&&Sd cJo h nf/ xdo k v J eG pf rSm uav;rsm; upm;onfh rD;tdru f av;wpfv;kH
jzpf aeonf/ tdrt f xufxyf&dS rD;cHaowåmrSm yGiv hf su&f NdSy;D rnfonfyh pön;f rS
rawGU&/ rpöwmprpf\ tdycf ef;rSmvnf; arTaESmuf t&SmcHxm;&onf/
O,smOftwGi;f ajc&mBuD;wpfcEk iS fh ajc&mao;ao;wdYkukd awGU&\/ 0if;x&H
rSmvnf; wpfpw kH pfa,muf ausmv f mT ;xm;onfh taetxm;udk awGU&\/
paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmufr;ª BuD; rm&S,o f nf XmecsKyo f Ykd
a&mufaomtcg axmifrS vGwaf eaom &mZ0ifvq l ;kd rsm; pm&if;udk aphaph
pyfpyf avhvmonf/ vlq;kd wdYk avhvmusupf m;avh&o dS nfh ae&mrsm;odYk
vnf; ewfuifpEf iS t fh wl oGm;a&mufvu kd v f pH pkH rf;Muonf/ vlq;kd pm&if;
t& tcsKd YrmS ajccsKy?f tcsKd YrmS &Jpcef;odYk vufrw S f rSerf eS v f mxd;k aeMujcif;jzifh
txde;f cH e,fajrtwGi;f &Sad eMuonf/
xdok w l Ykd teuf ... &mZ0ifvq l ;kd [ife&DazmifvmESifh tJvbwf
rDvq f rfwYkd EpS Of ;D t&ufqikd w f pfqikd w f iG f twlwí JG awGU&onf [laom
owif;udk &vmcJo h jzihf paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmufBuD;rsm;tzdYk vrf;yGihf
oGm;cJo h nf/ olwYkEd pS af ,mufukd vdu k í f pHpk rf;cJ&h m tcif;rjzpfrD azazmf0g&D
v 12 &ufaeYuyif olwYkdaexkid &f m &yfuu G wf iG f rawGY&[k owif;&vm
onf/ olwYkd EpS Of ;D onf rvGrJ aoG vlowfw&m;cHrsm; jzpfEikd o f nf[í l
pHak xmufBuD; rm&S,u f twwfawG;rdonf/ olwYkd EpS Of ;D usufpm;aom
ae&mrsm;odYk pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f &ef qH;k jzwfvu kd o f nf/
rDvq f rfrmS tdraf xmif&o dS wl pfO;D jzpfonf/ odYkjzpfí pHak xmuf
BuD; rm&S,ef wfuifpw f Ykdonf vef'efajrmufyikd ;f &Sd rDvq f rf aexdik o
f nfh
tdru f kd vdu k o f mG ;onf/ olYZeD;url olYcifyeG ;f tdru f kd jyefra&mufonfrS
&uf tenf;i,f MumNyD[q k okd nf/ ol\ a,mu©rjzpfou l rl olYoruf
rDvq f rf azmifvmqdo k El iS fh awGUí oGm;vmaexdik jf cif;udk ESpo f uf[efrwl/
odYk jzpfí pHak xmufBuD;rsm;udk oloo d rQ ruG,rf axmuf ajymcJo h nf/
xdak jymqdck surf sm; teuf ta&;BuD;onfh tcsurf mS ,ck &uf
rsm;twGi;f olwYdkEpS Of ;D aiGtvGeaf zmaeonfqo kd nfh tcsuyf if jzpf\/
tifpyufawmfBuD; ewfuifpo f nf 'kw, d tBudrf rDvq f rf aexdik o f nfh
a,mu©r\ tdro f Ydk oGm;cJjh yefonf/ ,cktBudrw f iG f aoqH;k ol rpöwm

56 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
[ife&Dprpf tdr0f ikd ;f twGi;f rS awGU&onfh uav;rsm; upm;onfh rD;tdrif ,f
av;udk ,lomG ;\/
rDvq f rf a,mufzuav;onf rD;tdrif ,fuav;udk awGYvQif
awGYcsif; - ]][m ... OD;av;/ uRefawmfh rD;tdru f av;ygvm;/ b,fu
&ovJ[if}}
]]uJ ... 'DrSm uRefawmf rSwfxm;wJh trSwfuav;As}}
]]rD;pmu uReaf wmfEh rS ouúvwfabmif;bDpw k u f kd NzJNyD; xnfh
xm;wm}}
uav;onf olYr;D tdrjf zpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;cdik v f pkH mG ajym
vmNyjD zpfí rDvq f rfEiS fh azmifvmwdYrk mS vlowfrI usL;vGeo f rl sm; jzpfonf[k
pHak xmufrsm;u aumufcsucf scahJ wmhonf/
rDvq f rfEiS fh azmifvmwdYkaemufoYkd pHak xmufBu;D ESpaf ,muf vku d f
vH&mS azGcMhJ uaomtcg olwYdEk pS Of ;D rSm pkypf jrKypf aysmufaecJ\ h / olwYkEd pS Of ;D
onf rpöwmpaumhEiS fh rpöwmabum trnfrsm;odYk ajymif;vJí a0vjynf
e,foYkd xGuaf jy;oGm;onf[k owif;&Mu\/
pHak xmufrsm;u olwYkdEpS af ,mufaemufoYkd vdu k Mf u\/ rDvq f rf
ESifh azmifvmwdYkonf rcGb J EJ iS fh wGí
J ajy;Muonf/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf
vlqdk;ESpfOD;onf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; r,HkMuacs/ t*Fvefjynfajrmufydkif;
bwfof NrdKUwGif a&muf&Sdaeonf[k owif;teHY&vmcJh\/

þodYktwGi;f azmifvmay;cJo h nfh 10 aygifwef aiGpuúLrSm uG,f

vGeo f l rpöwm[ife&Dprpf\ rD;cHaowåmwGi;f rS aiGpuúLrsm;rS wpf&u G f
jzpfaMumif; ... pHak xmufwYkd awGU&So d mG ;\/ aiGpuúLeHygwfrmS rpöwmprpf
bPfrS ruG,v f eG rf D xkw, f xl m;onfh aiGrsm;ESifh eHywf wlnaD eonfukd
awGY&onf/ rD;tdru f av; oJveG pf ESifh 10 aygifwef aiGpuúLwdYk\ oJveG pf
onf xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufaeol azmifvmESihf rDvq f rfwYko d nf vlowf
orm;jzpfonfrmS &mckid Ef eI ;f jynhf aocsmaeNyD jzpf\/
pHak xmufBuD;ESpaf ,mufonf bwfNrdKUodYk vku d o f mG ;cJMh uonf/
odkYaomf vlowform; ESpfOD;um; rpöwmpaumhESihf rpöwm abwmwdkY
jzpfaeavNyD/
olwYdkEpS Of ;D onf bwfoNf rdKU rSeaf [mufvrf;&Sq d ifuvJ,m; qdk
ol\ tdrw f iG f aexdik af eonf[k wdwu d sus owif;&vmcJ\ h / olwYkEd pS Of ;D
udk zrf;qD;í w&m;½H;k odYk vlowfrEI iS fh ½H;k wif&efom &Sad wmhonf/

rm&S,Ef iS fh ewfuifpw f Yko
d nf bwfoNf rKd UrS &Jom;rsm;\ tultnD
ESifh vlq;kd ESpOf ;D wdYk yke;f cdak eonfh qifuvJ,m;\ tdrt f m; 0dik ;f xm;cJMh u
onf/ azmifvmrSm Avaumif;oljzpfí &Jrsm;udk jyefcck cH \ hJ / rDvq f rfEiS fh
qifuvJ,m;wdYkrmS rl tomwMunf tzrf;cHco hJ nf/ vlowfw&m;cH ESpOf ;D
teuf rDvq f ifrmS pdw"f mwfaysmah ysmif;ol jzpfojzihf azmfaumifjzpfvmcJ\ h /
azmifvmurl w&m;½H;k wGif jiif;qdck o hJ nf/ w&m;½H;k wGif azmfaumiftjzpf
ajymif;vJomG ;cJah om rDvq f rfukd azmifvmonf pdwq f ;kd vmchoJ nf/ w&m;
½H;k awmfBu;D wGif trIppfaq;aepOf rDvq f rf\ vnfrsKd tm; n§po f wf&ef
azmifvmu BuKd ;pm;ch\ J / odYkjzpfí axmiftrIxrf;wdYku olwYkEd pS Of ;D xdyf
wdu k f rwd;k rdap&ef *½kjyKxm;cJ&h \/
½H;k awmfBu;D rS olwYkEd pS Of ;D tm; ao'Pftjypfay;cJo h nf/ BuKd ;'Pf
pD&ifrnfh 1896 ck? *Rev f 9 &ufaeYwiG f BuKd ;ay;pifteD;ü azmifvmonf
rDvq f rftm; cket f yk cf jhJ yefojzihf BuKd ;ay;rnfh tpDtpOfukd aemufwpfaeY
a&TUqdik ;f cJ&h jyefonf/ aemufwpfaeY BuKd ;pifwiG f qD;rif; qdo k l

BuKd ;ay;cH&rnfh vlowform;wpfO;D udk olwYkEd pS Of ;D Mum;wGif xm;í BuKd ;'Pf

pD&ifco hJ nf/
usrf;udk;

(10)
1936 pufwifbmv/
w&m;½H;k cef;wpfcv k ;kH vlawGjynhaf eonf/ ½H;k cef;Bu;D twGi;f &Sd xdik cf Hk
500 ausmw f iG f eHeufapmapmuyif vlawG ZGaJ umif;aumif;ESifh xdik f
apmihaf eMuonf/ ½H;k cef;pBurø sm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;? ½H;k awmfBu;D \ tjyif
bufwiG v f nf;aumif; axmifaomif;ruaom vlxBk u;D onf pdw0f ifpm;
pGm vma&mufem;axmifaeMuonf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpw k iG of mru wpfurÇmvH;k u pdw0f ifpm;
cJah om jyefay;qGv J o
l wfrBI u;D yif jzpf\/ urÇmo h wif;pmBu;D rsm;wGiv f nf;
aeYpOf&ufquf azmfjycJah om rIcif;Bu;D vnf;jzpf\/ tar&duef tufzb f D
tdik pf akH xmuftzGYJ? jyifopfEidk if H ql&aD w; pHak xmuftzGYJBu;D ESifh paumhwvef
,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJBuD;wdYkrS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ud,
k w f idk f ndE§ iId ;f aqG;aEG;aqmif
&Gucf &Jh onfh rIcif;Bu;D yifwnf;/ jyefay;qGJ vlowform; b½dEk akd [mhref;
onf tazmfrygwpfu, kd af wmf ydy&d &d d usL;vGecf o hJ jzihf ESpEf pS cf aJG usmf Mum
jrifah tmif zrf;qD;rdjcif; r&Scd o hJ nfh jyefay;qGv J o l wfrBI u;D vnf; jzpf\/
tpd;k &a&SUaeBuD; 0DvifZo f nf atmifjrifyo D aom toHBuD;jzihf
þodkY pGJcsufwifoGif;vkduf\/
]]ynm&Sd w&m;olBu;D rif;ESifh *kPo f a&&Sd *sL&DvBl u;D rif;rsm; cifAsm;
... 1932 ck rwfv (1) &ufaeYu touft&G,t f m;jzihf tifrwef

Eke,fwhJ (v- 20) csm;vf*sLeD,mvif;bwf[m towfccH &hJ ygw,f/
olY zcifuawmh tm;vH;k odMuwJh 1927 ckEpS u f yxrqH;k twåvEdw Å f
ork'&´ mudk jzwfí av,mOfjzihf ... wpfO;D wnf; armif;ESicf o hJ nfh ol&aJ umif;
Adv
k rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwf jzpfygw,f/ ½H;k awmfa&SUarSmufa&mufaeaom w&m;cH
b½dEk akd [mhref;onf Adv k rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwf&UJ tcef;udk csKd ;azmuf0ifa&mufchJ
NyD; olwYkd&UJ uav;i,fuav;udk ck;d ,lcyhJ gw,f/ ol jywif;aygufu
jyeftqif;rSm avSum;xpfu usKd ;oGm;cJyh gw,f/ uav;i,fuav;udk
cd;k ,lajy;oGm;cJNh yD; wGi;f i,fuav;xJrmS ypfxm;cJNh yD; xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif
aecJyh gw,f/ &ufaygif;rsm;pGm Mumjrifch o hJ jzihf uav;i,fuav; aoqH;k cJ&h
ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf w&m;cGiaf &SUarSmuf&dS *smreftrsKd ;om; b½dEk akd [mhref;udk
ao'Pfay;zdYk&ef ... taxmuftxm; ckid v f pkH mG ESifh wifjyí pGcJ suw f ifoiG ;f
ygonf}}
½H;k cef;twGi;f wdwq f w d Nf ird o f ufvsu&f \ dS / w&m;cH\ tusKd ;
aqmif a&SUaeBu;D \ pm&Guv f eS o f nft h oH? ½H;k awmfBu;D \a&SU vrf;ray:rS
xdik ef m;axmifaeonfh vlxBk u;D \ wD;wd;k ajymoH? ½H;k awmfBu;D teD; opf
t,fyifwef;rsm;rS us;D wdYk\toHom Mum;&onf/ tpd;k &a&SUaeBu;D onf
0wf½ekH ufBu;D udk jyif0wfqifvu dk Nf y;D vQif ½H;k awmfBu;D wGif oufaocHtrSwf
(1) tjzpf wifjyxm;onfh aoqH;k ol *sLeD,mvif;bwf\ tusu Ð kd
wifjy &m zcifjzpfol Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwfu uG,v f eG o
f l olYom;uav;\
tusjÐ zpfygaMumif; tcdik t f rm xGuq f okd mG ;onf/ xdak eY wpfaeYv;kH uav;
\ zcifjzpfol Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwfukd ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;jzihf tcsed u f ek f
qH;k cJ&h \/
þurÇmausmf jyefay;qGJ vlowfrBI uD;wGif Mum;0ifí aphpyf
aqmif&u G af y;ol e,l;a,mh(cf)NrdKUrS emrnfausmf q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm
uGe'f eG f tm; aemufaeYwiG f qufvufppfaq;cJMh uonf/

a'gufwm uGe'f eG u f rl w&m;cHonf olYxH w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf qufo, G í f

uav;twGuf a':vm ig;aomif;ay;&efEiS fh ay;&rnfh aiG tqifoihjf zpf
vQif owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif aMumfjimxnf&h efppD OfzYkd ajymqdck o hJ nf/ þodYk
toHukd em;axmif&jcif;jzihf jypfru I kd usL;vGeo f o l nf tar&duef jynf
axmifpo k m; r[kwEf ikd [ f k xifryd gaMumif; xGuq f o kd mG ;cJah vonf/
txufazmfjyyg urÇmausmrf cI if;Bu;D \ jzpfpOfum; þodYk jzpf\/
1932 ck rwfv 1 &ufaeYn 8 em&D 30 rdepfcefYwiG f Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwfEiS f h

60 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
ZeD;wdYo k nf {nfch ef;twGi;f pum;ajymaepOf om;i,fuav; tdycf ef;rS
rouFmzG,&f mtoHrsm; Mum;&ojzihf Adv k rf ;ª vif;bwfonf em;pGirhf \ d /
odYkaomf olYZeD;url rnfonft h oHrS rMum;&aMumif; ajymqdck o hJ jzihf at;
at;aq;aq; pum;ajymqdak ecJMh u\/
Adv
k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwf ZeD;\ rdbrsm;rSm csr;f om<u,f0olrsm;
jzpfMu\/ NcH0if;BuD;rSm {u 500 ausmf us,0f ef;NyD; aexdik o f nfh
tdrBf u;D rSm 10 cef;wGBJ u;D rm;onfh tdrBf u;D jzpfonf/ e,l;a,mh(cf) NrKdUqifajczH;k
&Sd wdwq f wd Nf ird o f ufaom &yfuu G Bf u;D jzpfojzihf vlq;kd wdYktzdYk oGm;vm
vIy&f mS ;&ef vG,u f o
l nf[k qd&k ayrnf/
vif;bwfwYkd ZeD;armifEo HS nf tdraf zmf 29 OD;tm; iSm;xm;onf/
vlq;kd olc;kd rsm;tm; pd;k &drpf &mr&S[ d k ,lq l xm;cJ\ h / olwYkdaexdik Mf uaom
tdrBf u;D rSm aqmufvufpom&SNd y;D jyifqifrrG ;f rHqJ jzpf\/ olwYZkd eD;armifE\ HS
om;uav;rSm wpfEpS Ef iS fh &Spv f cefYom&Sd ao;onf/ tdrBf uD;\ yxrxyf
wGif uav;xde;f wpfO;D ESit hf wl xm;&So d nf/
rpöpv f if;bwfonf tdraf y:xyfoYkd tdy&f mrsm;jyifqif&ef wuf
oGm;onfEiS fh Adv k rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwfonf pmMunhcf ef;wGif owif;pmrsm;
zwf½&I ef useaf e&pfc\ hJ / n 10;00 em&DcefYwiG f uav;xde;f trsKd ;orD;
onf uav;xm;onfh tdycf ef;wGi;f odYk 0ifvmcJo h nf/ odYkaomf uav;
tm; rawGU&awmh/ rpöpv f if;bwfonf uav;tm; olYtyd cf ef;odYk ac:
aqmifomG ;cJo h nf[k uav;xde;f trsKd ;orD;u xifrw S cf \
hJ /
odYkjzpfí uav;xde;f trsKd ;orD;onf rpöpv f if;bwfxo H Ykd oGm;
a&mufí uav;tm; ac:oGm;jcif; jyKrjyK ar;jref;cJ\ h / rpöpvf if;bwfonf
uav;udk ac:oGm;jcif;r&S[ d k od&&dS aomtcg pmMunhcf ef;wGif owif;pm
zwf&ef use&f pfco hJ l Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwfonf uav;tm; ac:aqmifomG ;
onf[k xifMu\/ wpfcgwpf&H Adv k rf ;ª BuD; vif;bwfonf olYom;
uav;tm; ac:aqmifomG ;avh&o dS jzihf ,cktcgwGiv f nf; cgwdik ;f uJo h Ykd
ac:aqmifomG ;onf xifMu\/ uav;twGuf pd;k &draf MumifMh u r&SMd u/
Advk rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwfrmS tar&duefjynfaxmifp\ k yxrqH;k vlMunfnKd
rsm;aom ol&aJ umif;BuD; jzpfNyD; vlcspv f cl if aygrsm;olvnf; jzpf\/
Advk rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwf pmzwfaeonfh tcef;wGiv f nf; uav;udk
rawGU&awmh/ tjcm; tdraf zmftrsKd ;orD;rsm;tzdYk uav;tm; rnfoYlurkd Q
todray;bJ ac:oGm;jcif;rsKd ; r&S/d Adv k rf ;ª BuD; vif;bwfEiS fh rpöpv f if;bwf

wdYk pdwaf omu a&mufvm&awmh\/ rMumrDyif uav;tdycf ef; jywif;
aygufwiG f pmwpfapmifEiS fh rouFmzG,&f m ajc&mrsm;udk awGU&S&d ojzihf
&J tzGYJoYkd csucf si;f w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf qufí wdik w f ef;cJ\ h / &JtzGYJ0ifrsm;ESifh
tufzb f t
D ikd f pHak xmuftzGYJ0ifrsm; a&mufvmcJNh yD; tdycf ef;ESifh NcH0if;BuD;\
twGi;f vku d v f &H mS azGMu\/ NcHBuD;\teD;ywf0ef;usifwiG f &SmazGcMhJ u
aomfvnf; uav;\ t&dyt f a,mifurkd Q rawGU&/
&JwYkdurl oJveG pf &&Sv d &kd &Sjd im; ydu k pf yd w
f ukd í f NcHBuD;wpfNcHv;kH
&SmazGMunho f nf/ uav;tdycf ef;atmufwnfw h nfw h iG f avSum;axmif&m
csdKifu
h av;ESpcf u k kd awGU&S&d ojzihf rormol vlq;kd onf þavSum;jzihf
uav;tdycf ef;odYk axmifwufcNhJ yD; uav;tm; ac:,lomG ;onfrmS xif
&Sm;aeNyD jzpf\/ tdycf ef;ESiu fh ukd f 20 cefYa0;aom ae&mwGif avSum;rS
usdK;aeonft h ydik ;f tpudk awGY&jyef\/ jywif;aygufrS awGU&aompmrSm
uav;jyefay;qGo J l a&;xm;onfph m qdo k nft h csufurkd l jiif;p&m rvdk
awmh/
pmwGif a':vmig;aomif; tqifoifh &SmazGxm;&ef? rnfonfh
ae&mwGif vmay;&efqo kd nfukd xyfítaMumif;Mum;rnf/ pm\axmifw h iG f
aiGawmif;qdo k \ l vufrw S uf kd a&;xd;k xm;\/ vufrw S [ f k qd&k rnf jzpf
aomfvnf; trnfukd a&;xd;k jcif;r[kw/f puf0ikd ;f ESpcf Ek iS fh av;axmifh
taygufuav; oH;k aygufom jzpf\/ pmwGif &JEiS fh vlxt k m; todray;&ef
owday;xm;cJo h nf/ pmwGiv f nf; pmvH;k aygif;trSm;rsm;udk awGU&Ny;D tar
&dueftrsKd ;om;wpfO;D jzpf[ef rwlacs/ t*Fvyd pf mudk uRr;f uRr;f usiu f sif
wwfajrmufow l pfO;D a&;om;onfEiS rhf wl/ tjcm;Edik if o H m;wpfO;D jzpf&
rnf[k &JwYku d aumufcsucf sc\ hJ / avSum;rS tydik ;f tpuav; awGU&Sd
onfah e&mwGif ajc&m trsm;tjym;awGY&&dS ojzihf uav;tm; jyefay;qGo J l
onf wpfO;D wnf; rjzpfEikd /f *dP k ;f wpf*P kd ;f jzpf&vdrrfh nf[k &JwYku d
,lqcJh jyefonf/ jyefay;qGo J rl sm;u &JwYt kd m; wkid Mf um;jcif;rjyK&ef owday;cJh
aomfvnf; uav;zcifjzpfou l txufazmfjyygpmudk rawGY&pdS Ofuyif &J
wdYtk m; w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf wdik Mf um;cJNh y;D jzpfojzihf tcuftcJwpfck jzpfomG ;\/
tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S xkwaf 0aom owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif
Adv
k rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwf\ "mwfy?kH *sLeD,mvif;bwf\ "mwfy?kH rdom;pk
"mwfyEkH iS jfh zpf&yfrsm;udk r>cif;rcsef azmfjycJMh uojzihf wpfurÇmvH;k odYk xdk
owif; ysYHEYHSomG ;cJ\ h /

62 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
jynfoYltcspaf wmf ol&aJ umif;BuD;\ om;uav; aysmufq;kH
&aom owif;jzpfaeojzihf rdom;pkEiS hf xyfwl ylaqG;aomu a&mufaMumif;
azmfjyonfah Mumfjimrsm;? w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf owif;ar;olrsm;rSm ra&wGuEf ikd f
atmif rsm;jym;onf/ *sLvD,mvif;bwfukd jyefyYkday;ygu tjypfr,l?
qkaiGyif ay;rnf [laom owif;rsm;rSmvnf; awmrD;yrm ysYHEYHSomG ;cJ\ h /
uav;\ aeYpOfauR;aeus tpm;tpm pm&if;udv k nf; e,l;a,mh(cf)wdik ;f
owif;pmBu;D ESihf 0g&Siw f efyYkpd f owif;pmBu;D wGif azmfjyyg&Sv d mcJ\ h / Adv k rf ;ª
BuD; vif;bwfukd MunfnKd av;pm;aom vlxo k nf aeYpOf olYtrd af &SUwGif
pka0;a&muf&v dS mMuNyD; owif;pHpk rf;Mu\/
jyefay;orm;rsm;tzdYk wkev f yI v f mcJo h nf/ &JEiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJwYkd
rSmvnf; ydu k pf yd w f ukd f &SmazGaxmufvrS ;f ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvyk cf \ hJ / &JwYku d rl
Adv
k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwftrd af p 29 OD;rS wpfpw kH pfO;D onf jyefay;rIBu;D ESifh
ywfoufEikd o f nf[k ,lqojzihf tdraf prsm;udk ac:,l ppfaq;cJMh u\/
vlcspv f cl ifaygrsm;aom e,l;a,mh(cf)NrdKUrS q&m0efBuD; uGe'f eG f
onf e,l;a,mh(cf)wdik ;f owif;pmBuD;wGif aMumfjimwpfapmif xnfo h iG ;f
azmfjycJ\ h / ,if;aMumfjimwGif þjyefay;qGrJ BI u;D onf Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwf
rdom;pktwGuo f m r[kw/f wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k twGuf 0rf;enf;ylaqG; ,lusKH ;
r& jzpf&aMumif;/ okYdjzpfí vlraI &;udk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzihf olYxo H Ykd
w,fvzD ek ;f odYkr[kwf pmjzifh qufo, G af pvdak Mumif; azmfjycJ\ h /
þuJo h Ykd aMumfjimyg0ifNy;D aemufwpfaeYwiG f olYxo H Ykd jyefay;
orm;onf w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf qufo, G cf \ hJ / w,fvzD ek ;f qufo\ l toHrmS
0Jaeojzihf Edik if jH cm;om;wpfO;D jzpfEikd o f nf[k a'gufwm uGe'f eG u f ,lq\/
rwfv (4) &ufaeYwiG rf l olYxo H Ykd pmwdu k rf S pmwpfapmif a&mufvmcJ\ h /
xdpk mwGif uav;udk owif;pmyg pm&if;twdik ;f tcsed w f w d d
usus auR;arG;xm;ygaMumif;? tjcm;vlyw kd pfO;D *dP k ;f twGi;f odYk yg0if
vmcJo h jzihf ,cifawmif;qdck o hJ nfh a':vmaiG ig;aomif; tpm; a':vmaiG
ckepfaomif;ay;&ef awmif;qdck \ hJ / pmwGif a&;om;xm;onfh pum;vH;k
aygif;rsm;rSm *smrefvrl sKd ;wpfO;D jzpf&rnf[k &JwYkdu aumufcsucf sco hJ nf/
a'gufwmuGe'f eG Ef iS fh jyefay;qGo J \ l ud, k pf m;vS,q f o kd w l Ykd yxr
qH;k tBudrf vQKd Y0u S pf mG awGYqcHk MhJ u&mwGif jyefay;orm;\ ud, k pf m;vS,f
qdok u l olYtrnf0u S uf kd *Re[ f k ajymqdck NhJ y;D uav;\tusu Ð kd jyocJo h nf
[k qd\ k / 'kw, d tBudrf &JwYkdtm; today;jcif;r&Sb d J jyefay;orm;rsm;ESifh

awGYqckH MhJ u\/ þtBurd w f iG rf l Adv
k rf ;ª Bu;D vif;bwfu, kd wf ikd f yg0ifco hJ nf
[k qd\ k / olYom;av;udk rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,f urf;ajcwpfae&m&Sd
avSi,fwpfpif;ay:wGif &So d nf[k qdo k jzihf Adv k rf ;ª BuD; vif;bwfu, kd w f ikd f
oGm;a&mufcahJ omfvnf; avSEiS hf uav;udk rawGY&/ jyefay;orm;rsm;
awmif;qdak om aiGww d u d susukd ay;cJNh yD;jzpfaomfvnf; uav;owif;
wpfpw kH pf&m r&/
arv 12 &ufaeYwiG f Adv k rf ;ª BuD; vif;bwf\ tdrEf iS fh reD;ra0;
wGif uav;i,f\ tavmif;udk awGY&cdS &hJ awmhonf/ rdom;pkEiS t fh wl
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk wpf0eS ;f vH;k 0rf;enf;aMuuGcJ &hJ awmh\/ jyefay;
orm;rsm;rSmvnf; aiGuv kd ufc&H ,lcNhJ yD;rS uav;udk owfypfco hJ nf[í l
trsm;u,lqcJMh u\/ &JEiS hf tufzb f t D ikd f pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;tm; owif;
pmBuD;rsm;rS jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefcMhJ u\/
þodYktwGi;f "mwfqaD &mif;aom qdik w f pfqikd o f Ykd "mwfqD vm
0,fow l pfO;D xHrS &&So
d nfh a':vmaiGrsm;\ trSwt f om;onf jyefay;qGJ
olrsm;xH ay;cJo h nfh aiGpuúLeHygwfrsm;ESifh wlnaD eonf/ xd"k mwfqD
vm jznfo h nfu h m;eHygwfukd &JwYkx d H owif;ay;cJo h jzihf &JwYkt d zdYk w&m;cHukd
zrf;qD;Edik &f ef vrf;yGio hf mG ;cJah vonf/
um;eHygwfrS ydik &f iS jf zpfol *smreftrsKd ;om; b½dEk akd [mhref;udk
zrf; qD;cJo h nf/ olYum;½Ht k wGi;f rS a':vm 11000 udk awGU&Scd &hJ ojzihf
&JEiS fh pHak xmufwYkdurl a[mhref;onf jyefay;qGv J o l wform; jzpf&rnf[k
aumufcsucf sco hJ nf/
a[mhref;onf *smreftrsdK;om;wpfOD;jzpf\/
yxrurÇmppfBuD; twGif; ppfom;tjzpf trIxrf;cJholjzpf\/ 1923
ckESpfwGif tar&duef jynfaxmifpkodkY vma&mufaexdkifol jzpfonf/
þvlowf? jyefay;qGJrIBuD; rjzpfyGm;rDurl tjcm;rnfonfhjypfrIudkrQ
usL;vGefcJhol r[kwfay/ a[mhref; onf ajzmifhcsufay;jcif;r&Sd/
um;½H k t wG i f ; rS awG U &onf h aiG r sm;rS m ol E S i h f vk y f i ef ; wl
vkyfcJholwpfOD;u ay;aom aiGrsm;jzpfonf[k qdk\/ &JwdkYurl
Adv
k rf ;ª BuD;vif;bwfxH pmwdu k rf S ay;ydYk aom pmygvufa&;ESihf a[mhref;
vufa&; wlnyD gonf[k xkwaf zmfpyG pf cJG MhJ u\/ 1935 Zefe0g&DvwGif
a[mhref;tm; jyefay;qGJ vlowfw&m;cHtjzpf w&m;½Hk;wGif w&m;pGJqdk
ppfaq;cJhMuavonf/ w&m;½Hk;awmfBuD;url a[mhref;u 0efcHjcif;

64 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
r&Sdaomf vnf; jypfrIusL;vGefonf[k ,lqchJí a[mhref;tm; 1936
ck {NyDvwGif ao'Pf pD&ifcJh\/
a[mhref;\ ZeD;jzpfou l rl olra,musfm;rSm tjypfuif;pifol
jzpfonf/ trIreS f razmfxw k Ef ikd af om tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k J tzGYJBuD;ESifh
tufzb f t D ikd t
f zGYJwYkdrS trIuqkd ifí jyKvyk jf cif; jzpfonf[k xkwaf zmfajym
qdk\/
1976 ckEpS /f tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S pma&;q&m

tefaomfepD uwf'w l kd a&;om;onfh

wGirf l a[mhref;onf ,if;jypfrBI uD;udk

usL;vGecf o hJ nfo h l r[kwaf Mumif; taxmuftxm; cdik cf idk v f v

kH jkH zifh azmfjy
xm;cJNh yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k t J zGYJ? pHak xmuftzGYJEiS fh w&m;pD&iftzGYJwYkd
udk oa&mfxm;cJo h nfukd zwf½cI &hJ avonf/ a[mhref;\ t½d;k wGeaf va&mh
ovm;/
usrf;udk;

(11)
1892? Edk0ifbmv 16 &uf/

wdwq f wd Nf idro
f ufru I kd azmufxiG ;f vku
d o f nfh pl;&Saom rD;&xm;
OMooHaMumifh paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ rS emrnfausmf wyfMuyfBuD;0g;('f)
onf tdyaf rmusae&mrS Ed;k vmonf/ vef'efNrdKY 0dw&kd , d blwm

½HBk uD;rS eHeuf 4;30 wGif xGucf mG rnfh rD;&xm;OMooHonf wyfMuyfBuD;

0g;'f\ Ed;I pufoH jzpfaeavh&o dS nf/ wyfMuyfBuD; 0g;('f)onf acwårQom
tdyaf ysmo f mG ;onf[k xifro d nf/ olY pdwo f nf av;vHxikd ;f rdiI ;f vsu&f NdS yD;
tdyaf &;r0ojzihf acgif;u tHak eonf/
0g;('f)onf ,refaeY (Ed0k ifbmv 15) u jrifuiG ;f aMumifh
wpfnvH;k tdyrf aysmEf ikd cf /hJ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd 0dw&kd ,d blwm½HBk u;D rS tvkyf
orm;rsm;\ atmf[pfo?H umavodYk xGucf mG rnhf tjref&xm;Bu;D OMo
rIwo f ?H olYtrd t
f ay:xyfrS oHpekH m&DBu;D \ jrnfo?H vrf;rBu;D ay:rS jrif;
vSn;f rsm;\ acgif;avmif;wD;oHwYko d nf ysYHviG vhf mMuonf/
wyfMuyfBu;D 0g;('f)tzdYk ao'Pf tjypfp&D ifonfh jrifuiG ;f rsm;udk
Munh½f &I onfrmS tcgaygif;ra&wGuEf ikd af wmh/ odYkaomf Ed0k ifbmv 15
&ufaeYu e,l;*dwf axmifBuD;twGi;f BudK;'Pfp&D ifjcif;

cH& onfh pdwZå vlowform;[k pGypf jJG cif;cH&ol q&m0ef Bu;D eD;(vf)u&ifukd
wyfMuyfBuD; 0g;('f)tzdYk wpfoufarhEikd rf nf rxif/ 0g;('f)onf BudK;'Pf
ay;cH&onfh w&m;cHaygif;rsm;pGmudk awGUcJ&h zl;onf/

66 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
vlowå0gwdYkonf aojcif;udk aMumuf&UHG Mu\/ aojcif;udk &J&0J 0hH hH
&ifqikd í f taocHomG ;olrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ BuKd ;rdeYfqo kd nfrmS ao&rnfh
aojcif;w&m;yif jzpfonf/ xdak ojcif;w&m;udk &ifqikd Mf uolrsm;xJü trsKd ;
rsKd ; &SMd uonf/ tcsKd Y BuKd ;rdeYfp&D ifcsuf csrw S o f nfh tcsed rf pS í rpm;Edik f
raomufEikd f rtdyEf ikd f jzpfMu&onf/ BuKd ;pifay: wuf&ef ac:onft h csed wf iG f
½ke;f uefí jiif;qefaeolrsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ BuKd ;rdeYfusNy;D ao&awmhrnf
udk odvsuEf iS fh tpm;rysuf ttdyrf ysuf aeEdik o f mG ;olrsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/
þuJo h Ykd vlpm;rsm;wGif a'gufwm eD;(vf) u&ifonf xdyq f ;kH u
yg0ifonf[k wyfMuyfBu;D 0g;('f)u ,lqonf/ q&m0efBu;D eD;(vf)u&if
onf jynfw h efqmtrsKd ;orD;rsm;udk wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf tqdyaf uR;
í tqH;k pD&ifco hJ jl zpfojzihf urÇmrh cI if;ordik ;f wGif xl;qef;onfh pdwZå *E¦0if
vlowfrBI u;D [k w&m;Oya'orm;rsm;u qdMk uonf/
1892 ckEpS u f xkwaf 0aom owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif
olY"mwfyEkH iS fh olYtaMumif;rygvQif acwfrrD/ olYtaMumif; a&;xm;onfh
pmtkyaf &aygif; ,aeYxd 19 tkyf xkwaf 0cJNh y;D jzpfonf/ olYtm; vef'efNrKd U
e,l;*dwaf xmifBu;D twGi;f ao'Pfp&D ifrnfah eYurl a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf
0wfpt kH eufukd ususee 0wfxm;onf/ a&Tuikd ;f rsurf eS u f kd wyfxm;Ny;D
olYEw I cf rf;arG;rsm;udv k nf; aumprwpfjzihf vdr;f usx H m;\/ xkpd Ofu vlBu;D
vlaumif;rsm; aqmif;onfh yd;k teuf OD;xkyBf u;D udk ususee aqmif;xm;
onft h jyif aw;oDcsi;f wpfy'k u f v kd nf; cyfat;at; nnf;wGm;onf/
e,l;*dwf tusO;f axmifBu;D twGi;f Nird o f ufvsuf &Sad eonf/
vIy&f mS ;aeMuonfrmS a'gufwm eD;(vf)u&ifukd BuKd ;'Pfp&D ifrnfh ywf
0ef;usiüf om jzpfonf/ wyfMuyfBu;D 0g;('f) tygt0if tusO;f axmif
trIxrf;rsm;? w&m;a&;XmerS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;? tusO;f axmif q&m0efBu;D
wdYktm;vH;k eD;(vf)udk Munh½f aI eMuonf/ tusO;f axmif tjyifbuf ruf
rGeyf ifwef;rsm;rS us;D tkyo f nf atmfjrnfum xyso H mG ;Muonfh toHrS
wpfyg; ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv
k ;kH jird o
f uf vsu&f o dS nf/
a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf rwkev f yI of nfh trlt&mjzihf BudK;pifay:
odYk wufomG ;Ny;FD ]]uReaf wmfu h kd pum;ajymcGijhf yKyg}} [k a'gufwm eD;(vf)u
oufqidk &f m tmPmydik rf sm;xH cGiahf wmif;vku d Nf yD; ]]'Dr,f ud, k vfh al wG?
cifAsm;wdYk ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmajc&mcHvYkdr&wJh vlowform; *suf

qdw k m usKy}f } [k pum;rqH;k cif a'gufjzKwcf svu kd of nf/

rIcif;ordik ;f &mZ0ifwiG f 1888 ckEpS u f vef'efNrKd U ½du k cf suyf ,f
&yfuu G w f iG f jzpfymG ;cJ&h onfh rIcif;Bu;D tm; ,aeYxd ESpaf ygif; 200 ausmf
cJah omfvnf; vlowfw&m;cH *suq f o kd t l m; ajc&mrcHEikd cf /hJ ya[Vd rIcif;Bu;D
jzpfonf/ &uf&ufpufpuf towfc&H olrsm;rSmvnf; jynhw f efqmrrsm;
jzpfonf/
a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf ol ao'Pfp&D if cH&cgeD; olYu, kd o f l
ud, k af ysmufvo l wfw&m;cH *suyf g[k ajymcJjh cif;onf trSeu f kd 0efccH jhJ cif;
avm rnforl Q rajymEdik /f rIcif;yg&*ltcsKd Yuvnf; vef'efNrdKU ½du k cf suyf ,f
&yfuu G w f iG f ud, k af ysmufvo l wform;*suf jynhw f efqmrrsm;udk wpfO;D NyD;
wpfO;D &uf&ufpufpuf owfaepOfwiG f a'gufwm eD;(vf)rSm tar&duef
Edik if w
H iG f &Sad eonf[k qdMk uojzihf a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf rIcif;yg&*lawGukd
rsupf v d nfatmif vkycf ahJ vjcif;avm rnforl Q r&Si;f Edik af wmhay/
eD;(vf)u&ifukd 1850 ckEpS w f iG f *vyfpudNk rKd UwGif zGm;jrifonf/
rdbrsKd ;½k;d rSm vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; jzpfMu\/ eD;(vf)touf (4) ESpw f iG f
rdbrsm;onf uae'gEdik if o H Ykd ajymif;a&TUaexdik cf MhJ uavonf/ uae'gEdik if H
wGif pD;yGm;a&; tqifajyvmojzihf eD;(vf)udk xdpk Ofu emrnfausmf rGex f &D
atmfNrKd U&Sd rufa*;aumvdyw f iG f ynmoifMum;apcJo h nf/ xdak umvdyrf mS yif
aq;ynmbGYJ&&Sv d mcJo h nf/ eD;(vf)rSm i,fpOfuyif ÓPfynmxufol
wpfO;D jzpfaomfvnf; wpfO;D wnf;aevdjk cif;? xifay:ausmMf um;vdjk cif; paom
qE´rsm;vGe;f onf [k olYq&mrsm;u qdMk uonf/ t&yf 5 ay 8
vufrcefY &SNd y;D use;f rma&; tvGeaf umif;ol jzpf\/ ol q&m0efjzpf&jcif;
onf vltrsm;\ toufukd u,fwif&efxuf vltrsm;tm; toufq;kH
½H;I apvdak om pdwq f E´&o
dS jl zpfonf[k qdMk u\/
olYu, kd cf E¨mrSm zGYHNzdK;aomfvnf; rsuv f ;kH rsm;\ taetxm;rSm
olY½yk &f nfukd ysuaf ponf/ rsuv f ;kH wpfzufrmS apGapmif;aeonfh tae
txm;&So d jzihf xm0pOf rsurf eS w f yfxm;&\/ olYaq;cef;rSmvnf; rde;f
uav;rsm;tm; oaEävQmay;onf[k emrnfBuD;vmonf/ þodYk w&m;
r0if oaE¨zsuaf y;jcif; jyKonfo h wif; ausmMf um;vmojzihf &Ju a'gufwm
eD;(vf)tm; apmihMf unhcf MhJ u\/
y#doaE¨ zsuaf y;cJ&h onfh zavmf&mb½kw(f cf)tm; vufxyfcNhJ yD;
t*FvefEikd if H vef'efNrdKUodx k u G cf mG vmonf/ vef'ef wuúov kd w f iG f aq;
ynm bGYJveG o f ifwef; wufa&mufcNhJ y;D a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf tar&duef

68 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
jynfaxmifpk csu D m*dNk rKd UwGif aq;cef;zGihf vSpcf o hJ nf/ olYZeD;jzpfol zavmf&m
rSmvnf; tqkwaf &m*gjzihf uG,f vGecf &hJ onf/
1880 ckEpS w f iG f *sLvD&mazm(u)em;qdo k l trsKd;orD;uav; wpfO;D \
y#doaE¨tm; zsuaf y;&mrS aoqH;k &ojzihf &Ju a'gufwm eD;(vf) tm;
zrf;qD;cJNh y;D tmrcHjzihf vTwaf y;xm;cJo h nf/ þodYktwGi;f 0uf½;l jyef a&m*g
pGu J yfol 'ife&D ,fpawmhqo kd l rD;&xm; tvkyo f rm;wpfO;D \ZeD;ESifh
a'gufwmeD;(vf)wdYk r&Si;f rvif; jzpfvmonf[k trsm;u pGypf cJG MhJ u\/
',fe&D ,fpawmhrmS vnf; uG,v f eG cf &hJ onf/ &JwYku d rl 'ife&D ,fpawmh uG,f
vGe&f jcif;udk ouFmruif; jzpfvmcJo h nf/ a'gufwmeD;vf\ aq;vH;k rsm;udk
rS0D &J mrS uG,v f eG &f onf[k trsm;u ,lqMuonf/ uG,v f eG o f l 'ife&D ,f
pawmh\ tpmtdrt f wGi;f rS tqdyrf sm; awGU&S&d ojzihf csu D m*dNk rKd Uw&m;½H;k wGif
a'gufwmeD;(vf)tm; vlowfrEI iS fh w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/
csuD m*dk w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D u a'gufwm eD;(vf)tm; ,cif jypfrI
a[mif;vnf; &Scd o hJ jzihf axmif'PfwpfoufwpfuRe;f csrw S cf ahJ vonf/
þuJo h Ykd csuD m*dk tusO;f axmifBu;D wGif uRe;f 'PfcaH e&csed w f iG f vef'efNrKd U
½du k cf suyf ,ft&yfwiG f ud, k af ysmufvo l wform; *suf

onf jynhw f efqmtrsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D &ifcí JG owf rIrsm;
usL;vGefaecsdefjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí vlowform; *sufqdkonfrSm
a'gufwmeD;(vf) rjzpfEikd [ f k tmPmydik rf sm;u ,lqMuonf/
a'gufwmeD;(vf)tm; tusO;f axmiftwGi;f aumif;rGepf mG ae
xdik cf ohJ jzihf ol\½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfonfh [eftrlt&mwdYkaMumifh tjypf'Pf
udk oufqikd &f mrS avQmah yghí vGwNf idr;f cGijhf yKco hJ nf/ olYzcifrmS vnf;
uG,f vGecf NhJyjD zpfí a'gufwmeD;(vf)onf tarG a':vm 16000 cefY&&Scd \ hJ /
xdpk Ofu aiGwefz;kd rSm jrifrh m;vmojzihf a'guf wmeD;(vf)tzdYk aumif;rGepf mG
aexdik Ef ikd o f nf/ odYkaomf arG;&myg &mZ0wfru I sL;vGev f o kd l eD;(vf)tzdYk
at;at;aq;aq; raeEdik /f t*FvefEikd if o H Ykd tNyD;tydik f xGucf mG vmonf/
vef'efNrKd U vifbwfvrf;wGif z&uftrnfjzihf aexdik cf o hJ nf/ ol vef'efwiG f
aq;ausmif;om;b0u aexdik cf ahJ om vrf;jzpfonf/ z&ufwpfjzpfvJ
a'gufwm eD;(vf)onf uReaf wmf txufwiG f a&;om;azmfjycJo h nfh
ud, k f aysmuf vlowform; *suf udk tm;usonf/ *sut f aMumif;

a&;om;azmfjyxm;onfh &JwyfzYJG\ *sme,frsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sut f aMumif;

a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyaf wGukd wpftyk Nf yD;wpftyk f zwfonf[k qdMk u

onf/ 0wfqif&mwGiyf if 0wfpekH ufukd 0wfqifNyD; yd;k teuf vnfp;D ?
yd;k teuf OD;xkyu f kd xm0pOf 0wfqifavh&o dS jzifh olYywf0ef;usiu f
olYukd aumif;aumif; odaeMu\/
1891 ckEpS f rmpwm;ESifh ar[kac:a0:aeonfh rde;f rysuaf v;
ESpOf ;D ESifh z&ufwYkd oGm;vmaeMuonfukd ywf0ef;usiu f awGY&dS aeMuonf/
uvdAk mqdo k l jynfw h efqmruav; wpfO;D ESiv hf nf; t&ufqikd rf sm;? uyGJ
½Hrk sm;wGif oGm;vmaeonfukd trsm;u owdxm;rdMuonf/ þuJo h Ykd
z&uftrnfcH a'gufwmeD;(vf)ESifh wyl;wGw J JG oGm;vmaeonfh uvdAk m
qdo k l jynfw h efqmruav;rSm csucf si;f aoqH;k cJ&h onf/ rIcif;q&m0efBu;D
url uG,v f eG o f \ l tpmtdrt f wGi;f tqdyrf sm;awGY&ojzihf tqdyo f ifh ao
qH;k &onf[k trIziG chf ahJ vonf/
1891 ck {Nyv D 11 &ufaeYwiG f vef'efNrKd U pwif;zdYv k rf;&Sd jynhf
wefqmrsm; aexdik o f nfh tdrrf sm; ywf0ef;usiw f iG f 0wfpekH uf? yd;k OD;xky?f
yd;k teufvnfp;D ? a&Tuikd ;f rsurf eS w f yfxm;aom vlwpfO;D udk &JwYu kd awGU&
ojzifh xdo k t l m; apmihMf unhcf MhJuonf/
atmufwb kd mv 13 &ufaeYwiG f touf 19 ESpcf efY&dS jynhw f ef
qm tDvefqo kd rl mS Adu k af tmifah om a0'emjzihf vef'efaq;½HBk uD;odYk
a&muf vmcho J nf/ olruG,v f eG rf D olYtm; a'gufwm z&ufqo kd ul
0ufNcHrsm; aysmufuif;í tom;ta& acsmarGYapaom aq;vH;k rsm;
aomufap&mrS þuJo h Ykd a0'em pGu J yfvmonf[k xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf/
,if;jynfw h efqm uav;rSmvnf; uG,v f eG cf &hJ &Smonf/ olYtpmtdrt f wGi;f rS
tqdyrf sm; awGUcJ&h mrS jynhw f efqmrsm;tm; aysmyf g;NyD; tqdyaf uR;í
owfonfhowif; ay:vmcJhonf/ wpfcsdefu emrnfausmfcJhaom
ud, k af ysmufvo l wform; *suf jyefay:vmcJo h avm/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;?
*sme,frsm;ESifh r*¾Zif;BuD;rsm; wGif azmfjyyg&Sv d mojzihf vef'efwpfNrdKUvH;k
wkev f yI af csmufcsm;vmcJjh yef onf/
towfc&H olrsm;rSm jynhw f efqmrrsm;om jzpfMuNy;D owf&mwGif
,cifu, kd af ysmuf vlowform; *suu f ohJ Ykd "m;udk toH;k rjyK? tqdyyf g
onfh aq;udo k m oH;k pGo J nfukd awGY&&dS onf/ vef'ef&t J zGYJBuD;ESifh paumh
wvef,m'ftzGYJBuD;tzdYk pdwyf supf &m jzpfvmonf/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;u
vnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefvmcJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu xkwaf 0aom vef'ef
wdik ;f (r) owif;pmBuD;url ,cif aysmufu, G af eaom vlowform;

70 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
*suf qef;opfvmoavm[k acgif;BuD;ydik ;f rS a&;om;azmfjyvmonf/
wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tm; &mxl;rS xGuaf y;&ef awmif;qdo k nfh tajctaeodYk
a&muf&v dS monf/
vef'ef&t J zGYJBuD;uvnf; tqdyaf qmif vlowform; oGm;vm
vIy&f mS ;onfh uyG½J rkH sm;? t&ufqikd rf sm;? jynhw f efqmtdrrf sm;odYk &Jom;rsm;
tm; txl;wm0efcsxm;Muonf/ vef'efNrdKU uyG½J w kH pf½rkH S xGuv f maom
touf 40 cefY&dS yd;k teuf vnfp;D ? yd;k teuf OD;xky?f teufa&mif0wfp?kH
EIwfcrf;arG;? a&Tudkif;rsufrSefwyfxm;aom vlwpfa,muftm; &JwdkYu
awG Y vd k u f M u&onf / xG u f v monf h vl o nf uyG J ½ H k r S
jynfhwefqmruav; tJvpf(p)ESihf rMumcP oGm;vmaeol[k
qdkMuonf/ tJvpfrSmvnf; &uf tenf;i,ftwGif;
tpmtdraf &m*ga0'em pGu J yfvmcho
J nf/ qd;k qd;k 0g; 0g; cHpm;vmcJ&h ojzihf
vef'efaq;½HkBuD;odkY wufa&mufuko&mrS a'gufwm z&ufqdkolonf
olYtm; rsufESmay:&Sd tzktydrfhrsm; aysmufuif;aponfh aq;vHk;rsm;
ay;cJhaMumif;? xdkaq;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;pGJ&mrS ,if;odkY a&m*ga0'em
pGJuyfvmaMumif; &JwdkYxH xGufqdkcJh\/ tJvpfxHrS awGY&onfh
aq;vHk;rsm; wGif tqdyfrsm; awGU&Sd&onf[k rIcif;q&m0efBuD;rsm;u
xkwfazmfcJhMu onf/
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f ef&yfuu G wf iG f aexdik f
ol vl0q D mqdo k l touf 19 ESpcf efY&dS jynfw h efqmwpfO;D ESit fh wl oGm;vm
aexkid cf jhJyefonf/ vl0q D monf a'gufwmeD;(vf)udk awGU&pOfuyif vlowf
orm; z&ufqo kd al vm[k ouFmruif; jzpfco hJ nf/ odYkjzpfí olYtm;ay;
onfh 0ufNcHaysmufuif;apí tom;ta& acsmarGYapaom aq;vH;k rsm;ukd
vH;k 0 oH;k pGjJ cif;r&S?d odr;f xm;cJo h nf/
a'gufwmeD;(vf)tzdYk Bur®mqd;k 0ifvmcJah vawmhonf/ wpfaeY
wGif vl0q D mESifh eD;(vf)onf vef'efNrdKU cs&J if;ua&mh blwm½Ht k eD;&Sd
aysmyf pJG m;½Hw k pf½rkH S xGut f vmwGif paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJrS wyf
MuyfBu;D 0g;('f)ESifh &ifqikd af wGUcJ&h onf/ 0g;('f)onf eD;vf\ toGif
oP²mefEiS fh t0wftpm;udk awGY&vQif awGY&csi;f vlowform; z&ufqo kd l
jzpfEikd of nf[k ,lqonf/ a'gufwm eD;(vf)tm; ajc&mcHro d mG ;cJo
h nf/
vl0q D muvnf; olYxrH S a'gufwm eD;(vf) ay;xm;aom aq;vH;k rsm;udk
&JtzGYJtm; ay;tyfco hJ nf/

&JtzGYJonf a'gufwmeD;(vf)tm; ZGev f 3 &ufaeYwiG f zrf;qD;cJNh y;D
vef'efNrKd U td;k bkid af v w&m;½H;k csKyBf u;D wGif w&m;pGJ qdck ahJ vawmhonf/
vltrsm; pdw0f ifpm;aom trIBuD; jzpfco hJ nf/ a'gufwm eD;(vf)udk
Mopaw;vswu kd f qpf'eDNrKd U? tusO;f axmifBu;D wGif awGYc&hJ onf[k qpf'eD
axmifr;ª Bu;D u xkwaf zmfajymqdck jhJ yefojzihf a'gufwm eD;(vf)rSm ya[Vd
qefol jzpfvmonf/ trSet f m;jzihf ol Mopaw;vsoYkd ra&mufc/hJ vlwl
wpfa,muf jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ olYtm; BuKd ;ay;pOfu ol ud, k af ysmuf
vlowform; *suf qko d nfrmS trSef jzpfygoavm? rnforl Q r&Si;f Edik af om
aMumifh ol vlowform; *suf [k ajymcJo h avm/ xl;qef;onfh *E¦0if
rIcif;Bu;D jzpfayonf/
usrf;udk;

(12)
1906 ck? Zlvdkifv 11 &uf/

eHeufapmapmjzpfojzihf jrLawGu qdik ;f aeonf/ odYkaomf ta&SY
buf rd;k aumif;uifwiG f a&mifeyD sKd Yvmojzihf ta&SUaumif;uif wpfciG v f ;kH
eDaeavonf/ e,l;a,mh(cf) NrdKUawmfBuD; qifajczH;k &S?d emrnfausmf

uefawmfBuD;ay:wGif wufopfp eD&aJ om aea&mifjcnfrsm;onf

teDa&mif yd;k csnrf Qirf sm;ozG,f ckeaf ygufjrL; xl;aeovdk jzpfae\/

wjznf;jznf; tarSmifxo k nf &So
J mG ;onf/ uefawmfBuD; ab;&Sd
rufreG yf ifrsm;? yd;k pmyiftyk rf sm;onf vif;pjyKvmavonf/ odYk aomf
tarSmifxo k nf aysmufu, G o
f mG ;ao;onf r[kwaf y/ ta0;&Sd awmtkyf
rsm;wGif cdek m;aeqJjzpfonf/ ,refaeYu &Gmxm;aom rd;k aMumihf rd;k puf
rd;k aygufuav;rsm;onf yd;k pmyifrsm;? opft,fyifrsm;ay:wGif wGv J cJG vdk suf
&SdMuao;onf/
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aq;okwx f m;Ny;D cgpuJoh Ykd ajymifvufawmufyvsuf &Sad eonf/ awmbJ
tkyrf sm;onf tdyw f ef;rSxum a&jyifay:wGif 0Jysv H su&f NdS y;D ? us;D uef; wpf
tkyu f vnf; uefpyf&dS opfyifrsm;xufrS wtmtm atmfjrnfvsuf &So d nf/
e,l;a,mh(cf)NrKd UawmfoYkd taysmcf &D;xGuv f monfh vli,fwpfpo k nf qlql

nHnH atmf[pfum a&pyfoYkd qif;vmMuonf/ olwYkt d m;vH;k onf xl;jcm;
qef;Mu,fonfh jrifuiG ;f aMumifh wkev f yI o f mG ;Muonf/ qlnaH eonfh
pum;ajymoHrsm;vnf; rD;udk a&zse;f vdu k o f vdk Nird o f mG ;\/
wufopfae\ teDa&mif vTr;f aeaom uefa&jyifwiG f arsmygae
onfh trsKd ;om;aqmif; aumuf½;kd OD;xkyw f pfv;kH ? tjzLa&mif trsKd ;orD;
NcHKxnfwpfxnfEiS fh arSmufaeonfh taysmpf ;D avSi,fuav; wpfpif;udk
awGYvu kd Mf u&onf/ ½kww f &uf bmvky&f rSe;f rodawmh? teD;qH;k &Jpcef;
wpfco k Ykd taMumif;Mum;&efom &So d nf/ vli,fuav;rsm;rSm aus;vuf
a'orS vma&mufMuolrsm;jzpfojzihf rnfoYkdrnfykH aqmif&u G &f rnfudk
em; rvnf? odYkaomf olwYkd uHaumif;oGm;onf[k qd&k ayrnf/ use;f rma&;
twGuf vrf;avQmufvmMuonfh tbd;k tdpk w kH uJG kd olwYkdjrifvu kd &f onfEiS fh
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eD;&m &Jpcef;wpfco k Ykd taMumif;Mum;Edik cf MhJ u\/ &Jom;rsm;? tar&duefjynf
axmifpk tzGYJrS pHak xmufrsm;? rIcif;q&m0efBuD;ESifh tzGYJom;rsm;onf

uefawmfBuD; a&jyifwpf0u kd u
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OD;acgif;wGif xdcu kd x f m;onfh 'Pf&mudk awGU&ojzihf ,if;'Pf&maMumifh
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qdo k nft h csuu f kd rod&&dS / tjcm;oJveG pf wpfpw kH pf&mrS &&Sjd cif; r&So d jzihf
&JtzGYJEiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJwYkdtzdYk tcuftcJ awGYavonf/
xdpk Ofu xkwaf 0vsu&f o dS nfh owif;pmBu;D rsm;wGif ,if;rIcif;
owif; yg0ifvmojzihf vlawG pdw0f ifpm;vmcJMh uonf/ &JtzGYJuvnf;
owif;ay;Edik &f ef aMunmcsurf sm; xkwaf 0cJo h jzihf uefawmfBu;D teD;&Sd *vif;rd;k
[dkw,f refae*sm\ owif;ay;ydkYcsuft&qkdvQif aoqHk;olrSm
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t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif;? acsmarmvSyol? um;(vf)*a&[efqo kd El iS fh
vma&mufí [dw k ,fwiG f wnf;ckcd ahJ Mumif; olwYkEd pS Of ;D naecif;wGif avSp;D
xGuo f mG ;cJNh y;D [dw k ,foYkd jyefvnf a&muf&v dS mcJjh cif; r&Sad Mumif; &JtzGYJu

74 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
od&v dS mcJ&h onf/ 0g&Siw f efyYk(d pf)ESifh e,l;a,mh(cf)wdik ;f (p) owif;pmBu;D
wGif ,if;owif; yg0ifvmcJo h jzihf vlwikd ;f pdw0f ifpm;aom owif;jzpfvm
cJ\
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qkaiGay;rnf[k &JtzGYJu aMunmcJo h nf/ aoqH;k ol trsKd ;orD;uav;udrk l
&JtzGYu J ajc&mcHro d nf/ aoqH;k ol trsKd ;orD;uav; aqGrsKd ;rsm;\ xGuq f kd
csut f & trsKd ;orD;uav;\trnfrmS *a&U(pf)ba&mif; qdo k jl zpfNy;D *pf
vuftxnfcsKypf uf½rkH S tvkyo f rwpfO;D jzpfaMumif;? rdbrsm;rSm qif;qif;
&J&J todik ;f t0dik ;f rS jzpfMuNy;D *a&U(pf) rSm oabmaumif;olwpfO;D jzpfojzihf
vlcspv f cl ifaygrsm;aMumif; owif;&&Sv d mcJMh u\/
*a&U(pf)ba&mif;rSm txnfcsKypf uf½kH ydik &f iS Ef iS fh wlawmfol wpfO;D
jzpfol csupf wm*pfvufEiS fh cspcf ifaeMuonfrmS oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k &Scd NhJ y[
D k qdk
onf/ rMumrD vufxyfMuvdrrfh nf[k aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;u owif;ay;cJh
Mu\/ csupf wm*pfvufrmS acsmarmvSyí a,musmf ;yDoonfh ½kyf
vu©Pm&SNd y;D olajym[efq[ kd efwYko
d nf trsKd ; orD;rsm; usavmufonf[k
qdMk uavonf/ vGecf o hJ nfh vteD;i,ftwGi;f u {nfch yH w JG pfyw JG iG f awGY&
onfh *kPBf u;D &Sif trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D ESit fh wl xm0pOf awGUvm&onf/ csuf
pwm*pfvufonf olYcspo f l *a&U(pf)ba&mif;tm; a&SmifvmcJo h nf/
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trsKd ;om;rSm csupf wm*pfvuf jzpfEikd o f nf[k aumufcsucf sc\ hJ / csuf
pwm*pfvufrmS a&Smifaeonf/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;uvnf; csupf wm*pf
vuf "mwfyEkH iS fh aoqH;k ol *a&U(pf)ba&mif;\ "mwfyu kH kd azmfjycJMh uonf/
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*pfvuftm; ajc&mcHvu dk Mf uonf/ aemufq;kH csufpwm*pfvufukd
txnfcsKyf puf½ykH ikd &f iS Bf uD;\ tdrw f iG f zrf;qD;&rdavawmhonf/
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&JwYkxd H xGuq f ckd MhJ u\/ csupf wm*pfvufurl ol r[kwyf g/ ol xdak eYu
olYrw d af qGwpfO;D ESit fh wl uyG½J w kH pf½okH Ykd oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf[k &JwYkx d wH iG f
ajzmifch suaf y;cJo h nf/ odYkjzpfí *vif;rd;k [dw k ,fwiG f aoqH;k ol *a&U(pf)
ba&mif;ESit fh wl wnf;cdck o hJ rl mS rnfojl zpfoenf;/ pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmcJ\ h /
&JwYko d nf wwfEikd o f avmufyJ oJveG pf &SmazGMuonf/ aemufq;kH *vif;rd;k

[dw k ,f {nfo h nfrw S w f rf;pmtkyw f iG f umvf*a&[eftrnfjzihf a&;om;
xm;onfh zGix hf m;aom jywif;aygufrS um;(vf)*a&[ef\ vufa&;ESihf
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aemufq;kH *pfvufonf &JwYx kd wH iG f ajzmifch suaf y;cJ&h awmh onf/
odYkaomf olonf *a&U(pf)udk owfcjhJ cif; r[kw/f rawmfwq aoqH;k cJ&h mrS
&mZ0wfrjI zpfaMumif; wifjycJo h nf/ 1906 ckE0kd ifbmv 16 &ufaeYwiG f
csufpwm*pfvuftm; vlowfrIjzifh e,l;a,mh(cf)NrdKU &mZ0wf
w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGif w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/ oufaoaygif; 106 OD; ac:
,lppfaq;cJ&h onfh trIBu;D jzpfonf/ vltrsm; pdw0f ifpm;cJo h nfh trIBu;D
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azmfjycJMh u\/
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rsm;? rIcif;r*¾Zif;Bu;D rsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;? tvkyo f rm; toif;tzGYJ
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tcif;jzpfyGm;onfhaeYurl csufpwm*pfvufonf *a&U(pf)
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vlou l if;a0;aom ae&modYk avSjzihf oGm;cJMh uNyD; *a&U(pf)\ OD;acgif;udk
wif;epf&ufuufjzihf ½du k cf ahJ vonf/ 'Pf&mrS jyif;xefojzihf raor&Sif
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tjzpfreS u f kd *pfvufonf w&m;olBuD;ESifh *sL&DvBl uD;rsm; a&SUwGif ½H;k awmf
BuD;ü xGuq f ckd \ hJ /

76 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
oufaorsm;\ xGuq f ckd surf sm;rSmvnf; uGv J jJG cif; r&S?d wnD
wnGww f nf; xGuq f ckd MhJ uojzifh *sL&DvBl u;D rsm;ESifh w&m;olBu;D tzdYk Mum
&Snpf mG pOf;pm;ae&ef rvdak wmh/ w&m;cHu, kd w
f ikd f 0efcx H u G qf í
kd ½H;k awmf
Bu;D u vlowfw&m;cH csupf wm*pfvuftm; vQypf pfuv k m;xdik jf zihf ao
'Pfp&D if&ef trdeYfcsrw S cf ahJ vonf/
csupf wm*pfvufEiS fh *a&U(pf)ba&mif;wdYk\ tcspZf mwfvrf;rSm
pma&;q&mrsm;twGuf taumif;qH;k aom a&;uGujf zpfcahJ vonf/ 1907
ckEpS f rwfvwGif csupf wm*pfvuftm; vQypf pfuv k m;xdik jf zihf ao'Pf
pD&ifco hJ nf/ odYkaomf csupf wm*pfvufonf rao/ ,aeYxd touf
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cJo
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&duef vGr;f yHjk yif udk a&;om;cJh Ny;D 1925 ckEpS w f iG f

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cJ&h mrS ZmwfaqmiftrsKd ;orD; aoqH;k cJ&h mwGif uvdu k *f &pfzpftm; ao'Pf
tjypfay;cH&yHjk zihf tqH;k owfxm;cJo h jzihf urÇmph mzwfy&dowfBu;D onf woo
jzpfc&hJ onf/
a0zefa&;q&mwdYu k rl pma&;q&mBu;D oD,'kd 'kd a&Zmonf tar&d
uef t&if;&Sipf epfatmufwiG f cspjf cif;arwåmppf? arwåmrSeo f nf rnfonfh
tcgrS &Tiv f ef;Edik vf rd rhf nf r[kw[ f al om ,lqcsuu f kd azmfjyxm;onf[k
qdMk uonf/ qif;&JraJG waeonfh tar&duef vlx\ k b0udv k nf; pmzwf
olukd woojzpfap&ef azmfjycJo h nf[k qdak vonf/
vlowfw&m;cH uvdu k *f &pfzpfukd tjcm;aom ao'Pfp&D ifrnfh
tusOf;om; 30 ESit fh wl xm;onf/ aeYpOf wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf
ao'Pfco H mG ;&onfukd awGYjrifae&onf/ ao'Pfp&D ifc&H rnfh uvdu k f
*&pfzpf &ifarmyHu k kd pma&;q&mBu;D oD,'kd 'kd a&Zmonf ol\ 0w¬Ktwwf
ynmjzifh a&;om;xm;cJo h jzihf zwf½&I olrsm; woo jzpfc&hJ jcif; jzpfav
onf/

]tar&duef vGr;f yHjk yif} 0w¬KBuD;udk ½ky&f iS ½f u dk uf ;l jyocJ&h m
aomufaomufvJ 0ifaiG&&Scd o hJ nf[k qdo k nf/ xd½k yk &f iS af MumfjimwGif
*a&U(pf)ba&mif;ESihf pwm*pfvufwY\ kd jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;Bu;D [k xnfo h iG ;f
aMumfnmcJo h nf[k qdak vonf/ ,if;½ky&f iS u f kd uReaf wmfwYdk rMunhv f u
dk &f /
uG,v f eG o
f ?l pma&;q&m? tu,f'rD 'g½du k w f m q&mom"konf ,if;jzpf
&yfreS f ]rIcif;} ]tar&duef vGr;f yHjk yif} udk rS;D í ]Zmwfvrf;yrm} trnfjzihf
0w¬Ka&;cJo h nf/ vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; 40 cefYu jzpfojzihf aumif;pGm rrSwf
rdawmhNy/D
þjzpf&yfreS jf ypfrI 0w¬KBuD;ESifh ½ky&f iS uf ykd if rSjD irf;í ]cspo f ufa0}
[laom trnfjzifyh if 1952 ckEpS cf efYu jrefrm½ky&f iS f ½du k uf ;l í jyochJ
avonf/ rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;udk rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ Zmwfvrf;tqH;k wGif
*a&U(pf)ba&mif; csupf wm*pfvufwYku d ohJ Ykd rif;om;ESifh rif;orD; tif;vsm;
ueftwGi;f avSarSmufjcif;jzihf NyD;qH;k cJo h nf[k xifygonf/
usrf;udk;

(13)
wa'gufa'guf avQmufvmaom zdeyfo/H wcRicf Rif jrnfvm

aom aomhwo JG aH Mumifh tusO;f om; trSwf 17? a&mbwftuf(z)px
a&mufonf tdyaf rmus&mrS Ed;k vmonf/ acwårQ tdyaf rmusaeonf[k
xif&aomfvnf; eHeuf 5;00 em&D xd;k aeavNy/D t,fumx&uf

tusO;f axmifrS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf tusO;f om;rsm;udk

eHeufapmapm use;f rma&;avhusi&hf ef vku d í f ac:aeMuavNy/D

a&mbwfpxa&mufonf þtusO;f axmifBuD;odYk ajymif;a&TUvm
cJ&h onfrmS 26 ESp&f cdS ahJ vNyD/ olYtm; xl;jcm;onfh tusO;f orm;wpfO;D ?
pmtkyaf wG wpftyk Nf y;D wpftyk f zwfae&onfh tusO;f orm;wpfO;D [k axmif
tmPmydik af wGu jrifonf/ ola&;om;onfh iSut f aMumif; aqmif;yg;awG
udk tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S xkwaf 0aom iSurf sm;okawoe*sme,f
wGif vpOfazmfjycJNh yD; tjcm;odyrHÜ *¾Zif;rsm;wGif

vnf; tusO;f om;Bu;D a&mbwfpxa&mufonf iSuo f ak woeaqmif;yg;

rsm; a&;avh&o dS nf/
axmiftmPmydkifwdkYonf a&mbwfpxa&muftm; oD;oefY
tcef;wpfcef; ay;xm;cJ&h onf/ olYtwGuf vufEydS pf uf? olzwfvo kd nfh
pmtkypf mwrf;awG? olarG;xm;onfh pmuav;? Muufwal &G;? ysv H mT ;paom
iSuu f av;rsm; avSmifxm;onfh avSmiftrd af wG? iSuu f av;awG auR;zdYk

tpm? iSuu f av;rsm;twGuf aq;0g;urusef jynfph akH tmif jznfw h if;ay;&
onf/ olwYk d tusO;f cef;av;\ oHwik d rf sm;Mum;rS wufopfp aea&mif jcnfonf
wd;k 0ifvmcJNh yjD zpfonf/ wufopfp aea&mifjcnfonf oHwikd f rsm;Mum;rS
a&Tjrm;wef;rsm;vdk Munfí h aumif;vSonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f vHNk cHKak &;t& emrnfausmfaom
t,f(vf)umx&uf tusO;f axmifonf yifv,furf;pyf ausmufaqmif
BuD;rsm;ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;cJo h nf/ txl;ojzihf trIBuD;rsm; usL;
vGecf o hJ nfh tusO;f orm;rsm;udo k m xm;avh&o dS nf/ tusO;f orm; trSwf
17 a&mbwftuf(z)pxa&muftm; wpfoufwpfuRe;f pD&ifcsucf s rSwf
xm;cJNh yD;jzpf&m olYtzdYk vGwv f rf;rjrifawmh/
wokeo f ek w f ukd af eaom avjynfwiG f rufreG yf ifwYkd\ teHYEiS fh
tusO;f axmif,mawmrS opfaqG;? opfajcmufteHYrsm;udk pxa&mufonf
½SL½du
I rf o d nf/ ,refaeYu emrnfausmf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pHak xmuf
tzGYJBuD; tuf(zf)bDtidk \ f wm0eft&Sq d ;kH yk*Kd¾ vBf uD; jzpfaom

[l;Am;xHrS olarG;xm;onfh iSuu f av;rsm;twGuf tBuHawmif;vTmudk

wpfBurd f jyefvnfzwf½rI o d nf/ [l;Am;onf iSurf sm; arG;jrLa&;udk 0goem
ygoljzpfNyD; ESpBf uD;tusO;f orm; trSwf 17 pxa&muf\ iSurf sm;
taMumif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyEdik &f ef ydYkay;avh
&So
d nf/
vlowform; pxa&muf arG;jrLxm;aom iSurf sm;udk [l;Am;
onf 0,f,al vh&o dS l jzpfojzihf [l;Am;rSm pxa&muf\ azmufonfBuD;
jzpfonf/ pxa&muf0goemygonfh iSut f rsKd ;rsKd ;udk avh

vmonfh bmom&yfukd tuf(zf)bDtidk t f Bu;D tuJ [l;rm;uvnf; 0goem

ygonf/ pxa&muf a&;om;jyKpo k nfh

iSuw f Ykd\ tpmraMua&m*gtaMumif; pmtkyrf mS iSut f rsKd ;rsKd ;

avh vmonfh ynm&Sirf sm;ud, k w f ikd f cs;D rGr;f &onfh pmtkyBf uD;jzpfonf/
wuúov kd Bf uD;rsm;u okawoe ynm&SiBf uD;rsm; ud, k w
f ikd f
,if; bmom&yfEiS yfh wfoufí a&;om;&ef cJ,Of;aomtaMumif;t&mudk
tajccH ynmom wwfajrmufonfh vlowform; tusOf;om;
pxa&mufu jyKpck o hJ nfrmS tHMh ozG,&f m jzpfawmhonf/
vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; 40 cefYu uReaf wmfonf xl;xl;qef;qef;
½ky&f iS uf m;wpfum;udk Munh½f cI &hJ onf/ xd½k yk &f iS u f m;onf

80 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
t,f(v)ux&uf tusO;f axmifrS iSuv f o l m; [l

aom ½ky&f iS u f m;jzpfonf/ o½kyaf qmifrmS bwfvefuwfpwm

jzpfonf/ txufazmfjycJah om vlowform; iSucf spo f l

a&mbwfpxa&muf\ b0udk ½du k u f ;l cJoh nfh ½ky&f iS u f m; jzpfonf/ tjcm;

o½kyaf qmifrsm;\ trnfukd rrSwrf ad wmh Ny/D ½ky&f iS u f m;Bu;D udk uReaf wmf
ESpBf urd f jyefMunhcf ohJ nf/ tusO;f om;wpfO;D \ b0ESifh iSuaf rG;jrLa&;ynm
udk y&dowfBu;D ysi;f &djcif; r&Sad p&ef ½du k uf ;l jyocJo h nfh Zmwfum;Bu;D
jzpfonf/
þ½ky&f iS u f kd Munh½f NI y;D uReaf wmfonf tusO;f orm; a&mbwf
pxa&mufukd pdw0f ifpm;vmonf/ tHMh ovmcJo h nf/ olEiS yhf wfoufonfh
taMumif;t&m? rSww f rf;rsm;udk &SmazGco hJ nf/ txufazmfjyyg ½ky&f iS f
um;Bu;D Munh½f cI &hJ Ny;D av;ig;ESpcf efY&rdS S qdo k l a&;om;

onfh [laom pmtkyu f kd &&Scd ahJ vonf/

a&mbwfpxa&muf\ b0jzpfpOfum; pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;

oavmuf &ifeifzh , G &f m jzpfavonf/ olYb0onf arSmifxu J pcJo h nfb h 0
jzpfNy;D tarSmifEiS yfh if tqH;k owfc&hJ ol jzpfonf/ urÇmrh cI if;ordik ;f wGif
axmifwpfoufwpfuRe;f usNy;D axmifxw J iG f t½d;k xkwaf oqH;k cJ&h ol ESpOf ;D
om &So d nf[k qdpk rSwjf yKMuonf/ wpfO;D rSm 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D twGi;f u
emrnfausmf emZDygwD'w k ,d acgif;aqmifBu;D ½la'gh[uf(cf) jzpfco hJ nf/
bmvifNrKd U&Sd ppftusO;f orm; rsm;xm;aom pyif'gtusO;f axmifBu;D wGif
toufxufq;kH aeoGm;Ny;D axmifwiG ;f rSmyif uG,v f eG cf &hJ ol jzpfonf/
'kw,d u uReaf wmfwYk\ d iSut f rsKd ;rsKd ; yg&*l? vlowform;
Bu;D a&mbwfpxa&muf jzpfNy;D tusO;f axmiftwGi;f 54 ESpw f w d d aexdik f
cJ&h Ny;D touf 76 ESpw f iG f uG,v f eG cf &hJ ol jzpfonf/
a&mbwfpxa&mufonf i,fpOf olYrcd ifukd tvGejf rwfE;kd wG,f
wmol jzpfonf/ olYrcd ifaemuf waumufaumuf vdu k o f mG ;aeol jzpf
onf/ i,fpOfurl olYrcd if\*g0efpudk xm0pOfqí JG vku d af eol jzpfonf[k
qdMk uonf/ wpfO;D wnf;aeavh&NdS y;D rw&m;rIukd pufqyk &f &HG mS ol jzpf\/
upm;azmfrsm;tay: rw&m;tEdik u f sirhf uI kd Munhaf eEdik o f l r[kw/f xm0pOf
tm;i,fonf/ upm;azmfrsm;bufrS 0ifa&muf ckcHumuG,favh&Sdojzihf
pxa&mufukd tcsKd Yu qlqyl yl l jyKvkyaf vh&o dS ?l &efvo kd u l av;wpfO;D [k
xifcJhMuonf/

olYzcifrmS vlay:aMumh? t&uform;wpfO;D jzpfNyD; olYrcd iftm;
xm0pOf tEkid u f siafh vh&o dS jzihf ,if;jzpf&yfonf Eke,fonfh t&G,jf zpfaom
pxa&muftm; pdw"f mwfa&;&m xdcu kd jf cif;jzpfayonf/ pxa&muf ausmif;
aept&G,w f iG f olYzcifonf olwYkdom;trdEpS Of ;D tm; pGeYfypfcNhJ yD;aemuf
ZeD; wpfa,mufjzifh xGuaf jy;oGm;cJ&h m wwd,wef;ausmif;om;uav;om
jzpfaom pxa&mufonf olY rdciftm; vkyaf uR;&ef ausmif;rS xGucf &hJ &Sm
onf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk NrdKUqdyu
f rf;wGif usyef;orm;

uav;tjzpf rdcifukd vkyaf uR;cJ&h &Smonf/

touf 18 ESpw f iG f tvmpum odYk ajymif;a&TUvmcJNh y;D

rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvyk &f mwGif tvkyMf urf;orm;tjzpf toufarG;cJ&h

onf/
tvmpumwGif olYtwGuf yxrqH;k ESifh aemufq;kH jzpfaom trsKd ;
orD;wpfO;D jzpfaom upfwt D bkd &if; ESifh awGY&awmhonf/

upfwo D nf a&mbwf(pf)xa&mufxuf toufEpS Ef pS cf efY BuD;onf/

tawGYtBuKH rsm;ol? trsKd ;om;aygif;pHEk iS fh wGcJ o hJ l jzpfonf/ nuvyfwiG f
azsmaf jzol wpfO;D jzpfonf[k qdMk uonf/ tawGUtBuKH r&So d l vli,f px
a&muftzdYk upfwu D kd wrf;wrf;pGJ jzpfc&hJ onf/ upfwrD mS ,cifcspo f al [mif;
&Scd zhJ ;l onf/ vlq;kd vl&rf;um; pOf;vJaumufuspo f w l pfO;D jzpf\/
upfw\ D cspo f al [mif;rSm csmvD'g;rm;qdo k l tvkyrf &Sd vrf;ay:
u vlru kd wf pfO;D jzpfonf/ upfwED iS fh pxa&mufwYkd ESpOf ;D onf csmvDab;rS
uif;a0;&ef wpfae&modYk a&SmifomG ;MuzdYk jyifqifco hJ nf/ þodYktwGi;f
pxa&muf tvkyo f mG ;aepOf csmvDonf upfwt D m; vma&mufawGYqkH
onf/ olYaemufoYkd vdu k cf &hJ ef ZGwaf oG;aqmifonf/ tEdik t f xuf jyKonf/
upfw\ D a&Tavmhuwfo;D udk jzKw, f o l mG ;cJo
h nf/
a&mbwfpa&muftzdYk ,rf;yHrk ;D usonft h vm; jzpf&awmhonf/
olYcspo f u l pfwED iS fh olYMum; aESmif, h u S o f nfh csmvDtm; taysmuf&iS ;f &efrS
wpfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sad wmhNy/D xdpk Ofu vufeufrsm;vnf; aygonf/
aiGay;vQif rdrBd uKd u&f mvufeuf &&SEd ikd o f nf/ pxa&mufonf ypöwkd wpf
vufukd 0,f,cl NhJ y;D csmvD oGm;wwfonfh uyG½J ?kH t&ufqikd af wG ajrvSe&f mS
onf/ csmvDaeonfh tdru f kd oGm;apmiho f nf/ aemufq;kH csmvDEiS fh px
a&mufwYkd wpfyw JG pfvrf; prf;cJMh uonf/ ypöwkd toif, h v l mcJah om px

82 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
a&mufonf emrnfausmf vlq;kd Mu;D csmvD ud, k w f iG ;f odYk usnq f ef ig;
awmifh ypfoiG ;f Ny;D &JwYkx d wH iG f tzrf;cHco hJ nf/
xdpk Ofu tvmpumjynfe,fonf Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; cufco J nfh
jynfe,fjzpfojzihf jzpfymG ;cJo h nft h rIBuD;rsm;udv k nf; jyif;jyif;xefxef
ta&;,lcahJ vh&o dS nf/ odYkjzpfí a&mbwfpxa&muftm; axmif'Pf 12
ESpf tjypfay;cJo h nf/ a&mbwfpxa&muftm; xdpk Ofu emrnfausmf
rufe;D (vf)uRe;f tusO;f axmifBu;D wdu k yf w d t f usO;f orm;tjzpf tapmihf
txyfxyfcsí xm;cJo h nf/
a&mbwfpxa&mufonf olUwdww f w d yf ek ;f cspo f x l rH S pmudk xm0pOf
arQmfonf/ axmif0ifpm vmawGYzdkY tBudrfBudrf pma&;cJhonf/
axmiftmPmydik w f Yku
d vnf; pxa&mufEiS fh upfww D Ykd axmif0ifpmudk aESmifh
aES;atmif jyKvyk o f nf[k csppf w d rf eT af eonfh a&mbwfpxa&mufu xif
onf/ aemufq;kH wGif axmif0ifpmXmerS wm0ef&o dS w l pfO;D tm; ol wdwf
wqdwf jyKvyk x f m;onfh oHjym;"m;jzihf tqH;k pD&ifco hJ nf/ 'kw, d tBurd f
vlowfro I nf olYtm; emrnfausmf oGm;apcJo h nf/ olvo l wfrI usL;vGef
onf&h ufrmS 1916 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 26 &ufjzpfojzihf olYtzkYd tusO;f
axmifrv S wG &f ef &uftenf;i,fom vdak wmhonf[k qdo k nf/
'kw, d tBurd af jrmuf vlowfrw I iG f ½H;k awmfBu;D u olYtm; ao
'Pftjypfay; pD&ifcahJ vonf/ odYkaomfvnf; olYrcd ifonf or®wBu;D
0k½;kd 0DvqifxH olYom;twGuf ao'PfrS avQmah yghí wpfoufwpfuRe;f
'PfoYkd vTaJ jymif;ay;&ef toem;cHwifjycJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu tar&duef jynf
axmifprk S xkwaf 0aom owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&mbwfpx
a&muf\ taMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJMh uonf/
ol\cspaf rwåmaMumihf usL;vGecf &hJ onfh vlowfrBI u;D rsm;udk vlxu k
pdw0f ifpm;vmcJo h nf/ or®wBu;D 0Dvqifonf a&mbwfpx a&muftm;
ao'PfrS wpfoufwpfuRe;f odYk ajymif;vJay;cJah vonf/
xdYkaMumifh a&mbwfpxa&mufrmS uifqjynfe,f vDAif0g('f)
tusO;f axmifBu;D wGif &moufyefpjH ref;&awmhrnfjzpf\/ olYtm; tEÅ&m,f
ay;Ekid o f nfh tusO;f orm;wpfO;D tjzpf ,lqxm;aom axmiftmPmydik f
rsm;onf yxrydik ;f wdu k yf wd cf NhJ y;D rnfoEl iS rfh Q awGYqckH iG rhf ay;cJ/h
axmifjyifyurÇmESifh tqufjywfc&hJ onf/ jyifywGif ajymif;vJae
onfh vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&; yxrurÇmppfBu;D Ny;D qH;k Ny;D wdk;wufajymif;vJae

onfh tajctaet&yf&yfukd rod&awmh/ olYrcd ifrmS vnf; uG,v f eG cf &hJ Ny/D
olYcspo f l upfwrD mS vnf; owif;tpte r&awmh/ a&mbwfpxa&muf
tzdYk vlYb0onf bmrQt"dymÜ ,f r&Sad wmh/
xyfwvJvjJ rifae&onfh tkwef &H ?H usO;f ajrmif;onfh jywif;ayguf
oHwikd Mf um;u jrifae&onfh 0if;vufonfh Mu,fuav;rsm;? oHwikd Mf um;rS
wd;k 0ifvmonfh vSyaom qnf;qma&mif? rd;k oufeYHEiS fh awmif,mawmrS
opf&u G af qG;eHY tm;vH;k wdYkonf yef;csq D &mBu;D wpfO;D a&;qGo J nfh ouf
Nird f yef;csu D m;csyw f pfcsyf jzpfvmonf/
oltzdYk uHaumif;onf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ tusO;f orm;rsm;
aeYpOf acwåuse;f rma&; avhusichf ef;jyKvyk pf Of tarESifh azmfuaJG eaom pm
uav;ESpaf umifukd awGY&ojzihf olYtcef;odYk,al qmifvmcJNh y;D auR;arG;jyKpk
xm;onf/ i,fpOfuyif rdcifarwåmudk av;pm;cJah om pxa&mufonf
rdcifrphJ muav;rsm;udk auR;arG;xm;&m? iSuw f Y\
kd obm0udk avhvm onf/
wpfaeukef wpfaecef; pmuav;awGEiS o f h m tcsed u f ek cf o
h J jzihf pm uav;rsm;\
obm0udk tawmftoifh em;vnfvmonf/ wjznf;jznf; ESihf
pmuav;rsm;onf ,Ofyg;vmcJMh uNyD; tjcm;pmuav;rsm;onfvnf;
oHwikd af ygufrS a&mbwfpxa&muf\ tcef;odYk 0ifvmcJMh uonf/
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm MumvmaomtcgwGif pmuav;rsm;omru
tjcm;iSuw f Ydu k v kd nf; avhvmcJo h nf/ axmiftmPmydik rf sm;onf at;at;
aq;aq; iSurf sm;\obm0udk avhvmol a&mbwfpxa&muftm; pdwf
0ifpm;vmonf/ ol vkt d yfonfh tultnDrsm; ay;vmcJMh uonf/ ol
avhvmaeonfh ac: iSut f rsKd ;rsKd taMumif; avhvmaom

bmom&yfqikd &f mpmtkyrf sm;udk zwf½cI iG jhf yKcJo h nfomru ola&;onfh

aqmif;yg;rsm;? iSurf sKd ;rsKd ; arG;jrLonfh bmom&yfukd r*¾Zif;? *sme,frsm;
wGif xnfo h iG ;f cGijhf yKc\
hJ /
Edik if w
H umrS iSut f rsKd ;rsKd ; arG;jrLolrsm;ESifh pmtquftoG,f
jyKciG ahf y;cJo h jzihf tajccHynm oH;k wef;rQom wwfajrmufaom vlowf
orm;ESpBf uD;orm; a&mbwfpxa&mufonf urÇmausmv f monf/ olY
tw¬Kyw Ü u åd kd u t,f(vf)umx&uf tusO;f axmifrS

iSuv f o l m;trnfjzihf pmtkyx f w k af 0cJ&h m ta&mif;& twGiu f s,qf ;kH pmtkyf

jzpfvmcJo h nf/ ,if;pmtkyu f kd uReaf wmf txufwiG f azmfjya&;om;cJo h vdk
½ky&f iS ½f u kd u f ;l cJ&h m atmifjrifonfh ½ky&f iS jf zpfc\ hJ /

84 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
t,f(vf)umx&uf tusO;f axmifoYkd ajymif;í vmcJ&h aomtcg
wGif axmiftmPmydik rf sm;onf a&mbwftm; oD;oefY tcef;? vufEydS pf uf?
iSuaf vSmiftrd rf sm;? olvt kd yfonfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk ay;cJo h nf/ olYtm;
vnf; vlxu k pdw0f ifpm;vmonf/ olYxH rdwq f ufpma&;olawG rsm;vm
cJ\
h / aemufq;kH wGif iSuf 0goemygol trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; axmifwiG ;f rS
yif vufxyfcahJ vonf/
ola&;onfh pmtkyrf sm; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk wuúov kd Bf uD;rsm;rS
ynm&SiBf uD;rsm;ud, k wf ikd f cs;D rGr;f cJ&h onf/ jyifopfbmomudv k nf; axmif
wGi;f rSmyif pmay;pm,ljzihf oif,cl &hJ m jyifopfbmomjzihf aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;Edik o
f nfxd atmifjrifaygufa&mufco hJ nf/ w&m;Oya'udv k nf; wpfzuf
rS avhvmcJ\ h / 1963 ckEpS w f iG f touf 76 ESp&f adS om tusO;f orm;Bu;D ESifh
iSut f rsKd ;rsKd ; arG;jrLa&; yg&*lBuD; a&mbwfpxa&mufonf t,f(v)um
x&uf tusO;f axmifwiG ;f rSmyif uG,v f eG cf &hJ avonf/
usr;f ud;k

(14)
wzGm;zGm;usaeaom ESi;f yGirhf sm;atmufwiG f yg&DNrdKUawmfteD;&Sd

yg&DvmacR;okomefonf Nird o f ufvsuf &Sad eayonf/ xif;½SL;yifrsm;? 0uf
opfcsyifwef;rsm; &So d nf/ avwd;k a0SYvu dk wf ikd ;f w&S&J JS jrnfaeonft h oH?
ysi;f &dav;wGUJ pGm jrnfaeonfh yk&pfwY\ kd toH? wpfcgwpf&H wtmtm atmf
aeonfh us;D wdY\ k toHrt S y rnfonfh toHurkd Q rMum;&acs/
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f vrf;rBu;D ay:rS jzwfoef;oGm;aom um;wpfpif;
wav\ cyfoo hJ hJ toHom Mum;&onf/ yg&DNrKd Uawmf *g'Dv, D rG f blwm
Bu;D rS rD;&xm;OMorIwo f o H nf wpfcsuw f pfcsuf ysYv
H iG v hf monf/ wokef
okef wdu k af eaom at;pdro hf nfh avjynfwiG f opf&u G af jcmufteYrH sm;? ajr
oif;eHYrsm; ysYv H iG v hf suf &Sad eayonf/ eHeuf 9 em&DccJG efY&NdSyD jzpfaomfvnf;
aea&mifukd aumif;pGm rjrif&/ yg&DoYkd a&mufvm[ef&adS om urÇmvSnchf &D;
onf tbGm;Bu;D ESifh tbd;k Bu;D pHw k o JG nf okomeftwGi;f &Sd a[mif;EGr;f ae
aom *lrsm;udk wpf*Nl y;D wpf *l *½kpu kd Nf y;D Munh½f aI eMuonf/ wpfpw kH pfO;D \
*lukd oJorJ rJ J &SmaeMu\/ olwYEkd pS Of ;D vufxrJ S opfcyG ef;acGrsm;udk Munhjf rif
&jcif;tm;jzihf *g&0jyKtrSww f &yef;acGcs&ef vma&mufMujcif; jzpfayvdrhf rnf/
urÇmausmf *Dwq&mBu;D acsmyif\*l? 19 &mpk yl&o d avmuudk
wkev f yI af pcJoh nfh ndK§ Yrif;orD; qm&mbef;[wf\*l? tbd;k Bu;D pHw k oJG nf

86 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
qm&mbef;[wf*El iS fh uyfaeaom a&ndr§ sm; zH;k vTr;f aeonf*h u l kd awGUvdu k f
&onf/ urÇmausmf tdik ;f &pftrsKd ;om; pma&;q&mBu;D ? jyZmwfa&;q&mBu;D
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)\*l jzpfonf/
tbk;d BuD;pHw k o JG nf olwYkd ,laqmifvmMuonfh &Sm;yg;vSaom
opfcyG ef;rsm;udk pma&;q&mBu;D \ *lay:odYk wifí *g&0 jyKvu dk Mf uonf/
tbk;d BuD; tbGm;BuD;ESpOf ;D pvH;k pdwx f cd u dk of mG ;[ef &So d nf/ *lum; jyKjyif
*½kpu kd rf nfv h l r&Sad wmhNyD/ *l\wcsKd Yae&mrsm;wGif uGt J ufvsu&f NdS yD; *lay:
wGif a&;xd;k xm;aom pmwef;rsm;udyk if zwf½&I ef rvG,af wmh/
avmu"Hum; vGepf mG oHa0*&zG,f jzpfawmhonf/ vlawmf
vlaumif;? aMu;&wwf? uavmifvufeufjzifh urÇmudk udik v f yI cf ohJ ?l
,aeYxd olYpmtkyaf wGukd tBudrBf udrf jyefxw k af 0aeqJ jzpfonf/ olY
uAsmawGukd vlawGu woo jzpfvsu&f o dS nf/ olYjyZmwfawGukd rMum
cP jyefvnfqef;opfcMhJ uonf/ t*FvefEidk if ?H jyifopfEikd if ?H tar&duef
Edik if rH sm;rS txufwef;vTmavmu? ynmwwfavmuwGif atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)rS atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) jzpfco hJ ?l vlacsmvlv?S EIwcf rf;eDruav;rsm;\
tonf;qkid u f kd qGuJ ikd v f yI cf o
Jh w l pfO;D jzpfonf/ *rD&Ç ynm&Siw f pfO;D tjzpf
vnf; vlawGu todtrSwf jyKcMhJ uonf/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif olY
owif;rygvQif rjynhpf [ kH k qd&k avmufatmif owif;BuD;cJ&h ol\ tkw*f l
onf xde;f odr;f jyKjyifol uif;a0;ojzihf ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f vsuf &Sad eavNyD/
*lay:wGif emrnfausmf yef;ykq&mwpfO;D xkvyk cf o hJ nfh ewfap
wref\ ½kyw f uk av;udv k nf; vlrormwdYku ½du k cf sKd ;zsuq f ;D xm;cJ[ h ef
&So d nf/ vlrormwdYk a&;om;xm;cJ[ h ef&o dS nfh npfnrf;onfph mrsm;?
tusO;f orm; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)[k a&;om;xm;onfh pmrsm;udk tbd;k
tbGm;pHw k uJG olwYkdwiG yf gvmonfh vufuikd yf 0grsm;jzihf okwv f u dk Mf u
onf/ urÇmvSncfh &D;onf tbd;k tdpk w kH oJG nf pdwrf aumif;pGmjzihf okomef
wGi;f rS xGucf MhJ uonf/
pma&;q&mBu;D atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) udk 1854 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv
16 &ufaeYwiG f tkid , f mvefEikd if ?H 'gAvifNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJah vonf/ vl
csr;f om todik ;f t0dik ;f ? ynmwwftodik ;f t0dik ;f rS arG;zGm;cJo h l wpfO;D
jzpfonf/ atmufpzdYk'w f uúov kd o f Ykd wufa&mufNyD; pmayynm oifMum;cJh
onfh olYzcifqm0Dv, D H a&mbwf0ikd ;f ('f)rSmvnf; xifay:ausmMf um;ol
jzpfojzihf atmpum0dik ;f ('f)rSm atmufpzdYk'w f uúov kd f ausmif;om;b0uyif

txufwef;vTmtodik ;f t0dik ;f odYk 0ifa&mufEikd cf o hJ nf/ ½kyq f if;t*FgrSmvnf;
acsmarmvSyoljzpfojzihf vlYtxufwef;vTmavmuwGif a&yef;pm;cJo h l jzpf
onf/ xdak cwfu ol\ 0wfqif[ef? pm;[ef? olYtrlt&m? olYtajym
tqdw k Ykud kd vef'ef vli,fxu k twkc;kd Mu&onf/ xdpk Ofu r*¾Zif;?
*sme,f rsm;wGif olYtaMumif;rygvQif rjynhpf [ kH k qdMk uonf/
touf 25 ESpcf efYwiG f olY0wfypkH m;yHk [eftrlt&mwdYkonf urÇm
ausmcf &hJ onf/ olYuAsm? olYpmta&;tom;rSmvnf; vltrsm;udk woo
pGvJ rf;apcJo h nf/ ol\wpftyk w f nf;aom 0w¬Kjzpfonfh

'd&k &D rf*a&;\ ½kyyf v kH mT pmtkyrf mS tvGeaf usmMf um;onfh

pmtkyf jzpfcahJ vonf/ þpmtkyjf zihyf if urÇmh *E¦0if pmayynm&Sif jzpfvm

cJ&h onf/ pmayavmuwGif xif&mS ;ausmMf um;vmcJo h nf/ oluAsmawGukd
vnf; pmzwfy&dowfu woo jzpfcMhJ uonf/ ola&;om;cJo h nfh jyZmwf
awGrmS vnf; atmifjrifaygufajrmufonfh jyZmwfawG jzpfc\ hJ / olYjyZmwf
rsm;udk vef'efEiS fh jyifopfjynf yg&DNrKd Ursm;wGif jyocJ&h m aomufaomufvJ
0ifaiG&cJ\ h / jyZmwfavmuwGiv f nf; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf o&zlaqmif;
cJ&h onf/ ol oGm;av&m olY{nhcf yH rJG sm;wGif vli,fv&l , G af wG? rde;f rysKd awG
0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfc&hJ onf/
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)udk rodorl &S/d tbd;k Bu;D awG? tbGm;Bu;D awG
uvnf; atmpfum0dik ;f ('f)rS atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) jzpfcMhJ u\/ jyifopfjynf
yg&DNrKd YwiG v f nf; emrnfausmjf yZmwfEiS fh ½ky&f iS rf if;orD; qm&mbef;[wfEiS fh
wyl;wGw J JG aecJo
h jzihf owif;pm? *sme,fawGu olwYEkd pS Of ;D \ twif;tzsi;f
awG? aumvm[vawGukd a&;cJMh u\/ 19 &mpkaemufq;kH ESprf sm;onf
atmf pum0dik ;f ('f)\ acwf[k ac:wGicf MhJu\/ emrnfausmf yk*Kd¾vBf u;D rsm;ESihf
vnf; cifrif&if;ES;D onf/ vu©Pmq&mBu;D udik ½f Ekd iS v fh nf; tvGecf ifrifchJ
ol jzpfavonf/
1881 ckEpS ?f {nfch yH w JG pfyw
JG iG f uGepf wif[al om trsKd ;orD;ESifh
awGYqckH MhJ u&mrS cspBf udK;oG,rf cd MhJ uonf/ uGepf wifrmS vnf; vlux kH H
todik ;f t0dik ;f rS aygufzmG ;vmol wpfO;D jzpfojzihf atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) rdom;pk
uvnf; oabmwlncD MhJ uonf/ olwYkcd spo f El pS Of ;D vufxyfyo JG nf xdpk Of
u owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif txl; tom;ay;azmfjycJah vonf/
olwYkEd pS Of ;D \ tdraf xmifa&;onf om,mcJo h nf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ atmf
pum0dik ;f ('f) yg&DwiG f aexdik pf Of jynfw h efqmrsm;ESifh a&maxG;,Suw f if

88 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
aexdik o f nfh owif;? vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyefonf[al om owif;rsm;udk
yg&Dowif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;wGif azmfjyyg&Sv d mcJo h nf/ atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)
ESihf uGepf wifwYkw d iG f om;uav;ESpOf ;D &aecsed w f iG f Mur®mqd;k 0ifvmcJah v
onf/ atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf i,f&, G o f nfh vli,fuav;rsm;udk olYtyd f
cef;wGif aeaponf/ twlwuG yl;wGo J mG ;vmonf/ ,if;vli,fuav;
rsm;udk vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyefonf[al om owif;awG xGuv f mcJo h nf/
olYtm; cspcf ifav;pm;Muonfh pmzwfy&dowfBuD;tzdYk 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ
cJMh u&onf/ olYjyZmwfy&dowfuvnf; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)twGuf pdwf
rcsr;f rom jzpf&awmhonf/
owif;axmufrsm;uvnf; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)oGm;av&m {nfch H
yGaJ wG? uyGaJ wG? nuvyfawG aemufvu dk í f owif;awG ,lcMhJ uonf/
þodYktwGi;f t*FvefEikd if w H iG f emrnfausmf uGi;f b,f&D

NrKd Upm;Bu;D \om; touf 20 cefY&NdS y;D NrKd Upm;uav; a'gufuvyf('f)ESifh

twlomG ; twlvm aexdik cf o hJ nf/ NrdKUpm;uav; a'gufuvyf('f)rSm
ao; ao;oG,o f ,G f rde;f r[eftrlt&m&So d l jzpfonf/ olYtodik ;f t0dik ;f uvnf;
a'gufuvyf('f)onf rde;f rvsmwpfO;D om jzpfonf[q k Mkd u\/
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)\ ZeD;jzpfol uGepf wifuvnf; atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)ESifh a'gufuvyf(')wdYkonf vifr,m;ozG,f aexdik o f nf[k pGyf
pGcJ ohJ nf/ atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm;vnf; vdiaf zmufjyefol jzpfonf[í l xkwf
azmfajymqdck o hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu t*FvefEikd if &H mZ0wfrI jyifqifcsuf Oya't&
vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyefvQif axmif'Pf 2 ESpt f xd tjypf'Pfay;Edik af vonf/
owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;uvnf; ,if;owif;rsm;udk azmfjyvmcJ\ h /
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)\ ZeD;jzpforl mS cGiv hf w T Ef ikd jf cif; r&Sad wmh/ &ifaoG;i,fEpS f
OD;tm; ac:,lí olr\rdcif zcifaqGrsKd ;rsm;&So d nfh a[mfvefEikd if o H Ykd xGuf
oGm;cJah wmhonf/ þuJo h Ykd ZeD;jzpfol uGepf wifEiS fh uGu J mG jcif;owif;udk
vnf; owif;pmBu;D rsm;wGif owif;xl;tjzpf xnfo h iG ;f cJMh uonf/ vQr;f
vQr;f awmuf ausmMf um;cJo h wl pfO;D tm; vlxu k pdw0f ifpm;cJMh uonf/
owif;pmrsm;? owif;axmufrsm;? *sme,frsm;u NrKd Upm;uav; a'guf
uvyf('f)ESifh atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)wdYk oGm;vmaexdik o f nfh uyG½J rkH sm;? [dw k ,f
rsm;? yef;NcrH sm; ponfah e&mrsm;odYk vQKd Y0u S pf mG vdu k v f íH "mwfyakH wG ½du k cf hJ
Muonf/

NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&u D vnf; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)xHoYkd pmwpf
apmifay;í olYom;ESifh twlaexdik jf cif; rjyK&ef? tu,fí qufvuf
aexdik jf cif;? twlaejcif; jyKcyhJ gu ½H;k awmfBu;D rS vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyefou l kd
þw&m;Oya'twdik ;f aqmif&u G &f rnft h aMumif;rsm; yg0ifco hJ nf[k qdMk u
onf/ vlYavmuonf atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; a&Smifz,fpjyKNyD jzpfonf/
,cifu vQr;f vSQr;f awmuf wpfr;kd vH;k azsmufqyd jf zpfco hJ nfh atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)udk olYrw d af qGrsm;uyif tawGY rcHMuawmh/ vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyef
ol[k owif;awG ysYHvmonf/
NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&u D vnf; aiGuek af Mu;uscí H ,if;owif;
rsm;udk jzefYco hJ nf[k qdMk uonf/ tcsKd Uuvnf; NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&D
onf tvGwpf akH xmufrsm; iSm;&rf;í atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)ESifh tjcm;vli,f
uav;rsm; vdiw f cl si;f azmufjym;onfh "mwfyrkH sm;&&Sx d m;onf[k owif;
awG xGuv f mcJNh yD; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf ol\ *kPo f u d m© udk xdyg;ap
onf[í l NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&u D kd w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/ vef'efNrdKU?
td;k bkid f vw&m;½H;k awmfBuD;wGif atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)ESifh NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f
b,f&D trIum; vltrsm;pdw0f ifpm;qH;k trIBuD;jzpfonf/ owif;pm?
*sme,fBuD;rsm;wGif atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) "mwfyEkH iS fh NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&\ D
"mwfy?kH NrdKUpm;BuD; uGi;f b,f&u D atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; ay;onfh pmrdwLå
rsm;udk azmfjyNyD; owif;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJMh uonf/ atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)
ausmMf um;rIukd r½Iprd o hf w
l Ykd\ vkyBf uHcsu[ f k xifco hJ rl sm;uyif atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)tay: oHo,0ifvmcJMh uonf/
Mur®mqd;k onf taygif;tazmfygvmavh&o dS nf qdo k nft h wdik ;f
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tzdYk Mur®miifcahJ vNyD/ NrdKUpm;BuD;uGi;f b,f&o D nf atmf
pum0dik ;f ('f)ESifh olYom;jzpfol a'gufuvyf('f)wdYk\ aeyHk xdik yf ?kH atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)ESifh tjcm;trsKd ;orD; pdwaf ygufaeol vli,fuav;rsm;ESifh twlae
xdik Mf uyH?k nuvyfrsm;? [dw k ,frsm;wGif aexdik Mf uyHk "mwfyt kH axmuf
txm;rsm;ESifh urÇmausmpf ma&;q&mBuD;? jyZmwfa&;q&mBuD;? uAsmpmqdk
BuD; atmfpum0kid ;f ('f)tm; vdiw f cl si;f azmufjyefo[ l k pGypf í JG q&mpGJ
qdk cJo h nf/
w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;uvnf; trIukd vufccH NhJ yD; pma&;q&mBuD;
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwcf ahJ vonf/ uReaf wmf txuf
wGif azmfjyonft h wdik ;f t*FvefEikd if H w&m;a&;jyifqifcsuf Oya't&

90 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
tu,fí atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf uGi;f b,f&ND rdKUpm;BuD; pGypf o JG nft h wdik ;f
om jzpfcyhJ gvQif axmif'Pftjypf'Pfc&H rnf jzpfonf/ atmfpum0dik ;f ('f
)tm; zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;xkwo f nfEiS fh vef'efyv k yd t f zGYJonf atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f) oGm;avh&o dS nfh wnf;cdck ef; rsm;? aysmyf pJG m;½Hrk sm;? nuyG½J rkH sm;odYk
vdu k v f &H mS azGco hJ nf/
þuJo h Ykd olYtm; vdu k vf &H mS azG zrf;qD;rnf? 0&rf;xkwv f rd hf
rnf[k atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) BudKwifocd &hJ onf[k aemiftcgwGif olY tw¬K
yÜwaåd &;olrsm;u atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)\ tw¬Kyw Ü w åd iG f xnfo h iG ;f a&;om;cJh
avonf/ tu,fí atmfpum0kid ;f ('f) jyifopfjynfoYdk wdr;f a&SmifomG ;rnf
qdyk gu atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)\b0onf wpfrsKd ;wpfzkH ajymif;vJomG ;rnf
jzpfavonf/ odYkaomf atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf wdr;f a&Smifjcif;rjyKc/hJ 0&rf;
xkwcf NhJ y;D rMumrD atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; um'd*k if[w dk ,fwiG f paumhwvef
,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJ tifpyufawmf BuD;&pfcsuf ESihf tzGYJu

zrf;qD;rdco Jh nf/ avmu"Hum; rsm;pGm aMumufrufz, G &f m jzpfawmhonf/

ol txifBuD;cJo h nfh *kPaf vmu? olYpmzwfy&dowf? olYrw d af qGaygif;
toif;? olYprG ;f tm;xufonfu h avmifukd atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)u ,HMk unf
pdwcf scyhJ &kH onf/
okYdaomf olYtzdYk w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;wGif &ifrqdik &f rD zrf;qD;jcif;
cHonfqo kd nfEiS fh olYpmtkyaf wGu pmtkyt f a&mif;qdik rf sm;wGif rawGY&
awmh/ ½Hw k ifjyowifqufaeonfh jyZmwfawGrmS vnf; ,cifuo hJ Ykd a&TyJG
vmy&dowf r&Sad wmh/ olY,cif a<u;&Sirf sm;uvnf; olYtrd ?f olYypön;f
awGukd xkco JG rd ;f qnf;zdYk 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfvmonf/ olY rdwaf qGawGuvnf;
pGeYfcmG oGm;cJMh uawmhonf/ pmayavmu todik ;f t0dik ;f uvnf; ,cifu
cs;D usL;cJo h nfh pmaya0zefa&;q&mwdYkonf atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; &uf&uf
pufpuf a0zefcMhJ uonf/ þuJo h Ykd tpGypf t JG a&;,lcaH e&pOf atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)tm; vma&muf awGYqt kH m;ay;cJo h rl mS vu©Pmq&mBuD; udik ½f kd
wpfO;D om &So d nf[k qdck MhJ uavonf/ þuJo h Ykd awGYMuHK&rnft h aMumif;udk
atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; yg&DwiG af wGYpOfu vu©Pma[majymcJph Of owday;cJh
onf[k qdo k nf/ xdpk Ofu atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)rSm vQr;f vQr;f awmuf ausmf
Mum;aecsed jf zpfojzihf vltrsm;u jyufv;kH [k xifjrifcMhJ uonf/ ,cktcg
wGif udik ½f akd jymcJo h nfth wdik ;f rSeaf eayonf/ 'kw, d tBudrf vu©Pmtm;
ppfaq;ay;&ef atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)u ajymaomtcg q&mudik ½f u dk ]]vlBuD;

rif;rsm; uHMur®mvrf;udk jyifqifay;rnfh vrf;jyiform;r&Syd g cifAsm;}} [k
ajzMum;cJo h nf[k qdMk u\/
q&mBu;D udik ½f kd a[mMum;cJo h nft h wdik ;f atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) tzdYk
b0ysuu f ed ;f qdu k af wmhonf/ olYtrItm; td;k bdik af v&mZ0wf w&m;½H;k
Bu;D wGif ppfaq;cJah vonf/ vma&mufem;axmifonfh y&dowfrmS axmif
cs&D cdS o
hJ nf[k qdo k nf/ NrKd Upm;Bu;D uGi;f b,f&\ D tvGwpf akH xmufrsm;u
vnf; atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)ESifh olYcspo f l vli,fuav;rsm;\ aexdik yf rkH sm;udk
"mwfyrkH sm;jzihf ½H;k awmfoYkd wifjycJMh u onf/ "mwfyrkH sm;rSm npfnrf;ojzifh
xkwaf zmfjyo&ef roif[ h k owif;pmBu;D rsm;u a&;om;cJMh uonf/
NrKd Upm;Bu;D uGi;f b,f&\ D om; a'gufuvyf('f)ESihf atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)wdYku jiif;qdck MhJ uonf/ NrdKUpm;BuD;oufaotjzpf wifjyonfh
vli,fuav;wpfO;D jzpfol csm;(vf)pmygum url olEiS fh

atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)wdYk "r®wm r[kwaf om vdif qufqcH MhJ uygonf[k

½H;k awmfBu;D wGif xGuq f ckd \ hJ / tvm;wl tjcm;oufaorsm;uvnf; wpf
wpfccG G ca&aphwiG ;f us xGuq f ckd ohJ jzihf w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D u urÇmausmf
pma&;q&mBu;D atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)tm; tvkyMf urf;ESiafh xmif'Pf tjypfay;
cJah vonf/ t,lc0H ifcahJ omfvnf; atmifjrifjcif; r&Sad wmh/
1900 jynhEf pS w f iG f jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrKd UwGif tjynfjynfqikd &f m
jyyGBJ u;D usi;f ycJMh uonf/ q&mBu;D ukid ½f Ekd iS fh ZeD;wdYkonf oGm;a&mufchJ
Mu\/ q&mBu;D udik ½f o kd nf wpfaeYrw d af qGrsm;eSihf jyyGcJ ef;wpfcu
k kd Munf½h I
aepOf olUa&SYrS trSwrf xif jzwfomG ;aom qif;&JErG ;f yg;onfh [efayguf
aeonfh use;f rma&;csKdYwah J eolwpfO;D udk awGYjrifvu d k &f onf/ q&mBu;D udik ½f tk d zdYk
olYrsufvHk;rsm; rSm;aea&mhovm;/ tdyfrufrsm; rufaeovm;[k
xifrw S v
f u kd o f nf/ *kPyf umoe 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfNy;D 0wfpm;qif,ifrw I iG f
o&zlaqmif;cJah om atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)? urÇmausmpf ma&;q&mBuD; atmf
pum0dik ;f ('f)? jyZmwfa&;q&mBu;D atmfpum0dik ;f ('f) tppf jzpfaeayawmh
onf/ q&mBu;D udik ½f t kd zdYk 'kua© &mufaeaom rdwaf qGwpfO;D udk vspv f sLr½I
Edik af wmh/ q&mBu;D udik ½f o dk nf vrf;wpfzufoYkd a&mufaeaom atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)xHoYkd vku d of mG ;Ny;D EIwq f ufvu dk af vonf/
rsu&f nfawG 0dik ;f aeaom atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)u ]]aus;Zl;wifvu kd f
wm udik ½f &kd ,f/ cktcsed rf mS uReaf wmfu h kd vlawGu tzufrvkyaf wmh axmif
u vGwv f mcJNh y;D uReaf wmf yg&Dukd a&mufvmcJw h ,f/ tJav ... twdwfqdk

92 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
wm jyef0,fvYkd &aumif;aom t&m r[kwb f ;l }} [k vdu I v f uId v
f v
JS JS
ajymqdck MhJ uNy;D vrf;cGMJ uavonf/ odYkaomf q&mBu;D udik ½f Ekd iS fh atmfpum
0dik ;f ('f)wdYk aemufxyf rawGYawmh/
1900 jynhEf pS ?f Ed0k ifbmv 30 &ufaeYwiG f vlYavmu\ avmu
'Pf? qif;&J'PfEiS fh use;f rma&;'Pfukd rcHEikd af om atmfpum0dik ;f ('f)onf
vlYavmurS tNy;D tydik f pGeYfcmG oGm;cJo h nf/ yg&DNrKd U yg&DvmacR;okomefoYkd
ydYkaqmifonfh atmfpum0kid ;f ('f)\ psmyetcrf; tem;wGif vl 10 OD;om
wufa&mufcNhJ y;D q&mBu;D udik ½f o kd nf wufa&mufco hJ w l pfO;D jzpfcahJ vonf/
usr;f ud;k

r*¾Zif; 1952 ck rwfv/

(15)
1922? arv 31 &uf? *vlpwm tusO;f axmifBu;D /

arv 31 &ufaeY t½kPOf ;D jzpfonf/ ylaEG;aom t½kPOf ;D \
a&mifjcnfonf cyfriId ;f rdiI ;f jzpfaeonf[k xif&onf/ *vlpwm tusO;f
axmifBu;D rS axmifyikd Bf u;D ? axmifq&m0efBu;D ? w&m;a&;XmerS wm0ef&dS
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;onf eHeuf aerxGurf D tNy;D aqmif&u G &f rnfh vkyif ef;wpfck
twGuf trSm;t,Gi;f twdr;f tapmif;r&S&d ef wdik yf ifaeMuonf/ ,if;
vkyif ef;um; tjcm;r[kwaf y/ vlowfw&m;cH trf;(pf)xa&mif;ukd

udk tcsed rf D BuKd ;rdeYfay;&ef tpDtpOfyif jzpf\/

trf;(pf)xa&mif;rSm yxrurÇmppf ppfjyef Adv k rf ;ª a[mif; wpfO;D

jzpfNy;D a0vjynfe,f NrKd Uuav;wpfNrKd UrS a&SUaewpfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/
odYkjzpfí xdak eYonf trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ aemufq;kH aeY? aemufq;kH tcsed o f Ykd
a&muf&adS eNyjD zpfonf/ axmifyikd Bf u;D acgif;aqmifaom wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf
trf;(pf)xa&mif;xm;&S&d m BudK;wku d o
f Ykd qdwNf idrpf mG vrf;avQmufvmMu
onf/
trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ BuKd ;wdu k u f av;rSm t0ga&mifr;D vH;k uav;
\ tvif;a&mifaMumifh vif;vsu&f adS eonf/ tusO;f axmifBu;D a&SU&Sd ruf
rGeyf ifrsm;ESifh yd;k pmyifrsm;rS us;D wpftyk o f nf wpfNyKd iw f nf; qlnpH mG atmf
vsuf ys0H aJ eMuonf/ xl;jcm;onfh edrw d q
f ;kd ayavm/

94 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
trf;(pf)xa&mif;url wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tm; tNyKH ;jzihf BuKd qo kd nf/
olYtzdYk 0wfjyKqak wmif;jcif;vnf; Ny;D cJNh yjD zpfonf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf
0wfpu kH kd ususee 0wfqifxm;Ny;D aw;oDcsi;f wpfy'k u f kd cyfat;at; oDqkd
aeonf/ wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tzdYk tHMh op&myif jzpfawmhonf/ wm0ef&o dS rl sm;
tzdYk ao'Pfp&D ifjcif;cH&ol tusO;f orm;aygif;rsm;pGmudk awGYcMhJ u&onf/
odYkaomf trf;(pf)xa&mif;avmuf owdaå umif;olukd awGY&ef cJ,Of;onf/
tcsKd Y &ufpuf&mwGif urf;ukeo f nfh vlq;kd Bu;D rsm;yif BuKd ;wdu k rf S
BuKd ;pifoYkd ayGYac:oGm;&olawG? ajcaxmufawG w&Gwq f v JG mojzihf wGí J
BuKd ;pifay:odYk wifay;&olawGu 'kEiS afh ';? trf;(pf)xa&mif;u wkev f yI jf cif;
r&S/d
awGU&aom tusO;f axmiftrIxrf;ESifh q&m0efBu;D udk tNyKH ;jzihf
EIwq f ufonf/ axmifyikd Bf uD;udv k nf; ]]vlBuD;rif; cifAsm;? uReaf wmfh
ausmif;aebuf rIcif;q&m0efBuD;jzpfaom bm;eyfpyDvjf AL&D

om uReaf wmfusL;vGecf ahJ om trIudk pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; rjyKvQif

b,fvrkd S uReaf wmft h rI[m ay:p&mr&Sb d ;l / uReaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f a&SUaewpf

OD;jzpfawmh ydy&d &d d BuKd wifjyifqifxm;Ny;D rS usL;vGecf w hJ m/ b,fomref
pHak xmufawG b,fvrkd S pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f vdYk r&Edik yf gbl;/ uReaf wmfEiS fh
pyDvjf AL&D[m txufwef;ausmif;uyif cifrifcw hJ hJ oli,fcsi;f awGyg/
cGiv hf wT yf gw,f/ w&m;Oya't& aqmif&u G &f wmudk uReaf wmf tjypfrwif
ygbl;vdYkawmh qufqufajymyg cifAsm;}}
tusO;f om; trf;(pf)xa&mif;udk wm0ef&o dS rl sm; 0J,m n§yv f suf
BuKd ;pif&&dS modYk ac:vmcJo h nf/ BuKd ;piftm; jrifae&ayNy/D trf;(pf)xa&mif;
onf axmifyikd Bf u;D ac:&m BuKd ;pifay:odYk wef;wef;rwfrwf wufomG ;cJh
onf/ axmifq&m0efBu;D u w&m;cHtm; acgif;pGyt f w d t f jzLudk pGyaf y;
vdu k af wmhonf/
t½kPOf ;D \ eHeufaea&mifjcnfonf trf;(pf)xa&mif;ESihf twl
BuKd ;pifay:odYk a&mufvmonfEiS fh trf;(pf)xa&mif; &yfaeonfh atmufcH
oHjym;Bu;D rSm *sKd i;f ceJ jrnf[ed ;f vsuf yGix hf u G of mG ;onf/ tusO;f axmifa&SU
rufreG yf iftyk u f av;rS us;D uef;wpfou kd \ f 0ke;f ceJ xyso H nfh toHom
Mum;&awmhonf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf b0opfoYkd ul;ajymif;cJah vNy/D
trf;(pf)xa&mif;udk rIcif;aq;ynmordik ;f wGif txl;xif&mS ;onfh
vlowfw&m;cHwpfO;D tjzpf zwf½cI &Jh avonf/ t*FvefEikd if rH S xkwaf 0aom

ausmMf um;onfh rIcif;Bu;D rsm;[laom rIcif;rSww f rf;rsm; 'kw, d wGw J iG f vnf;
trf;(pf)xa&mif;taMumif; tao;pdwf a&;om;xm;cJo h nf/ tjcm; xif&mS ;onfh
NAw d o d Q*E¦0ifrcI if;rsm; wGiv f nf; a&;om;azmfjycJNh y;D

q&m0ef B uD ; bm;eyf p yD ( vf ) jAL&D \ tw¬ K yÜ w d å w G i f v nf ;

trf;(pf)xa&mif;taMumif; tao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf/ trf;(pf)
xa&mif;\ &mZ0wfrBI u;D onf NAw d o d QrcI if;ordik ;f wGif *E¦0ifrcI if;Bu;D wpfck
tjzpf xif&mS ;cJo h nf/
1921 ck? 'DZifbmv 21 &ufaeYwiG f t*FvefEikd if H a0vjynfe,f?
a[;NrKd Uuav;&Sd emrnfausmf yxrurÇmppf ppfjyeftNird ;f pm; Adv k rf ;ª a[mif;
ESifh a&SUaeBu;D trf;(pf)xa&mif;udk xkNd rKd Uuav;&Sd olYrw d af qGa&SUae atmh(pf)
a0grmwiftm; tqdyyf gaom vufzuf&nfukd wdu k íf aoaMumif;BupH nf
rIjzihf &JwYku d zrf;qD;ppfaq;cJo h nf/ trIjzpfpOfrmS þodYkjzpfonf/
a[;NrKd Uuav;wGif w&m;cH[k pGypf cJG &H ol trf;(pf)xa&mif;ESihf
rmwifwYkrd mS emrnfBu;D a&SUaeBu;D rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oufqikd &f m w&m;½H;k
rsm;wGif olwYkEd pS Of ;D onf rMumcP w&m;,SONf yKd i&f mwGif wpfzufEiS fh wpf
zuf tBuw d tf e,f jzpfc&hJ onf/ rMumcPqdo k vdk ½k;H jyifywGiv f nf;
tjiif;tcHjk zpfcMhJ u\/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ ZeD;rSm vGecf ahJ om azazmf0g&Dv
u tpmtdraf &m*gjzihf uG,v f eG cf o
hJ jzihf olYtrd Bf u;D wGif tdraf xmifxed ;f
odr;f onfh tbGm;Bu;D wpfO;D ESio hf m aexdik cf o hJ nf/
1921 ck? 'DZifbmvqef;wGif trf;(pf)xa&mif;ESifh olYNyKd if buf
a&SUaeBu;D rmwifwYko d nf Nyif;Nyif;xefxef pum;tacstwif NzpfcYJBu\/
þuJYoYkd pum;rsm;cJYMuNy;D 2 &ufcefYtMumwGif trf;(pf)xa&mif; rmwif
tdro f Ykd a&muf&v dS mcJNh y;D ol\a'gotavsmuf ajymqdrk o d nfukd awmif;yef
cJah Mumif;? olYtrd o f Ykvd nf; rdwaf qGwYk\ d 0wå&m;twdik ;f rysurf uGuf
vufzuf&nfaomuf<u&ef zdwMf um;cJo h nf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ zdwMf um;
csut f & rmwifonf trf;(pf)xa&mif;tdro f Ykd vufzuf&nfaomuf&ef
vma&mufco hJ nf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;ud, k w f ikd f vufzuf&nfyu JG kd jyifqif{nfh
cHonf/ þuJo h Ykd a&SUaeBu;D rmwifonf trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ vufzuf&nf
yGrJ S jyefvmonfEiS fh atmhtefjcif;? 0rf;oGm;jcif;rsm; jzpfojzihf a[;NrKd Uuav;
rS a'gufwm[pf qdo k xl H jyocJ&h onf/ q&m0ef\ nTeMf um;csut f &
aq;½Ho k Ykd rmwiftm; csucf si;f wifc&hJ Ny;D q&m0efBu;D rsm;u ppfaq;cJMh u&
avonf/

96 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
rmwif\qD;wGif tqdyf rsm; awGY&&dS onf[k

owif;jzpfymG ;vmcJo h nf/ NrdKUaevlxu k rl ,if;rIcif;udk pdw0f ifpm;jcif;

r&SMd u/ rmwifonf olYNydKib f uf a&SUaejzpfol trf;(pf)xa&mif;tm; vl
tMunfnKd uif;ap&ef q&m0efEiS hf yl;aygif;BuHpnfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
odYk&mwGif rmwifrmS csucf si;f aq;½Hrk S rqif;Edik af wmh/ touftEÅ&m,frS
uif;a0;cJo h nfw h ikd f use;f rma&; xdcu kd of mG ;onf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;\
tjrifwiG f trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf oabmaumif;onf? ½d;k om;onf? tm;
emwwfonf? rde;f raMumuf&onfu vGí J vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfO;D [k
jrif onf/
&JwYkdurl trf;(pf)xa&mif;tdro f Ykd &SmazG&mwGif tqdyf

rsm;udk awGU&onf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ 0wfqifxm;onfh

ukwt f usÐ tdwt f wGi;f rSyif tqdyrf eI Yfxyk u f kd awGU&ojzihf a&SUaeBuD;

rmwiftm; ao aMumif;BuHpnfrEI iS fh trf;(pf)xa&mif;tm; zrf;qD;cJo h nf/
trf;(pf)xa&mif;url ,if;tqdyrf sm;udk olYNcH&dS opfyifrsm;?
yef; refrsm; yd;k usojzihf yufzse;f &ef 0,f,x l m;jcif;jzpfonf[k jiif;qdo k nf/
odYk&mwGif &JwYkdu olYtm; a&SUaeBuD;rmwifukd aoaMumif;BuHpnfrEI iS fh
w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/ &JwYkdonf a[;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;? a[;NrdKUrS aq;cef;
zGixhf m;ol a'gufwm[pfwYkd\ owif;ay;csut f & a&SUaeBuD; trf;(pf)
xa&mif;\ZeD; aoqH;k cJph Ofuvnf; ouFmruif; jzpfco hJ nf[al om
oJveG pf udk &&So d mG ;cJMh uonf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ ZeD;jzpfol uG,v f eG cf hJ
pOfuvnf; awGY&&dS onfh a&m*gvu©Pmrsm;rSm tqdyaf q;aomufro d nfh
a0'em&Sirf sm; cHpm;&onfh a&m*ga0'emrsm; jzpfEikd o f nf[k aq;cef;ydik &f iS f
a'gufwm[pfu ,lqcJzh ;l onf/ xdYkaMumifh &JwYko d nf rIcif;aq;ynmyg&*l
a'gufwm bm;eyfpyD;(vf) jAL&DEiS fh wm0ef&o dS rl sm;tm; wkid Mf um;cJo h jzihf
a'gufwm bm;eyfpyD;(vf)jAL&Donf a[;NrdKU bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif; okomef
twGi;f rS trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ZeD; *locsKiØ ;f udk zGiv hf pS í
f tavmif;tm;
pepfwus ppfaq;cJ&h onf/
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rIeYfrsm;udyk g ppfaq;cJah wmhonf/ tavmif;\ ud, k cf E¨mtpdwt f ydik ;f
tm;vH;k tm; a<utd;k (16) vH;k ESifh xnfo h iG ;f apcJNh y;D rIcif;aq;ynmXmewGif
ppfaq;cJo h nf/ a'gufwm bm;eyfpyD;(vf)jAL&DrmS Oya'rSty rnfonfh
bufurkd Q rsuEf mS vdu k of l r[kwaf y/ a&SUaeBuD; trf;(pf)xa&mif;rSm olY

xuf (7) ESpcf efY Bu;D aomfvnf; refcsupf wmNrKd U*&rfrmausmif;wGif aepOf
u ausmif;aebufrsm; jzpfonf/ odYkaomf Oya'udo k mvQif yxrOD;pm;ay;
cJo
h nf/ rIcif;q&m0efBu;D onf trf;(pf)xa&mif;ZeD;\tavmif;ESifh acgif;
twGi;f &Sd vTpmrIeYfrsm;rSmyif tqdyf "mwfrsm; ysYHEYHaS eonfukd

awGU&ojzihf trf;(pf)xa&mif;\ ZeD;onf aoG;½d;k om;½d;k aoqH;k &jcif;

r[kw/f tqdyaf Mumifh uG,v f eG &f jcif;jzpfonf[k oufqikd &f modYk wifjy
cJo
h jzihf &JwYku d a&SUaeBu;D trf;(pf)xa&mif;udk olYZeD;owfrjI zifh ½H;k awmfoYkd
wifcMhJ uawmhonf/
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urÇmausmf paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJwYkt d zdYk rIcif;aq;ynm tpGr;f
xufygayonf[í l vufzsm;cg&onft h rIjzpfonf/ vlowform;onf
Adv
k rf ;ª a[mif;wpfO;D ? atmufpzdYk wuúov kd af usmif;rS r[mbGYJBu;D ESifh

Oya'bGYJ&&Scd o hJ l emrnfBu;D a&SUaeBu;D ? trIaygif;rsm;pGmudk avhvmcJzh ;l ol?

Oya'udk vufwpfv;kH jcm; a&SmifvEJT ikd o f u l kd azmfxw k Ef ikd cf o hJ jzihf rIcif;avmu
wGif *E¦0iftjzpf pmwifco hJ nfh trIBu;D jzpf\/
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ynm tpGr;f xufa&mufyu kH kd oufaojyEdik o f jzihf rIcif;aq;ynm*E¦0if
rIcif;Bu;D jzpf&onf/ þtrIBu;D wGif w&m;cHjzpfol trf;(pf)xa&mif;ESifh
w&m;cH\ tusKd;aqmifBu;D qm[ife&Dumwmomewfcw f Yrk d mS vnf; atmufpzdY'k f
wuúov kd af vSavSm&f u G wf ukd t f oif;wGif xif&mS ;ol oli,f csi;f rsm; jzpfojzihf
rvGrJ aoG þrIcif;Bu;D onf trf;(pf)xa&mif;tzdYk vGwf &ayvdrrfh nf[k
trsm;u xifrw S cf MhJ uonf/
odYkaomf w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGif rIcif;q&m0efBu;D \ wdwu d sus
tcsut f vuf ckid cf idk rf mrmESihf wifjyEdik cf NhJ y;D jypfrBI u;D udk usL;vGeo f l w&m;cH
\ ukwt f ust Ð wd t f wGi;f rS awGU&S&d aom tqdyx f yk u f v kd nf; w&m;½H;k wGif
tcdik tf rmtusKd;taMumif; rwifjyEdik af wmh aemufq;kH wGif trf;(pf) xa&mif;rSm
olYZeD;udk tqdyaf uR;í owfcahJ Mumif; ½H;k awmfBu;D wGif 0efc&H awmhonf/
xdkYaMumifh ao'PfpD&ifcsufudk ½Hk;awmfBuD;rS csrSwfcJhavonf/
t,lccH ahJ omfvnf; oufqikd f &mrS y,fcsco hJ jzihf txufazmfjyygtwdik ;f
ao'Pfukd cHc&hJ avonf/
vlowform; trf;(pf)xa&mif;udk t*FvefEikd if H 'DAKdG i½f iId , f m
jynfe,fwiG f 1870 ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifc\ Jh / i,fpOfuyif use;f rma&; csKd Ywo hJ l

98 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
jzpfojzihf olYu, kd cf E¨mrSm ao;oG,v f eG ;f onf/ pmzwf 0goemygcJo h jzihf
twef;wdik ;f ausmif;pmwGif Adv k pf cJG ohJ l jzpfonf/ ud, k cf E¨mao;vSaD omf
vnf; atmufpzdYk'w f uúov kd f avSavSm&f u G wf u
kd t
f oif;wGif emrnfausmcf hJ
\/
atmuf(p)zdYkwiG f r[m0dZmÆ bGYJ&&Scd NhJ y;D Oya' ynm&Sif jzpfvmcJh
onf/ i,fpOfuyif at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnfNidrNf idrf aeavh&o dS l
trf;(pf)xa&mif;crsm ylyq l q
l l ZeD;ESifh awGU&awmhonf/ pum;ajym nifom
um oabmaumif;aom vl½;kd trf;(pf)xa&mif;tzdYk 0Hyak vGZeD;ESifh &onf[k
rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;rsm;u qdkMuonf/ pdwfoabmxm;El;nHhol
trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf olYZeD; uufo&if; \ vufcyk w f iG ;f rS

a& jzpfonf/
yxrurÇmppfBu;D jzpfvmaomtcg trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf ppfrI
xrf;tjzpf 0ifa&mufvmcJ&h m Adv k rf ;ª tqift h xd &mxl;tqifq h ifh wd;k wuf
vmcJo h nf/ olwYdt k rd af xmifrmS vnf; om;orD; (3) OD; &&Scd ahJ omfvnf;
olYZeD;jzpforl mS oabmxm; ajymif;vJvmjcif; r&Scd /hJ yxrurÇmppfBu;D
NyD;cJNh yD; a[;NrdKUuav;wGif trf;(pf)xa&mif;onf Oya'ynm&Sit f jzpf
toufarG;cJah vonf/
ZeD;jzpforl mS ac: pdwn f pfonfh a&m*g a0'em

pGu
J yfvmonf/ trf;(pf)xa&mif;rSmvnf; tjcm;cspo f &l mS onf[k trsm;u
ajymqdck MhJ uonf/ rMumcPqdo k vdk vef'efNrKd UwGif i,f&, G of l cspo f w l pfO;D
ESithf wl aygif;oif;aexdik Mf uonf[k pGypf MJG uonf/ ZeD; rpöpt f rf;(pf)
xa&mif;rSmvnf; pdwaf &m*gukaq;½Ho k Ykd wufa&mufuo k apcJNh y;D olYcifyeG ;f
jzpfol trf;(pf)xa&mif;tm; olwYkrd o d m;pkyikd f ypön;f t&yf&yfukd vTt J yfonfh
aowrf;pmudk a&;om;apcJNh y;D &uftenf;i,ftMumwGif tpmtdraf &m*g
jzihf uG,v f eG cf &Jh onf[k owif;vTiu hf m ZeD;jzpfot l m; tqdycf wfí vkyf
Buo H wfjzwfcjhJ cif; jzpfayonf/
usrf;udk;

(16)
tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k e,l;a,mh(cf)NrdKU/
{NyDv (20) &uf? 1971 ck/
tjyifwiG f tarSmifxu k BuD;pd;k aeonf/ Mu,fa&mifva&mif
vH;k vH;k r&Sad y/ rd;k om;wdrwf ukd af wGu vqkwv f jcrf;av;udk zH;k tkyaf eonf/
wokeo f ek w f ukd af eaom avwGif rd;k oufeYHyif ygvmavonf/ wu,f
awmh rd;k OD;opfcNhJ yDjzpfonf/ emrnfausmf a&SUaeBuD; AifqifAh v l ,D qkd D
olYtyd cf ef;jywif;aygufrS rd;k zGzJ u
JG av;rsm; usaeonf

udk Munhaf erdonf/ rd;k u jyif;jyif;xefxef r&Gmao;/ nu xkwv f iT chf hJ

aom ½kyjf rifoMH um; rd;k av0oowif; t&qdv k Qif avjyif;yg wdu k af yvdrhf
rnf/ rd;k oufavaMumifh olYNcH wGi;f rS rd;k rcyifrsm;? 0ufopfcsyifrsm;onf
[ko d nf,rd ;f EGYJ vsuf &Sad eavonf/
a&SUaeBu;D Aifqifo h nf tdrrf aysm/f tdyaf ysmEf ikd pf &mvnf; r[kw/f
,aeY w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;wGif oljrifawGU&onfh jrifuiG ;f ESifh w&m;cHjzpfol
pdwZå vlowform; csm;vfprf ifqef\ ½kyyf v kH mT ? ol ajymoGm;onfph um;?
olY[eftrlt&mwdYk onf a&SUaeBuD; Aifqif\ h rsufv;kH xJu rxGu/f
wu,fawmh pdwZå vlowform;onf vlowform;\ [ef
trlt&mESifh rwl/ w&m;a[mq&m bke;f awmfBuD;wpfO;D [ef aygufaeav
onf/ vlowform;\ ajymoH? av,lavodr;f ? [eftrlt&mwdYk onf

100 r vSrdk;(ynma&;)
a&SUaeBu;D Aifqifu h kd acsmufcsm;apawmhonf/ olYtoHukd a&SUaeBu;D em;u
rxGu/f
]]ynm&Sd w&m;olBu;D rif;ESifh *sL&DvBl u;D rsm; cifAsm;? uReaf wmfEiS fh
½H;k awmfa&SUrSm &Sad eMuwJh vlowform; rde;f rysKd (3) OD;[m ,ckvkd
ao'Pf typfay;cH&rnf[k BuKd wifwu G q f xm;MuNy;D jzpfygw,f/ trSeu f
uRef awmfrh mS omvQif wm0eft&Sq d ;kH jzpfojzihf t"du ao'Pftjypfukd
uRefawmf omvQif cH,l&xdkufygw,f/ ,ck uRefawmfESihftwl
ao'Pftjypfay;cH&wJh uav;rawG[m uRefawmf pDraH pcdik ;f ojzihf
,if;vlowfrBI u;D udk usL;vGef cJw h hJ w&m;cHrsm;om jzpfygw,f/ ½H;k awmfBu;D rSm
olwYkd ajzmifch suaf y;cJph Ofu uReaf wmfu h kd tjypfusapvdjk cif; r&Scd o hJ nft h wGuf
zH;k uG,x f m;cJMh uygw,f/ trSef t"duw&m;cHonf uReaf wmf jzpfygw,f/
ynm&Sd w&m;olBu;D rif; cifAsm;/ cifAsm;wdYk&UJ ,Ofaus;ygw,f?
tqift h wef; cGjJ cm;jcif;r&Syd gbl;? tom;ta&mif cGjJ cm;jcif; r&S?d vGwv f yf
w&m;rQwygw,fqw kd hJ tar&duef vlYtzGYJtpnf;aMumifh uReaf wmfwYk[ d m
arG;uwnf;u ao'PfccH &hJ wJo h al wGyg/ uReaf wmft h aru jynhw f efqm
ryg/ uReaf wmft h az b,foq l wkd m uReaf wmf rodyg/ uReaf wmfwYku d kd
b,fou l rS aq;azmfaMumzuf rvkycf MhJ uygbl;/ uReaf wmf vlrr,fuav;
b0u cd;k rIawG? azmufxiG ;f rIawG? usL;vGecf w Jh ,f/ cg;ydu k Ef u
Id w f ,f? vdrf
ajymw,f? tdk ... aumif;wmawG vkycf w hJ m r&Scd yhJ gbl;/ jyKjyifa&;axmifrmS
aecJ&h w,f/ axmifukd tBurd Bf urd u f scw hJ ,f/ tjyifa&mufawmh uReaf wmfu h kd
b,fou l rS vufrcHb;l / 'Dawmh 'kp½du k af vmuxJukd jyefa&mufc&hJ w,f/
'Dawmh uReaf wmfwYku d kd pGeYfy,fxm;wJh cifAsm;wdYktvTmudk wpfaeYrmS aumif;
aumif; vufpm;acsr,fvYkd qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f/ uReaf wmfv h kd vlYtzGYJtpnf;udk
raumif;jrifaewJh vli,fawG? trsKd ;orD;awGukd uReaf wmf pnf;½H;k cJw h ,f/
aemuf ,ckvkd jypfrBI u;D awGukd usL;vGezf Ykd uReaf wmfu wku d w f eG ;f cJwh ,f/
pDpOfay;cJw h ,f/
]]uReaf wmfb h 0u aoNy;D om;jzpfvYkd ao'Pfukd aMumuf&UHG jcif;
r&Syd gbl;/ aus;Zl;wifygw,fAsm}}
a&SUaeBu;D Aifqifo h nf csm;vfprf ifqef\ pum;oHrsm;udk em;xJ
u rxGuaf wmh/ wzsyzf syf rD;w0if;0if;ESifh ½du k af eonfh owif;axmufawG?
"mwfyq kH &mawGukd pdwZå vlowform;[k ac:qdck MhJ uonfh csm;vfprf ifqef
u "mwfyt kH ½du
k cf oH nf/ owif;axmufawGar;onfh ar;cGe;f awGukd av;

av;pm;pm; pdw&f n S &f n S Ef iS fh ajzMum;cJo h nf/ owif;axmufawG w&m;cH
awGukd "mwfyakH wG ½du k cf MhJ uNy;D a&SUaeBu;D Aifqifu h v kd nf; "mwfyakH wG
½duk Mf u? ar;cGe;f awG xkwMf uonf/
Aifqift h zdYk þtrIBu;D onf wm0eftav;qH;k ESifh tcufcq J ;kH trI
Bu;D jzpfco hJ nf/ þtrIBu;D udk tprStqH;k tao;pdwaf &;om;&ef jyifqif
xm;Ny;D jzpfavonf/ tar&duef rIcif;ordik ;f wGiv f nf; vltrsm; pdw0f if
pm;qH;k jzpfcNhJ y;D owif;pmBu;D rsm;uvnf; txl; ta&;ay; azmfjyjcif; cH
&onfh rIcif;Bu;D jzpfavonf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk or®wBu;D jzpfaeaom epfqifuyif
þ trIBu;D onf towfc&H ol rdom;pkrsm;ESifh vlowform; csm;vfprf ifqef
tzGYJom;rsm; jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh trIBu;D wpfrI r[kwyf g/ tar&duef jynfaxmif
pkwiG f rSw
D if;aexdik Mf uukeaf om tar&duef jynfaxmifpo k m;rsm;ESifh pdwZå
vlowform;rsm; jzpfymG ;cJ&h onfh vlowfrBI u;D jzpfco hJ nf[k tdrjf zLawmf
owif;pm &Si;f vif;yGBJ u;D wGif urÇmo h wif;axmufrsm;? owif;ud, k pf m;
vS,rf sm;tm; xkwaf zmfajymMum;cJo h nf/ owif;pmrsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sm
e,frsm;? ½kyo f v
H iT Efh iS fh a&'D,rkd sm;rS tav;xm;í azmfjy&aom owif;
jzpfavonf/
trIBu;D jzpfymG ;cJ&h aom tar&duefjynfaxmifpk avmh(pf)tif *sv(D pf)
jynfe,f rIcif;&mZ0ifEiS fh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk rIcif; &mZ0ifwiG f
pmwifavmufatmif vltrsm; pdw0f ifpm;qk;H trIBu;D jzpfavonf/ tar
&duefjynfaxmifpk w&m;a&;&mZ0ifwiG v f nf; ppfaq;&mwGif t&SnMf umqH;k
ppfaq;cJ&h onfh trIBu;D jzpf\/ trIBu;D rSm 1969 ck? Mo*kwv f (9) &uf
aeYwiG f pwifjzpfymG ;cJ&h Ny;D 1970 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufaeYusryS if
w&m;cH toD;oD;udk tjypf'Pfcsrw S cf &h J onf/ &uftwdtus wGu&f rnfqv k d Qif
(9) vcGw J w d d ppfaq;cJ&h onfh trIBu;D jzpfojzihf &uftMumqH;k ppfaq;
&aom trIBu;D jzpfonf[í l pHcsed w f ifcMhJ uavonf/
,if;trIBu;D ppfaq;&mwGiv f nf; aiGtuket f us trsm;qH;k jzpf
cJo
h nf/ cefYreS ;f ajctm;jzihf a':vm wpfoef;cGeJ ;D yg; ukeu f scMhJ u&onf[k
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u xkwaf zmfajym
qdck ahJ vonf/ w&m;ppfaq;&mwGif oufaorsm;\ xGucf surf sm;? &JtrI
xrf;rsm;\ xGuq f ckd surf sm;? oufqikd &f m wm0ef&adS om q&m0efrsm;?
w&m;vd?k w&m;cHrsm;\ oufaocHrsm;\ xGuq f pkd pfaq;csuf rSww f rf;

rsm;rSmyif pmtkyaf ygif; 209 tkyef ;D yg; &Scd ahJ vonf/ pmrsuEf mS aygif;
(31716) rsuEf mS &Scd \ hJ / þrQavmuf pmrsuEf mS rsm;rsm; rSww f rf;wifcJh
aom trIBu;D rsKd ; tar&duef rIcif;rSww f rf;rsm;wGif ray:aygufcahJ o;[k
qdck MhJ uonf/ owif;pmBu;D rsm;uvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ; a&;om;cJMh u\/
owif;pmBu;D rSrl txl;tcef;u@zGií hf ,if;trIBu;D taMumif;
a&;om;cJah vonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S urÇmausmf r*¾Zif;Bu;D

uvnf; w&m;cHjzpfoEl iS fh bmoma&;tpGe;f a&muf 0g'Dcsm;vfprf ifqefyu kH kd

rsuEf mS zH;k rS azmfjycJo h jzihf yxrqH;k tBurd f vlowfw&m;cHwpfO;D tm; ,if;
r*¾Zif;Bu;D u rsuEf mS zH;k wGif azmfjycJjh cif; jzpfonf[k qdak vonf/ avmh(pf)
tif*sv(D pf)NrKd UrS xkwaf 0aom r*¾Zif;wpfapmifurl 1969 ckEpS \ f vlod
trsm;qH;k aom trsKd ;om; [k a&G;cs,í f csm;vfprf ifqef

\ b0jzpfpOfukd azmfjycJo h nf/ trIBu;D ppfaq;Ny;D qH;k Ny;D aemuf a&SYaeBu;D

AifqifAh *l , D o kd nf ,if;trIBuD;taMumif;udk trnfjzihf

pmtkyBf u;D udk a&;om;xkwaf 0cJ\ h / pmrsuEf mS aygif; (700) ausm&f dS cJNh y;D
rSww f rf;wif "mwfyrkH sm;udyk if rsuEf mS aygif; (64) rsuEf mS azmfjyxm;cJ\ h /
,if;pmtkyBf u;D rSmvnf; urÇmausmf ta&mif;&twGif us,q f ;kH pmtkyBf u;D
jzpfco hJ nf/ uwfxzl ;kH wefz;kd Bu;D pmtkyt f jzpf (7) Burd w f w d d yHEk ydS x
f wk af 0
cJ&h Ny;D tar&duefjynfaxmifpk vpOfxw k f pmtkyt f oif;Bu;D

rSyif (5) Burd f xkwaf 0cJ&h onf/ emrnfausmf

e,l;a,mhcNf rKd UrS xkwaf 0aom wdik ;f pfowif;pmBu;D u tcef;

quftjzpf wpfEpS ef ;D yg; azmfjyay;cJah vonf/ Muufwq H yd tf zH;k jym xkwaf 0

a&;pmtkyw f u kd Bf u;D url (12) Burd w f w d d xkwaf 0cJ&h onf[q k o kd nf/ pmzwf
y&dowfBu;D uvnf; pdw0f ifpm;cJMh uonf/ pmtky\ f trnf

qdo k nfrmS vlowfacgif;aqmif csm;vfprf ifqef\ vlowform; rsm;udk

tcsuaf y;onfh vQKd Y0u S pf um;vH;k jzpfavonf/

þuJo h Ykd urÇmausmcf &Jh onfh vlowfrBI u;D rSm w&m;cHrsm;tay:

wGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pdw0f ifpm;cJMh uonfxuf urÇmausmf ½ky&f iS 'f g½du k w f m
Bu;D ½drk efyv kd ef;puD;\ aetdrw f iG f jzpfymG ;cJ&h aom tjypfrt hJ owfc&H ol
wufopfp½ky&f iS rf if;orD; &Sm&Gew f w d Ef iS hf tjcm; towfc&H olwYkad Mumifh
jzpfco hJ nf/
towfc&H olrsm;wGif rif;orD; ]&Sm&Gew f w d }f \ b0rSm ydí k yif
&ifemzG,jf zpfonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf olrwGif ud, k 0f ef ud;k v &Sad e

aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ xdpk Ofu 'g½du k w f mBu;D ½drk efyv k d ef;puD;rSm aetdrw f iG f
r&Scd ah J y/ ½ky&f iS ½f u kd u f ;l &eftwGuf t*FvefEik d if w H iG f a&muf&ad S e cJ\ h / 'g½du k wf mBu;D
½drk efyv kd ef;puD;rSm ydv k efjynfom;jzpfonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpo k Ykd
a&muf&v d S mum a[mvD;0k'w f iG f onf;xdw&f iford w h f ek f ½ky&f iS rf sm; ½du k u f ;l jcif;jzihf
emrnfausmv f mcJ\ h /
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ayonf/ olYukd jyifopfjynf yg&DNrKd UwGif 1933 ckEpS u f arG;zGm;cJNh y;D olY
toufu;kd ESpt f &G,w f iG f rdbrsm;ESit fh wl ykv d efjynfoYkd jyefcMhJ uonf/
'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D jzpfymG ;aomtcgwGif ydv k efpuD;wdYk rdom;pkrmS emZD*smref
wdY\ k zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&hJ Ny;D rdcifrmS emZD*smrefwY\ kd acR;wyfpcef;wGif uG,f
vGecf &hJ &Smonf/ touf 20 t&G,w f iG f xdo k Ykd jyZmwfcakH y:wGiaf e&mrS
jyZmwfcakH y:wGif o½kyaf qmif jzpfvmcJ\ h / ½ky&f iS yf nmoifausmif;odYk wuf
a&mufciG &hf cJNh y;D ½ky&f iS 'f g½du k w f m jzpfvmcJ\ h / ol\ ½ky&f iS u f m;rsm;rSm vl
BuKd urf sm;onf/ tEkynmvnf; ajrmufonf/ wu,fo h bm0ESifh pdwu f ;l
wdYk aygif;pyf½u kd u f ;l xm;aom ½ky&f iS u f m;rsm;om jzpf\/ ¤if; ZmwfneT ;f a&;
om;í ½du k uf ;l cJah om ½ky&f iS u f m;rsm;rSm ydv k efEikd if w H iG f usi;f yaom ½ky&f iS yf JG
awmfwiG f qkrsm;&&Scd o hJ jzihf emrnfausmv f mcJo h nf/ ol½u kd cf o
hJ nfh ½ky&f iS f
um;rsm;rSm tEkynmt&a&m 0ifaiGt&yg atmifjrifaom ½ky&f iS rf sm; jzpf
ojzihf a[mvD0'k u f ac:,lcahJ vonf/ olYZeD; ½ky&f iS rf if;orD; &Sm&Gew f w d f
vlowform;rsm;aMumifh uG,v f eG cf &hJ onft h csed rf mS t*FvefEikd if w H iG f

Zmwfum; ½du k u f ;l aecsed f jzpfavonf/

þurÇmausmcf &hJ aom vlowfrBI u;D jzpfymG ;cJ&h yHrk mS þodYk jzpf
onf/ ½drk efyv kd efpuD;rdom;pk aexkid o f nfh tdrt f rSwf (10050) odYk tdraf p
trsKd ;orD;Bu;D rpöpcf surf if; onf eHeuf apmapm 8;00

em&DcefYwiG f a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf/ tbGm;Bu;D tzdYk tdraf &SU t0if0&Sd w,fvD
zke;f BuKd ;rsm; jywfusaeonfukd awGU&S&d ojzihf tHMh ocJ&h onf/ &Sm&Gew f w d w f Ykd
rdom;pkonf cgwdik ;f qdv k Qif eHeufapmapm tdy&f mrS xMuonft h avh &Sd
onf/ tdr0f if;twGi;f um; (3) pD;&yfxm;onfuv kd nf; awGU&onf/
{nfo h nfrsm; a&muf&adS eyH&k onf[k rpöpcf surf if;u xifrw S rf o d nf/
tb,fah Mumifh tdro f m;rsm;onf w,fvzD ek ;f BuKd ;rsm; jywfaeonfukd od&dS
jcif; r&S&d oenf;/ w,fvzD ek ;f wdik o f nf &yfxm;aom um;wpfp;D teD;rSmyif
jzpf\/ 0if;wHcg;&Sd vQypf pfacgif;avmif;udk ESyd Mf unhrf o d nf/ acgif;avmif;

jrnfoH rMum;&/ rpöpcf surf if;onf vQypf pfacgif;avmif;rsm; ysuaf e
ovm;? cgwdik ;f ,ckuo hJ Ykd wpfcgrS ysujf cif;r&S/d wHcg;teD;&Sd owif;pm
rsm; xnfx h m;&ef xm;&Sad om aowåmuav;xJrS wdik ;f pfowif;pm

udk ,lvu dk Nf yD; NcH0if;twGi;f odYk 0ifco hJ nf/ &yfxm;onfu h m;rsm;wGif

wpfp;D rSm wpfcgrS jrifawGUzl;jcif; r&So d jzihf vlprd ;f wpfO;D \um; jzpf[ef
&So d nf[k xifonf/ olYwiG yf gvmaom aomhEiS fh xrif;csuf aqmifuav;
twGi;f odYk 0ifvu dk o
f nf/ xrif;[if;csuaf om taqmiftwGi;f rS tdrw f iG f
toH;k jyKaom w,fvzD ek ;f rSmvnf; ac:r&/ ysuaf eonf/
,aeYtzdYk rpöpcf surf if; tHMh op&mawGom jzpfonf/ rD;zdak qmifEiS fh
tdycf ef;rsm;oGm;aom pBuøay:wGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aowåmBuD;ESpv f ;kH udk
awGU&onf/ ,if;aowåmBuD;rsm;rSm olr raeYu tdrrf jyefcif ,if;ae&m
rsm;wGif r&S/d bmaMumifh a&mufae&oenf;/ rpöpcf surf if; aowåmBuD;rsm;
teD;odYk a&mufvmaomtcg aoG;uGuBf uD;awGukd awGU&onf/ rpöpcf suf
rif;tzdYk toHuek f [pfratmfr&d ef owdxm;vku d &f onf/ tdycf ef;ta&SU&Sd
Murf;jyifay:wGif aoG;awG pGe;f aeonfh rsuEf mS okwyf 0gESpx f nfuv kd nf;
awGYvu dk &f onf/
rpöpcf surf if;onf rdrpd w d u f kd xde;f odr;f &ef rpGr;f aqmifEikd /f {nfh
cef;twGi;f üvnf; aoG;tdik t f wGi;f aoqH;k aeMuonfh {nho f nf av;OD;\
tavmif;rsm;udk awGYvu dk &f onf/ {nfch ef;0ifayguf rSew f cH g;wGif aoqH;k
aeolrsm;\ aoG;ESifh a&;xm;[ef&adS om ]0ufEiS fh ppfy}JG

[laom xl;qef;aom pmwef;udv k nf; owdxm;rdvu dk of nf/ rpöpcf suf

rif;onf ]]vlowfomG ;ygNyD/ u,fawmfrMl uyg}} [k toHuek f [pfatmf
vdu k rf o
d nf/ rpöpcf surf if;onf pdwv f yI &f mS ;aeojzihf tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;
vma&mufjcif;? &JtzGYJ a&mufvmjcif;wdYkuykd if owdrxm;rdawmh/
&JtzGYJ0ifrsm;uvnf; {nhcf ef;? &Sm&Gew f wd \
f tdycf ef; ponf
wdYkwiG f oJveG pf &SmMuonf/ rIcif;q&m0efBuD;rsm;uvnf; aoqH;k ol\
tavmif;rsm;udk ppfaq;Munh½f MI uonf/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;rS owif;
axmufwYkduvnf; "mwfyakH wG ½du k Mf u? ar;Mujref;MuESifh ½Iyaf xG;vsuf
&Sad eayonf/ {nhcf ef;ESihf &Sm&Gew f w
d f tdycf ef;rsm;rS rl;,pfaq;0g; yg0ifaom
aq;jym;rsm;? aq;ajcmufrsm;? rl;,pfaq;0g;yg0ifonfh aq;awmifrh sm;
awGU&S&d ojzihf yxrqH;k &JtzGYJurl aq;0g;oH;k pGx J m;olwpfO;D aq;ayguf
oGm;ojzihf vlowfru I kd usL;vGecf o hJ nf[k ,lqMuonf/

vlowform;onf "m;? wkwEf iS fh aoewfukd toH;k jyKí vlowf
rIukd usL;vGecf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ pHak xmufwYku d rl vlowform; wpfO;D wnf;
rjzpfEikd /f av;ig;OD;jzpfEikd Nf y;D ypön;f Opöm wpfpw kH pf&mudk &,lvakd omaMumifh
vlowfru I kd usL;vGejf cif; rjzpfEikd /f ½ky&f iS rf if;orD; &Sm&Gew f w d \ f tavmif;
wGif tzd;k wefvuf0wf&wemrsm; 0wfqifxm;vsu&f NdS y;D {nfo h nfrsm;\
ydu
k q f t H w d rf sm; twGi;f wGiv f nf; ydu k qf rH sm;ESit fh wl awGU&S&d avonf/
tzd;k wef wDA?DG uufquf ponfh tdro f ;kH ypön;f rsm;rSmvnf; ajc&mvuf&m
rysuf awGU&S&d \/ &Sm&Gew f w d Ef iS fh ½drk efyv kd ef;puD;wdYk tdycf ef;rsm;twGi;f rS
tzd;k wefypön;f rsm;? t0wftpm;rsm;rSmvnf; vuf&mrysuf awGU&S&d ojzihf
vlowform;wdYkonf ypön;f ud, k &l ef &nf&, G cf surf &S/d vlowf&efom
&nf&, G o f nf/ &Sm&Gew f w d rf o
d m;pktm; rke;f wD;ojzihf owfjzwfcjhJ cif;avm/
odYkaomf tjcm;{nfo h nfrsm;udyk g owfjzwfcjJh cif;aMumifh &JEiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJ
wdYk tawG;&cufonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f emrnfausmaf eonfh
auoH;k vH;k *dP k ;f tzGYJ\ vufcsuv f nf; jzpfEikd pf &m r&S/d {nfch ef;wHcg;wGif
awGU&S&d onfah oG;ESifh a&;xm;aom pmwef;omvQif t"du

oJveG pf jzpfaecJo h nf/

rif;orD; &Sm&Gew f w d f towfc&H rIonf a[mvd0'k ½f yk &f iS f tEk
ynm&Sirf sm; avmuwGif wkev f yI af csmufcsm;oGm;cJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu avmhpf
tif*svpD jf ynfe,fwiG v f nf; vlowfraI wG aeYpOfvkd jzpfymG ;aeojzihf tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpkomru urÇmwpf0ef;vHk; pdwf0ifpm;vmcJhMuonf/
txufazmfjyyg rif;orD;&Sm&Gew f w d f towfccH &hJ Ny;D avmhpt f if*svpD f jynf
e,fwiG f vlowfraI ygif; (28) rI jzpfymG ;cJo h nf[k qdck MhJ uonf/ þuJo h Ykd
jzpfymG ;aeaom &mZ0wfrrI sm;aMumifh emrnfausmf rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;rSm
us;D vefYpmpm; jzpfae&awmhonf/ urÇmausmf ½ky&f iS rf if;om;Bu;D z&ifph eD m
x&mrSm olYaetdrw f iG f aexdik jf cif;rjyK/ rdwaf qGrsm;tdrw f iG f yke;f ae&onf/
&Sm&Gew f w d \ f psmyeudyk if vdu k v f yH Ykad qmifjcif; rjyKEikd /f pwdrufuiG ;f crsm
rSmvnf; oGm;av&m aoewfuikd af qmifxm;&Ny;D *s,&f v D 0l ;D pfurl olYae
tdrw f iG f tcsuaf y;acgif;avmif;pepf xm;&Scd &hJ \/ rif;om; rif;orD; aetdrf
rsm;rSmvnf; &Jwu kd rf sm;vdk jzpfvmcJo h nf/ ygwDawG? npm pm;yGaJ wG?
{nfo h nfawGYqykH aJG wG avsmyh g;oGm;onf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk orkid ;f
wGif &Sm&Gew f wd Ef iS t fh zGYJtm; owfro I nf wkev f yI cf &hJ aom trIBu;D jzpfawmh
onf/ &Sm&Gew f wd f uG,v f eG cf &hJ Ny;D &ufaygif; 30 eD;yg; tar&duefjynf

axmifpk pHak xmuftzGYJBu;D ESifh avmhpt f if*svpd &f t J zGYJBu;D wdYkonf vlowf
w&m;cHrsm;udk ajc&mcHEikd jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/
'g½du k w f m ydv k ef;puD;rdom;pkrS aMumfjimrsm;udk avmhpt f if*svpD f
jynfe,fxw k f owif;pmrsm;ESifh e,l;a,mhcNf rKd UrS xkwaf 0onfh e,l;a,mhcf
wdik ;f pf owif;pmBu;D wGif awGY&MdS u&\/ ,if;aMumfjimrsm;wGif rif;orD;
&Sm&Gew f wd f owfrEI iS fh ywfoufí owif;ay;Edik o f rl sm;udk qkaiG a':vm
(25000) ay;rnf[k aMumfjimxm;cJah vonf/ owif;pmBu;D rsm;uvnf;
&JtzGYJEiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJtm; jypfwifa0zefcMhJ uojzihf avmhpt f if&*svpD f &JtzGYJ
onf owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ usi;f yí jynfocl spaf om rif;orD; &Sm&Gew f w d f
tygt0if vlowfrt I m;vH;k twGuf w&m;cHrsm; zrf;qD;Edik af &; eD;uyfaeNyD
jzpfaMumif;? rsm;rMumrD vlowfw&m;cHtrSeu f kd zrf;qD;Edik rf nf jzpfyg
aMumif;[k owif;axmufrsm;udk &Si;f vif;cJ\ h / odYkaomf &JtzGYJurl &Sm&Gef
wdwEf iS fh taygif;toif;rsm; towfc&H rIonf rl;,pfaq;ok;H pGrJ ?I a&mif;
0,frrI sm;ESifh oufqikd v f rd rfh nf[k xifrw S cf \hJ /
(1969) ckEpS af tmufwb kd mvwGif avmhpt f if*svpD jf ynfe,f &JtzGYJ
onf csm;vfprf ifqefaexdik o f nfh tdrt f m; w&m;r0if bmoma&; t,lo;D
0g'jzefYa0jcif;ESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;oH;k pGo J nfh owif;rsm;t& 0ifa&muf&mS
azGco hJ nf/ csm;vfprf ifqefEiS t fh wl vrf;o&J([pfy)D tzGYJ0if ESpq f ,fah v;OD;
tm; awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/ ¤if;csm;vfprf ifqef\ aetdrrf yS if

a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gupf mwrf;tcsKdYuk d odr;f qnf;&&Scd o h J jzihf avmhpt f if

*svpd f &JwyfzYJt G zdYk &Sm&Gew f w d o f wfr\ I oJveG pf udk &&So d mG ;cJMh uonf/
þuJo h Ykd csm;vfprf ifqef\ aetdrt f m; &JwyfzYJw G Ykd 0ifa&muf
pD;eif;cJph Ofu xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJo h l trsKd ;orD;ESpOf ;D uvnf; avmhpf
tif*svpd &f w J yfzYJt G m; tumtuG,af y;&ef awmif;qdck NhJ y;D csm;vfprf ifqef
tzGYJ\ usL;vGecf o hJ nfh 'kp½du k rf rI sm;udk ajzmifch suaf y;cJah vonf/ þuJo h Ykd
rxifrrSwjf zpf&yfrS urÇmausmcf &hJ onfh vlowfrBI u;D udk avmhpt f if*svpd f
&JwYko d nf w&m;cH tppftrSerf sm;udk azmfxw k í f w&m;Oya'twkid ;f tjypf
ay;Edik cf ahJ vonf/
vlowfw&m;cH pdwfa0'empGJuyfaeol[k ,lqxm;aom
csm;vfprf ifqefukd (1924) ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefjynfaxmifpk qefz&efppöukd
NrKd UwGif zGm;jrifco hJ nf/ rdcifjzpforl mS jynfw h efqmrwpfO;D jzpfcNhJ y;D csm;vfpf
rifqef\ zcifrmS rnfoq l o k d nfukd od&jdS cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ ud;k ESpt f &G,w f iG f

cd;k rIEiS fh azmufxiG ;f rIrsm; usL;vGecf o hJ jzihf vli,fjyKjyifa&; tusO;f axmifwiG f
oH;k ESpo f ;Hk rd;k xde;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf/ axmifrS vGwv f maomtcgwGiv f nf;
um;ck;d rI? azmufxiG ;f rI? vk,ufrrI sm; usL;vGecf jhJ yefojzihf rMumcP
axmif eef;pHc&hJ onf/ trSet f m;jzihf csm;vfprf ifqef\b0tponf
arSmifxu J yif pcJo h nf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ aemufq;kH [pfyt D zGYJ0ifrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;í bmoma&;t,l oD;*dP k ;f wpf*P kd ;f zGYJpnf;cJah vonf/
olYu, dk o f l ypön;f rJ?h vlYatmufq;kH vTmrsm;udk u,fwif&iS Ef iS fh
txufwef;vTm vlYtzGYJtpnf;udk ppfaMunmí zsuq f ;D ypf&rnf[k a[m
ajymum vli,frsm;udk pnf;½H;k cJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd pnf;½H;k cJNh yD; vlowfrBI uD;
rsm;udk usL;vGecf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ avmhpt f if*svpd f w&m;½H;k awmfurl csm;vfpf
rifqeftm; axmif'PfwpfoufwpfuRe;f csrw S cf ahJ vonf/
usrf;udk;

(17)
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tjyifwiG f arSmifru kd w
f w
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va&mifrsm; vH;k vH;k r&Sad y/ rd;k om;rsm; wufaeNy;D vQif avxJwiG f rd;k eHYyif
ygvsu&f adS omaMumifh jyifopftpd;k &\ a&SUaecsKyBf u;D a*gza&onf ol\
tdycf ef;jywif;udk zGiv hf suf olYvufwpfzufukd tjyifoYkd xkwí f rd;k zGu J av;
rsm; usrusukd cHMunhv f u
kd o
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onf/ olYtyd cf ef; jywif;teD;&Sd yd;k pmyifBuD;onf rd;k oufavaMumifh
t&ufr;l aeaom vlwpfa,mufozG,f [ko d nf ,dr;f EGYJvsu&f o
dS nf/
a*gza&tzdYk tdyrf aysmEf ikd /f cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd tDz,farQmpf ifBu;D odYk
vSr;f Munfrh o d nf/ aemfwm'def bk&m;ausmif;Bu;D \ pkvpfrrG ;f cRerf sm;udk vnf;
jrifae&ayonf/ wpfcsu?f cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS rd;k csKe;f oHrsm;udk Mum;& onf/
wpfzuftrd rf S tdy&f mr0ifMuao;aom tapcHwYk\ d pum;ajymoH rsm;?
cyfoo hJ hJ acG;G a[miforH sm;? oHwcH g;qGyJ w d of ?H oHpekH m&D xd;k oHrsm;udk
Mum;ae&onf/
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zwfvu dk jf yefonf/ a&SUaeBu;D a*gza&tzdYk ,if;pmukd yOörtBurd af jrmuf
zwf½jI cif; jzpfonf/ pmrSm azazmf0g&Dv (25) &ufaeYu yg&DNrKd U tusO;f
axmifBu;D twGi;f trsKd ;orD; 10 OD;ESihf ausmif;om;? t&G,v f il ,fav;

wpfO;D tm; owfrEI iS fh acgif;jzwftowfccH &hJ onfh urÇmausmf vlowf
orm; [ife&Da'ZDavmif;'½kxrH S aemufq;kH ay;cJah ompm jzpfavonf/
]]a&SUaecsKyBf u;D cifAsm; uReaf wmfonf rMumrD acgif;jzwfpufjzihf
towfc&H awmhrnfh vlowfrrI sm;udk vH;k 0rusL;vGecf &hJ onfh vlowform;
tac:cH&ol a'ZDavmif;'½k jzpfygonf/ (xdpk Ofu jyifopfjynfwiG f
ao'Pf pD&if&mwGif acgif;jzwfí pD&ifygonf/) uReaf wmf towfc&H rnfukd
vH;k 0 raMumufyg/ odYkaomf uRew f mf rusL;vGecf &hJ onfh jypfrrI sm;twGuf
cH&jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf þpmudk a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/
a&SUaecsKyBf u;D onf uReaf wmft h m; tjypf'Pf csrw S cf o
hJ nfah eYu rMumcP
vSr;f Munhaf eonf udk awGUcJ&h ygonf/ uReaf wmf\ trIpwif ppfaq;cJo h nfh
pufwifbmv (21) &ufaeYuyif pwifí yg&Dyv k yd t
f zGYEJ iS fh a&SUaeBu;D wdYo
k nf
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oufaocHypön;f rsm;? uReaf wmf toH;k jyKcyhJ gonf[k wifjyxm;onfh
vlowf&mwGif toH;k jyKchJ onfh ypön;f rsm; ...
a*gza&onf qufrzwfvakd wmh? pD&ifcsucf sonfah eYu w&m;cGif
NrifuiG ;f udk NyefvnfNrifa,mifvmonf/ wzswzf swf ½du k af eonfh owif;
axmufrsm;? "mwfyq kH &mrsm;\ uifr&mrD;oD;rsm;\ 0if;ceJ vufaeyHrk sm;?
vIy&f mS ;qlnaH eonfh y&dowf\toHrsm;? xdik ef m;axmifaeonfh cHak y:rS
vJusomG ;onfh w&m;cH\ZeD; rd½k *kd ikd &f mzm&D? at;aq;wnfNird pf mG ESifh a&SUae
csKyBf uD; a*gza&tm; vSr;f Munfv h ukd yf w
kH Ykdonf ½ky&f iS u f m;ozG,f ay:vm
cJo
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a*gza&onf touf 52 ESpt f &G,f w&m;cHavmif;'½k\
oP²mefuv kd nf; jrifa,mifvmonf/ avmif;'½k\ toGit f jyif yHyk ef;
vu©Pmonf vlowform;ESifh vm;vm;rS rwl? at;aq; wnfNidrf
onf/ pum;ajym&mwGif nifnifomom&So d nf/ olY½yk &f nf? olYrw k f
qdwrf sm;? olY0wfpm;yHw k Ykdonf xdak cwfu emrnfausmf yg&DNrdKU aqmfbeG ;f
wuúov kd uf 'óedu ygarmu©wpfO;D ESifh wlaeonf/
rsufEmS toGit f jyifonf vlwpfa,muf\ twGi;f p½du k u f kd
azmfusL;onf[al om a&S;ola[mif;wdY\ k tqdo k nf rSm;rsm;aea&mhovm;/
avmif;'½konf vH;k 0 vlowfw&m;cH toGit f jyif r&S/d jyifopfjynf\
w&m;pD&ifa&;onf rSm;rsm;aea&mhovm;/ ykvdyfwdkYonf rIcif;qdkif&m
'óersm;onfvnf; vrf;vGJaeaya&mhovm;/ ykvdyfwdkYonf tcsuf

tvuf rjynhpf ckH ifvo kd vdk aumufcsucf scí hJ trIukd wifjyEdik af &;udk qifí
aqmif&u G cf ohJ vm;paom ar;cGe;f aygif;rsm;pGmonf a&SUaecsKyBf u;D a*gza&
acgif;xJwiG f tpDt&ifay: vmcJah vonf/
&mZ0wfrcI if;wpfck jzpfymG ;&mwGif w&m;cHtppftrSef r&&atmif
&SmazGEikd jf cif;? azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif;onf ykvyd t f zGYJEiS fh pHak xmuf tzGYJBu;D wdYk
vkyif ef;Bu;D jzpfavonf/ &mZ0wfrrI sm;udk oufaoxGucf suf xif&mS ;rSom
vQif w&m;½H;k rS tjypfay;&rnf jzpfayonf/ wpfcgwpf&w H iG f rsujf rifouf
aor&Sb d J tqufjywfí aeayonf/ tjypfusL;vGeo f l (100) vH;k aomf
vnf;aumif; vGwaf jrmufomG ;vQif ta&;rBu;D bJ tjypfro hJ l wpfO;D tjypf
cH&ygrl vlwikd ;f av;pm;onfh rGejf rwfaom w&m;rSeu f efrBI u;D rSm tpGe;f
txif;Bu;D wpfct k jzpf pGe;f xif;oGm;onfEiS fh wlavawmhonf/
,ck uReaf wmf wifjyxm;chaJ om [efe&Da'ZDavmif;'½k\ trI
BuD;rSmvnf; ykvyd t f zGYJEiS fh jyifopfjynf ql&aD w;pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;wdYku
wifjycJah om wdu k ½f u
kd rf sujf rifoufao\ oufaocHcsurf sm;ESifh oG,0f u kd f
í&aom oufaocHcsuf rsm;onf wpfck

ESiw fh pfck uGi;f qufjywfaeojzihf vlowform; avmif;'½ktm; aopm;ao

ap pD&ifro I nf jyifopfjynfw&m;½H;k awmfBu;D \ rSm;,Gi;f rI[k trsm;u
xifjrif,q l cJMh uonf/ avmif;'½k\ trItm; wpfurÇmvH;k uyif pdw0f if
pm;cJNh y;D xdpk Ofu xkwaf 0cJah om yg&DNrKd Uxkwf vmzpf*g½dk owif;pmBu;D ?
vef'ef aeYpOfowif;pmBu;D ? 0g&Siw f efowif;pmBu;D ESihf e,l;a,mhcw f ikd ;f
owif;pmBu;D wdYku jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefccH &hJ aom jypfrBI u;D jzpfonf/
urÇmUrIcif;ordik ;f wGiv f nf; ,aeYxd ,if;trIBu;D tm; w&m;½H;k
u rSm;,Gi;f pGm pD&ifco hJ nf[k trsm;u ,lqcJMh uavonf/ avmif;'½k\
trItaMumif;udk jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;rsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;? 0w¬Krsm;? ½ky&f iS rf sm; ½du k f
cJMh uayonf/
avmif;'½krmS Oy"d½yk af umif;ol? pum;ajymaumif;ol? trsKd ;orD;
rsm;tm; csucf si;f usavmufatmif? ESpo f ufatmif pum;ajymwwfol
wpfO;D jzpfNy;D i,fpOf 1900 jynhEf pS af vmufu cd;k rIuav;wpfrw I iG f ykvyd f
wdYku ouFmruif;jzpfco hJ jzihf ppfaq;ar;jref;cHc&hJ olwpfO;D jzpfavonf/
olYzcifrmS oHrPdpuf½w kH pf½w kH iG f emrnfausmf tvkyo f rm;wpfO;D jzpfcNhJ y;D
avmif;'½ktm; ykvyd t f zGYJu ppfaq;aecsed w f iG f rdru d ,
dk rf rd d tqH;k pD&ifomG ;

cJo
h jzihf ykvyd t f zGYJonf avmif;'½ku, kd w
f ikd f pdwaf &m*g &SEd ikd o f nf[k
aumuf csucf sxm;cJah vonf/
yxr urÇmppfBuD;jzpfymG ;cJah om 1914 ckEpS t f xd yg&Dyv k yd f
tzGYJurl avmif;'½ktm; pdwrf cs&ol? &mZ0wfru I kd usL;vGeEf ikd o f wl pfO;D
[lí apmihMf unhcf ahJ vonf/ avmif;'½konf y&dabm*rsm;? tjcm; tdrf
oH;k ypön;f rsm;? t0wftpm;rsm;? td;k cGuyf ef;uefrsm;rS pí wpfywf&pf
ypön;f rsm; a&mif;0,fow l pfO;D tjzpf yg&DNrKd UwGif oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;cJah vonf/
ypön;f a&mif;0,form;wpfO;D jzpfojzihv f nf; trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqaH &;
rsm;cJoh nf/ ol\ tajymtqdn k ufrEI iS fh trlt&m odraf rGYraI Mumihf trsKd ;
orD;rsm; avmif;'½ktm; 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfaecJah vonf/
avmif;'½konf ypön;f Opöm<u,f0aom rkq;dk r r'rfual cs;qdo k l
ESihf wyl;wGw J JG oGm;vmcJNh yD; 1914 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvuyif ,if;rkq;kd rESifh
olYom;tif'½l;wdYktm; ywf0ef;usiu f awGYjrifjcif; r&Scd ahJ wmhay/ r'rful
acs;ESifh olYom;aysmufq;Hk aeaMumif;udk aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;u ykvyd t f zGYJ
tm; wdik Mf um;cJah omfvnf; yxrurÇmppfBu;D jzpfymG ;vmojzifh ,if;trIrmS
xkwaf zmfEikd jf cif; r&Scd ahJ wmhay/
1915 ckEpS cf efYwiG f jALEdak t&pfNrdKUrS yg&DNrdKUodYk ajymif;a&TUvmol
touf 47 ESpcf efY&dS rkq;kd rwpfO;D ESifh avmif;'½kwYkd wyl;wGw J JG oGm;vm
aeMuonfukd trsm;awGYjrifc&hJ avonf/ ,if;rkq;kd rBuD;rSmvnf; csr;f om
<u,f0olwpfO;D jzpfojzihf yg&DNrdKUwGif vlord sm;vSow l pfO;D jzpfavonf/
1915 ckEpS f ZGev f wGirf l xl;xl;qef;qef; ,if;trsKd ;orD;BuD;ESifh avmif;
'½kwYkd oGm;vmaexdik jf cif; r&Sad wmhbJ avmif;'½kurl ,if;trsKd ;orD;onf
tm*siw f ;D em;Edik if H jAL*dak t&pfNrdKUodYk jyefomG ;cJah Mumif; owif; jzefYcahJ v
onf/
avmif;'½konf xdEk pS af rvwGif yg&DNrdKUrS xkwaf 0aom owif;
pmrsm;wGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; qef;us,af om aMumfjimudk xnfo h iG ;f aMunm
cJah vonf/ aMumfjimwGif olYtrd Ef iS o hf m;tm; xde;f odr;f Edik af &;ESifh olEiS fh
vufxyf&ef touf 40 ausmcf efY rkq;kd rwpfO;D tvd&k adS Mumif;? ol\
ud, k af &;tcsut f vufrsm;yg azmfjyxm;cJ&h m yg&DNrdKU vlux kH aH vmurS
vlord sm;cJah om rkq;kd r (3) OD;u avmif;'½kxH avQmufvmT rsm; wifoiG ;f
cJo
h nf[k od&cdS &hJ avonf/ odYkaomfvnf; ,if;rkq;kd r (3) OD;rSm xl;xl;
qef;qef; aysmufq;kH oGm;cJo h jzihf yg&Dq&l aD w; pHak xmuftzGYJonf avmif;

'½ktay: ouFmruif; jzpfvmcJNh yD; ol\oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk apmifh
Munhcf ahJ vawmhonf/
avmif;'½konf þtawmtwGi;f yg&DNrdKY&dS csr;f om<u,f0ol
rsm;\om;orD;rsm;tm; tdrrf sm;wGif oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;ay;aeonfh
tvGwyf nmoifq&mr a'ZDa&;qdo k l touf (50) ausmcf efY&dS rkq;kd r
wpfO;D ESifh oGm;vmaexdik o f nfukd awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/ trsKd ;orD;rSm ,cif
Edik if jH cm;a&;0efxrf;wpfO;D \ ZeD;wpfO;D jzpfcahJ vonf/ ,if;trsKd ;orD;rSm
vnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aysmufq;kH cJ&h avonf/
uRefawmf a&;om;azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f ypön;f ta[mif;0,f
a&mif;orm;jzpfol avmif;'½kEiS fh twlwcJG MhJ uonfh rkq;kd rtm;vH;k vdv k kd
rawGYrjrifMu&awmhbJ jzpfaeonf/ ywf0ef;usiEf iS fh ykvyd w f Yko
d nf avmif;
'½ktm; oHo,jzpfvmonf/ apmihí f Munh½f aI vhvmMuawmhonf/
avmif;'½konf 1919 ckEpS ?f {NyDvwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 19
ESpf t&G,f acsmarmvSyaom tif'½lbmbDavqdo k l qif;&Jonfh rde;f rysKd
uav;wpfO;D udk yg&Drx D ½dk blwm½Hw k iG f awGYqckH &hJ mrS twl wyl;wGw J JG
jzpfvmonf/ bmwDavrSm ,cifavmif;'½kEiS fh oGm;twl vmtwl
aexdik f Muaom rkq;kd rrsm;ESifh rsm;pGm jcm;em;aeavonf/
,cif avmif;'½kEiS fh wGcJ o hJ nfh trsKd ;orD;tm;vH;k vdv k o kd nf
rkq;kd r? ypön;f csr;f om<u,f0olrsm;jzpfNyD; ,ckbmvDavrSmrl qif;&J onfh
rde;f rysKd uav;wpfO;D jzpfojzihf apmihMf unhaf eaom ykvyd t f zGYJtzdYk xl;qef;
aeayawmhonf/
,if;rde;f ysKd uav;rSmvnf; rMumcif awGYjrifjcif; r&Sad wmhay/
avmif;'½konf touf 44 ESpcf efY&dS rkq;kd rwpfO;D ESifh wyl;wGw J JG oGm;vm
aeonfud ak wGYjrifcMhJ u&jyefonf/ rMumcifyif ,if;rkq;kd r aysmufq;kH oGm;
cJo
h jzihf rkq;kd r\tpfrjzpfou l avmif;'½kae xdik o f nfh *efA, D m&yfuu G f
wm0ef&o dS tl m; wdik Mf um;cJah vonf/ oHo,jzpfaeaom ykvyd t f zGYJonf
trsKd ;orD; (10) OD;ESihf vli,fwpfO;D aysmufq;kH aerIonf avmif;'½kwiG f
wm0ef&o dS nf[k ,lqcJNh yD; 1919 ckEpS f {NyDvwGif avmif;'½ktm; zrf;qD;
cJNh yD; avmif;'½k\tdru f kd pepfwus &SmazGcahJ vonf/
avmif;'½k tdycf ef;twGi;f rS za,mif;rsm; wku d x
f m;aom t&Snf
wpfuu kd cf efY&adS om xl;jcm;aom reDvmBudK;wpfacsmif;ESihf avmif;'½k\
rSww f rf;pmtkyu f kd awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/

odYkaomf ,if;rSww f rf;pmtkyw f iG f aysmufq;kH aeol trsKd ;orD; (3)
OD;\ ae&yfvyd pf mrsm;udo k m awGU&NyD; uset f rsKd ;orD;rsm;\ trnf
vdypf mrsm;udk awGU&Sjd cif; r&Scd &hJ ay/
ykvyd t f zGYJurl avmif;'½k\tdycf ef;twGi;f rS awGU&S&d aom BuKd ;rSm
trsKd ;orD;rsm;udk vnfyif;tm; &pfywfí owf&mwGif toH;k jyKco hJ nfh
BuKd ;jzpf[ef&o dS nf[k aumufcsucf s,cl MhJ uavonf/
trsKd ;orD; toH;k taqmif trsKd ;rsKd ;udv k nf; avmif;'½k\ aetdrf
wGif awGU&Scd aJh vonf/ ykvyd t f zGYJurl ,if;trsKd ;orD; toH;k taqmifypön;f
rsm;onf aysmufq;kH aeaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ ypön;f rsm; jzpfEikd o f nf[í l
,lqonf/
avmif;'½kr;D zdt k wGi;f rS awGU&S&d aom jymrsm;rSm vlaotavmif;
rsm;udk rD;½dYI&mrS jymrsm;jzpfEidk o f nf[k ½H;k awmftm; oufaoypön;f rsm;
tjzpf wifjycJah vonf/
avmif;'½ktrIonf yg&Dvx l ok mru urÇmwpf0ef;vH;k pdw0f if
pm;cJ&h aom trIBu;D jzpfavonf/ yg&Dped jf rpfurf;teD;&Sd &mZ0wf w&m;½H;k
Bu;D rSmvnf; avmif;'½ktm; ppfaq;onfah eYwiG f vma&muf em;axmif
Muonfh y&dowfjzihf jynfv h su&f adS eayawmhonf/
w&m;cGiw f iG f ykvyd t f zGYJuvnf; avmif;'½kEiS fh ywfoufí wif
jyxm;onfh oufaocHypön;f rsm;rSm aysmufq;kH aeaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;\
ypön;f rsm; jzpfEidk Nf y;D avmif;'½ktrd rf S awGU&S&d onfh ypön;f aygif; trsKd ;aygif;
axmifausm&f o dS nf[k uReaf wmfwYkd zwf½cI &hJ ygonf/
avmif;'½kurl ajzmifch suaf y;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y/ olYaeYpOfrw S wf rf;wGif
awGU&Sad om trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ emrnfrsm;rSm olYxH ypön;f ta[mif; vm
a&mufa&mif;csol trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ ae&yfvyd pf mrsm;om jzpfygonf[í l
½H;k awmfwiG f xGuq f ckd NhJ y;D ? olYtrd rf mS awGU&S&d onf[al om trsKd ;orD; toH;k
taqmifypön;f ta[mif;rsm;rSm ol0,f,x l m;aom ypön;f rsm;jzpfaMumif;?
ypön;f a[mif; a&mif;orm;wpfO;D tzdYk ,if;ypön;f rsm; awGU&jcif;onf txl;
tqef; r[kwyf gaMumif; wifjycJo h nf/ ykvyd t f zGYJu wifjyonfh tcsKd Y
oufaocHypön;f rsm;rSm olYaetdrrf S r[kwaf Mumif; jiif;qdck ahJ vonf/
w&m;cGiw f iG rf l avmif;'½k usL;vGecf o hJ nfh jypfrrI sm;twGuf rsuf
jrifoufaor&Sd jzpfc&hJ onf/ aysmufq;kH aeaom trsKd ;orD;BuD;wpfO;D \
nDrjzpfolurl olronf xl;qef;aom tdyfrufwpfck jrifrufaMumif;?

tdyrf ufwiG f avmif;'½konf olYnrD tm; ½H;k awmfwiG f oufaocHypön;f
tjzpf wifjyxm;aom BuKd ;jzihf vnfyif;udk &pfí owfygaMumif; xGuq f kd
onf/ odYkaomf w&m;½H;k tzdYk tdyrf uf rufjcif;udk oufaotrSet f jzpf
vufrcHEidk /f
avmif;'½ktrI ppfaq;aecsed w f iG f ,cifu avmif;'½kEiS hf twlae
xdik cf NhJ y;D ykvyd t f zGYJu wifjyonfh aysmufq;kH aeol trsKd ;orD; wpfO;D tm;
vpfbmEGeEf ikd if w H iG f jyifopfbmompum;oif q&mr tjzpf trIxrf;ae&mrS
w&m;cGio f Ykd vma&mufem;axmifonfukd awGU&S&d ojzihf yg&Dvx l Ek iS fh
owif;pmavmuwGif t,ltqwpfrsKd ; ajymif;vJvmcJo h nf/
avmif;'½konf ykvyd t f zGYJu wifjyxm;ouJo h Ykd pdwZå vlowf
orm;jzpfco hJ avm/ aysmufq;kH aeaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ jyóemudk r&Si;f
vif;Edik af om ykvyd t f zGYJonf trIqifí jzpfoavm ponfjzihf oHo,rsm;
0ifvmcJah vonf/
avmif;'½k\ a&SUaejzpfol ½dik zf &Durl avmif;'½kwiG f vk;H 0 tjypf
r&S/d vlowfrrI sm;udk usL;vGecf jhJ cif; r&S[ d k pGpJ NJG rNJ rJ ,HMk unfcahJ vonf/
odYkaomf ½H;k awmfBu;D url avmif;'½konf ykvyd t f zGYJu wifjypGypf cJG o hJ vdk
vlowform;wpfO;D jzpfonf/ vlowfraI ygif;rsm;pGmudk aoG;at;at;jzihf
usL;vGecf o hJ w l pfO;D [k xifjrif,q l cJNh y;D ao'PfpD &ifcsucf srw S cf ahJ vawmh
onf/
avmif;'½konf uReaf wmfa&;om;azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f olYtm;
ao'PfrpD&ifrD tpd;k &a&SUaeBu;D xH olusL;vGejf cif; r&So d nfh vlowfrI
taMumif; pma&;om;cJah vonf/
avmif;'½ktm; azazmf0g&Dv (25) &uf? 1922 ckEpS w f iG f ao
'Pf pD&ifcahJ vonf/ avmif;'½konf ao'Pfp&D ifjcif; rjyKrD bke;f awmf
Bu;D xH 0efcjH cif; rjyK/ tusO;f axmif wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u ay;cJo h nfh pD;u&uf
ESifh t&ufwpfcu G uf vkd nf; vufEiS ahf wmif rwdYkawmhay/ olYtm; ao'Pf
rpD&ifrD teD;em;wGif &Sad eaom olYa&SUae ½dik zf &Dtm; vufq f EJG w
I q f ufcNhJ y;D
]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f ½dik zf &D/ tjypfr&So d wl pfO;D ol rusL;vGecf &hJ wJh jypfrI
twGuf ao'PfccH &hJ w,f qdw k mudak wmh vlxo k ad pcsiyf gw,fAsm}} [k
ajymcJNh y;D acgif;jzwfccH ahJ vonf/
jyifopfjynf w&m;pD&ifa&;ordik ;f wGif trsm;qH;k a0zefccH &hJ onfh
rIcif;Bu;D jzpfcahJ vonf/ avmif;'½konf trSew f u,f tjypfuif;pifol

wpfO;D jzpfoavm/ w&m;udk ewfapmiho f nfqv
kd Qif avmif;'½ktrIonf
ewfrapmihw f &m;avm/ ,aeY r&Si;f vif;Edik af wmh avmif;'½ktrIukd a&;om;
cJMh uonfh 0w¬Krsm;? jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;Bu;D rsm;wGiyf if t,ltqtrsKd ;rsKd ;?
½Iaxmift h rsKd ;rsKd ;rS pma&;olrsm;u wifjycJMh uavonf/
avmif;'½konf aiGa&;aMu;a&;aMumifh csrf;om<u,f0aom
rkq;kd rrsm;udk owfco hJ nf[q
k v kd Qif tb,faMumifh qif;&Jonfh tif'½l;bD
bmavudk owfco hJ enf;pojzihf ar;cGe;f rsm; ar;cJMh uonf/ rnforl Q ajz
qdEk ikd pf rG ;f r&Scd ahJ y/ avmif;'½k ao'Pfp&D ifc&H Ny;D (45) ESpMf um 1968
ckEpS w f iG f yg&DNrKd Uxkwf owif;pmBu;D wpfapmifwiG f ,cifavmif;'½k iSm;
&rf;aexdik cf o hJ nfh tdrcf ef;twGi;f rS vl½;kd [k xif&aom t½d;k pkrsm; awGU&S&d Ny;D
avmif;'½k ao'Pfp&D ifc&H ef rdepftenf;i,ftvdw k iG f olaysmufq;kH aecJh
aom rde;f rrsm;udk owfcyhJ gonf[k ajzmifch suaf y;cJo h nf[k a&;om;cJah v
onf/
odYkaomf rMumrDtwGi;f rSmyif owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;&Sio f nf
vkyBf uHa&;cJyh gonf[k pGypf cJG surf sm; xGuaf y:vmcJNh yD; aqmif;yg;&Sirf mS
olpw d u f ;l jzihf a&;cJrh yd gaMumif; 0efccH &hJ avonf/
avmif;'½konf ao'Pf tqk;H pD&ifc&H Ny;D aemufyif jyifopfjynf
w&m;pD&ifa&;avmuudk wkev f yI af pcJ&h onf/ olYtrnfonf ol aoqH;k
cJ&h Ny;D ESpaf ygif; (50) MumcJo h nftxd jyifopftpd;k &udk ajcmufveS YfcahJ v
onf/ olYt½d;k wGecf ahJ va&mhovm;yif rod/ jyifopf pma&;q&mwpfO;D
jzpfol z&ifuq kd m*ifu avmif;'½k[al om ZmwfneT ;f udk a&;om;cJNh yD;
avmif;'½k\ &mZ0wfusL;vGecf yhJ rkH sm;udk ½ky&f iS ½f u kd uf ;l jyocJah vonf/
avmif;'½k\ aemufq;kH vufxyfcNhJ y;D touf&iS u f se&f pfol zeefa';qdo k l
trsKd ;orD;u pma&;q&mBu;D tm; olYcspv f if\ *kPo f ud m© udk xdyg;apcJh
ygonf[k w&m;pGcJ &hJ m avmif;'½k\ ZeD;rSm avsmaf Mu;tjzpf z&efYaiG
10000 &&So d mG ;cJah vonf/
usrf;udk;

(18)
1911 ck? aEGO;D &moD/

aEGO;D &moDwiG f yg&DNrdKU&Sd vkA&f jf ywdu k Bf uD;onf tvSwpfrsKd ;
qif vsuf &Sad vonf/ pdeYjf rpfab;wpfavQmuf ]yvmwef;} yif pdr;f vJv h rhJ sm;
Mum;rS tkwef aD &mifriId ;f onfh jywku d Bf uD;udk yef;csu D m;qefqef vSr;f í
jrif&avh&o dS nf/ vkA&f jf ywku d Bf uD;um; urÇmausmf rdek mvDZm yef;csu D m;BuD;
udk taMumif;jyKí vlord sm;cJo h nf/ urÇmt h BuD;qH;k jywdu k Bf uD;rsm;jzpfaom
pydejf ynfrS y&m'djk ywdu k ?f t*FvefEikd if rH S NAdwo d Qjywkud Bf uD;? ½k&jS ynfrS
[mrwfawh(*s)f jywdu k Bf uD;rsm;xuf vloyd rkd sm;avonf/
vkA&f jf ywdu
k Bf uD;wGif jyo&mXmeBuD;aygif; (7) ck&o dS nfh teuf
yef;csu D m;rsm;jyo&m XmeBuD;jzpfaom XmeBuD;wGif tDwm

vs?H pyde?f t*Fvyd ?f 'wf(cs)f ? *smref? jyifopfEikd if rH sm;rS yef;csu D m;aygif;

wpfaomif;ausmf jyoxm;onf[k qdMk uonf/ ,if;jycef;wGif yef;csyD MkH urf;
aygif; &Spaf omif;ausmf pkaqmif;xm;&Sd jyocJ\ h / xdjk ycef;rS rdek mvDZm
yef;csu D m;udk vlMunfrh sm;Muonf/ urÇmt&yf&yfrS c&D;onfrsm;onf
þrdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;udk pdwt f 0ifpm;qH;k jzpfMuonf/ jywdu k rf S wm0ef&dS
olrsm;uvnf; jywdu k Bf uD;\ t0if0 vlrsm;jrifomaom ae&mrsm;wGif
rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD; rnfonft h xyfrmS &Sad Mumif; rnfoYkdomG ;&aMumif;
qdik ;f bkwrf sm;udk jrm;jyí vrf;nTeaf y;xm;cJah vonf/

vkA&f jf ywdu k Bf u;D rSm jyifopfjynf rif;tqufquf eef;awmftjzpf
toH;k jyKc&hJ mrS (14) Budraf jrmuf vl0b D &k ifvufxufawmfryS if wpfpwpfp
ESifh jywdu k Bf uD; jzpfvmcJah vonf/ a&S;acwf *&dEiS fh a&mrwdYk\ vuf&m
½kyw f ak ygif; (3000) ausm?f emrnfausmf *&d tcspef wforD;yHw k l ausmuf
qpf½yk v f ;kH jzpfaom AD;eyf(pf)'Drikd v f u kd v kd nf; jywdu k Bf uD;twGi;f awGYjrif
Edik of nf/
xkYdjyif a&S;a[mif;zdek &D eS v f rl sKd ;? tqD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd ;? tD*spv f rl sKd ;
wdYk\toH;k taqmifypön;f rsm;? ta&SUwdik ;f Edik if rH sm;rS a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI
ypön;f rsm;udk tcef;BuD; (6) cef;jynfh jyoxm;&Sad vonf/ xdjk ywdu k Bf uD;
\ yef;csjD ycef;wGi;f &Sd acwfa[mif;ynm&SiBf uD;rsm;\ vuf&mrsm;udk wuf
opfp yef;csyD nm&Siu f av;rsm;tm; avhusiu hf ;l ,la&;qGcJ iG ahf y;xm;cJ\ h /
þodYk ul;,la&;qG&J mwGif yef;csu D m;BuD;rsm;\ twdik ;f twmtwkid ;f
a&;qGcJ iG u hf rkd l wm;jrpfxm;cJo h nf/
wufopfp yef;csq D &mav; vl0b D aD &mhonf (1911) ckEpS f
Mo*kwv f (21) &uf eHeufapmapmuyif vkA&f jf ywdu k Bf uD; t0if0wGif
a&muf&adS eonf/ eHeufapmapm &Gmxm;aomrd;k aMumifh cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd pdeYfjrpf
Bu;D rS jrLcd;k awG a0aeojzihf rjrifEikd af y/ rd;k pufuav;rsm;onf jywku d Bf u;D
a&SU&Sd yd;k pmyifrsm;? 0ufopfcsyifrsm;ay:wGif ykvrJ sm; pDjc,fxm;ouJo h Ykd
jzpfaeavonf/ ,if;tyifrsm;ay:wGif rsKd ;qufaygif;rsm;pGm aMumifMh urJh
todu k t f tkjH yKvyk cf ahJ om pmuav;rsm;onf qlnpH mG rm*"aw;udk usL;
&ifah eMuayonf/ ,refaeYu jywku d Bf u;D udk txl;oefY&iS ;f a&; aqmif&u G &f ef
ydwx f m;cJNh yD;jzpfonf/ ,aeY Mo*kwv f (21) &ufaeYrS jynfov l x l o k Ykd
jyefvnfziG v hf pS jf yocJjh cif; jzpfonf/
yef;csq D &mav; vl0b D aD &mhonf vufwpfzufwiG f olY yef;csD
a&;qGrJ nfu h &d , d mESifh aq;aowåmav;udk udik q f &JG if; yef;csuD m;BuD; xm;
onfh jycef;wGi;f odYk 0ifvmcJo h nf/ vl0b D aD &mhonf emrnfausmf rdek mvDZm
yef;csu D m;Bu;D udak &;qG&J ef rGeYfrwf(&f)&yfuu G ?f yef;cst D a&mif;qdik &f iS f zdvpf\
wm0efay;csut f & a&muf&v dS mjcif; jzpfonf/ vl0b D aD &mhonf rMumcP
qdo k vdk a&S;acwfyef;csq D &mBuD;rsm;\ vuf&mrsm;udk ul;,la&;qGNJ yD;
zdvpf\ yef;csu D m;ta&mif;qdik w f iG f jyoxm;avh&o dS nf/ &moDrmS vnf;
urÇmvSnchf &D;onfawG ysm;yef;cyfvma&mufonfh &moDjzpfojzihf emrnf

ausmf rdek mvDZmyHw k l yef;csu D m;rsm;udk trsm;tjym; a&mif;cs&vdrrfh nf[k
arQmvf ifx h m;onf/
yef;csq
D &mav;onf jycef;t&m&Su d av;ESit fh wl rdek mvDZm yef;csD
um;BuD; csw d qf x JG m;onfah e&mudak &mufvmcJo h nf/ olwYdkEpS Of ;D pvH;k pdwf
acsmufcsm;oGm;onf/ oefY&iS ;f a&;vkyo f m;rsm; oefY&iS ;f a&;vky&f ef ,laqmif
oGm;cJMh uoavm/ odYkr[kwf wpfpw kH pf&m taMumif;&So d jzihf rdek mvDZmyef;csD
um;BuD;udk "mwfy½kH u kd uf ;l &ef wpfae&modYk ,laqmifomG ;oavm/ yef;csD
um;jycef;udk apmihaf &Smufonfh wm0efcEH pS Of ;D uvnf; rajymEdik /f rdek mvDZm
yef;csu
D m;udk vma&mufMunh½f MI uonfh urÇmvSncfh &D;onfawG wzJzG JG
a&mufvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ yef;csq D &mav; vl0b D aD &mhonf eHeuf (11;00)
em&D xd;k vmNyDjzpfí rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD;udk rdwLå ul;a&;qG&J ef vuf
avQm&h awmhrnfjzpfvmonf/ jycef;wm0efcEH iS fh yef;csq D &mav;wdYkEpS Of ;D
pvH;k tcsed Mf umvmonfEiS fh tHMh ojcif;? wkev f yI jf cif;? acsmufcsm;jcif; wdYk
aMumihf acR;awGpYkdvmonf/ jyifopf trsKd ;om;tm;vH;k \ tzd;k xdu k &f mS ;yg;
aom tEkynmyef;csu D m;BuD; (jrefrmaiGjzihf 47 ode;f wef yef;csu D m;)
rawGU &awmh/ olwYEkd pS Of ;D pvH;k onf tdyrf ufrsm; rufaeonf[k xif&onf/
acwftqufquf ESpaf ygif; (400) ausmf xdeo f rd ;f xm;cJo h nfh yef;csu D m;
BuD; aysmufq;kH oGm;onfrmS rjzpfEikd /f tapmift h a&SmufawGMum;rS ,if;
yef;csu
D m;udk rnfoYdkc;dk ,lEikd o f enf;/
aysmufq;kH oGm;cJah om rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;udk urÇmausmf yef;csD
q&mBu;D vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcso D nf (1503) ckrS (1507) ckEpS x f d av;ESpw f w d d
a&;qGcJ &hJ avonf/ tNyHK;&Sif rdek mvDZmrSm tDwvDEikd if H zavmf&ifNh rdKUrS
ukef onfBu;D wpfO;D \ wwd,ZeD;jzpfonf/ ukeo f nfBu;D rSm rdek mvDZmxuf
touf (19) ESpcf efY BuD;oljzpfonf/ yef;cs?D yef;yk? tEkynmypön;f pk
aqmif;olwpfO;D jzpfonf/ odYkjzpfí xdak cwfu emrnfausmf yef;csq D &m
vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcst D m; ac:,lí olYcspZf eD;av;\yHw k u l kd a&;qJaG pavonf/
a&;qGaJ epOf rked mvDZm\ cifyeG ;f jzpfol ukeo f nfBu;D ESifh vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcsw D Ykd
qufqaH &; rajyjypfojzihf wpfyikd ;f wpfp qGv J ufpjzpfaeaom yef;csu D m;
Bu;D udk jyifopfjynf yg&DoYkd ,laqmifomG ;cJo h nf/ yg&DwiG f vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcsD
onf rdek mvDZm yHw k u l m;BuD;udk qufvufa&;qGcJ o hJ nf/ jyifopfjynf&h iS f
yxrajrmuf z&pfppfonf ,if;rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD;udk xdak cwfu
a':vm (50000) ay;í 0,f,cl o hJ nf[k qdak vonf/

jywdu k rf ;ª BuD;onf jyifopfjynf\ paumhwvef,m'f[k emrnf
ausmaf eonfh yg&DNrKd U ql&aD w;pHak xmuftzGYJBu;D udk csucf si;f taMumif;Mum;
cJo h nf/ pHak xmufausmrf sm;onf jywdu k Bf uD;odYk tajy;tvTm; a&mufvmcJh
MuNyD; oJveG pf awG &SmMuonf/ wm0ef&o dS al wGukd ppfaq;Muonf/
jynf wGi;f rS avqdyt f m;vH;k a&muf&adS eonfh c&D;onfawGukd ydu k pf yd wf u dk f
&SmMu onf/ rD;&xm;blwm½Hrk sm; oabFmqdyrf sm;wGif tapmihaf wG csxm;Mu
onf/ trsKd ;om;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpBf uD;wpfck aysmufq;kH oGm;cJ&h um
wpfwikd ;f jynfv;kH owif;ysYHEYHSomG ;cJ&h awmhonf/ jyifopfjynfrS owif;pm
tm;vH;k wGif ta&;ay;azmfjycJMh uonf/ emrnfausmf owif;pm

BuD;url ]rMumrD aemfwm'deb f &k m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;BuD;udk cd;k ,lEikd Mf uawmhrnf
avm} [k oa&mfonf/
jyifopfpaHk xmuftzGYJBuD;ESihf ykvyd t f zGYJBuD;wdYktzdYk t&Su&f apawmh
onf/ jyifopfjynf acwftqufqufwiG f xl;jcm;onfh pum;yHw k pfck
&Sd cJzh ;l onf/ ,if;tdro f ;kH pum;yHrk mS ]wpfpw kH pfcuk kd jyKvyk &f mwGif rjzpfEikd [ f k
,lqvQif rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;Bu;D udk cd;k ,lovdk jzpfrmS aygh} [laom pum;yHk
jzpfonf/ qdv k o kd nf t"dymÜ ,frmS rdek mvDZm yef;csu D m;BuD;udk b,fvrkd S
]vkA&f }f jywdu k Bf uD;rS rck;d ,lEikd [ f al om t"dymÜ ,fjzpfonf/ odYkaomf ,ck
aysmufq;kH oGm;cJNh yDjzpfonf/
yg&Dq&l aD w; pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;onf tar&duef jynfaxmifpt k zGYJ
BuD; tzGYJBuD;okYdvnf;aumif;? t*Fvef paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJBuD;

wdYkxo H Ykdvnf;aumif;? emrnfausmf &mZ0wfrI usL;vGeaf vh&o dS nfo h rl sm;?

vufpvufe&So d rl sm;tm; apmihMf unf&h ef arwåm&yfccH o hJ nf/ jyifopftpd;k &
onf rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m; aysmufq;kH rIukd ppfaq;&ef emrnfausmf *sL&Dvl
BuD;[ife&D';l a&mh acgif;aqmifaom aumfrwDwpf&yfukd

zGYJay;cJ&h onf/ jyifopfjynf\e,fpyfawG tm;vH;k udk ydwq f Yko

d nf/ jyifopf
tpd;k &tm; tMuyfuikd &f ef ,if;yef;csu D m;Bu;D udjk yefay;qGo J avm ponfjzihf
tcsKd Yu xifrw S cf hJ onf/ aA'ifq&mawG? vu©Pmq&mawG? *rD&Ç ynm&Sif
awG? 0dnmOf q&m? q&mrawGukd ,if;rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;Bu;D owif;&Ekid f
zdYk rdrw d Yked nf;jzihf BuHaqmifMu&ef owif;pm? *sme,frsm;u wdu k wf eG ;f cJMh u
onf/ "mwfzefv;kH Munhí f tem*wfukd Munhjf rifo?l wm;a&mhuwfjym;a[m
q&mawGuv kd nf; *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;u rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;\ owif;ay;

Edik v
f Qif qkaiGay;rnf[k aMunmcJMh uonf/ jywku d Bf u;D udv k nf; ,m,Dyw d f
xm;cJ&h ojzihf jyifopftpd;k &tzGYJtzdYk txl;odum© usc&hJ &Smonf/
ql&aD w;pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;uvnf; olwYkdrw S w f rf;wifxm; ol
&mZ0wfr?I cd;k rI usL;vGew f wfoal wGukd ac:,lppfaq;cJMh uonf/ urÇm
t&yf&yf&dS yef;cst D a&mif;jycef;ydik &f iS rf sm;xHoYkdvnf; ,if;yef;csu D m;BuD;udk
vma&mufa&mif;csvQif owif;ydYk&ef jyifopftpd;k &u arwåm&yfco H nf/
tcsKd Yuvnf; *smrPDEikd if H &Sib f &k ifuikd Zf monf jyifopftpd;k &tzGYJ tMuyf
twnf; jzpfap&ef ,if;rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD;udk taysmuf½u kd af ponf/
yef;csu D m;BuD; aysmufq;kH rIwiG f aemufu, G rf S Edik if aH &; yg0if&rnf[k
trsm; u ,lqcJMh uonf/
(1913) ckEpS t f wGi;f okYd csi;f eif;0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf/ rdek mvDZm
yef;csu D m;BuD;\ owif;tpte r&cJah wmhay/ (2) ESpw f m umvtwGi;f
tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S yef;csu D m; pkaqmif;rIwiG f 0goemygol oef;<u,f
olaX;BuD; (6) OD;taMumif; owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif zwf½MI u&aom pmzwf
y&dowftzdYk idt k m;xuf&,ftm;oefMu& onf/ rked mvDZm owif;tp
te&&Sad wmh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tuf(zf)bDtikd af xmufvrS ;f a&;tzJYG
BuD;rS olaX;BuD;rsm;\ jycef;rsm;odYk 0ifa&muf&mS azGaomtcg rdek mvDZm
yef;csuD m; twk (6) um;awGU&ojzihf rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;udk tacsmif&vdk
aom avmbaZmjzihf 0,f,x l m;ol olaX;Bu;D rsm;rSm a':vmoH;k ode;f ausmf
av;ode;f eD;yg; qH;k ½H;I cJ&h onf[k qdak vonf/
rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD; aysmufq;kH cJ&h rIrmS yg&DpakH xmuftzGYJBuD;
ESifh ykvyd t
f zGYJBuD;wdYktzdYk vufavQm&h awmhrnfuo hJ Ykd jzpfvmonf/ odYkaomf
,if;yef;csu D m;Bu;D udk cd;k ,lomG ;oltzdYrk mS vnf; tawmfwm0efBu;D av; onf/
tb,fah Mumihq f akd omf yef;csuD m;Bu;D udk rysupf ;D &atmif Mum&Snf xde;f odr;f &ef
rvG,/f yef;csDausmf vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcsDonf ,if;yef;csDum;BuD; udk
a&;qGcJ phJ Ofu opfom;jym;ay:wGif a&;qGcJ ahJ omaMumifh opfom;jym;BuD;
tm; a&cd;k a&aiGYpaom ywf0ef;usif tEÅ&m,frsm;udk txl;owdxm;&ay
awmhrnf/ &ufawG wpf&ufNyD; wpf&uf ukeq f ;kH vmcJah vNyD/ yg&DNrdKU
vkA&f f jywku d Bf uD;rS wm0ef&adS om olrsm;onf oef;ausmw f efz;kd &Sad om
tNyHK;&Sif rdek mvDZm yef;csu D m;BuD;twGuf vufavQmv h u dk Mf uawmhonf/
,cif yef;csjD ycef;&Sd rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD;\ wnfae&mwGif yef;csaD usmf
&mzJvf \ yef;csu D m;BuD;udk csw d q f x JG m;vdu k af wmhonf/

rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;Bu;D aysmufq;kH cJ&h Ny;D 28 vtMum 1913
ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeYwiG f tDwvDEikd if H zavmf&ifNh rKd UwGif aexdik o f ?l
yef;csu D m;rsm; a&mif;0,fol t,fz½d'k u kd ,f&D onf pmwdu k f

rS rSwyf w kH ifxm;aom xl;jcm;onfh pmwpfapmif &&Scd ahJ vonf/ pma&;olrmS

olEiS fh oduRr;f cifrifol r[kwaf y/ trnfuykd if rMum;zl;/ pmwGif pma&;ol
vDtedk wfu olYxw H iG f aysmufq;kH aeaom yef;csaD usmf vD,ekd m'd'k gAifcs\ D
rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;Bu;D &Sad eaMumif;? tDwvDjynfom; yef;csaD usmw f pfO;D
a&;qGo J nfh yef;csu D m;udk tDwvDjynfom;wpfO;D vuf0,fom xm;&Sv d kd
aMumif;? tDwvDtrsKd ;om;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rI? tarGtESpBf u;D udk tjcm;
oufqikd o f nfh Edik if w H pfEikd if w
H iG f &Sad eonfqo k d nfrmS obm0rus/ odYjk zpfí
rsKd ;csppf w d t f & olYvuf0,f xde;f odr;f xm;cJah Mumif;? odYkaomf Mum&Snv f Qif
yef;csu D m;Bu;D ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f vmrnfukd pd;k &dro f jzihf taMumif;Mum;&jcif;jzpf
aMumif;[k qdo k nf/
yef;csu D m;a&mif;0,fol t,fz½d'k u kd ,f&o D nf csucf si;f qdo k vkd
tDwvD&t J zGYt J m; taMumif;Mum;vdu k o f nf/ tDwvD&t J zGY0J ifwYo
k d nf yef;csu D m;
a&mif;0,fou l ,f&ED iS fh vQKd Y0u S pf mG tpDtpOfa&; qGcJ MhJ uNy;D pm wdu k rf S
rSwfyHkwifpmjzifh ay;ydkYolxHodkY yef;csDum;BuD;udk ,laqmifvm&ef
csed ;f qdv k u kd af vonf/
(1913) ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (13) &ufaeYonf zavmf&ifNh rKd UtzdYk
tqd;k &Gm;qH;k aom aqmif;&moDaeYwpfaeY jzpfaeonf/ arQmaf vwdik ;f ESi;f
uefYvefYumBu;D u umqD;aeonf/ zavm&ifNh rKd Y pwmZdteG b f w
l mBu;D yif
c&D;oGm;vmol enf;yg;vSonf/ 0ifa&mufvmonfh rD;&xm;rsm;wGiv f nf;
c&D;onfawG enf;yg;vSonf/ yef;csu D m;a&mif;ol u,f&ED iS fh ½kyzf sux f m;
ol &JtzGY0J ifrsm;onf ZGaJ umif;aumif;ESifh qdu k af &mufvmonfh rD;&xm;rsm;
udk *½kpu kd í f Munh½f cI MhJ u&onf/ eHeuf 10 em&Dx;kd avmufwiG f a&mrrS
qdu k af &mufvmonfh rD;&xm;c&D;onfwpfO;D udk *½kjyKrMd uonf/ olonf
trnf;a&mif ukwt f usu Ð kd 0wfqifxm;Ny;D oefrmxGm;usKd i;f onfh tvkyf
Murf;orm;wpfO;D ESifh wlaeonf/ olYycH;k xufwiG v f nf; opfom;aowåm
cyfBu;D Bu;D wpfv;kH udk o,f,v l mcJo h nf/ opfom;aowåmrSm tjzLa&mif
aq;okwx f m;Ny;D opfviG v f su&f adS eonf/
u,f&o D nf xdo k El iS fh awGYqcHk o hJ nf/ &JtzGYJ0ifrsm;rSm olwYdk ESpOf ;D
tm; rsujf cnfrjywf apmihMf unhaf ecJMh uonf/ aowåmudk o,faqmifvm

olrmS vDtedk wfjzpfaMumif;? olYwiG f aysmufq;kH aeaom rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;
BuD;yg&Sad Mumif;? ,if;yef;csu D m;BuD;udk tDwvDvidk &f m aiG ig;ode;f jzihf
a&mif; csrnfjzpfaMumif; xkwaf zmfajymjycJo h nf/
tDwvD&t J zGYJBuD;onf yef;csu D m; a&mif;0,fou l ,f&\ D tul
tnDEiS fh tDwvDtrsKd ;om; Aifqifq h ykd &D (*f)*l&m;qdo k t l m; zrf;qD;&rdNyD;
olwnf;cdo k nfh [dw k ,frS tNyHK;ydik &f iS f rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m;BuD;udk jyefvnf
&&Scd ahJ vonf/ urÇmausmf paumhwvef,m'fyv k yd f tzGYBJ u;D ? jyifopfjynfrS
ql&aD w;pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;? tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S tuf(zf)bDtikd t f zGYJBuD;
wdYk azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif;r&Sad om rdek mvDZmyef;csu D m; aysmufq;kH rIBuD;udk azmf
xkwEf ikd o f nfh tDwvDyv k yd f tzJYGBuD;rSm urÇmo h wif;pmBuD;rsm;\ cs;D rGr;f
jcif; cHc&hJ onf/ w&m;cHjzpfol Aifqifyh &D (*f)*l&m;uvnf; rdek mvDZmyef;csD
um;BuD;udk cd;k ,l&mwGif olYtusKd ;tjrwf &&Sad &;xuf trsKd ;om;tarGtESpf
jzpfaom rdek mvDZmudk tDwvDjynfom; yef;csaD usmaf &;qGcJ &hJ ojzihf ,if;
yef;csu D m;rSm tDwvDjynfuom xde;f odr;f xm;cGi&hf o dS nf[k ,lqojzifh
ck;d ,l&aMumif; tDwvD ykvyd t f zGYBJ uD;xH ajzmifch suaf y;cJah vonf/
Aifqifyh &D (*f)*l&m;rSm tDwvDtrsKd ;om; jzpfonf/ aq;okwf
orm;wpfO;D jzpfNy;D pm&dwaå umif;rGeo f l r[kwaf y/ tDwvDEikd if rH S yg&DNrKd UwGif
vma&mufaexdik Nf yD; taqmufttkrH sm; aq;okwv f yk if ef;ESifh rSeaf ygifrsm;
wyfqifonfv h yk if ef;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd &f if; tvsO;f oifo h vdk cg;ydu k Ef uId ?f
tvpfow k v f yk if ef;jzihf toufarG;cJo h l jzpfonf/ (1909) ckEpS u f yif
jynhf wefqmwpfO;D \ ydu k q
f tH w d u f kd tvpfow k cf &hJ mrS axmifusco hJ nf/
olY ud, k af &;rSww f rf;rsm;? ud, k t f wkid ;f txGmrsm;? vufaAGrsm;udk yg&Dyv k yd f
tzGYJBuD;u rSww f rf;jyKpx k m;cJNh yD;jzpfonf/ odYkaomf ,ckacwfuo hJ Ykd pepf
wus r&Scd o hJ jzihf yef;csu D m;BuD; cd;k ,lc&H rIwiG f azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/
yD&(*f)*l&m;onf rked mvDZmyef;csu D m;Bu;D udk (1911) ckEpS ?f Mo*kwf
v (20) &ufaeYu cd;k ,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ yD&(*f) *l&m;onf vkA(f &f)jywdu k f
BuD;wGif rMumcPaq;okwjf cif;? rSeaf ygifwyfjcif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G af vh&dS
ojzihf jywku d Bf uD;rS oefY&iS ;f a&;vkyo f m;rsm;? apmihaf &Smuforl sm;u odae
Muonf/ olvma&mufjcif;udak q;okw&f ef vmonf[k xifMuonf/
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udk jzKw, f cl NhJ yD; yef;csu D m;aygifEiS fh rSeu f kd jywku d af vSum;BuD;atmufwiG f
0Sux f m;cJo h nf/ yef;csu D m;BuD;udrk l olY0wfprkH sm;ESifh zH;k tkyx f m;NyD; tapmihf

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,lvmcJo h nf/ ESpEf pS wf w
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tDwvDtpd;k &onf rdek mvDZm yef;csu D m;Bu;D udk 1913 ckEpS ?f
'DZif bmv (31) &ufaeYwiG f tapmiht f a&Smuf xlxyfpmG csxm;cJNh y;D
rlvydik &f iS f jzpfonfh jyifopftpd;k &tm; vTaJ jymif;ay;tyfcahJ vonf/ (1914)
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Edik if w
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onf/ NrdKUpm;uav; vyfpwif; {nfch o H nfh t&ufrmS vnf; tzd;k wefq;kH
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onf[k yd;k qif xifonf/
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apvdak Mumif;? xdyw f ef;vQKd Y0uS f jzpfNyD; yd;k qiftygt0if {nhcf ef;twGi;f
a&muf&adS eol vlBuD;rif;ig;OD;om od&ydS gaMumif;? rsm;rMumrDtwGi;f tuf
zufwm0garQmpf ifBuD;tm; zsuNf yD;vQif topfwnfaqmufrnf jzpfyg

aMumif;? arQmpf ifBu;D wnfaqmufpOfu oHrPdwefcsed f 8000 ausmef ;D yg;
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csjcif;rjyK&ef qufo, G af &;0efBuD;tm;vnf; wHp;kd vufaqmifay;&rnf
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aMumif; wifjycJah vawmhonf/
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rsm;xuf vufO;D atmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf S z&efYaiG oef;csjD rwfrnf[k xif
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olaX;Bu;D yd;k qifonf csed ;f qdx k m;onft h wdik ;f cGijhf yKred Yf,&l ef u&dveG f
[dw k ,fBu;D odYk oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ odYkaomf NrKd Upm;uav; vyfpwif; qdo k l
ESit fh zGYJtm; rawGU&awmhay/ [kw d ,ftrIxrf;rsm;uvnf; NrKd Upm;uav;
vyfpwif;ESit fh zGUJ onf ,refaeYnuyif [kw d ,frS ta&;ay: pydejf ynfoYkd
tpd;k &wm0efEiS hf xGuo f mG ;aMumif; ajymEdik cf ahJ wmhonf/ oef;ESicfh sjD rwfvrd hf
rnf[k rSe;f qxm;aom oHrPdoal X;Bu;D yd;k qifrmS ½du k pf m;cH&Ny[ D k od&dS
cJ&h aomfvnf; t&Suw f uG jJ zpf&rnfp;kd ojzihf &JtzGYJoYkd wkid Mf um;cJjh cif; r&Sd
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oHwo kd pH rsm;tjzpf a&mif;cs&ef[al om tBujH zihf vdrcf ahJ o;onf/ odYkaomf
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xGuaf jy;cJ&h avonf/
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l ;kd BuD;
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tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG v
f nf; Apfwmvyfpwif;onf a':vm
wkrsm; jyKvyk í f oef;<u,foal X;BuD;rsm;udk vdrcf ahJ vonf/ aemufq;kH
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wmvyfpwif;crsm tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k e,l;a,mhcNf rKd U axmif

BuD;wGif axmifeef;pHc&H avonf/ Apfwmvyfpwif; Zmwfvrf;onf þ

wGif NyD;qH;k jcif; r&Scd ahJ o;/ ,if;axmifrS xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJNh yD;
qufvufvrd v f nfrrI sm; jyKvyk cf ahJ wmhonf/
1945 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif a':vmtwkaygif; 134000ç000
ESit
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tar&d uefjynfaxmifp&k dS rnforl Q xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufEikd jf cif; rjyKEikd [ f k
xif&mS ; ausmaf Zmaom t,fvu f w&uf(Zf) axmifBuD;wGif pHjref;cJ&h NyD;?
vlvdrfBuD; Apfwmvyfpwif;onf 1947 ckESpf? rwfvwGif
uG,v f eG cf &hJ avawmhonf/
uReaf wmfwYkd vlvrd {f u&mZf Apfwmvyfpwif;vdk vlvrd f taMumif;
ppfBudKacwfu zwf½IcJh&zl;onf/ 0w¬K\trnfrSm ae{vdrfenf;
trsKd ;rsKd ;[laom 0w¬KBuD;jzpfavonf/ q&mBuD; OD;NyHK;csKd a&;onf[k
uReaf wmf xifygonf/ ol&, d owif;pm? ol&, d r*¾Zif;? ol&, d wpfywf
wpfBurd x f w k f r*¾Zif;rsm;wGiaf &;cJNh y;D ]armifae{ vdref nf; trsKd ;rsKd ; yHjk yifpm
wrf;} [lívnf; a&;om;cJo h nf/ uReaf wmfwYkd\ ZmwfaqmifBuD; armif
ae{onf urÇmausmf vlvrd Bf uD; Apfwmvyfpwif;udrk l rDrnfrxifyg/
usr;f ud;k

ae{vdrfenf; trsdK;rsdK;? OD;NyHK;csdK (1959 ckESpf

xkwfa0onf/)

(20)
1927 ck? arv 10 &uf/

wdwq f wd Nfird o
f ufru I k d azmufxiG ;f vdu k o
f nfh pl;&Saom w,fvD zke;f
acgif;avmif;oHaMumifh paumhwvef,m'ftzGYrJ S wyfMuyfBu;D bwf onf
tdyaf rmusae&mrS Ed;k vmonf/ bwfonf acwårQ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;cJh onf[k
xif&aomfvnf; olYcw k ifab;&Sd pm;yGw J ifem&DrmS eHeuf 4;30 em&D &Sad vNy/D
bwfonf av;vHxik d ;f rdiI ;f vsu&f NdyS ;D tdyaf &;r0ojzihf acgif;u tHak eonf/
w,fvzD ek ;f udk aumufuik d v f u
kd of nfEiS f h wpfzufrS olYq&m tifpywfawmfBu;D
aumfepf(&S)f \ wnfNidraf t;aq;onfh toHukd Mum;vku d &f onf/
rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f wyfMuyfBu;D bwftm; 0ifac:Ny;D csY&J if;ua&mhbw l m½H?k
vufqw J G efqmXmeodYk oGm;a&mufppfaq;rnfh taMumif; taMumif;Mum;jcif;jzpfonf/
csucf si;f qdok vdk wpfzufrS olY q&mtifpyufawmfBu;D u w,fvzD ek ;f udk
csomG ;vdu k NfyjDzpfí tusKd; taMumif; ar;csed rf &/ olYq&m tifpyufawmf
aumfepf(&S)f onf emrnfBu;D jzpfonf/ olYu, G &f mwGif olYvyk af zmfuik d b
f ufawGu
]&mS ;avmh[rk ;f } (armif pH&mS ;Bu;D ) [k ac:Muonf/ rSeo f nf/ aumfepf(&S)f onf
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q&mBu;D udek if'KdiG ;f \ ZmwfaqmifBu;D &Sm;avmh[rk ;f uJo h jYkzd pfonf[k rdwaf qGawGu
qdMkuonf/ olomG ;av&mwGif rSeb f v D ;l Bu;D ? ayBuKd;ESif h "mwfccJ G ef; toH;k

taqmifrsm;ygaom vufqaJG owåmuav;udk aqmifavh&o dS jzihf olYvyk f
azmfuikd zf ufawGu uG,&f mwGif aemufajymifMuonf/
tifpyufawmfBu;D aumfepf(&S)f \ vufo;kH pum;rsm;rSm ]]&mZ
0wfru I kd jynfph akH om taxmuftxm; tcsut f vufr&cif aumufcsuq f JG
jcif;onf r[mtrSm;jzpfonf}} [laom pum;jzpfonf/ owif;axmuf
awGuv kd nf; aumfepf(&f)S wwfEikd o f avmuf a&Smifonf/ owif;pmwGif
yg0ifvmvQif w&m;cHrsm;tzdYk a&Smifwrd ;f &ef tcsuaf y;ovdk jzpfomG ;Edik f
onf[k qdak vh&o dS nf/ rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f tifpyufawmfBu;D ESifh wyf
MuyfBu;D bwfwYkd acgif;aqmifaom paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJonf emrnf
ausmf csUJ &if;ua&mh blwm½HBk u;D &S&d modYk xGuv f mcJMh uonf/
&moDOwkrmS cgwdik ;f aeYrsm;xuf om,monf/ odYkaomf tcsed f
apmaeojzihf vrf;rBu;D ay:wGif vlomG ;vlvm r&So d avmufjzpfNy;D wpfcg
wpf&H EGm;EdYkyYko d rm;rsm;\ jrif;vSn;f wpfpif;wavudo k m awGU&onf/
csYJ&if;ua&mh vrf;um; vef'efNrKd UawmfBu;D wGif emrnfausmf vrf;jzpfonf/
uReaf wmfwYko d nf i,fpOfuyif pma&;q&mBu;D udek if'KdG i;f \ ]&Sm;avmh[rk ;f }
(armifp&H mS ;) 0w¬Krsm;udk zwf½cI MhJ u&onf/ &Sm;avmh[rk ;f ESifh olYrw d af qG
Bu;D a'gufwm 0yfqifwYko d nf olwYkad exdik o
f nfh trSwf (221^bD)? ab
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blwmrS rIcif;jzpfymG ;&modYk rD;&xm;pD;í oGm;&yHrk sm;udk zwf½cI &hJ ojzifh
csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm\ trnfonf pGv J rf;vsu&f adS eayonf/ vef'efNrKd U
awmfBu;D um; NrKd Ua[mif;Bu;D jzpfonf/ &yfuu G af ygif; 29 &yfuu G &f &dS m csYJ
&if; ua&mhvrf;ESifh csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l monf 0uf(pf)rifpwm&yfuu G w f iG f
&Sad vonf/ csYJ&if;ua&mhvrf;um; vlomG ;vlvm jywfonf/ txl;ojzihf
pmtkyaf [mif;rsm; a&mif;aomqdik Bf uD;rsm;? csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm½HBk uD;ESifh
csYJ&if;ua&mhaq;½HBk u;D &So d jziho
f m emrnfausmaf ejcif; jzpfonf/
tifpyufawmfBu;D ESifh wyfMuyfBu;D bwfwYkd csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm½Hk
vufqw JG efqmXmeodYk a&muf&adS omtcg vef'efyv k yd t
f zGYJrS ykvyd o f m;
tcsKd YEiS fh rD;&xm;XmerS wm0ef&o dS w
l Ykd a&muf&adS eMuNyD jzpf\/ vlawGu
vnf; ysm;yef;cyfomG ;vmaeMuNyD; vef'efNrdKUqifajczH;k rsm;odYkxu G o f nfh
avmfu,f&xm;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfpif;0ifwpfpif; xGujf zpfaeonf/ vuf
qGw J efqmXme? pwdck ef;a&SUwGif xl;qef;aom aowåmBu;D wpfv;kH udk awGU&
onf/ wokeo f ek w f u
kd af eaom eHeufcif; avjynfwiG f qd;k &Gm;aom tykyef YH

Bu;D u vdiI af eonf/ tusKd ;taMumif; rod&ao;aomfvnf; ,if;teHY
onf aowåmBu;D twGi;f rS xGuaf eonf[k ,lq&onf/ tifpyufawmf
Bu;D onf csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm½Hrk S wm0ef&o dS rl sm;udk vrf;? ykvyd Xf me

odYk taMumif;Mum;&ef ajymMum;cJNh y;D tykyef YHwaxmif;axmif; xGuaf e

aom aowåmBu;D tm; 0uf(pf)rifpwm a&cJwu kd of Ykd ykYd&ef trdeYfay;cJo
h nf/
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aowåmBu;D wpfzufwpfcsuw f iG f at [laom pmvH;k udk a&;om;xm;

cJNh y;D ? owåmBu;D udk tuf(zf)atmfpwifv, D ekd wf

[laom trnfuwfjym; csw d qf xJG m;onf/ odYkaomf ,if;uwfjym;wGif

ae&yfvyd pf m wpfpw kH pf&m a&;om;xm;jcif; r&So d jzihf bwftzkYd pdw½f yI pf &m
jzpfaeonf/ aowåmBu;D \tzH;k wGif tdik t f uf(zf)at [laom pm

vH;k rsm; a&;xd;k xm;onfrt S y tjcm;wpfpw kH pf&m a&;om;xm;jcif; r&Sad wmh

ay/
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f Ykd ydYk &ef
jyifqif&awmhonf/ tjcm;oJvGefp wpfpHkwpf&mr&awmh? vufqGJ
wefqmXmerS wm0ef&adS om pma&;uav;uvnf; ,if;aowåmBuD;udk
vma&mufay;ydYkonfh vlukd aumif;pGm rrSwrf ?d rSwrf Ed ikd pf &mvnf; r&S?d
aeYpOfc&D;onfawG MuufysrH uspnfum;aeonfh blwmBu;D \ wm0ef&o dS l
tzdYk vlawGukd rSwrf &d efrvG,/f rIcif;q&m0efBu;D bm;eyfpydvjf AL&DxH
w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf taMumif;Mum;cJNh y;D wyfMuyfBu;D bwfonf blwm½Hk wpf0u kd f
oJveG pf &Edik &f ef yPmr pHpk rf;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf NhJy;D 0uf(pf)rifpwm a&cJwu kd o f Ykd
xGucf mG vmcJo h nf/
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ynmyg&*lBu;D jzpf\/ cufceJ ufeí J oJveG pf azsmufxm;aom vlowfrI
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q&m0efBu;D jzpfonf/ vlowfrI usL;vGe&f mwGif omrefpakH xmufrsm;ESifh
&JtzGYJwYkt d m; vSnphf m;Edik cf NhJ y;D oJveG pf rsm;udv k nf; pepfwus azsmufxm;
aom? azsmufEikd cf o hJ nfh trIBu;D rsm;udyk if rIcif;aq;ynm\ tultnDEiS fh
azmfxw k Ef ikd cf ohJ nf/
wyfMuyfBu;D bwfonf olwYkid ,fpOf 1911 ckEpS cf efYu jzpfymG ;
cJah om a'gufwmu&pfyif usL;vGecf o hJ nfh vlowfrBI uD;taMumif;ukd

oGm;owd&onf/ a'gufwm u&pfyifonf olYZeD;Bu;D ud&k mtm; tqdyf
auR;í tqH;k pD&ifNy;D tavmif;udk rD;½IYdazsmufzsuo f nf/ paumhwvef
,m'f pHak xmuftzGYrJ S awGU&So d nft h cg tom;pESifh ta&jym;rsm;rSty acgif;?
vufwYku d kd rawGU&awmh/ okYdjzpfí a'gufwmu&pfyiftm; vlowform;
tjzpf pGypf &JG ef cufaeonf/ vlowform;rSmvnf; ynmwwf? q&m0ef
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wdYku rIcif;q&m0efBu;D pdyvfNAL&Dukd tultnDawmif;cH&awmhonf/ rIcif;
q&m0efBu;D bm;eyfpydvjf AL&Donf rD;avmifuRr;f jcif;r&S?d wpfyikd ;f wpfp
awGU&aom ta&jym;ay:&Sd trm&Gwo f nf aq;½Hw k iG f cGpJ wd u
f o
k cJo h nfh
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xGuq f o kd nf/ aemufq;kH a'gufwmu&pfyif ud, k wf ikd f olYZeD;tm;
owfcrhJ ad Mumif;? rnfoYdrk nfykH azsmufzsucf yhJ w kH Yku d kd ajzmifch suaf y;cJo h jzihf
a'gufwmu&pfyiftm; ao'Pfp&D ifcsucf srw S cf o hJ nf/
wyfMuyfBuD;bwfonf ,cktrIwiG v f nf; rIcif;q&m0efBuD;
bm;eyfpydvjf AL&Donf w&m;cHukd azmfxw k Ef ikd zf Ykd oJveG pf udk &SmazGay;Edik f
vdrrhf nf[k arQmv f ihx f m;onf/ wyfMuyfBu;D bwf0uf(pf)rifpwm a&cJ
wduk o f Ykd a&muf&o dS nft h csed wf iG f rIcif;q&m0efBu;D pydvjf AL&Donf aowåm
Bu;D udzk iG í hf pepfwus ppfaq;aeNyjD zpfonf/ aowåmtwGi;f ü wpfpcsi;f
ckwjf zwfxm;aom tavmif;udk awGU&avawmhonf/ tavmif;rSm rnfol
jzpfonfukd rajymEdik ?f trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D \ tvmif;jzpfNy;D ajcaxmufEiS fh
vufwYku d v kd nf; ckwjf zwfxm;cJo h nf/ ckwjf zwfxm;onfh tpdwt f ydik ;f
tom;rsm;udk puúLtndK jzihf xkyx f m;cJah vonf/ trsKd ;orD;0wfpu kH vkd nf;
tavmif;\ atmufwiG f awGY&onf/ rIcif;q&m0efBu;D \ ,lqcsut f &qdk
vQif vlowform;onf aoqH;k ol trsKd ;orD;tm; vnfyif;udn k p§ í f
owfco Jh nf[k qdo k nf/ trsKd ;orD;aoqH;k &jcif;rSm toufr½SLEdik í f ao
qH;k &onfh vu©PmwdYkukd awGU&onf/ odYkjzpfí vlowform;onf
aoqH;k oltm; vnfyif;n§pí f owfNy;D aemuf tavmif;ukd wpfpcsi;f
azsmuf&ef Bu&H , G cf jJh cif; jzpfavonf/
wyfMuyfBuD;bwftzkdY wpfydkif;wpfppD ckwfjzwfxm;aom
tavmif;udk jrif&onfrmS pdw½f yI af xG;p&m? &ifarmzG,&f mjzpfaomfvnf;
rIcif;q&m0efBuD; bm;eyfpydvjf AL&DrmS at;aq;Nidro f ufwnfNidraf eojzihf

rsm;pGm tHMh ozG,&f m jzpfaeonf/ tavmif;\ atmufwiG f awGY&aom
aoqH;k ol\tusw Ð iG f [laom yifrif;qdik f trSwt f om;udk awGU&

jcif;onf wyfMuyfBu;D bwftzdYk oJveG pf &&So d mG ;jcif;jzpf\/ ,if;yifrif;

trSwt f om;t& ajc&mcHvu dk &f ayawmhrnf/
þodYktwGi;f csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½Hk vufqw JG efqmrsm; jyKvyk &f m
XmerS pma&;uav;wpfO;D \ xkwaf zmfajymjycsut f &qdv k Qif ,if;aowåm
BuD;udk wefqmvmívkyo f rl mS t&yfaxmifaxmifarmif;armif; ppfom;
wpfO;D \yHo k P²mefEiS fh qifqifwo l nf[k owif;ay;vmcJo h jzihf w&m;cH
tm; ajc&mcHEikd &f ef oJveG pf rsm; &vmcJo h nf/
wyfMuyfBu;D bwfonf rem;rae ,if;vlowfrt I wGuf w&m;cH
rdçEdik af &;udk rtdyrf ae BuKd ;yrf;cJ&h awmhonf/ olaexkid o f nfh tdrEf iS fh csYJ&if;
ua&mhbw l mwdYktm; tdrOf ;D ESihf Murf;jyifv;l vmacgufwYHk raerem; oGm;&
onf/ csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½H&k dS aps;onfuav;rsm;? zdeyfaq;wdu k o f nfh
oli,fuav;rsm;? yef;onfrsm;? owif;pm a&mif;orm;rsm;ygrusef pHpk rf;
axmufvrS ;f onf/
yifrif; trSwt f om;aMumifh aoqH;k olrmS tDwvDtrsKd ;orD;
rDebD ekd wDjzpfaMumif; od&v dS mcJ&h onf/ olYcifyeG ;f jzpforl mS uyG½J w kH pf½w kH iG f
{nfch BH uKd q&kd onfh tvkyo f rm; bdek wDjzpfavonf/ wyfMuyfBu;D bwf
onf bdek wDtm; aoqH;k ol\tavmif; awGU&S&d onfh t0wftpm;rsm;rSm
olYZeD;? rDeb D ekd wD t0wftpm;rsm; jzpfygaMumif; xGuq f ckd ohJ nf/ rDeb D ekd wD
rSm cyf½yI ½f yI f trsKd ;orD;jzpfNy;D cifyeG ;f onfEiS fh uGu J mG aeonfrmS Mumjrifch NhJ yD
jzpfonf/ trsKd ;om;rsm;ESifh wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D ajymif;vJomG ;vmol jzpfaMumif;
od&v dS mcJ&h onf/ aemufq;kH rDeb D ekd wDEiS fh twlomG ; twlvm jyKvyk af eol
rSm t&yf&n S &f n
S f ppfom;vlxu G w f pfO;D [ef&o dS [l k rDeb D ekd wD aexdik o f nfh
ywf0ef;usirf S oufaorsm;\ xGucf suo f nf csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½Hk vuf
qGwJ efqmXmerS pma&;uav;\ xGuq f ckd suEf iS fh wlnaD eonfukd awGU&Sd
vm&ojzihf wyfMuyfBu;D bwftzdYk vlowfw&m;cHukd zrf;Edik &f ef eD;pyfvmcJh
awmhonf/
naexkwf owif;pmrsm; vef'ef aMu;rH½k yk pf kH owif;pmBu;D ESifh
vef'efwikd ;f (pf)owif;pmBu;D rsm;wGif ,if;csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½H?k vlowfrI
taMumif; pdw0f ifpm;zG,f "mwfyrkH sm;jzihf azmfjyvmcJo h nf/ tavmif;xnfh
xm;onfh aowåmBu;D \ "mwfy?kH aoqH;k ol rDeb D ekd wD \ D "mwfyu kH vkd nf;

azmfjyxm;ojzihf wyfMuyfBu;D bwfonf w&m;cH wjcm;wpfEikd if o H Ykd ul;
oGm;rnfukd pd;k &drv f mcJo h nf/ wyfMuyfBu;D bwfuaH umif;onf[k qd&k
ayrnf/ owif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom aowåmBu;D \ "mwfyakH Mumifh
vef'efNrKd U b&pfpwef &yfuu G rf S aowåmrsm; jyKvyk af &mif;csow l pfO;D u
,if;aowåmudk arv (4) &ufaeYu t&yf&n S &f n S f axmifaxmifarmif;
armif;ESifh vlwpfO;D 0,f,o l mG ;cJah Mumif; vma&muf owif;ay;cJo h nf/
aoqH;k ol rDeb D ekd wD\ cifyeG ;f a[mif;rSm txufazmfjyyg ouf
aorsm;\ xGuq f ckd sut f & ol\ uGu J mG aeolZeD;tm; owfol rjzpfEikd ?f
rpöwmbdek wDrmS t&yfyyk ?k *ifww kd pfO;D jzpfojzihf aowåmBuD;udk vm
a&mufwefqmvkyo f \ l yHo k P²mefrmS uGmjcm;aeonf/ rpöwmbdek wDrmS
tcsed jf ynfeh ;D yg; uyG½J w kH iG ;f &Sad eoljzpfNy;D ywf0ef;usif avhvmcsurf sm;t&
rpöwmbdek wDEiS fh olYZeD;a[mif; rDeb D ekd wDwYkrd mS qufo, G jf cif; r&So d jzihf
vlowfw&m;cHrmS rpöwm bdek wD rjzpfEikd af Mumif; wyfMuyfBu;D bwfu
aumufcsucf svu kd o f nf/
csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½Hrk S zdeyfwu kd o
f rm;uav;wpfO;D uvnf; vGef
cJah om av;&ufcefYu t&yf&n S &f n S f oefrmxGm;usKd i;f aom vlwpfa,muf
onf tiSm;um;wpfp;D jzihf ,if;aowåmBu;D udk o,f,v l maMumif; aowåm
BuD;rSm tvGeaf v;vHae[ef&o dS jzihf tiSm;um;armif;ol\ tultnD
awmif;rIaMumifh aowåmBu;D udk um;ay:rS ulní D csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l mBu;D
vufqw JG efqmXmeodYk ydYkaqmifay;cJ&h aMumif;? tiSm;um;armif;oluv kd nf;
rSwrf yd gaMumif; owif;ay;vmcJo h jzihf wyfMuyfBu;D bwftzdYk w&m;cHukd
azmfxw k Ef ikd af &; eD;pyfomG ;cJah wmhonf/ tiSm;um;armif;olrsm;tm; BuKd ;pm;
í &SmazGvmcJo h nf/ csYJ&if;ua&mhbw l m½Ho k Ykd vma&mufavh&o dS nfh tiSm;
um;armif;olrsm;udk apmifMh unhjf cif;? owif;axmufvrS ;f jcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf hJ
&m aemufq;kH wGif arv (4) &ufaeYu blwm½Ho k Ykd aowåmBu;D udk vdu k yf Ykd
ay;cJ&h aom tiSm;um;armif;oltm; pHpk rf;awGU&Scd &hJ onf/ tiSm;um;armif;
ol\ xkwaf zmfjycsut f & arv (4) &ufaeYu trSwf (86)? ½dck supf wm½d;k
vrf;rS vljrifvQif rSwrf o d w l pfO;D ESifh aowåmBu;D wpfv;kH udk csYJ&if;ua&mhbl
wm½Hv k rf;odYk ydYkaqmifay;cJ&h aMumif; xkwaf zmfajymqdo k jzihf wyfMuyfBu;D
bwftzdYk w&m;cHtm; ajc&mcHEikd &f ef vrf;yGio hf mG ;cJo
h nf/ ½dck supf wmvrf;
onf ukeo f nfrsm;? tmrcHu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;? tdrt f iSm; ukrP Ü rD sm;\
½H;k rsm; zGivhf pS x f m;aom vrf;jzpfonf/

tiSm;um;orm; xkwaf zmfajymqdak om trSwf (86)? ½dck supf wm
vrf;onf tuf('f)0yfEiS fh ukrP Ü t D rd if mS ;olrsm;\ ½H;k cef;zGix hf m;aom
trSwjf zpfaeojzihf wyfMuyfBu;D bwfonf ,if;½H;k cef;udk apmihMf unhaf ecJh
onf/ ½H;k cef;okYd vma&muforl sm;tm; txl;*½kjyKNy;D Munh½f cI \ hJ / ywf
0ef;usif avhvmcJrh aI Mumifh tuf('f)0yfEiS fh ukrP Ü \ D uk, d pf m;vS,af wmfrmS
*Re½f b kd ifqifqo kd jl zpfaMumif; od&v dS m&onf/ odYkaomf wyfMuyfBu;D bwf
apmihMf unhaf eonft h csed w
f iG f *Re½f b kd ifqifukd awGY&&dS jcif; r&Sad y/ ½dck suf
pwmvrf;&Sd ½H;k rsm;rS trIxrf;rsm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;cJah omtcgwGiv f nf;
*Re½f b kd ifqif\ yHo k P²mefrmS csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm½Hrk S vufqw JG efqmXmerS
pma&;? csYJ&if;ua&mh blwmBu;D rS zdeyfwu kd o f rm;ESifh tiSm;um;armif;olwYkd
xGuq f ckd surf sm;ESifh wku d qf ikd af eavonf/ *Re½f b kd ifqifrmS t&yftarmif;
aumif;aumif; ppfom;a[mif;wpfO;D [ef &So d nf[k qdMk uonf/
aemufq;Hk wGif ½db k ifqifukd awGU&onf/ wyfBuyfBu;D bwfEiS hf
wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf ½kb d ifqiftm; ac:,lppfaq;cJMh uonf/ *Re½f b kd ifqif
\ yHo k P²mefrmS owif;ay;xGuq f o kd rl sm;\ ajymMuonfh yHo k P²mefEiS fh
uduk n f aD omfvnf; ppfaq;onft h cg ½db k ifqifu jiif;qdo k nf/ aoqH;k
ol rDeb D ekd wDukd vH;k 0rodaMumif; xGuq f o kd jzihf *Re½f b
kd ifqifukd w&m;cH
tjzpf ½H;k wifEikd &f ef cufco J nf/ *Re½f b kd ifqif\½H;k cef;udk wyfMuyfBu;D bwf
ESifh tzGYJonf pepfwus &SmazGonf/ aoG;pGe;f rsm; &Srd &SEd iS fh tjcm;taxmuf
txm;rsm;udk &SmazGonf/ vH;k 0oJveG pf r&/ *Re½f b kd ifqifuvnf; rSif
aoonf/ oJveG pf awGukd pepfwus &Si;f xm;onf/ vlowfrEI iS fh Nipd eG ;f Edik f
rnfh taxmuftxm; wpfpw kH pf&m rawGY&ay/ odYkaomf aemufq;kH trdu I f
xnfo h nfh jcif;awmif;twGi;f rS aoG;pGe;f aeonf[k ,lq&aom rD;jcpfqH
wpfacsmif;udk awGUcJ&h awmhonf/ paumhwvef,m'f "mwfccJG ef;\ ppfaq;
csut f & rD;jcpfqo H nf vlaoG;rsm; pGe;f aeaMumif; awGU&S&d onf[k owif;
ay;cJo h nf/ *Re½f b kd ifqiftzdYk jiif;qdjk cif; rjyKEikd af wmh/ aoqH;k ol rDeD
bdek wDEiS fh ½db k ifqifonf rvGwrf uif; jzpfcMhJ uonf/ bdek wDonf ½db k if
qifxrH S rMumcP aiGaMu;awmif;cH onf/ r&vQif t&Suu f aJG tmif
jyKvyk f rnf[k Ncrd ;f ajcmufvmcJh onf[k qko d nf/ tcsi;f jzpfymG ;onfah eYuvnf;
rDeb D edk wDonf *Re½f b kd ifqifxo H Ykd vma&mufí ydu k q f aH wmif;cHjyefonf/
xdtk csed w f iG f ukrP Ü &D dS trIxrf;rsm;rSmvnf; wpfO;D wpfa,mufrS r&So d jzihf
tjiif;yGm;cJMh uonf/ aemufq;kH ½db k ifqifonf bdek wDtm;vnfyif;udk

pdwv f ukd rf mefyg zspn f p§ rf &d mrS vufveG o f mG ;cJo
h nf/ vJusaoqH;k oGm;
cJ&h onf/ *Re½f b kd ifqifonf tavmif;udk azsmuf&ef Bu&H mr&awmh/ odYk
aomf vGecf ahJ om ESp&f ufo;kH &ufcefYu 0,f,x l m;cJoh nfh aowåmBu;D udk
oGm;owd&onf/ bdek wD\tavmif;udk aowåmBu;D twGi;f xnfo h iG ;f xm;
cJNh y;D csYJ&if;ua&mh blwm½Hv k ufqw
JG efqmXmeodYk ydYkaqmifcjhJ cif; jzpf\/
½H;k cef;twGi;f rnfonhf oJveG pf rS r&S&d ef aq;aMumokwf oifru I kd
pdww f idk ;f usjyKvyk o f nf/ rnfonhf oJveG pf rS r&S[ d k aocsmrS ajc&mazsmuf
cJo
h nf/ odYkaomf trSwrf xif pGe;f jzpfcahJ om rD;jcpfqu H av;rS vlowfrBI u;D
ay:aygufc&hJ onf/ vlowform; *Re½f b kd ifqifrmS ao'Pftjypf ay;cHchJ
&avawmhonf/
trIay:aygufatmif xkwaf zmfcahJ om wyfMuyfBu;D bwfrmS aemif
tcgwGif paumwvef,m'f tzGYJ\ nTeMf um;a&;rª; jzpfvmcJ&h onf/
usrf;udk;

(21)
]]q&mBuD;cifAsm; ... uReaf wmfu h kd ar;cGe;f ESpcf k ar;cGijhf yKapvdyk g

w,f cifAsm/ yxrar;cGe;f uawmh q&mBu;D [m uReaf wmfwYkd vGr;f woo
jzpfae&wJh &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;) 0w¬Krsm;udk qufvufa&;om;zdYk
tpDtpOfrsm; &Syd gao;vm;qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f ESifh trsm;,lqaeMuwJh q&mBuD;
&Sm;avmh[rk ;f [m q&mBuD;&JU i,fq&mjzpfwhJ q&m0efBuD; *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)
&JU ud, k yf mG ;jzpfw,fqw kd m rSeyf govm;qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f jzpfygw,f/ ajzMum;
ay;ygvdYk y&dowfBuD;&JU ud, k pf m;wifjy&jcif; jzpfygw,f cifAsm}}
1922 ck rwfv jzpfonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpk csu D m*dNk rdKU
tm;upm;cef;rBuD;wGif urÇmausmf pma&;q&mBuD;ESifh raemokawoD
q&m Bu;D udek if'KdGi;f \ ]pmzwforl sm;ESifh pma&;ol} [laom a[majymyGw J iG f
pm zwfy&dowftwGi;f rS wuúov kd af usmif;om;wpfO;D u txufygar;cGe;f
rsm;udk ar;cJah vonf/ ,if;ar;cGe;f rsm;udk q&mBuD;udek if'KdG i;f u atmufyg
twdik ;f ajzMum;cJah vonf/
]]vlBuD;rif;cifAsm;? vlBuD;rif;ar;wJh ar;cGe;f [m tifrwef ar;
zdYkaumif;wJh ar;cGe;f awG jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmfuvnf; 'Dar;cGe;f rsKd ;awGukd
yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif; ajzqdrk mS jzpfygw,f/ uReaf wmf[m uReaf wmfu h kd pma&;
q&mBuD;tjzpf a&mufapcJw h hJ uReaf wmfZmwfaqmifBuD; &Sm;avmh[rk ;f
(armifp&H mS ;) 0w¬Krsm;udk qufa&;om;zdYk rBuH&, G yf g/ &Sm;avmh[rk ;f 0w¬K

rsm;xuf ta&;ygwJh raemokawoDvyk if ef;awG? vlraI &;vkyif ef;awG
vkyzf Ykd tpDtpOfawG &Sad eygw,f/
]]'kw, d ar;cGe;f jzpfwhJ armifp&H mS ;[m uReaf wmfq h &m a'gufwm
*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)vm;qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f ygyJ/ uReaf wmf[m armifp&H mS ; 0w¬Kwkd
56 yk'Ef iS fh 0w¬K&n S f 4 yk'f a&;cJyh gw,f/ 'Dvakd &;cJw h hJ 0w¬KawGxu J
Zmwfaqmif jzpfwhJ &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;)udk ouf&v dS yl *k Kd¾ vu f kd
tajccH,lNyD; a&;zdkY BuH&G,fwJhtcg uRefawmf i,fq&mjzpfwJh
q&m*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)udk jrifryd g w,f/
]]q&m *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)[m vlwpfa,mufukd tuJcwf&mrSm aphpyf
aocsmNyD; wdusw,f/ olYxw k Ef w k q
f ifjcifenf;ynmwdYkukd uReaf wmf
twk ,lcJhNyD; &Sm;avmh[krf;udk zef;wD;cJhygw,f/ &Sm;avmh[krf;&JU
,kwaåd A'usus avhvmrI? pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIawG[m uRefawmfq h &m
*sKd ;AufA(J vf)&JU enf; awGayghAsm}}[k ajzMum;cJah vonf/
q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f NrdKUBuD;tEHYS
tjym; vSnv fh nfí ]pma&;olEiS fh pmzwforl sm;} [laom acgif;pOfjzihf
a[majymyGrJ sm;pGm usi;f ycJah vonf/ q&mBuD;ESihf olY ZeD; a'vD'KdG iv f mwdYk
pdwyf sucf &H &Smonf/ q&mBuD;wdYk ZeD;armifErHS mS xdpk Ofu raemokawoD
vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tifwu kd t f m;wdu k f aiGuek af Mu;usc, H u l m tm;oGeBf udK;
yrf;aecsed f jzpfonf/
q&mBuD;rSmvnf; olYrcd ifEiS fh pmzwfy&dowfrsm;? r*¾Zif;BuD;rS
q&mBuD;\ rdwaf qG t,f'w D mBuD;rsm; ZGww f m;qD;aeonfMh um;rSyif
1917 ck? 'DZifbmvwGif &Sm;avmh[rk ;f \ aemufq;kH 0w¬Kjzpfaom (q&m
BuD; a&TOa'gif;\ armifp&H mS ;pmrlrsm;wGif rawGY&) udk a&;om;NyD;csed u f pí
&Sm;avmh[rk ;f BuD;ESifh tNyD;vrf;cGcJ NhJ yD jzpfavonf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpo k nf raemokawoDvyk if ef;rsm;wGif
wk;d wufaom Edik if jH zpfcNhJ yD; urÇmausmf oDtq kd zD D toif;awmfBuD;udv k nf;
pwifwnfaxmifco hJ nfEh ikd if H jzpfcohJ nf/ pdw0f n d mOfqikd &f m avhvmrIrsm;wGif
Oa&mywdu k x f uf wd;k wufaom Edik if jH zpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/
q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f uvnf; uG,v f eG o f wl Ykd\ 0dnmOfEiS fh quf
oG,Ef ikd o
f nf[k aMunmxm;cJNh yD; jzpfonf/ ola&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nfh
rd;k ewfr,fwYkdvmacsNyD [laom pmtkyrf S taMumif;t&mrsm;? 0dnmOf0g'

taMumif;ESifh qdik o f nfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pmzwforl sm;u ar;Muayvdrrhf nf[k
arQmv f ifx h m;cJo h nf/
odY&k mwGif pmzwforl sm; ar;onfah r;cGe;f rsm;rSm ]&Sm;avmh[rk ;f } ESifh
ywfoufaom ar;cGe;f rsm;omvQif jzpfaeojzihf q&mBu;D pdwyf sucf &h J awmhonf/
q&mBu;D udek if'KdGi;f ESifh ZeD; av'Duekd if'KdGi;f wdYo k nf tar&duef jynfaxmifpk
tESYHtjym;oGm;a&mufcMhJ uNy;D ]pma&;olEiS fh pmzwforl sm;} aqG; aEG;yGrJ sm;
usi;f ycJo h nf/ q&mBu;D onf olY a[majymyGrJ sm;wGif ol,MkHunf onfh
0dnmOf0g'taMumif;? aoqH;k olrsm;\0dnmOfEiS fh qufo, G Ef ikd o
f nfh taMumif;?
0d n mOf r sm;ud k "mwf y H k ½ d k u f u l ; xm;aom "mwf y H k r sm;ud k a zmf j yí
a[majymaqG;aEG;cJah vonf/ olwY&kd cdS &hJ onfh "mwfyw kH iG f rd;k ewfr,fuav;
rsm; yg0ifaeyH?k "mwfyBku H ;D rsm;udk yHBku;D csí
YJ a[majymonfch ef;rrsm;wGif csw d q
f x
J G m;Ny;D
a[majymavh&o dS nf[k qdo k nf/
av'Duekd if'KdGi;f uvnf; tvdt k avsmuf 0dnmOfy;l uyfí pma&;
om;yH?k 0dnmOfEiS fh pma&;om;í qufo, G yf rkH sm;udk a[majymcJo h nf[k qdo k nf/
odYkaomf pmzwfy&dowfurl 0dnmOf0g'xuf armifp&H mS ;0w¬Krsm; udk
vGr;f armwocJMh uonf[k qdMk uonf/
q&mBu;D udek if'KdGi;f onf pma&;ol? pmzwfol a[majymydYck syJG xuf
emrnfausmf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk yOövufq&mBu;D [l'eD \ D zdwMfum;csut f &
vma&mufcjhcJ if;jzpfonf/ [l'eD rD mS yOövuf q&mBu;D omru avmuDynm&Sif
raemokawoDwpfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/
1920 jynhEf pS w f iG f [l'eD o D nf t*Fvefjynf vef'efNrKd UodYk oGm;
a&mufco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu t*FvefjynfwiG f apmifa&trsm;qH;k xkwaf 0cJah om
aMu;rH½k yk pf *kH sme,fBu;D \ pdeaf c:yGw J iG f q&mBu;D udek if'KdGi;f (armifp&H mS ;)ESifh
awGYqckH jJhcif;jzpfonf/ ,if; pdeaf c:yGw J iG f [l'eD o D nf oHBuKd ;txyfxyfcwf?
vufxw d cf wfxm;cJNh y;D vef'eford ;f jrpfjyifrS rdepftenf;i,ftwGi;f oH
BuKd ;vufxw d rf sm;udk zGií hf ay:vmyHu k kd jyojcif;jzifh aMu;rH½k yk pf *kH sme,f
t,f'w D mtzGYu J kd tEdik Bf ucJ o hJ l jzpfonf/
þuJo h Ykd jyoEdik jf cif;udk vltrsm;u [l'eD o D nf arSmyf nmjzihf
jyocJo h nf/ emembm0rsm;udk apcdik ;f cJo h nf[k ,lqonf/ q&mBu;D udek if
'GKd i;f url [l'eD \ D pdwpf rG ;f tifukd av;pm;onf/ vef'efraemokawoD
toif;om;rsm;uvnf; [l'eD t D m; awGYqckH MhJuonf/

jyuGuw f pfuu G w f iG f [l'eD o D nf vef'efbPfwu kd Bf uD;rS txl;
pdwcf s&onf/ vHNk cKH onf/ rnfonhf aomh0Zd mÆ rS rzGiEhf ikd [ f al om tvGeBf u;D
rm;onfh rD;cHaowåmBuD;twGi;f vufxw d cf wfí 0ifco hJ nf/ rdepftenf;
i,ftwGi;f ,if;rD;cHaowåmBu;D twGi;f rS xGujf ycJo h jzihf olYukd ud, k af ysmuf
avmuDynm&Siw f pfO;D [k qdMk uonf/
q&mBuD;ESifh [l'eD o D nf txl;cifrifomG ;cJo h nf/ q&mBuD;ESifh
q&mBuD;uawmf av'D'KdG i;f wdYk\ 0dnmOfac:jyyGrJ sm;odYk [l'eD w D uf a&muf
cJo
h nf/ [l'eD \ D tpGr;f jyyGrJ sm;udv k nf; uReaf wmfwYkd armifp&H mS ;BuD;rSm
rvGwf wrf; wufa&mufco hJ nf/
uReaf wmfwYkd od&cdS &hJ onfh urÇmausmf yOövuf q&mBuD;rsm;jzpf
aom csiv f ifz;l ? csiv f ifb;l ? [mrif? bvufpwH;k ? u,fvm? *dpk eD?
a&m bwf['l ifwYkdxuf [l'eD u D ausmMf um;cJo h nf/ rif;ayguf pd;k ayguf
awmf0if rsuv f n S fh q&mBuD;[lívnf; vlawGu trnfay;Muonf/
urÇmhEdkifiH toD;oD;odkY oGm;a&mufí awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm;tm;
olYyOövufynmjzihf tpGr;f jycJo h v l nf; jzpfonf/
ppfBudKacwfu olYtrnfukd rodorl &S/d yOövufynmpmtkyf
awGuv kd nf; a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ½ky&f iS uf rk PÜ aD xmifí olYyOövuf
ynmjycef;rsm;udk olu, kd wf ikd f ZmwfneT ;f a&;om;NyD; ½ky&f iS ½f u kd cf o
hJ nf/
pma&;aumif;oljzpfojzihf ola&;om;cJo h nfh yOövufynm pmtkyrf sm;onf
vlwikd ;f zwf½í
I em;vnfonf[k qdck MhJ uonf/
,aeY uReaf wmfwYkd vli,frsm;onf yOövufq&m a';Apf
aumfygzD; qdo k \ l ½ky&f iS Af 'D , D t kd acGrsm;udk Munh½f NI yD; tHMh oMuonf/
odyHÜ ynm&yf\ r&Si;f vif;Edik af om ynm&yf? avmuDynm&yfrsm;jzpfonf/

(22)
tD'ifbm&mNrdKU? t*FvefEikd if ?H arv (31) &uf? 1878 ck/

rd;k OD;opfcNhJ yDjzpfonf/ tjyifwiG f arSmifru kd w
f w
d q f w
d v
f suf
&Sad eay onf/ Mu,fa&mifva&mif vH;k vH;k r&S/d rd;k om;rsm;wufaeNyD;
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS rdk;csKef;oH Mum;ae&onf/ vQyfyef;vQyfEG,fwdkYonf
w0if;0if; vufae onf/ wokeo f ek wf ukd af eaom avjynfwiG f rd;k eHYyif
ygvmavonf/ NAdwd oQtpd;k & tusO;f axmif q&m0efBuD; Zuftif[J
rDvwefonf wpfnvH;k tdyrf aysmfEikd /f tjyifwiG f rd;k zGu J av;awG
usvmonf[k olxifonf/ rdk; oufeH YESihf rufrGefyifwdkY\
opf&u G af jcmufteHYrsm;onf ajroif;eHYEiS fh a&m axG;aeayonf/
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd rD;&xm;blwm½HBk uD;rS vef'efoYkd xGucf mG oGm;
onfh tjref&xm;BuD;\ OMorIwo f o H nf pl;pl;&S&S rd;k oufavjynftaoG;
wGif ysHYviG v hf suf&o dS nf/ rD;&xm; tvkyo f rm;wef;vsm;rsm;rSm tvkyf
orm;rsm;\ pum;ajymoHcyfoo hJ ?hJ acG;a[mifo?H jrif;vSn;f orm;wdYk \
[pfatmfqq J o kd rH sm;udk Mum;ae&onf/ rMumrD ta&SUrS a&mifev D mayawmh
rnf/
tusO;f axmifq&m0efBuD; [Jrv D weftzdYk ao'Pf pD&ifonfh
jrifuiG ;f udk ppfaq;Munh½f &I onfrmS tcgaygif;rsm;pGm &Scd o hJ nf/ ,ref
aeYu BudK;'Pf pD&ifc&hJ onfh w&m;cH jyifopftrsKd ;om; ,l*si;f &Te;f aw;

udrk l q&m0efBu;D wpfouf arhEikd rf nfrxif/ bm&m

aq;aumvdyw f iG f ausmif;twlaecJ&h zl;onf/

&Te;f aw;rSm jyifopfjynfyg&DNrdKUrS yd;k xnfuek o f nfBuD;wpfO;D \
om;jzpfNy;D tm;upm;orm; vlacsm? taygif;toif;rsm;onfh aq;ausmif;
om;jzpfonf/ &Te;f aw;ESifh q&m0efBu;D [Jrv D wefwYko d nf emrnfausmf
pma&;q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f (&Sm;avmh[rk ;f )ESifh ausmif;aezufrsm;jzpfMuNyD;
a'gufwm*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)ESifh a'gufwm qm[ife&D*Rew f Yk\
d wynfrh sm;jzpfcMhJ u
onf/
urÇmYpakH xmufpmayavmuwGif urÇmpmay*E 0¦ iftjzpf owf
rSwjf cif;cH&aom pHak xmuf0w¬Kta&twGurf mS tvGeef nf;onf/ *E¦0if
pHak xmuf0w¬Krsm;[k owfrw S x f nfo h iG ;f yHjk cif; wlonfw h ikd af tmif ajymif
ajrmufausmMf um;rI t&Sed t f 0gBu;D rm;rIwiG f q&mBu;D udek if'KGd i;f a&;om;cJh
onfh &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;)0w¬Krsm;u ydrk Bkd u;D rm;cJah yonf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd
&Sm;avmh[rk ;f Bu;D ausmMf um;rI &&Scd jhJ cif;rSm q&mBu;D udek if'KdG i;f onf olYi,f
q&mBu;D jzpfaom a'gufwm *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)udk erlemxm;í a&;om;cJjh cif;
aMumifh jzpfonf[k qdMk uonf/ txl;ojzihf q&mBu;D udek if'KdG i;f onf
*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)\ vlucJ wfynmESifh xkwEf w k q f ifjcifenf; ,kwaåd A'udk twk
,lí olY&mS ;avmh[rk ;f tm; usio fh ;kH apcJo
h nf/ a'gufwm *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)um;
vlrsm;udk tuJcwf&mwGif aphpyfonf/ trsm;rjrifonfh tao;pdwf
tcsut f vufwYku d kd jrifonf[k qdMk uonf/ *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)\ wynfh
tm;vH;k vdv k ykd if olwYkq d &mBu;D udk MunfnKd av;pm;Muonf/
vlowfw&m;cHjzpfol ,l*si;f &Te;f aw;udk ao'Pf pD&ifcgeD;wGif
tusO;f axmifq&m0efBu;D [Jrv D wefu Munf½h pI pfaq;cJ&h onf/ q&m0ef
Bu;D tzdYk ao'Pfp&D ifjcif;cH&ol tusO;f orm;aygif; rsm;pGmudk awGUcJ&h onf/
olYi,foil ,fcsi;f &Te;f aw;avmuf owd&å dS ol ao&rnfukd ta&;rpdu k cf ohJ l
wpfa,mufrQ rawGUcJ&h bl;ay/
&Te;f aw;tm; ao'Pfp&D ifrnfah eYurl &Te;f aw;onf 0wfpu kH kd
ususee0wfqifxm;cJNh y;D xdt k csed u f emrnfausmf aw;oDcsi;f wpfy'k u f kd
cyfat;at; oDqo kd nf/ aumfzcD yfjyif;jyif; wpfcu G Nf y;D wpfcu G f aomuf
onf/ tzd;k wefp;D u&ufrsm;udk wpfvyd Nf y;D wpfvyd f aomufonf/ q&m0ef
Bu;D [Jrw D efbufoYkd vSncfh NhJ y;D ]]uJ ... oli,fcsi;f a&? ud, k af wmh c&D;&Snf
Bu;D xGu&f awmhr,f/ rif;udk EIwq f ufcyhJ gw,f/ ud, k u f sL;vGecf w hJ thJ rIukd

omrefpakH xmufawG b,f pHak xmufvYk&d rvJu/G ud, k yf yd &d &d d jyifqifNy;D rS
usL;vGecf w hJ myJ/ 'gay rJh wdYkq&m *sKd ;ZufAv J &f UJ t&nftcsi;f udk rif;vnf;
odNy;D om;/ q&m*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)aMumihf ig ckpufwu kd w f ufc&hJ wmyJ/ q&m
*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)eJY rIcif;q&m0efBu;D *Rew f efwYku d kd EIwq f ufcyhJ gw,fvYkd ajym
vku d yf guGm}} [k ajymqdck NhJ y;D ao'Pfp&D ifjcif;udk cH,cl ahJ wmhonf/
rSeo f nf/ vlowform; &Te;f aw;onf aq;ausmif;om;a[mif;?
ynmwwf ÓPfxufow l pfO;D jzpfojzihf olYZeD;udk owf&mwGif pepfwus
BuKd wifjyifqifonf/ &JwYkad wGU&SEd ikd rf nfh oJveG pf rSeo f rQukd azsmufonf/
vlowfru I sL;vGeo f [ l k olYukd rnfou l rQ rxif/ &JwYku d vnf; &Te;f aw;\
ZeD;onf tpmtdraf &m*gESifh uG,v f eG cf &hJ onf[k qH;k jzwfay;cJah vonf/
vlowfw&m;cHjzpfol ,l*si;f &Te;f aw;onf jyifopfjynf? yg&DNrKd UrS
yd;k ukeo f nfBu;D wpfO;D \om; jzpfonf/ i,fpOfuyif ynmawmfow l pfO;D
jzpfojzihf olYzcifjzpfou l &Te;f aw;tm; q&m0efBu;D wpfO;D jzpfapvdo k nf/
xdpk Ofu t*FvefEikd if ?H tD'ifbm&mNrKd U aq;aumvdyBf u;D rSm aq;ynmoif
Mum;ydYkcsrw I iG f emrnfausmo f nf/ Oa&mywdu k rf S csr;f omaom rdom;pkrsm;
onf rdrw d Yko d m;rsm;udk tD'ifbm&m aq;aumvdyBf u;D odYk apvTwí f ynm
oifapcJMh uonf/ aq;aumvdyw f iG f pmayydYkcsonfh q&m0efBu;D *sKd ;Zuf
AJ(vf)\ emrnfrmS vnf; vQr;f vQr;f awmuf ausmMf um;cJNh y;D tjcm;q&m
BuD;wpfO;D jzpfol qm[ife&D*Rerf mS vnf; pmayoifMum;rIwiG f xl;cReo f l
jzpfonf[k qdMk uonf/
,l*si;f &Te;f aw;onf tD'ifbm&m aq;aumvdyo f Ykd wufa&mufí
aq;ynmoifco hJ nf/ &Te;f aw;? tusO;f axmifq&m0efBu;D [Jrv D wef?
urÇmausmpf akH xmuf &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;) 0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJo h l
udek if'KdG i;f rSm aq;ynmoif,al om ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdpk Ofu
olwYkt d m; pmayoifMum;ydYkcsco hJ l q&mBu;D ESpOf ;D rSm a'gufwm*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)
ESifh qm[ife&D*Rew f Ykjd zpfMuNy;D q&mBu;D ESpOf ;D pvH;k rSm pmayydYkcs&mwGif vnf;
aumif;? qufqaH &;wGif vnf;aumif; emrnfausmcf MhJ uonf/ wynfrh sm;
tm;vH;k vdv k u kd yif cifrifav;pm;Muonf/ txl;ojzifh q&m*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)
onf vlYobm0udk yDjyifpmG em;vnf\/ vlwpfa,mufukd tuJcwf&mwGif
aphpyfaocsmwdusojzihf ausmif;om;tm;vH;k u pHerlemxm;cJ&h onfh q&m
Bu;D wpfO;D jzpfonf/

aq;ausmif;om; &Te;f aw;onf q&mBuD; *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)ukd av;
pm;onf/ cspcf ifonf/ odYkaomf &Te;f aw;u tm;upm;xl;cReo f ?l taygif;
toif;rsm;ol? rde;f uav; rde;f ri,frsm;ESifh ½Iyaf yGow l pfO;D jzpfojzihf
ynm wpfyikd ;f wpfpESiyfh if ausmif;xGucf &hJ NyD; jyifopfbmom tvGwo f if
ausmif; q&mtjzpf trIxrf;cJah vonf/
&Te;f aw;onf txufwef;pm; vlux kH H todik ;f t0dik ;f avmu
wGif jyifopfbmomoifjy&mwGif emrnfausmv f mcJo h nf/ csr;f om<u,f0
onfh olaX;ol<u,frsm;\ om;orD;rsm;udk jyifopfbmom oifay;onf/
qufqaH &;aumif;olwpfO;D vnf; jzpfojzihf xifay:vmcJah vonf/ 1866
ckEpS w
f iG f tD'ifbm&mNrdKU vlux kH aH vmuwGif txifay: tausmMf um;qH;k
jzpfaom olaX;Bu;D wpfO;D \ orD;uav; (15) ESpt f &G,f t,fvZD buf'KdGif
,m qdo k El iS fh cspcf ifMuNyD; 1867 ckEpS w f iG f vufxyfcahJ vonf/ olYZeD;rSm
olYtoufxuf0ufcefY i,f&, G o f jl zpfavonf/ &Te;f aw;onf t,fvD
Zbuf'KdG i, f mudk vufxyfcjhJ cif;rSm ol\"e*kPaf Mumifjh zpfonf[k qdck MhJ u
onf/ &Te;f aw;tzdYk ZeD;bufrS ygvmaom ypön;f rsm;udk avmif;upm;0dik ;f
rsm;wGif jzKe;f cJo h nf/ rde;f rti,ftaESmif;rsm;? rde;f rysut f rd rf sm;odYk oGm;
vmjcif;jzifv h nf; olYZeD;\ ypön;f rsm;udk jzKe;f ypfcahJ vonf/
&Te;f aw;onf taomuftpm;zufvmcJo h nfomru t,fvD
Zbuf'KdG i, f mudv k nf; n§O;f yef;onf/ &uf&ufpufpuf ½du k jf cif;? ESyd pf uf
uvljyKjcif; vkyv f mcJo h nf/ vlYusi0hf wfazmufjyefol &Te;f aw;tzdYk olYZeD;\
tdraf zmftrsKd ;orD;uav;udyk if csr;f omay;jcif; r&Sad wmh/ t,fvZD buf'KdG if
,mtzdYk pdwyf sucf &hJ awmhonf/ rdb ay;urf;axmufyjhH cif;jzifo h m aexdik f
vmcJ&h avawmhonf/
1877 atmufwb kd mvwGirf l &Te;f aw;onf olYZeD;tm; touf
tmrcHxm;&S&d ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJNh yD; a':vm (5000) jzihf touf tmrcHxm;&Sd
cJah vonf/ 1877 ck? 'DZifbmv (8) &ufaeYwiG f tdraf zmfrav;onf
t,fvZD buftcef;rS nnf;aeaom rouFmzG,&f m toHrsm;Mum;ojzihf
oGm;a&mufMunh½f cI &hJ m t,fvZD bufrmS owduif;rJv h su&f adS eNyD; olYcw k if
ab;&Sd pm;yGaJ y:wGirf l aomufvufp vdar®m&f nfcu G Ef iS fh pyspof ;D tenf;i,f
xnfx h m;aom yef;uefwpfcsyu f kd awGU&avonf/ olYocifr t,fvD
ZbufrmS rl vk;H 0 owd r&Sad wmh/ wpfzufcef;wGif tdyaf eol &Te;f aw;tm;

taMumif;pHk ajymjycJNhy;D olwt Yk d rd Ef iS f h reD;ra0;wGif aexdik o f l rdom;pk q&m0efBu;D tm;
oGm;a&mufac:,lcahJ vonf/
q&m0efBu;D a&mufvmaomtcgwGirf l &Te;f aw;rSm trlt&m ysuf
vsu&f NdSy;D t,fvZD buf ckwifab;&Sd pm;yGaJ y:rS aomufvufp vdar®mf
&nfzefcu G Ef iS fh pyspo f ;D yef;uefwYrkd mS r&Sad wmhay/ tdraf zmf trsKd ;orD;tzdYk
rsm;pGm tHMh ooGm;cJo h nf/ ,if;aomufvufp vdar®m&f nfzefcu G Ef iS fh pyspo f ;D
rsm; xnfx h m;aom yef;uefjym;udk rnfol odr;f cJo h enf;/ zefcu G Ef iS fh
yef;uefjym;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;olrmS &Te;f aw;wpfO;D om jzpfEikd af vonf/
q&m0efBu;D a&mufvmaomtcgwGif q&m0efBu;D tm; olYZeD; onf
"mwfaiGYyu kd af ygufojzihf "mwfaiGYrsm; ½SLrd&mrS owdarhavsmo h mG ;cJ&h onf[k
qdo k nf/ rdom;pkq&m0efBu;D uvnf; emrnfausmf rIcif;q&m0ef Bu;D jzpfol
qm*Ret f m; "mwfaiGYoifv h el mwpfO;D udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;ay;&ef csuf csi;f
taMumif;Mum;cJo h nf/ qm*Rerf mS uReaf wmftxufwiG f a&;om;cJh onft h wdik ;f
tD'ifbm&m aq;aumvdyfrS rIcif;aq;ynmoifMum;ydkYcsonfh
q&m0efBu;D wpfO;D jzpfNy;D emrnfausmf q&m0efBu;D *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)\ oli,f
csi;f jzpfonf/
&Te;f aw;tzdYk olYi,fq&mrsm;ESifh jyefvnfawGU&Scd &hJ jcif; jzpfawmh
onf/ rIcif;q&m0efBu;D qm*Reu f vnf; olYrwfaqG q&m0efBu;D *sKd ;Zuf
AJ(vf)udk ac:,lvmcJNh y;D ESpOf ;D om; vlrrmtm; ppfaq; Munh½f cI MhJuonf/
t,fvZD bwfrmS vnf; aq;½HBk u;D odYk wifcNhJy;D rsm;rMumrD uG,v f eG t f edpö
a&mufc&hJ awmhonf/ &JtzGYu J rl &Te;f aw; ajymqdo k nfh "mwfaiGYyu kd af yguf&m
rS "mwfaiGYukd ½SLrdco hJ jzihf uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf qdo k nft h csuu f kd vufccH ahJ omf
vnf; &Te;f aw;tm; acwåzrf;qD; ta&;,lxm;cJNh y;D tmrcHjzifh jyefvnf
vTwaf y;cJah vonf/
&JEiS fh paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYo J nf t,fvZD buf ao
qH;k &jcif;twGuf &&SEd ikd rf nfh oJveG pf udk &SmazGcMhJuonf/ uReaf wmfwYkd od&dS
cJMh uonft h wdik ;f &mZ0wfrrI sm;udk oufaoxGucf suf xif&mS ;rSom tjypf
ay;&rnf jzpfavonf/ wpfcgwpf&w H iG f trIrsm;wGif rsujf rifoufao[lí
r&Sb d J oufaoxGucf suf tqufjywfí aewwfavonf/ þuJo h Ykd jywf
aeaom uGi;f qufrsm;udk &SmazGí qufpyfay;jcif;rSm ]pHak xmufynm} jzpf
ayonf/ &Te;f aw;\trIwiG f paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJonf pGcJ suw f if&ef
oJveG pf rsm;udk &SmazGco hJ nf/

trsm;tm;jzihf vlowfrf rI sm;wGif oufaocHcsurf mS ESprf sKd ; ESppf m;
uGjJ ym;vsu&f adS yonf/ yxr trsKd ;tpm;rSm wdu k ½f u kd rf sujf rifoufao\
oufaocHcsujf zpf\/ 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;rSm wdu k ½f u kd o f ufaoyif r&Sd
aomfvnf; oG,0f u kd í f &aom oufaojzpfonf/ wdu k ½f ukd rf sujf rifouf
ao r&Syd gu oG,0f u kd í f &aom oufaojzifh &JtzdYk ta&;,lEikd af yvdrrhf nf/
&Te;f aw;\trIwiG rf l rsujf rifoufao r&S/d tdraf zmfrav; ud, k w f ikd u f
vnf; &JwYk\ d xGuq f ckd suw f iG f aysmufomG ;aom vdar®m&f nfzefcu G Ef iS fh
pyspo f ;D yef;ueftaMumif; ryg0ifco hJ jzihf &JEiS hf paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuf
Bu;D wdYktzdYk &Te;f aw;\ xGuq f ckd sujf zpfaom "mwfaiGYyu kd af yguf&mrS "mwf
aiGYukd ½SLrdí rawmfwq aoqH;k &onf[al om tcsuu f ykd if vufcí H
vlowfru I kd ydw&f awmhrnfh tvm;tvm jzpfaeawmhavonf/
odYkaomf pHak xmufBu;D &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;) [k emrnfausmf
aeaom q&m0efBu;D *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)url vlowfr[ I k qH;k jzwfcsucf sxm;
cJo
h nf/ rsujf rifoufaor&Sad omfvnf; aoqH;k ol t,fvZD bufwYk\ d
vlraI &;? tdraf xmifa&;? touftmrcHxm;&Srd ?I tcsi;f jzpfymG ;onfh tcsed f
umv? w&m;cHjzpfEidk o f l &Te;f aw;\ tusiphf m&dww å Yukd kd tajccHNy;D raerem;
oJveG pf &SmcJah wmhonf/
pmzwfy&dowfBu;D u armifp&H mS ; (&Sm;avmh[rk ;f ) [k ,lqxm;
aom a'gufwm*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)onf &Te;f aw;wdYk tdycf ef;udk pepfwus
pl;prf;&SmazGonf/ tdraf zmfrav;xHrS aomufvufp vdar®m&f nfcu G Ef iS fh pyspf
oD;yef;uefwYkd aysmufq;kH oGm;jcif;udk a'gufwm *sKd ;ZufA(J vf) od&v dS mcJh
onf/ &Te;f aw;tay: oHo,0ifvmcJo h nf/ tu,fí "mwfaiGYyu kd af yguf
onf[k qdv k ukd v
f Qif "mwfaiGUeJY wpfpw kH pf&m &SEd ikd o f nf[k a'gufwm
*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)u ,lqonf/ odYkaomf tcsi;f jzpfymG ;onf[k ,lq&aom
t,fvZD buf rl;arhonfah eYurl "mwfaiGYteHY wpfpw kH pf&m xl;jcm;aom
teHYr&&Scd yhJ g[k tdraf zmftrsKd ; orD;uav;u xGuq f ckd ahJ vonf/
aoqH;k ol t,fvZD buf\ acgif;tH;k rsm;ay:wGif tpdr;f a&mif
tefzwftcsKd Yukd awGU&S&d ojzihf rl;,pfaq;0g; tajrmuftjrm; oH;k pGx J m;
jcif;aMumifh tefxm;onfh vu©Pmrsm;[k a'gufwm*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)u ,lq
onf/ aoqH;k ol\ ntdy*f g0efay:wGiv f nf; pyspo f ;D taphwpfaphEpS af ph
ESifh tef&mrS pGe;f aeonfh tpGe;f rsm;wGif bde;f teHYrsm; xGuv f su&f o dS nfud
v
k nf; awGU&S&d ojzihf aoqH;k ol t,fvZD bufonf ruG,v f eG rf uD bde;f

cwfxm;aom vdar®m&f nfukd aomufo;kH xm;yH&k onfrmS xif&mS ;vmcJah v
onf/ aoqH;k ol t,fvZD buftm; cGpJ w d pf pfaq;cJo h l q&m0efBuD;
qm*Reu f vnf; aoqH;k ol\ tpmtdrv f rf;aMumif;wGif bde;f ygaom tpm
udk aomufo;kH xm;aMumif; awGU&S&d ojzihf aoqH;k olrmS rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q
"mwfaiGYukd ½SLjcif;jzihf uG,v f eG &f onfqo dk nft h csurf mS rjzpfEikd [ f k a'guf
wm AJ(vf)ESifh qm*Rew f Yku
d ,lqonf/
&JEiS hf paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJBu;D wdYk vufcx H m;aom
"mwfaiGYaMumifh aoqH;k &onf[al om aumufcsurf mS rjzpfEikd af wmh/
&Te;f aw;tay:wGif oHo,0if vmcJMh uawmhonfh q&m0efBu;D *sKd ;Zuf
AJ(vf)onf &Te;f aw;ESifh tquftoG,&f o dS nf/ aq;0g;a&mif;csonfh qdik f
rsm;udk oGm;a&mufppkH rf;cJo h nf/ &Te;f aw;onf aq;0g;a&mif;csaom qdik f
wpfqikd rf S bde;f rsm; 0,f,o l mG ;onf[l aom owif;&&Sv d mcJah vonf/
&Te;f aw;url olYZeD;onf "mwfaiGYyu kd af yguf&mrS "mwfaiGYrsm;udk
½SLrdojzihf aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfonf[k tckid t f rm ajymqdo k nf/ &JEiS fh pHak xmuf
wdYku ppfaq;cJah omtcgwGif t,fvZD buf tdycf ef; tjyifbuf w½kwf
uwfrsm;teD;wGif "mwfaiGYyu kd vf ikd ;f tqufjyKwaf eonfukd awGU&S&d ojzihf
&JEiS pfh akH xmuftzdYk &Te;f aw;udk vlowfrI usL;vGeo f t l jzpf pGcJ suw f if&ef
tcuftcJjzpfaeonf/ &Te;f aw;url þ"mwfaiGYyu kd vf ikd ;f &So
d nfurkd l ol
rodygaMumif; owdvnf; rxm;rdaMumif; &JwYkx d w H iG f uyfí xGuq f ckd hJ
onf/
a'gufwm *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)url vufravQm?h t,fvZD buf aoqH;k
&jcif;onf rawmfwq "mwfaiGYyu kd af ygufí aoqH;k &jcif; rjzpfEikd /f bde;f yg
aom tpmpm;rdjcif;aMumifh jzpf&rnf[k tcdik t f rm ,lqonf/ olYwynhf
jzpfco hJ l &Te;f aw;onf aiGa&;aMu;a&; tcuftcJ jzpfaeonfukd awGU&S&d
jcif;? olYZeD;ESifh tdraf xmifa&; tqifrajyjcif;? olYZeD;raoqH;k rD &uf (3)
&ufcefYu aq;0g;a&mif;csonfq h ikd rf mS bde;f rsm;0,f,jl cif;? olYZeD;tm;
ruG,v f eG rf D a':vm 5000 jzihf touftmrcHxm;&Scd jhJ cif; (xdpk Ofu
a':vm 5000 rSm wefz;kd Bu;D rm;vSayonf/) paom tcsurf sm;onf
&Te;f aw;tay: vlowfru I kd usL;vGeo f [ l k pGypf EJG ikd af vmufonfh tcsurf sm;
jzpfvmonf[k ,lqonf/
a'gufwm *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)onf pdwt f m;ravQm/h aemufq;kH t"du
tcsujf zpfaeonfh "mwfaiGYyu kd af ygufonfh udpu ö kd pHpk rf;&efom&Sd awmhonf/

&Te;f aw;\ xGuq f ckd suw f iG f "mwfaiGYyu kd v f ikd ;f olYZeD;\ tdycf ef;jywif;
aygufem;wGif &So d nfukd olrodyg[laom tcsuu f kd q&m*sKd ;ZufA(J vf)u
vufrcHEikd /f "mwfaiGYyu kd vf ikd ;f ukrP Ü o D Ykd olu, kd w f ikd of mG ;a&mufí pHpk rf;
onf/ aemufq;kH &Te;f aw;tdrw f iG f "mwfaiGYyu kd w f yfqifay;&ol tvkyf
orm;udk awGUcJ&h onf/ tvkyo f rm;url &Te;f aw;ud, k w f ikd f olYZeD;tdycf ef;
jywif;ayguf w½kwu f wfrsm;teD;wGif "mwfaiGYyu kd u f kd wyfqifcikd ;f cJh aMumif;?
"mwfaiGYydkuftqufudk rnfuJhodkY jzKwf&aMumif;udkyg &Tef;aw;tm;
jyocJ&h ygonf[k xGuq f ckd ahJ wmhonf/
&Te;f aw;onf &JEiS hf pHak xmuftzGYJukd oJveG pf jywfap&ef vSnhf
pm;cJo h nf/ "mwfaiGYyu kd af ygufonfu h pd rö mS q&m0efBuD; *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)\
BudK;pm;rIaMumihf ay:aygufc&hJ awmhonf/ q&m0efBuD; *sKd ;ZufA(J vf)tzdYk
i,fwynhjf zpfou l kd rn§mEdik af wmh/ w&m;Oya'twdik ;f aqmif&u G cf &hJ awmh
onf/ tD'ifbm&mNrdKUu w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;uvnf; &Te;f aw;udk vlowfrI
ESifh ppfaq;cJ&h awmhonf/ w&m;cGiw f iG f vlowfw&m;cH[k pGypf cJG &H ol
&Te;f aw;ud,k w f idk f q&mBuD; *sKd ;Zuf AJ(vf)\ ,lqcsut f wdik ;f olYZeD;udk
bde;f auR;í owfcNhJ yD; "mwfaiGYyu kd tf qufukd "mwfaiGYyu kd af ygufonfh
taetxm;jzpfap&ef jyKvkycf yhJ gonf[k xGuq f ckd ohJ nf/ aemufq;kH
&Te;f aw;crsm ao'Pfp&D ifjcif; cHc&hJ awmhonf/
usrf;udk;

(23)
1888 ck? Mo*kwv f 7 &uf/ taxGaxGtvkyo f rm; a*smq h ef;'g;

onf olYtyd cf ef;jywif;aygufukd zGiv hf udk of nf/ tjyifbufwiG f yde;f ydwf
atmif arSmifaeonf/ olaexdik o f nfh 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G rf mS vef'efNrdKU
awmfBuD;\ vlqif;&Jrsm;? tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm;? 'kp½du k f usL;vGeaf vh&o dS nfh
vlay? vlviG rhf sm;? jynfw h efqmrsm;? olawmif;pm;rsm; rSw D if;aexdik &f m
&yfuu G Bf uD;jzpfNyD; vef'efNrdKYawmfBuD;\ 'kp½du k rf rI sm;? rIcif;BuD;rsm; trsm;
tjym; jzpfymG ;avh&o dS nfh &yfuu G Bf uD; jzpfavonf/
urÇmausmfpma&;q&mBuD; csm;(vf)'pfuif\ 0w¬KBuD;rsm;rS
Zmwfaumifrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzihf þ&yfuu G Bf uD;wGif aygufzmG ; vIy&f mS ;
cJMh uayonf/ q&mBuD; csm;(vf)'pfuif\ emrnfausmf atmfvAD mwGp(f pf)
(q&mrd;k a0 bmomjyefqo kd nf/) \ Zmwfaumiftrsm;pkonf þ&yfuu G f
BuD;wGiyf if aexdik o f mG ;vmí jypfrBI uD;rsm;udk usL;vGecf MhJ uavonf/
w&m; Oya'udk vufwpfv;kH jcm; usL;vGecf MhJuolrsm;\ aexdik &f m t&yfBu;D
jzpf avonf/ rMumcP qdo k vdk vlrukd f *dP
k ;f om;tcsi;f csi;f wdu k cf u
kd jf cif;?
vlowfrBI uD;rsm; jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;rSm ,if;&yfuu G tf zdYk rqef;awmhNyD jzpfay
onf/ vef'efyv k yd t f zGYJBuD;rSmvnf; þ&yfuu G Bf uD;aMumifyh if tvkyrf sm;
cJ&h NyD; emrnfausmMf um; pjyKaeonf/ paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJBuD;rSmvnf;
þ&yfuu G tf ay:wGif pdwyf supf jyKaeayonf/

rIcif;Bu;D rsm;jzpfonf[k owif;&vQif &yfuu G tf rnfukd ar;p&m
rvd?k ,if; 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G [ f k odvu dk Mf u&ayonf/ vef'efwidk ;f pf
owif;pmBuD;? vef'efNrdKYxw k f naeowif;pmBuD;? tjcm;emrnfausmf
owif;pmBu;D rsm;wGif yg0ifc&hJ onfh rIcif;owif;rsm; jzpfymG ;&monf þ
&yfuu G Bf u;D wGio f m trsm;tm;jzihf jzpfymG ;avh&cdS o hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu ,aeY
uReaf wmfwYkd Edik if w H iG f xkwaf 0vsu&f adS om *sme,fBu;D rsm;uJo h Ykd vef'ef
ykvyd t f zGYJBu;D uvnf; vef'efyv k yd ½f yk pf kH owif;

udv k nf; wpfapmifvQif wpfyeJ cd efYrQEiS yfh if vlwikd ;f zwf½EI ikd &f ef

xkwaf 0aeayonf/ ,if;*sme,fBu;D wGif azmfjycJah om rIcif;Bu;D rsm;rSmvnf;

trsm;tm;jzihf 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G w f iG o f m jzpfymG ;avh&cdS ahJ vonf/
a*smq h ef;'g;onf apmapmtdy&f mrSxNyD; vef'efNrdKU? 0dw&kd , d
blwm½HBk u;D odYk oGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ ESi;f xkBu;D u xlxyfpmG usa&mufvsuf
&So d jzihf vrf;rBu;D ay:wGif vlomG ;vlvmr&So d avmuf jzpfaeonf/ trSef
tm;jzihf xdak eYonf bPfyw d &f ufjzpfojzihf vlomG ;vlvm ysm;yef;cyfrQ
&Sad e&rnfh aeYjzpfonf/ odYkaomf ,refaeY nOD;ydik ;f u onf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f
cJ&h aom rd;k aMumifh jyifywGif cgwdik ;f xuf tat;"mwfyakd eayonf/
a*smq h ef;'g; olimS ;aexdik o f nfh tdrcf ef;avSum;odYk qif;vmcJh
onf/ ESi;f xkBu;D yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifaeonft h jyif? wpfcgwpfcg wokef
okef wdu k v f monfh at;pufaomavaMumifh cdu k cf u dk wf ek cf sr;f vsuf &Sad e
ayonf/ olYtrd af tmufcef;rS t0wfavQmo f rm;rsm;? puf½t kH vkyo f rm;rsm;
yif tdy&f mrS Ed;k Muao;[efrwl/ txl;Nird o f ufvsu&f NdS y;D avSum;tqif;
wGiv f nf; rSet f rd x f eG ;f xm;jcif; r&So d jzihf ydí k arSmifaeonf/ a*smq h ef;'g;
onf caemfceJYEiS fh ysOcf syrf sm; jyKwaf eaom avSum;rS qif;vmcJo h nf/
vrf;ray:wGif vlomG ;vlvm rawGU&ay/ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f &Sd tdrw f pf
tdrrf S oHpekH m&Dwpfv;kH \ 5 em&Dx;kd oHukd Mum;vdu k &f onf/ a*smq h ef;'g;
onf olYavSum;&if;rS 0JbufoYkd vSr;f Munfv h udk rf o d nf/ a*smt h zdYk tHMh o
oGm;onf/ trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tdyaf eonf[k xifonf/ odYkaomf xdt k rsKd ;
orD;rS pD;us[ef&adS om aoG;wdYkonf ol&yfaeonfh avSum;&if;txd
tdik vf su&f o dS nf/ a*smq h ef;'g; wpfu, kd vf ;kH rS aoG;rsm;&yfwefYuek o f uJo h Ykd
jzpfomG ;avonf/ a*smq h ef;'g;onf wapä? ol&w J Ykud kd ,HMk unfaMumufvefY
wwfow l pfa,mufomjzpfvQif xdak e&mrSyif i,foyH gatmif atmfaumif;
atmfrad yvdrrfh nfjzpfonf/ pdwu f w kd if;í vrf;ray:odYk xGufcJhNyD; teD;qHk;

wm0efusaeonfh ykvyd o f m;wpfO;D xH? owif;ydYk&ef cyfow k o f w k f avQmuf
cJah vonf/ a*smq h ef;'g;tzdYk uHaumif;onf[k qd&k ayrnf/
a*smqh ef;'g;ESifh rsuEf mS csi;f qdik rf S vmaeolrmS ykvyd o f m; wpfO;D
jzpfaeayonf/ a*smq h ef;'g;onf ykvyd t f m; csucf si;f owif;ydYkvu dk of nf/
ykvyd rf mS wyfMuyfBuD;wpfO;D jzpfNyD;tawGYtBuHK&o dS v l nf; jzpf[ef&adS yonf/
a*smq h ef;'g;ESit fh wl trsKd ;orD;\tavmif;udk Munh½f &I ef vdu k yf gvmcJah v
onf/ vlowform;onf trsKd ;orD;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;cJh
avonf/ trsKd ;orD;\wpfu, kd vf ;kH rSmvnf; "m;'Pf&m trsm;tjym;
awGU&NyD; vnfyif;rSmvnf; jywfvw k nf;wnf;jzpfaeonf/ trsKd ;orD;\
Adu k u
f v kd nf; "m;jzihf cGx J m;onfukd awGU&avonf/
a*smq h ef;'g;onf trsKd ;orD;\ rsuEf mS udk rSwrf o d nf/ ]]bk&m;
... bk&m; ... rmomwefemygvm;}} [k EIwrf S a,mifxu G o f mG ;onf/
rmom wefemrSm a*smq h ef;'g;aeonfh tdrcf ef;ESifh reD;ra0;? trSwf (4)
Mu,f wm&m tdrcf ef;wGif aexdik o f wl pfO;D jzpfNy;D ? olYb0taMumif; rnforl Q
rodMu/ olYu, kd Ef iS hf &if;ES;D NyD; toufarG;aeol touf 35 ESpcf efY&o dS l
wpfO;D [líom ykvyd w f yfMuyfBuD;udk owif;ay;Edik af wmhonf/ towfcH
&ol\ tao;pdwf tcsut f vufukd rnforl Q owif;ray;Edik /f vlowf
orm;ESifh ywfoufonfh oJveG pf udv k nf; paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuf
tzGYJEiS fh ykvyd t f zGYJukd &SmazGppHk rf;Edik jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ rIcif;q&mBuD;\ tpD&ifcH
pmt&qdv k Qif vlowform;onf cGpJ w d o f nfh ynm&yfukd txl;uRr;f usif
ol q&m0efwpfO;D jzpfEikd Nf y;D ? rmomwefemtm;owf&mwGif cGpJ w d u f q k &m0ef
BuD;rsm;? vlemcGpJ w d &f mwGif toH;k jyKonfh "m;udo k ;kH cJyh gonf[í l om od&dS
cJ&h avawmhonf/
xdpk Ofu 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G t f wGi;f vlowfrq I o kd nfrmS qef;
Mu,fonft h rIwpfc[ k k vltrsm;u ,lqavhr&Sad y/ jzpf½;kd jzpfpOf rIcif;
wpfc[ k í l om oabmxm;cJMh uonf/ ykvyd t f zGUJ rS xkwaf 0aom jzpf&yfreS f
rIcif;*sme,fwiG v f nf; orm;½d;k usjzpfavh&o dS nfh rIcif;wpfrrI Qom azmfjy
cJah vonf/ ykvyd t f zGYJtzdYkvnf; w&m;cHtm; azmfxw k Ef ikd pf rG ;f jcif; r&Scd ahJ wmh
ay/
Mo*kwv f 31 &ufaeYwiG v f nf; rmomwefem towfc&H onfh
&yfuu G rf mS yif jynfw h efqmar&D[efeu D q kd o kd l trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D \ tavmif;
udk &yfuu G wf iG ;f aexdik o f w l pfO;D \ owif;ay;ydYkcsut f &? ykvyd t f zGYJBuD;rS

awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/ vlowform;onf ar&D[efeu D t kd m; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfxm;cJyh akH y:avonf/ ykvyd t f zGYJBu;D \ rIcif;q&m0efBu;D url olYouf
wrf;wpfavQmufwiG f trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; ,if;uJo h Ykd &uf&ufpufpuf
owfxm;jcif;rsKd ; rBuKH awGUcJ&h aMumif;? vlowform;onf q&m0efBu;D rsm;
toH;k jyKavh&o dS nfh cGpJ w d &f mwGif toH;k jyKonf"h m;udk uRr;f uRr;f usiu f sif
udik w f , G Ef ikd o
f jl zpfEikd Nf y;D ? owfxm;yHrk mS vnf; &ifuckd NJG y;D tlrsm;? tonf;
rsm;? ESv;kH rsm;udyk g wpfpcsi;f cGpJ w d x f m;onf[k qdyk gonf/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd
&uf&ufpufpuf vlowfro I nf 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G t f wGi;f ,cif usL;
vGeaf vh&o dS nfh vlowfrrI sKd ; r[kwaf wmhojzihf vef'efvx l Bk u;D tzdYk txl;
wkev f yI af csmufcsm;vmcJah wmhonf/
vef'efwikd ;f pf owif;pmBuD;uvnf; t*FvefEikd if w H iG o
f mru
urÇmrh cI if;ordik ;f wGif ,if;uJo h Ykd trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfaom rIcif;Bu;D rsKd ; ay:aygufjcif; rBuKH ao;aMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjy
cJ&h onf/
urÇmo h wif;pmBu;D rsm;uvnf; vef'efNrKd U? 0du I cf suyf ,f vlowf
orm;taMumif; pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfatmif a&;om;cJMh uawmhonf/ vlowf
orm;onf towfccH &hJ ol trsKd ;orD;rsm;\ ypön;f Opöm wpfpw kH pf&m
vdck sif aomaMumihv f nf; rjzpfEikd /f tb,fah Mumihq f akd omf towfc&H ol
trsKd ;orD; rSmvnf; qif;&Jonfh jynfw h efqmrsm; jzpfaeNy;D ¤if;wdYkrmS vnf;
acsmarm vS y onf h tysd K t&G , f r sm; r[k w f o nf h t jyif
touftydik ;f tjcm;rSmvnf; 40 ausmt f &G,rf sm; jzpfaeayonf/
pufwifbmv 8 &ufaeYwiG f txufwiG f uReaf wmf a&;om;
wifjycJah om &yfuu G &f dS [efjAL&Dvrf;wGif tvm;wl vlowfrBI u;D wpfrI
jzpfymG ;cJ&h avonf/ towfc&H olrmS touf 47 ESpf t&G,&f ?dS jynfw h ef
qmrjzpfol tefecD surf if;qdo k yl if jzpfayonf/ xdak eYeeH uf apmapmwGif
taxGaxG vkyo f m;wpfO;D u olr\ tavmif;udk awGY&cdS &hJ jcif;jzpfonf/
tavmif;udak wGU&S&d onfh ae&mrSmvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm; pkaygif;iSm;&rf;ae
xdik Mf uonfh taqmufttH\ k avSum;teD;wGiyf if awGU&Scd jhJ cif; jzpfay
onf/
vlowform;onf ,cif uReaf wmfazmfjycJo h nfh towfccH &hJ ol
jynfw h efqmESpOf ;D tm; owfxm;cho J nft h wdik ;f &uf&ufpufpuf owf xm;jcif;
jzpfayonf/ tonf;? tl? ESv;kH ponfwYku d kd pepfwus cGJxkwfcJh NyD;?

tavmif;\ reD;ra0;wGif csxm;cJah vonf/ paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ Bu;D ESifh
vef'efyv k yd tf zGYJBuD;tzdYk rsm;pGm pdwt f aESmift h ,Suf jzpfc&hJ av onf/
,if;&yfuu G tf wGi;f wm0efcsxm;aom ykvyd t f zGY0J ifrsm;ESifh rvSr;f rurf;wGif
txufyg vlowfrIBuD; jzpfyGm;cJh&ojzihf t*Fvefvlxk\ jypf
wifjcif;udck aH e&awmhonf/ vef'efNrdKUrS xkwaf 0aom owif;pmBuD;rsm;?
*sme,frsm;? r*¾Zif;BuD;rsm;ESifh urÇmEh ikd if H toD;oD;rS xkwaf 0aom owif;
pmBuD;rsm;uvnf; vef'efyv k yd tf zGYJBuD;tm; jypfwifa0zefco hJ nf/
pufwifbmv 25 &ufaeYwiG f vef'efNrdKU zvdvrf;&Sd owif;
at*sipf o D nf xl;jcm;aom pmwpfapmifukd pmwku d rf S tjrefpmydYkjzihf
&&SdcJh avonf/ ,if;pmwGif ]]t,f'DwmBuD; cifAsm;? vef'ef
ykvyd tf zGYBJ u;D onf 0du I cf suyf ,fvo l wfrBI u;D ESifh ywfoufí tjypfro hJ rl sm;tm;
vlowform; tjzpf trIqifum zrf;qD;aeavonf/ vlowform;rSm
uReaf wmf *suf jzpfygonf/ rMumcifwiG v f nf; tvm;wl? vlowfrBI u;D udk
usL;vG e f r nf jzpf y gaMumif ; }} ponf j zih f a&;om;xm;NyD ;
vufrw S af &;xd;k &mwGif ]cGpJ w d f orm; *su}f [k a&;xd;k xm;cJah vonf/
vef'efyv k yd t f zGYJBuD;onf pmwdu k rf S tjrefpmydYkjzihf &&Sx d m;onfh
*suq f o kd al &;om;cJo h nft h wdik ;f ? trIreS x f w k af zmfEikd jf cif; r&So d jzihf rouFm
olrsm; zrf;qD;cJah vonf/
ykvyd t
f zGYJBuD;tzdYk rsm;pGm&Suzf , G jf zpfae&awmhonf/
vef'efyv k yd t f zGYJBuD;onf vlowform;[k rouFmol&ydS gu
eD;pyf&mykvyd Xf mersm;odYk owif;ay;ydYk&ef aMumfjimrsm;udk jynfov l xl k
twGi;f jzefYa0cJ&h avonf/ vef'efNrdKY &yfuu G wf iG f aexkid o f l

bke;f awmfBu;D a*smv h yf(pf)xHoYkv d nf;? pmwdu k rf S xl;qef;aom ygq,fxyk f

wpfxyk f &cJah vonf/ ,if;ygq,fxyk w f iG f vl\ ud, k cf E¨mrS cGpJ w d jf zwf
awmufxm;aom tonf;? tlrsm;udk awGUcJ&h avonf/ ay;ydYko\ l trnf
rSm uReaf wmf txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfh *suq f okd yl if jzpfawmhonf/
1888 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwiG f ,cif vlowfrBI u;D
rsm;? usL;vGecf o hJ nfah e&mjzpfaom 0du I cf suyf ,f&yfuu G &f dS eH&aH y:wGif
vl owform;*su\ f ajrjzLjzihf rMumcif vlowfrBI u;D udk usL;vGerf nfjzpf
aMumif; vlowform;rsm;rSm *sL;vlrsKd ;rsm; r[kwaf Mumif; a&;om;xm;cJh
avonf/

aumvm[vrsm;rSmvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ; ysYHEYHaS eavonf/ vlowf
orm;rSm *sL;vlrsKd ;jzpfaMumif;? q&m0efwpfO;D jzpfaMumif; pojzihv f nf;
aumif;? tcsKd Yuvnf; t*FvefjynfwiG f qlyrl rI sm;jzpfymG ;&ef ½k&mS ;jynf
Zmbk&ifBu;D \ vQKd Y0u S tf zGYJrS ykvyd rf sm;udk apvTwí f pepfwus pDpOfjcif;
jzpfaMumif; [lívnf;aumif;? *smrPDjynf udik Zf mbk&ifBu;D uvnf; olY
ykvyd t f zGYJukd apvTwí f vlowfru I sL;vGeaf Mumif; ponfjzihf owif;trsKd ;
rsKd ; xGuaf y:aecJah vonf/ vef'ef ykvyd t f zGYJBu;D tzdYk Mur®mqd;k 0ifco hJ nf[k
uReaf wmf xifygonf/
trsdK;rsdK; jypfwifa0zefjcif;cHcJh&aom vef'efykvdyfrif;BuD;
csm;vf(pf)0g&if;onf &mxl;rS xGucf ahJ vonf/ NAw d o
d QygvDrefBu;D wGif
trwftrsm;pku tpd;k &tm; jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefcMhJ u\/jynfov l x l \k
toufpnf;pdru f kd umuG,rf ay;Edik af om tpd;k &[lí a0zefcMhJ uavonf/
pufwifbmv 30 &ufaeYwiG v f nf; uReaf wmf txufwiG f
a&; om;azmfjyxm;cJah om jynfw h efqmrsm;udk owfco hJ nf[k emrnfBu;D ae
aom vlowform; *suo f nf tvm;wl vlowfrw I pfcu k kd usL;vGecf ahJ v
onf/ ,cifae&mwGiyf if t,fvZD bufqo kd l trsKd ;orD;tm; ,cif jynfh
wefqmrsm;udk owfxm;ouJo h Ykd &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;cJah vonf/
vlowform;onf ,cifvo l wfrrI sm; usL;vGeo f jl zpf&rnf[k ykvyd t f zJYG
Bu;D u ,lqcJ\ h / vlowf&mwGiv f nf; ,cifvo l wfrBI u;D rsm; usL;vGe&f m
wGif toH;k jyKco hJ nfh q&m0efrsm; cGpJ w d &f mwGif toH;k jyKco hJ nfh "m;udk oH;k
cJo
h nf[k ykvyd t f zGYJBu;D u xkwaf zmfjycJah vonf/
bk&ifrBu;D 0dw&kd , d yifvQif pdwrf csr;f ajrh jzpf&awmhonf/ paumh
wvef,m'fpakH xmuftzJYGBu;D ESifh ykvyd t f zGYJwYkt d m; o0PfvmT yg;í ,if;
trIBu;D udk tjrefq;kH azmfxw k Ef ikd &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f cJ&h avonf/ emrnfausmf
txufvw T af wmftrwfBuD;ESifh 0efBuD;jzpfvmcJo h l avmh('f)aqmfjAL&Durl
,if;vlowfro I nf toif;tzGYJ odYkr[kwf bmoma&;tzGYJwpfc\ k pepf
wus vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;jzihf usL;vGe[ f ef&o dS jzih?f z&D;arqif toif;om;
rsm;? atmufvrf;*dP k ;f 0ifrsm;jzpf&rnf[k pGypf cJG ahJ vonf/
rnforl Q wdwu d sus azmfjyEdik jf cif;r&Scd ahJ y/ ykvyd t f zGYJBu;D rSmvnf;
vufriId cf s&avonf/ vlxBk u;D twGi;f t,ltq trsKd ;trsKd ; ,lqvsu&f dS
MuNy;D tcsKd Yurl vlowform;onf ykvyd w f pfO;D jzpf&rnf[í l pGypf aJG v
onf/ owif;pmBuD;rsm;uvnf; vlowform;\ oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;yH?k

vlowform; jzpfEikd o f rl sm;udk xifaMu;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzihf a&;om;azmfjycJh avonf/
jynfov l x l Bk uD;rSmvnf; us;D vefYpm pm;jzpfae&NyD;? vef'ef
NrKd U awmfBu;D wGif w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; r&Sad wmhNyaD vm[k ajymqdak 0zefvmcJMh u
onf/ &yfuu G rf sm;wGif jynfov l xl rk sm;yg0ifaom vlowform; *suf
umuG,af &;aumfrwDrsm;udk zGYJpnf;í vli,fv&l , G rf sm;onf ykvyd tf zGYJEiS fh
uif;apmifw h m0efukd ,lcMhJ u&avonf/
,if;uJo h Ykd tapmiht f a&Smufrsm; xlxyfpmG csxm;cJo h nfh twGi;f
rSmyif vlowform; *suo f nf Ed0k ifbmv 9 &ufaeYwiG f txufazmf
jycJo h nfh vlowfrBI uD;rsm;udk usL;vGecf o hJ nft h wdik ;f xyfrH usL;vGecf ahJ v
onf/ ,ck wpfBudrf towfc&H olrmS ,cifjynhw f efqmrrsm;ESirfh wl?
touf 25 ESpcf efYom&SNd y;D vSyacsmarmolwpfO;D jzpfavonf/ ar&Du,fvD
qdo k l jynfw h efqmrwpfO;D jzpfNyD; vli,favmuwGif a&yef;pm;cJo h ul av;
wpfO;D jzpfavonf/ ,ckwpfBurd f vlowform; vlowfru I kd usL;vGe&f m
rSmrl? cgwdik ;f usL;vGecf o hJ nfEh iS fh jcm;em;aeavonf/ vlowform;onf
ar&Du,fvu D kd olr aexdik o f nfh tdycf ef;twGi;f &uf&ufpufpuf owf
xm;cJjh cif; jzpfavonf/
vlowfrI usL;vGeyf ?kH usL;vGeef nf;rSm ,cif vlowfrBI u;D rsm;ESifh
xyfwjl zpfaeNyD; vlowform;onf vlowfru I kd usL;vGe&f mwGif q&m0ef
rsm; cGpJ w d &f mwGif toH;k jyKco hJ nfh "m;udyk if toH;k jyKcyhJ gonf[k rIcif;
q&m0efBuD;u xkwaf zmfajymjycJah vonf/
vlowfrBI uD; rjzpfymG ;rD nOD;ydik ;f url ar&Du,fvo D nf txuf
wef;pm; vlux Hk w H pfO;D jzpf[ef&o dS wl pfO;D ESifh twlomG ;vmaeonfukd
awGUcJ&h onf[k ykvyd t f zGYJwiG f owif;ay;cJah vonf/ ,if; vlBuD;
vlaumif;ESiw fh l oly*k Kd ¾vrf mS t&yf 6 ay? 10 vufrcefY &SNd y;D vSycefYjim;aom
vlBuD;vlaumif;ESiw fh o l nf[k qdak vonf/
,if;ar&Du,fvD towfc&H rIonf vlowform;*suf usL;vGef
cho
J nfh aemufq;kH vlowfrBI uD; jzpfcahJ vonf/ ,if;vlowfrBI uD; jzpfymG ;cJh
NyD;? aemufxyf vlowform;*suo f nf xyfrí H vlowfrI usL;vGejf cif;
r&Sad wmhay/ xl;xl;qef;qef; pwifay:aygufcahJ om vlowform; *suf
onf xl;xl;qef;qef; aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJah vonf/

vlowform; *sut f aMumif;udk 0w¬Krsm;? r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sme,f
rsm; &mESicfh sí D xkwaf 0cJah vonf/ urÇmrh cI if;ordik ;f Bu;D wGif vlowfw&m;cH
ray:aygufc&hJ aom xl;qef;aom jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;BuD; jzpfc&hJ onf/ jyZmwf
rsm;? ½ky&f iS rf sm;vnf; vlowform;*sufukd Zmwfaumifxm;í ½du k uf ;l
wifqufjyocJhavonf/
,aeYxd vlowform;*sufqo kd nfrmS rnfojl zpfEikd o f nfukd
xkwaf zmfEikd pf rG ;f r&Scd ahJ y/ 1995 ckEpS u f yif ]vlowform; *suf\
aeYpOf rSwfwrf;} [laom pmtkyfxGufcJhonf[k uRefawmfwdkY
od&SdcJh&avonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrSmvnf; ta&mif;& twGifus,fqHk;
pmtkyfwpftkyf jzpfcJhav onf/ pma&;ol\trnfudk uRefawmf
rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ 1965 ckEpS cf efYu vnf; onf

[laom pmtkyw f pftyk u

f kd xkwaf 0cJ&h m?

pma&;olrSm emrnfausmf rIcif;pma&;q&mtjzpf aeYcsif;ncsif;

a&mufomG ;cJ&h avonf/ rMumrDuyif? bDbpD D ½kyjf rifoMH um;rS

[laom Zmwfvrf;udk

xkwv f iT chf ahJ vonf/

vlowform;rsm;taMumif;udk ajym&vQif ukeq f ;kH Edik rf nf rxif/
,aeYxd ,if;vlowform; *suftaMumif; ½ky&f iS f 12 um;wdwd
½duk u
f ;l cJNh yD;? jyZmwfrsm;ESifh atmfy&myg jyocJ&h onf[k od&cdS &hJ ygonf/
&mZ0wf ab; ajy;rvGwEf ikd [ f k qd½k ;kd &Scd ahJ omfvnf; ESpaf ygif; (200)
ausmfcJhNyDjzpfaom ,if;vlowform;taMumif; waphwapmif;udkrQ
rod&SdcJhMu&/ vlowf orm; *suftaMumif; a&;om;cJhonfh
pmtkyaf ygif;vnf; &mausmfcNhJ yD jzpf avonf/
1961 ckEpS w f iG f ,aeY wuúov kd yf nmwwf todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif
emrnfBuD;aeaom pma&;q&mudv k if;0Dvq f if onf

vlowfrI pG,pf u kH sr;f Bu;D [k pmtkyw f pftyk f

udk xkwaf 0cJah vonf/ ,if;pG,pf u kH srf;BuD;wGif udv k if;0Dvq f ifonf

wdwu d sus tcsde, f l okawoe jyKíxm;aom vlowform; *suf
taMumif;udk tao;pdwf wifjyxm;onfukd uRefawmfwYkd zwf½cI &hJ av
onf/
vef'efyv k yd t f zGYJ\ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;t& vlowform; *suo f wf
cJah om jynfw h efqmrrsm;rSm ig;OD;om&Scd yhJ gonf[k awGU&SdcJh&aomfvnf;

trSerf mS *suu f sL;vGecf ahJ om vlowfraI ygif; q,fr&I cdS yhJ gonf[k udv k if;
0Dvq f ifu a&;om;cJah vonf/
uReaf wmfwYko d nf ,aeYrcI if;0w¬Krsm;? ½ky&f iS rf sm;? jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;
rsm;wGif vlowfraI ygif;rsm;pGm usL;vGecf ahJ om pdwZå vlowform; aygif;
rsm;pGmtaMumif; zwf½cI &hJ avonf/ aemufq;kH wGif usL;vGeo f ?l vlowf
orm;udk &JtzGYJ0ifwYku d aoaocsmcsm taxmuftxm; cdik v f pkH mG ESifh zrf;qD;
Edik cf ahJ yonf/ 19 &mpk? vlowform; *suu f rkd l zrf;qD;Edik cf jhJ cif; r&Scd ahJ y/
vef'efyv k yd tf zGYrJ S xkwjf yefco
hJ nfh jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;*sme,fwiG rf l 1889
ckEpS ?f e,l;*dwaf xmifBuD;wGif vlowfrEI iS fh ao'Pfc&H ol vlowf
orm;wpfO;D url BuKd ;pifay:wGif ol vlowform; *suf jzpfygonf[í l
atmf[pfomG ;cJyh gonf[k qdak vonf/ odYkaomf jynfov l xk u k rl ykvyd w f Ykd
\ vkyBf urH [ I í l ,lqcJMh uavonf/
uReaf wmf txufwiG af zmfjycJah om udv k if;0Dvq f ifBu;D \ vl
owfrI pG,pf u Hk sr;f Bu;D wGif vlowform; *su[ f k tpGypf cJG &H ol 10 OD;\
taMumif;udk wifjyxm;onfukd awGU&avonf/ vef'efvx l \ k xifjrif
csuEf iS fh ykvyd t f zGYJwYk\
d pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f a&;rsm;udk tajccHí a&;om;cJh
jcif;jzpfNy;D ,if;(10) OD;teuf vlowform; *suf [k tpGypf cJG &H olwpfO;D rSm
t*Fvefjynf&h iS f owårajrmuf tuf'w G bf &k ifBu;D \ om;awmf rif;om;Bu;D
t,fvbwfabwm jzpfaeavonf/

ESpaf ygif; 200 ausmcf ahJ omfvnf; ,aeYxd vlowfw&m;cH *suf

tm; ajc&mrcHcEhJ ikd af wmhay/ urÇmrh cI if;ordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;aom jzpf&yfreS f
ya[VdrcI if;Bu;D jzpfayonf/
usrf;udk;

(24)
1941? pufwifbmv/
rIcif;q&m0efBu;D udqifyqif\ twGi;f a&;rª;jzpfaom armfvD
vuf(zf)Al;onf tdy&f mr0ifrD jywif;aygufrS cef;qD;udk ab;odYkz,fvu kd Nf y;D
tjyifoYkd ai;arQmMf unf½h aI erdonf/ wokeo f ek f wdu k cf wfaeaom avjynf
wGif olrtdraf &SU&Sd yd;k pmyifBu;D ESpyf ifonf t&ufr;l orm;wpfa,mufyrm
,dr;f xd;k vIy&f mS ;vsuf &So d nf/ rd;k 0Vmxufü vGiahf rsmvIy&f mS ;aeMuaom
wdrrf sm;tMum;wGif vxGuaf y:aeayNy/D odYkaomf jynfjh ynf0h 0 r[kw/f
vwpfjcrf;omvQif jzpf\/
armfvo D nf wpfaeukef armyef;EGr;f e,fvsuf &Sv d ifu
h pm; tdyf
pufí r&Ekid /f olYq&m rIcif;q&m0efBu;D udqifyqifEiS t fh wl aq;½HBk u;D
&ifc½GJ rkH S aoqk;H Ny;D vlemtcsKd Yukd ,refaeYu cGpJ w d pf pfaq; Munh½f cI &hJ onf/
csUJ &if;ua&mh(cf) blwm½Ht k eD; towfc&H aom trsKd ;orD;rSm touf 30
cefYomjzpfojzihf armfvt D zdYk tawGYtBuKH &ifu
h suaf om rIcif;q&m0efBu;D \
twGi;f a&;rª; jzpfcahJ omfvnf; ol tdypf uf&rnfh tcsed t f xd jrifa,mifvsuf
&So
d nf/ vlowform;onf &uf&ufpufpuf owfxm;ojzihf Munfjh rif
&olwYkt d zdYk &ifwek f p&m jzpfaeayonf/
armfvo D nf awmfawmfEiS fh tdypf ufr&Edik /f b,fapmif;nmvSnfh
jziho f m tcsed u f ek v
f eG o
f mG ;\/ tdypf ufvakd om qEúm; jynf0h jcif; r&Sd

awmh/ cyfa0;a0;rS em&Dwpfv;Hk \ 15 rdepftcsuaf y;oH xGuaf y:vmcJh
onf/ tdrBf uD;wpftrd v f ;kH wdwq f w d Nf idro
f ufru I rif;rlvsuf &So d nf/
armfvo D nf arS;ceJ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;cJo h nf/
½kwjf cnf;qdo k vdk tumvntcg\ wdwq f w
d Nf idro
f ufru I kd
azmufxiG ;f vku d af om pl;&Sonfh w,fvzD ek ;f acgif;avmif;oHaMumifh tdyf
armusae&mrS Ed;k vmonf/ armfvo D nf acwårQ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;cJo
h nf[k
xif&aomfvnf; olYcw k ifab; pm;yGcJ akH y:&Sd em&DrmS eHeuf 5;00 em&D&adS vNy/D
w,fvzD ek ;f udk aumufuikd v f u kd o f nfEiS fh wpfzufrS olYq&mBuD; udqif
yqif\ at;aq;wnfNidro f nfh toHukd Mum;vdu k &f onf/ tcsed t f enf;
i,ftwGi;f armfvt D m;0ifac:NyD; 0gwmvl;wHwm;teD;wGif awGY&&dS onfh
trsKd ;orD; tavmif;wpfavmif;udk oGm;a&mufppfaq;rnft h aMumif; olY
q&mxHrS taMumif;Mum;jcif; jzpfayonf/
armfvt D zdYk rqef;awmhNyD/ ,ckuo hJ Ykd rMumcP tcsed rf a&G;
rIcif; awG ay:vmavh&cdS o hJ nf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;\ rD;vQu H vnf;
wnD;nD; awmufavmifvsuf &Sad eonf/ vef'efNrKd UBu;D rSmvnf; emZDwYk\ d
AH;k rd;k &Gm csjcif;udk rMumcP cHae&ayonf/ te,fe,ft&yf&yf twdik ;f wkid ;f
tjynf jynfrS ppfajy;'ku©onfrsm;? ppfonfawmfrsm;aMumifh
vef'efNrdKUawmfwpfckd wGif vlawGu 'keJYa';/ rIcif;awGuvnf;
vufcsKd ;a&wGuí f yif r&Edik /f
,ckvnf; eHeufapmapm 0gwmvl;wHwm;teD;wGif vlowfrI
jzpfymG ;cJjh yefonf/ 0gwmvl;wHwm;um; emrnfausmf wHwm;Bu;D jzpfonf/
,if;wHwm;Bu;D udk aemufcH xm;í ½ky&f iS af wG ½du k cf MhJ uonf/ (uReaf wmfwYkd
i,fi,fu [laom ½ky&f iS u f m;BuD;udk Munh½f cI &hJ

onf/ ,if;½ky&f iS u f m;BuD;udyk if rSjD irf;í uG,v f eG o f l pma&;q&mrBuD;

'*kecf ifcifav;onf ]*kPef rd hf ol} [laom 0w¬KBuD;udk a&;om;cJah vonf/
pma&;ol)
rdepf 20 cefYtwGi;f rIcif;q&m0efBu;D udqifyqifEiS fh twGi;f a&;
rª; armfvv D uf(zf)Al;wdYktzGYJonf 0gwmvl;wHwm;odYk xGucf mG vmcJMh u
onf/ jrLawGu &pfoikd ;f aeonf/ emrnfausmf vef'ef jrLuefYvefYumBu;D
aMumifh ywf0ef;usiu f kd rIerf eI rf mT ;rTm;om jrif&onf/ ppftwGi;f jzpfojzihf
vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif vlomG ;vlvm r&So d avmufjzpfNyD; nOD;ydik ;f u av
aMumif; wdu k cf u
kd cf xH m;&rIaMumifh cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGi&f adS om taqmufttHk

tcsKd Yonf rD;avmifvsuf &Sad eayao;onf/ uif;axmufav,mOfysH
wpfpif; ys0H aJ eonft h oH udvk nf; cyfoo hJ hJ Mum;&onf/
rIcif;q&m0efBuD; qifyqifEiS fh armfvw D Ykd rIcif;jzpfymG ;onfh
ae&m odYk a&muf&adS omtcgwGif paumhwvef,m'f tzGUJ rS pHak xmuftcsKd Y
a&muf &Sdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&ayonf/ aoqHk;ol\ tavmif;udk
wHwm;\atmuf ajc&Sd &TUH EGrH sm;ay:wGif yufvuftaetxm;jzihf wHwm;ay:rS
jrifae&onf/ wHwm;atmufajctxd ay (30) cefY&Sdojzihf
tavmif;\rsufESmudkrl oJuGJ pGm rjrif&ao;ay/ wm0efus
ykvyd t f ifpyufawmfBuD;\ owif;ay;ydYkcsuf t&qdv k Qif aoqH;k olrmS
'ifzh Ykd t&yfrS jynfwh efqmr yuf*&D pf cswf

qdkol jzpfonf[k qdkonf/ ykvdyftifpyufawmf BuD;url

yuf*&D pfcswrf mS wHwm;ay:rS ckecf sNyD; rdru d , kd rf rd d tqH;k pD&ifomG ; onf[k

,lq&aMumif;? vlowfr[ I k ,lq&rnfh rnfonfo h v J eG pf rS awGU&S&d jcif;
r&Sad o;aMumif; ajymjycJah vonf/ rIcif;q&m0efBuD; udqif yqifurl
ykvyd t f ifpyufawmfBuD;\ t,ltqudk vufrcHEikd /f &mZ0wfrI udk
jynfph akH om tcsut f vufr&cif aumufcsuq f jJG cif;onf BuD;us,f aom
trSm;jzpfonf[k xifonf/ aumufcsuu f kd tvsipf vdq k NJG yD; ,if;
aumufcsurf sm;ESihf nDatmif tcsut f vufrsm;udk ½du k o f iG ;f ovdk ykvyd f
tzGYJu ½du k o f iG ;f onf[k xifonf/
oufaotaxmuftxm; awGY&jdS cif; r&Sb d J aumufcsuf t&rf;
qGjJ cif;udrk l rIcif;q&m0efBuD;u rvdv k m;/ trIwpfcu k kd tay:,Havmuf
om ykvyd t f zGYJu MunhNf yD; jynfw
h efqmryuf*o D nf 0gwmvl;wHwm;ay:rS
ckecf sí tqH;k pD&ifonf[al om oabmxm;udk vufrcHEikd /f
rIcif;q&m0efBuD;ESifh twGi;f a&;rª;armfvw D Ykdonf tavmif;&S&d m
0gwmvl;wHwm;atmufoYkd qif;cJMh uonf/ tavmif;ywf0ef;usiw f iG f jrpf
twGi;f odYk 0ifvmcJo h nfh 'Da&aMumihf 'ku d o f a&mrsm;? pGeYfypfxm;aom
trdu I f rsm;aMumihf ½Iyaf xG;vsu&f NdS yD; aoqH;k ol ckecf scv hJ Qif xdcu kd Ef ikd o
f nhf
opfw;kH ? oHw?kd oHpwdYkurkd l rawGY&/
tavmif;udak wGU&S&d onfh ykvyd w f pfO;D \ rSww f rf;wGif awGU&Scd &hJ
onft h csed wf iG f tavmif;wGif ay 30 cefYtjrifrh S odr;f jrpfwiG ;f odYk ckecf sojzihf
ajcusKd ;aeaMumif; awGU&S&d yH/k uG,v f eG &f onfh tcsed u f v kd nf; (4) &uf
odYkwnf;r[kwf (7) &ufcefY jzpfEikd af Mumif;? &moDOwk\ tat;"mwf

vGeu f rJ aI Mumifh tavmif;rSm ajymif;vJjcif;? ykyyf jG cif; r&Sad Mumif; rSwcf sujf yK
xm;onf/
,if;oabmxm;rSwcf suu f kd rIcif;q&m0efBu;D url rjzpfEikd f aMumif;?
rSm;,Gi;f aeonf[k xifonf/ aoqH;k olonf uG,v f eG &f onf rSm 14
em&DcefYom &S&d rnf[k rSwcf sucf sxm;vdu k o f nf/ uG,v f eG of l yuf*\ D
tavmif;ud, k tf ylcsed u f kd wdik ;f Munhaf omtcg zm&if[u kd f 31 'D*&D&adS eonfukd
awGU&ojzihf ykvyd t f zJYG\ rSwcf suu f kd vufrcHvakd wmh/
rIcif;q&m0efBu;D \ ,lqcsurf sm;rSm aoqH;k olonf vGecf o hJ nfh
14 em&DtwGi;f rSmom aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ ykvyd w f Yk\
d
aumufcsucf sro I nf apmvGe;f onf/ trIay:vQiNf y;D onf[al om ,lq
csuu f kd vufrcHEikd /f aoqH;k ol jynfw h efqmr yuf*o D nf a&epfí aoqH;k
&onfh taxmuftxm; wpfpw kH pf&m rawGU&/ tu,fí ykvyd w f Ykd ,lq
xm;onfh 4 &ufcefYu aoqH;k onf[q k v kd Qif a&epfreG ;f onfh vu©Pm
&S&d rnf jzpfonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf odr;f jrpftwGi;f odYk yifv,frS
'Da&twuftus&adS omaMumihf jzpfayonf/ uG,v f eG of \ l 'l;wdYkrmS jyif;
jyif;xefxef xdcu kd xf m;ojzihf twGi;f aMu aMuaeonfukd awGU&onf/
xdcu kd f 'Pf&mrsm;rS aoG;xGujf cif; tenf;i,fom awGU&ojzihf aoqH;k ol
onf wHwm;atmufoYkd rusa&mufcifuyif aoqH;k &rnf[k q&m0efBu;D u
,lqonf/
aoqH;k ol\ vnfyif;wGif ndKrnf;aeonfh 'Pf&m? vufonf;
jzihf xdcu kd x f m;onfh 'Pf&m? av>yefysupf ;D aeonfh 'Pf&mrsm;udk awGU&
ojzihf vnf;aumif;? aoqH;k ol\ ausmbufwiG v f nf; wGe;f xd;k xm;ojzihf
eH&w H pfcjk zihf xdcu kd rf o d nfh 'Pf&mtcsKd Yukd awGU&S&d ojzifh 0gwmvl;wHwm;
ay:rS odr;f jrpftwGi;f odYk pGeYfypfxm;cJo h nf[k rIcif;q&m0efBu;D u aumuf
csucf sxm;cJo h nf/ tavmif;\ teD;wGiv f nf; vufqt JG w d pf aom rde;f r
toH;k taqmifypön;f wpfpw kH pf&mudk rawGY&/ wHwm;apmih\ f owif;ay;
csut f &qdv k Qif oef;acgifavmufu trsKd ;om;wpfO;D ESifh trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D
wdYk wGe;f xd;k ½du k af eonfh qlqn l n H H toHMum;&onf[k owif;ydYkcaJh v
onf/
&mZ0wfrcI if;Bu;D rsm;wGiv f nf; w&m;Oya't& trSew f &m; twdik ;f
pD&ifqHk;jzwf&aom w&m;olBuD;onfvnf;aumif;? w&m;vrf;
aMumif;wdr;f apmif;jcif; r&Sad p&ef xde;f odr;f ay;&onfh Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;

onfvnf;aumif;? &JtzGYJ pHak xmuftzGYJonfvnf;aumif; tjypfusL;vGef
onfh w&m;cHtppfukd &SmazGzrf;qD;tjypfay;&ef vdt k yfayonf/ &mZ0wfrI
wpfrw I iG f rouFmolwpfO;D tm; rouFm½Hrk QEiS hf tjypfray;Edik /f xif&mS ;aom
oufaocHcsuf &S&d ayrnf/ oufaocHcsux f if&mS ;rSomvQif tjypfay;Edik f
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usrf;udk;

(26)
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pm; tBuD;tuJjzpfol qm[m½dpk aumh u ol\

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f [l íl yif qdMk u\/ jynfw h efqmrsm;udo k m
a&G;íowfcahJ om vlowform; *suf ESifh EdiI ;f avh&o dS nf/
tcsKd Yurl Amum;(pf)onf azmufxiG ;f yg&*lom r[kwf pdwf
pGr;f tif&odS l jzpfonf/ ol azmufxiG ;f ck;d ,lrnfh tdrrf sm;rS tdr&f iS rf sm;?
tapmiht f a&Smufrsm;udk tdyaf rGYcsEikd o f l jzpfonf[k qdMk ujyef\/
azmufxiG ;f yg&*lBu;D [ife&Dtuf0g('f)Amum;(pf)udk 1888 ckEpS üf
t*FvefEikd if H &D'if;NrKd U wGif zGm;jrifc\ hJ / zcifjzpforl mS om;owf

orm;wpfO;D jzpf\/ rdcifrmS vnf; omref tvkyo f rm;wpfO;D om jzpfonf/

Amum;(pf)wdYk rdom;pkonf qif;&JcsKd UwJo h jzihf olYtm; ausmif;rxm;Edik /f
rlvwef;ynmrQom wwfajrmufonf/ Amum;(pf)onf apm&eu©wyf gol
jzpf\/ rlvwef;ausmifom;b0uyif olYupm;azmfausmif;om;rsm;xHrS
ypön;f rsm;udk tvpfow k cf o
hJ l jzpf\/
1911 ckEpS w f iG f yxrqH;k tBudrf ck;d rIjzihf tzrf;cH&NyD; axmif
9 v tjypfay;jcif; cHc&hJ onf/ trSet f m;jzihf omrefc;kd rIuav;om
jzpfonf/ axmifwiG ;f rSyif azmufxiG ;f 0dZmÆ ygarmu©rsm;ESifh awGUcJ&h avonf/
axmif onf Amum;(pf)tzdYk b0wuúov kd Bf u;D jzpfawmhonf/ azmufxiG ;f rI
enf;rsdK;pHk? tvpfokwfrIenf;rsdK;pHkudk vlaygif;pHkxHrS oif,lcJhonf/

Amum;(pf) tusO;f axmifrS vGwv f mcJNh y;D olYb0a[mif;udk jyefomG ;cJ\ h /
azmufxiG ;f rIrsm; usL;vGeo f nf/ wpfcgwpf&H pwd;k qdik Bf u;D rsm;rS ypön;f
rsm;udk tvpfow k cf o
hJ nf/ 1914 ckEpS w f iG f jzpfymG ;cJah om yxrurÇmppfBu;D
twGi;f NAw d o d QwyfrawmfBu;D odYk 0ifa&muftrIxrf;cJ&h mrS Oa&myppfrsuEf mS
odYk a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ apm&eu©wyf gaom Amum;(pf)onf ppfajrjyifü ppf
rIxrf;pOfrmS yif olY0goem? olYtusiu hf kd razsmuf/ olY&aJ bmf? &Jbufrsm;\
ypön;f rsm;udk csr;f omray;/ vpfvQiv f pfovdk cd;k ,lc\ hJ / 1918 ckEpS w f iG f
wyfrawmfrS xGucf &hJ Ny;D vef'efNrKd UodYk jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mcJ\ h /
vef'efNrKd U qifajczH;k rsm;wGif azmufxiG ;f rIrsm; usL;vGev f mcJh onf/
Amum;(pf)onf wpfO;D wnf; trIukd usL;vGeaf vh&NdS y;D cd;k &myg ypön;f udk
xkc&JG mwGiv f nf; wpfO;D wnf; jyKvyk af vh&o dS jzihf ol usL;vGecf hJ onfh
trIrsm;rSm ajc&mcHr&atmif jzpfaeonf/ Amum;(pf)onf tawGU tBuKH
&ifvh mcJNh y;D tusO;f axmifrS &&So d nfh ynmt& azmufxiG ;f rIwiG f yg&*lwpfO;D
jzpfvm\/ olusL;vGecf o hJ nfh trIrsm;udk xdpk Ofu vef'ef ykvyd (f &J) ESifh
paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJwYko d nf pepfwus pHpk rf;cJMh u aomfvnf;
oJveG pf ajc&mvuf&m rawGU&ojzihf azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif; r&S/d
vef'efNrdKUrS xkwfa0aom vef'efwdkif;(p)owif;pmBuD;ESihf
vef'efaMu;rko H wif;pmBu;D rsm;u &Jrsm;udk umwGe;f rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;jzihf
oa&mfc\ hJ / Amum;(pf)udv k nf; ud, k af ysmufazmufxiG ;f yg&*l[í l vnf;
aumif;? ajc&mcHr&ojzihf ouúvwfajcaxmufBu;D [lí trnfay;cJMh u
onf/
Amum;(pf)onf azmufxiG ;f rIrsm;udk aomMumaeYrsm;üom usL;
vGeaf vh&\ dS / tb,fah Mumihq f akd omf xdak eYrsm;onf puf½?kH tvky½f rkH S
tvkyo f rm;rsm;tm; vpmxkwaf y;aom aeYrsm;jzpfojzihf tvG,w f ul
aiG&vG,af omaMumifh jzpfonf/ azmufxiG ;f rI usL;vGeNf y;D onfEiS fh ol
wpfae&mwGif 0Sux f m;cJah om qdik u f ,fukd pD;um xGuo f mG ;avh&o dS nf/
paumhwvef,m'fpak H xmuftzGYBJ u;D onf Amum;(pf) usL;vGef cJo h nf
azmufxGif;rIrsm;aMumifh txl;pdwftaESmihft,Suf jzpfvm&ojzihf
paumhwvef,m'frS txl;emrnfausmf pHak xmufBu;D aomf rqifEiS fh tzGYJukd
wm0efay;cJo h nf/ Amum;(pf)ü xl;jcm;aom pGr;f &nfwpfcrk mS olazmufxiG ;f
onfh tdrrf sm;rS arG;jrLxm;aom acG;rsm;u olYtm; tEÅ&m,fjyKjcif;?
a[mif jcif; r&Sjd cif; jzpf\/

okYdaomf Amum;(pf) Mur®miifvmonf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ ol
yxrZeD;jzpfoEl iS fh pdwcf si;f rwdu k q
f ikd o
f jzihf uGm&Si;f cJNh yD; 'kw,d ZeD;jzpfol
ESifh vufxyfí olYu, kd of l [ife&D0v D , D ef[al om trnfajymif;um
vef 'efNrdKU a[mfvifyef;NcHteD; wGif aexkdifí

azmufxiG ;f rIrsm; qufvuf usL;vGecf \ hJ /

olY'w k ,
d ZeD;\ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;onf aemfazmhe,frS jzpfMu
onf/ xdak qGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;xHrS Amum;(pf)odYkr[kwf [ife&D0v D , D ef\
vIy&f mS ;rIowif;rsm;udk paumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGYJrS owif;&&So d mG ;
cJMh u\/
vef'efyv k yd tf zGYJEiS fh paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJwYkdonf Amum;(pf)
udk xm0pOf apmifMh unhMf uonf/ 1937 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (2) &ufaeYnwGif
azmufxiG ;f yg&*lBuD; Amum;(pf)tm; tdrw f pftrd üf azmufxiG ;f 0ifa&mufchJ
pOf vufy;l vufMuyf zrf;rdcahJ wmhonf/ olYxrH S azmufxiG ;f ypön;f rsm;ESifh
ck;d &myg ypön;f rsm;yg zrf;rdojzihf ol ,cif usL;vGecf &hJ onfh trIrsm;yg
ajzmifch suaf y;cJ&h m xdt k rItygt0if azmufxiG ;f rIaygif; 1000 &Scd o hJ nfukd
tHMh ozG,&f m od&MdS u&\/
½H;k awmfBuD;rS axmif'Pf (5) ESpf tjypfay;cJo h nf/ 1942
ckEpS wf iG f urÇmausmf azmufxiG ;f yg&*lBuD; [ife&Dtuf0g('f)Amum;(pf)
uG,v f eG cf &hJ onf/
usrf;udk;

(27)
1978 pufwifbmv/
wdwq f w d Nf idrof ufru I kd azmufxiG ;f vku d o
f nfh pl;&Saom w,fvD
zke;f acgif;avmif;oHaMumihf vef'efNrKd U bDbpD D ½kyjf rifoMH um;tzGYJrS trIxrf;
blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if o H m; a*sm*f srD m;aumhonf tdyaf rmusae&mrS Ed;k vm
onf/ rm;aumhonf acwårQ tdyaf ysmo f mG ;cJo
h nf[k xif&aomfvnf;
olYcw k ifab;&Sd pm;yGw J ifem&DrmS eHeuf 5 em&D &Sad eavNyD/
rm;aumhonf av;vHxikd ;f rdiI ;f vsu&f NdS yD; tdyrf aysmo f nfh a0'em
pGu
J yfaeonfrmS olYrcd ifEikd if H blvaf *;&D;,m;rS xGuaf jy; vGwaf jrmufvm
cJNh yD; vef'efNrdKUü cdv k cIH &hJ pOfuyif jzpf\/
w,fvzD ek ;f udk aumufuikd v f u dk of nfEiS fh wpfzufrS toHrmS
vlprd ;f wpfO;D \ toHjzpfonfukd odvu dk &f onf/ ]]uJ ... a*sm*f srD m;aumh/
cifAsm;udk vkyBf uH&zdYktcsed f eD;uyfvmNyD/ owdxm;aeayghAsm}} [k wnfNidrf
at;aq;aom blvaf *;&D;,m; trsKd ;om;wpfO;D \ toHukd Mum;&NyD;
csucf si;f qdok vdyk if wpfzufrS w,fvzD ek ;f csomG ;vdu k Nf yD jzpf\/ tusKd ;
taMumif; ar;csed rf &/
vGecf ahJ om ajcmufvcefYuvnf; a*sm*f srD m;aumhxo H Ykd blvaf *;&D;
,m;wpfO;D \ toHjzihf txufazmfjyygtwdik ;f zke;f qufczhJ ;l onf/ rm;aumh
onf csucf si;f tdy&f mrS xvdu k o f nf/ wpfzuf ckwifwiG f olYZeD;ESifh

orD;uav;rSm ESpEf pS Nf cdKuNf cdKuf tdyaf rmusvsuf &Sad eonf/ rm;aumhtm;
zH;k vTr;f vmonfh pd;k &draf omupdwaf Mumifh acgif;tHv k monf/ eHeufvif;vQif
paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJEiS fh vef'efNrdKUjy&JtzGYJoYkd owif;ydYk wdik Mf um;&ef
qH;k jzwfxm;cJo h nf/
a*sm*f srD m;aumhonf blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if o H m;wpfO;D jzpfonf/
Oa&mywdu k f yifv,feufa'o taemufbufurf;ajcü wnf&adS om Edik if H
jzpfonf/ ½dak r;eD;,m;ESifh *&dEpS Ef ikd if MH um;wGi&f \ dS / 'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f ü
blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if t H m; *smrefwyfrsm; 0ifa&muford ;f ydu k cf o hJ nf/ 1944
ckEpS f *smrefwyfrsm; qkwcf mG ½kyo f rd ;f oGm;aomtcg vuf0EJ ikd if aH &;orm;rsm;
tmPm&&Sv d mcJNh yD; xdpk Ofu qdAk , D uf(,ck ½k&mS ;)ESifh eD;pyfaom Edik if w H pf
Edik if H jzpfvmonf/
a*sm*f srD m;aumhonf taMumif;trsKd ;rsKd ;aMumihf blvaf *;&D;,m;
Edik if w
H iG f qufvufaexdik &f ef rjzpfEikd af wmh/ xdpk Ofu qdAk , D uf acgif;
aqmifaom Oa&myta&SUEdik if rH sm;ESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k NAdwed Ef ikd if EH iS hf
jyifopfEikd if w H Ykd acgif;aqmifaom taemufOa&myEdik if rH sm;onf Edik if aH &;
tm;NydKiv f su&f adS eMu\/ wpfzufrw S pfzuf xGuaf jy;cdv k o IH rl sm;vnf; &Sad e
onf/
a*sm*f srD m;aumhEiS fh rdom;pkonf blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if rH S xGuaf jy;
vmcJMh u\/ jyifopfjynfwiG f acwåcv kd cIH MhJ u\/ blvaf *;&D;,m; tpd;k &
bufawmfom;tcsKd YrS zrf;qD;&efBudK;yrf;rIrsm; &Sv d mcJoh jzihf jyifopfEidk if rH S
wpfqifh t*FvefEidk if o H Ykd xGuaf jy;vmcJ&h onf/
t*FvefEikd if üH ,cif blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if o H m;wpfO;D \ qufo, G f
ay;rIaMumifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k ½H ;kH ESifh tquftoG,f &&Sv d mcJoh nf/
oH½;kH \tpDtpOfjzihf xdpk Ofu toHviT v hf suf &So d nfh

vGwv f yfaom Oa&mytoHviT Xhf mewGif owif;vTio hf El iS fh owif;

a0zefot l jzpf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd cf \hJ /

vef'efNrdKU bDbpD ½D yk o f v H iT Xhf meESiv fh nf; tquftoG,&f &Scd NhJ yD;
blvaf *;&D;,m;bmom owif;xkwv f iT ahf &;wm0efcH &mxl;udyk g yl;wGx J rf;
aqmifciG &hf cJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu qdAk , D uf(,ck ½k&mS ;) tkypf Ek iS fh taemufEikd if H
rsm;tkypf o k nf jyif;jyif;xefxef 0g'wdu k yf JG usi;f yaeonft h csed f jzpfonf/
a*sm*srD m;aumhonf ½kyo f v H iT Xhf merS olYrcd if blvaf *;&D;,m;Edik if H
ESihf qdAk , D uftyk pf Ek ikd if rH sm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefco hJ nf/ odYkjzpfí

1978 ck {NyD v cef Y uyif ol Y tm; w,f v D z k e f ; rS rMumrD
vkyBf uo H wfjzwfrnf[k Ncrd ;f ajcmufc\ hJ / trSet f m;jzihf a*sm*f srD m;aumhonf
wpfaeY olYtouftm; wpfenf;enf;jzihf owfjzwfrnfukd xm0pOf
pd;k &draf omu a&mufc&hJ \/ vef'efNrdKUü aexdik pf Of rMumcPqdo k vdk
wpfae&mrS wpfae&m ajymif;a&TU cJo h nf/ rnfonfah e&mrS twnfwus
aexdik jf cif; rjyKc/hJ
vef'efwiG f aexdik v f su&f MdS uonfh blvaf *;&D;,m;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESifh
tquftoG,f jzwfco hJ nf/ odYkaomf txufazmfjyyg 1978 ckEpS ?f
{NyDv upí olYtm; owfjzwf&ef BuH&, G cf ohJ nfukd od&v dS mcJ&h \/
xdpk OfrpS í a*sm*f srD m;aumhcrsm tdyrf aysmo f nfh a&m*ga0'em pGu J yfvmcJ&h \/
1978 ck pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeYonf a*sm*f srD m;aumhtzdYk
uHq;kd rd;k arSmifusaomaeYjzpfonf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ xdak eYnOD;ydik ;f ü rd;k
wpdrphf rd &hf mG aeojzihf vef'efNrKd U&Sd vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlomG ;vlvm uif;vsuf
&So d nf/ vrf;ab;rD;wdik w f YkdrmS vnf; arS;rSed v f su&f adS e\/ txl;ojzihf
rd;k av0oXmerS rd;k oufrek w f ikd ;f tEÅ&m,f &SEd ikd o f nf[k aMunmcsut f &
vlomG ;vlvm enf;yg;vsuf aeonf/ rm;aumhonf olu, kd w f ikd af rmif;vm
onfh um;tm; bDbpD ½D yk o f v H iT Xhf merS reD;ra0;&Sd yvufazmif;wGif &yfxm;
cJNh y;D nydik ;f toHviT t hf pDtpOf aqmif&u G &f eftwGuf cyfow k o f w k f avQmuf
vmcJo h nf/
vlomG ;vlvmjywfvsu&f o dS jzihf olYajcoHuykd if Mum;ae&\/ nOD;
ydik ;f rS &Gmxm;aom rd;k aMumihf yvufazmif;ay:wGif a&tdik rf sm; jzpfxeG ;f vsuf
&Su d m wokeo f ek w
f ukd af eaom avjynfwiG f rd;k oufeYHEiS fh opf&u G af qG;eHYrsm;
vdiI af eavonf/
yvufazmif;tauGYü olYa&SUrS avQmufomG ;aeaom rd;k umtusÐ
NcHKxm;NyD; trsKd ;om;aqmif;xD;wpfvufukd udik í f wpfpw kH pfa,mufukd
arQmaf eonfh trsKd ;om;wpfa,mufukd jrifro d jzihf rm;aumhonf pdwaf csmuf
csm;oGm;cJ\ h / odYkaomf ydwx f m;aom xD;aumuftm; udik x f m;olrmS rGef
&nfaom vlBuD;vlaumif;wpfO;D \ oP²mefjzpfaeojzihf olYp;kd &draf omu
avsmyh g;oGm;cJo h nf/ xdv k Bl uD;vlaumif;udk oljzwfausmv f u kd o f nfEiS fh xdk
oluikd x f m;aom xD;½d;k xdyEf iS fh olYaygifxo d mG ;vdu k o
f nf[k xifrw S vf u kd f
\/ olYaygifwiG f cRex f ufaomt&mjzihf cyfzzG G xd;k vdu k o
f vdk jzpfonf[k
rm;aumhu xifrw S rf \ d /

xD;udik xf m;aom xdv k Bl u;D vlaumif;onf ]]cGiv hf w
T yf gAsm/ uRef
awmfx h ;D ESifh rawmfwq xdcu kd rf od jzihf 0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm}} [k ysmysm
ovJ awmif;yefvu dk af vonf/ rm;aumhonf xdv k Bl uD;vlaumif;tm;
aus;Zl;wif&adS Mumif; jyefvnfajymMum;cJNh yD; ½kyo f v H iT Xhf me0if;twGi;f odYk
0ifvmcJah wmhonf/
rm;aumhonf xD;½d;k jzihf xdrad om yGe;f yJo h mG ;onfh 'Pf&mudk
arhavsmo h mG ;cJo
h jzihf olwm0ef,x l m;&onfh toHviT t hf pDtpOfrsm;udk vTichf NhJy;D
tdrof Ykd jyefvmcJah wmhonf/ noef;acgiftcsed w f iG rf l rm;aumhrmS atmhtefjcif;?
rl;armfjcif;ESihf jyif;jyif;xefxef tyl&edS w f uf vmjcif;paom a&m*ga0'em
cHpm;vmcJ&h awmhonf/ csucf si;f qdo k vdk rdom;pkq&m0eftm; jyocJ&h mrS
a*sm*f srD m;aumhrmS tqdyrf o d nfh a&m*ga0'em jzpfEikd o f nf[k rdom;pkq&m0efu
aumufcsucf scahJ wmhonf/
csucf si;f qdo k vdk a*sm*f srD m;aumhtm; csYJ&if;ua&mh(cf) &yfuu G &f dS
aq;½HBk u;D udk tjrefq;kH ydYkaqmifí ukorIc, H al pcJ&h onf/ a*sm*f srD m;aumh
rSmrl olYaygiftm; xD;½d;k jzihf xd;k rdonfah eYrS av;&ufajrmufaeYwiG f uG,f
vGecf &hJ awmhonf/ q&m0efrsm;url jyif;xefaom tqdyrf x d m;onfh vu©Pm
jzpfonf[k xkwaf zmfajymqdck MhJ uonf/
paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzJYGBuD;ESifh vef'efNrdKU&JtzGYJurl
a*sm*f srD m;aumhtm; xdcu kd rf o
d nfh xD;onf omref½;kd ½d;k xD; r[kwyf g/
tqdyyf g0ifonfh aq;rsm;ygonfh aq;xk;d oGi;f Edik o f nfh xD;jzpfonf[k
aumufcsucf s\/ rm;aumh\aygifwiG f awGU&onfh yGe;f yJah eaom 'Pf&mrS
taygufuav;ESpcf o k nf xD;xdyrf S xd;k oGi;f vku d af om tqdyaf q;oGi;f
onfh 'Pf&mrsm; jzpfonf[k qdo k nf/ xdt k qdyrf sm; xd;k oGi;f onfh xD;rsm;
udk txl;ojzihf Oa&myta&SYyikd ;f Edik if H olvQKd rsm; udik af qmifavh&o dS nf/
"mwkaA' vufeufwpfcjk zpfEikd o f nf[k t*FvefEikd if rH S "mwkaA'
ynm&Sirf sm;u ,lqMu\/ a*sm*f srD m;aumh ud, k cf E¨mwGif ppfaq;awGU&Scd suf
rsm;t& xdt k qdyaf q; txd;k cH&olrsm;onf 25 em&DtwGi;f aoqH;k Edik o f nf
[k qd\ k / a*sm*f srD m;aumhtm; blvaf *;&D;,m;tpd;k &rS apvTwí f vkyBf uH
cJo
h avm/ odYkr[kwf xdpk Ofu qdAk , D uf(½k&mS ;)Edik if rH S vlvw T íf vkyBf ucH hJ
oavm/ rnforl Q rajymEdik /f
blvaf *;&D;,m;tpd;k &ESifh qdAk , D uftpd;k &rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;url
olwYkEd ikd if t
H pd;k &ESihf oufqikd jf cif;r&Syd g[k aMunmcJo h nf/ þuJo h Ykd vuf

eufrsm;onf *srd ;f (pf)bGe;f 0w¬KEiS fh ½ky&f iS rf sm;üom awGU&jcif; jzpfonf/
olwYkEd ikd if rH sm;rS xduk o
hJ Ykd vufeufqef;rsKd ; rnfonft h cgrS xkwv f yk jf cif;
r&Syd g[k qko d nf/
okYdjzpfvQif a*sm*f srD m;aumhtm; rnfoo l wfco hJ enf;/ r[kwf
rrSe?f vkyBf uaH omZmwfvrf; jzpfoavm/ urÇmausmpf akH xmuf tzGYJBu;D
jzpfonfh paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJrmS ,aeYtxd ESpaf ygif; 25 ESpcf efY Mumjrifh
cJah omfvnf; vlowfrw I &m;cHukd azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif; r&Syd gaMumif;/
usrf;udk;

(28)
]paumhwvef,m'f} [laom a0g[m&udk uReaf wmfwYkd trsm;

Mum;zl;Muayrnf/ uReaf wmfonf xdak 0g[m&udk 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD; rjzpf
yGm;rD rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0u aeYpOfMum;cJ&h onfh a0g[m& jzpf\/
uReaf wmfzh cifrmS xdpk Ofu tnma'o&Sd NrdKUuav;wpfNrdKUrS
txufwef;ausmif;tkyq f &mBuD;wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ wynhaf ygrsm;ol
wpfO;D vnf; jzpf\/ olY i,fwynhw f pfO;D jzpfol udb k NrdKio
f nf ykvyd (f &J)
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f pfO;D jzpfygonf/ yxrurÇmppfjyefwpfO;D vnf; jzpf\/
odYkjzpfí txufazmfjyyg wdu k yf ikd f (tifpyufawmf) &mxl;udk &&Scd jhJ cif;
jzpfayrnf/
uReaf wmfzh cifxo H Ykd vma&mufavh&w dS ikd ;f txufazmfjyyg paumh
wvef,m'fpakH xmufrsm;taMumif; ajymavh&o dS jzihf uReaf wmfwYkd paumh
wvef,m'f[al om pum;vH;k udk Mum;zl;cJ&h \/ t*FvefjynfrS emrnfausmf
pHak xmufXmeBuD;[k wduspmG od&cdS &hJ onf/
wuúov kd yf &0kPo f Ykd a&muf&cdS NhJ yD; pmpHzk wf&onft h cg paumh
wvef,m'fEiS fh oufqikd o f nfh ordik ;f pmtkyrf sm;? paumhwvef,m'frS
emrnfausmpf akH xmufBuD;rsm;taMumif;? paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJrS azmfxw k f
cJ&h onfh *E¦0ifrcI if;rsm;taMumif; pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf½cI &hJ onfomru
t*FvefEikd if rH S xkwaf 0onfh r*¾Zif;*sme,f? owif;pmrsm;rS paumhwvef

,m'fEiS hf oufqikd o f nfh aqmif;yg;owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;cJyh gonf/
uReaf wmhaf usmif;aezuf i,foil ,fcsi;f trsm;url uReaf wmft h m; ½H;k trI
xrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifvrd rhf nf[k xifrw S cf MhJ u\/ odYk aomf uRefawmf
onf ausmif;q&mwpfO;D jzpfvmcJo h nf/ bmaMumifh jzpfvmcJo h nfukd
uRefawmf rodyg/
wpfaeYü a&mifjyefr*¾Zif;ESihf jypfrrI *¾Zif;rsm; t,f'w D mcsKyf
jzpfol q&mOD;armifarmifjrifah t;ESifh txufazmfjyyg paumhwvef,m'fXme
taMumif; pum;pyfrcd MhJ u&onf/ q&mOD;armifarmifjrifah t;\ wdu k w f eG ;f rI
ESifh uReaf wmfzwf½rI w S of m;cJah om paumhwvef,m'fEiS fh ywfoufonfh
pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;rS aumif;Ed;k &m&mrsm;udk xkwEf w k í
f a&;om;oGm;rnf
jzpfygonf/
,aeYxufwikd f uRefawmfwYkd onf ]paumhwvef,m'f}

[laom pum;vH;k udk trsm;oH;k pGv J su&f MdS u\/ trSeq f &kd

aomf xdpk aumhwvef,m'ftm; ]e,l;paumhwvef,m'f [laom pum;

vk;H udk oH;k pGo
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tausmfMum;qH;k pHak xmuftzGYJ BuD;[k urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;u todtrSwf
jyKxm;cJMh u\/ oufwrf;tm;jzihv f nf; ESpaf ygif; 160 ausmcf NhJ yD jzpf\/
xdpk aumhwvef,m'fpakH xmuftzGUJ BuD;onf c&pfEpS f 1066 ckEpS f t*Fvkd
quúqeG ;f acwf uyif rD;½SL;oefYpifzmG ;jrifco hJ nfh

tzGYJBuD;jzpfonf/ trSet f m;jzihq f &kd aomf ESpaf ygif; 900 ausmcf NhJ yDjzpfonf/
odYkaomf xdpk Ofu ,if;tzGYJBuD;\trnfrmS ]jynforl sm;\ Nidr;f csr;f a&;tzGYJ}
[k ac:a0:cJMh u\/ wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm;\ Nidr;f csrf;pGm aexdik Ef ikd af &;
twGuf wm0ef,&l aom tzGYJ jzpf\/
xdk jynfoYl Nidr;f csrf;a&;tzGYJ uykd if

bk&ifNh idr;f csrf;a&;tzGYJ [k trnfajymif;ch&J jyefonf/

wwd,ajrmuf a*smhb&k ifvufxufü pma&;q&m [ife&Dzv d 'f if;tm;

xdk tzGYJukd OD;aqmifonfh w&m;a&;0efBuD;tjzpf cefYxm;cho J nf/ xdpk Ofu
vef'efNrKd U vrf;rsm;ay:ü vk,ufwu dk cf u
dk rf rI sm; aygrsm;vS\/ ypön;f rsm;udk
t"r®v½k rkH Qru ypön;f ydik &f iS rf sm;udk xd;k ckw'f Pf&m temw& jzpfonftxd
&uf&ufpufpuf jyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/ vef'efNrKd UwpfNrKd UvH;k wkev f yI af csmufcsm;
vsuf &SMd u\/ w&m;a&;0efBu;D zdv'f if;crsm xd&k mZ0wfrrI sm;udk xda&muf
pGm BudK;yrf;ESrd ef if;aepOf uG,v f eG cf &hJ jyef\/ þwGif zdv'f if;\ nD0rf;uGJ

awmfol qm*Rezf v d 'f if; u wm0ef,cl &h J onf/ qm*Rerf mS

touf 19 ESpfom; t&G,fuyif rsufpduG,fcJh&aomfvnf;

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l k qdck \ hJ /
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bd;k vrf;rSmyif zGiv hf pS x
f m;cJ\h / w&m;½H;k tzGYJom;rsm;udk bd;k vrf;rS emcH
awmfrsm; [k ac:qdck MhJ u\/ olwYko d nf Muuf

aoG;a&mif cg;jywftusrÐ sm; 0wfqifxm;Mu&onf/ olwYko d nf opfom;

wkww f u kd av;rsm;udk udik af qmifMu&\/ (xdo k pfom;wkwu f av;rsm;udk
urÇmEh ikd if t
H oD;oD;rS &JtzGYJ0ifrsm;ygvku d í
f udik af qmifvmcJMh u&m eHygwf
wkw[ f al omtrnfjzihf vlord sm;vmcJah vonf/ )
olwYko d nf ntcg vef'efNrKd U&Sd vrf;rsm;ay:ü vSnv hf nfomG ;
vmMuNy;D npOfocl ;kd rsm;udk rsujf cnfrjywf apmihMf uyfcMhJ u\/ rIcif;wpfrI
jzpfymG ;vmygu vdt k yfovdk ppfaq;pHpk rf;rIrsm; jyKvyk v f mcJMh uojzihf rod
rom pHak xmufrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ olwYk&d &So d nfh vpmaiGrmS av;*Ded
(a&T'*Fg;av;jym;) &onf/ (ppfBudKacwfu uReaf wmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if üH
ykvyd (f &J)om;wpfO;D &&So d nfv h pmrSm 10 usyf ajcmufr;l jzpfygonf/) bd;k
vrf;rS emcHawmfrsm;onf aemiftcg ykvyd (f &J)rsm; jzpfvmrnfo h rl sm; jzpf
onf/ bd;k vrf;rS emcHawmfrsm;onf xdpk Ofu vef'efNrKd UawmfBu;D &Sd &yfuu G f
toD;oD;ü x<uaomif;use;f aeMuonfh vlq;kd rsm;udk oufpeG YfBuKd ;yrf;
zrf;qD;Edik Mf u\/ NrdKUawmfBuD;rS rdbjynforl sm;udk umuG,af pmihaf &Smuf
ay;Edik Mf u\/
xdtk csed u f &mZ0wfrI usL;vGeo f rl sm;udk cdik v f wkH ud spmG owif;
ay;Muolrsm;tm; qkaiGrsm; xkwaf y;avh&\ dS / tqdyk g qkaiGrsm;xJrS xuf
0ufcefYukd bd;k vrf;rS emcHawmfrsm;u &&SMd uonf[k qdo k nf/ bk&ift h pd;k &
onf emcHawmfrsm;tzGYJtm; pepfwus jzpfvmap&ef pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDwpf&yf
zGYJpnf;í pHpk rf;rIaumfrwDzYJcG o hJ nf/ aemufq;kH ü xdb k ;kd vrf;rS oHawmfqifh
rsm;tzGYJukd zsuo f rd ;f í ydrk pkd nf;urf;pepf aumif;rGeaf om aejynfawmf
ykvyd (f &J)tzGYJBu;D odYkr[kwf NrKd Ujyykvyd t f zGYJ

udk 1829 ckEpS üf pwifzYJpG nf;cJ\ h / xdyk v

k yd tf zGYJBu;D udk bk&ifw h yfrawmfrS
tNird ;f pm; Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D a[mif; csm;vfp½f 0dk if ESihf a&SUae

wpfO;D jzpfol &pfcswrf ed ;f wdYku acgif;aqmifjzpf\/

aejynfawmfyv k yd f (&J)tzGYJBuD;onf 1829 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f 6
&uf aeYwiG f 0du I af [m (,cif paumhwvef,m'fta[mif; taqmufttHk
aemufbuf)wGif ½H;k csKyzf iG í hf pwifaqmif&u G cf MhJ u\/ ,cifb;dk vrf;rS
emcH awmftzGJY0iftrsm;pk yg0ifcJhonf/ tcsdKY emcHawmfrsm;onf
ykvyd (f &J)tzGYJ oYkd 0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKawmhbJ tvGwpf akH xmufrsm;tjzpf
aqmif&u G cf MhJ u\/ xdt k csed rf pS í tvGwpf akH xmuf[al om a0g[m&
ay:vmcJo h nf[k qdMk u \/
txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfh 0du I af [m ½H;k csKyfukd

jynfot l rsm;u xdt k aqmufttHak &SU&Sd paumhwvef,m'f0if;trnfuykd if

ac:a0:cJMh u&mrS aejynfawmf ykvyd t f zGYJBuD;\trnfukd vlxu k paumh
wvef,m'ftzGYJBuD; [líyif vG,v f ifwh ul ac:a0:oH;k pGcJ MhJ u\/
xdpk aumhwvef,m'f0if;Bu;D rSm 16 &mpkEpS cf efYuyif paumhwvef
jynfrS rif;rdz&k m;rsm; vef'efoYkv d ma&mufMuaomtcg acwåaexdik Mf uonfh
ae&mjzpfojzihf paumhwvef,m'f[k ac:a0: cJMh ujcif; jzpfonf/ odYkjzpfí
aejynfawmf ykvyd t f zGYJBuD;udk 0du I af [mykvyd (f &J)tzGYJBuD; odYkr[kwf paumh
wvef,m'f ykvyd (f &J) tzGYJBuD;[k ac:a0:cJMh uonf/ pwifzYJGpnf;cJph Ofu
pHak xmuf&pS Of ;D ? tifpyufawmf 20 OD; ?

pmoif 88 OD;ESifh ykvyd (f &J)om; 895 OD;om tiftm;&Scd o hJ nf/

ykvyd (f &J)om;wdYk\ vpmrsm; 19 oQv D ifom&&Scd MhJ u&Smonf/

okYdaomf ykvyd t f zGYJ\tmPmudk ydrk u kd s,jf yefYvmapcJo h nf/ txuf azmf
jycJoh nht f wdik ;f ykvyd rf if;BuD;ESpOf ;D xm;í aqmif&u G vf mcJo h nf/
aejynfawmfyv k yd (f &J)tzGYJBuD;\ t&Sed t f 0gBuD;vmcJ\ h / vGecf hJ
aom ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu vef'efNrdKU vrf;rsm;ay:ü cd;k qd;k vk,ufaeMuaom
vlq;kd olc;kd rsm;onf ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;udk jrifvu dk o f nfEiS fh Muufaysmuf
iSuaf ysmufjzpfvmcJMh u\/ odYkaomf vlxt k csKd Yuvnf; w&m;Oya'abmif
twGi;f pnf;urf;vku d ef m&ef aqmif&u G o f l ykvyd (f &J)t&m&Srd sm;tay:
pdwf rMunfvif jzpfMuonf/
paumhwvef,m'ftzGJY\ BudK;yrf;axmufvSrf;rIrsm;aMumihf
vef'efNrdKUae&mESYHtjym; jzpfymG ;cJo h nft h rIcif;rsm;udk azmfxw k Ef ikd cf hJ ojzihf
paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJBuD;rSm xif&mS ;pjyKvmcJ\ h / ykvyd t f rIxrf;rsm;onf
,leaD zmif;0wfprHk sm;udk 0wfqifxm;Muonf/ tcsdKYaom trIrsm;udk pHpk rf;
avhvm&mü ½d;k ½d;k vky½f ;dk vkypf Oftwdik ;f ppfaq;jcif;? oJveG pf &Smjcif;wdYkEiS fh

vkyu f ikd í
f r&bJ vQKd U0Supf pkH rf;axmufvrS ;f onfh pHak xmufenf;ynmjziho f m
vQif trIreS af zmfxw k Ef ikd o
f nfjzpf&m ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;onf ½d;k ½d;k t&yf0wf
t&yfpm;jzihf ½kyzf suu f m pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f cJMh u&\/ þonfryS if pDtidk 'f D
pwifay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfayrnf/ xdt k rIxrf;rsm;tzdYk ½H;k wiftrIppfaom
tcgrSom ,leaD zmif;0wfprkH sm;udk 0wfqifMuonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd axmufvrS ;f
jcif;tm;jzihf rjzpfao;aom trIrsm;udk zrf;qD;&Edik jf cif; [laom tusKd ;rsm;
aMumifh pHak xmuftzGYw J pfzYu JG kd xm0pOf wnfaxmifc&hJ onfh tajcodYk a&muf
cJMh u&onf/
paumhwvef,m'f\ vkyif ef;rsm;rSm q,fqq,fz;kd wd;k vm& ojzihf
taqmufttHt k opfwpfck aqmufvyk &f ef Bu&H , G v
f mcJMh u\/ odYk jzpfí
vef'efNrdKU odr;f jrpfurf;wGif aqmufvyk &f ef qH;k jzwfcMhJ uNyD; xdpk Ofu
emrnfausmAf o d u k mjzpfol aemrefa&Smtm; yHpk aH &;qGaJ pcJo h nf/ aqmufvyk f
&mwGif vkt d yfrnfh ausmufw;kH 25000 weftm; 'wDr;kd t&yf&dS ausmufwiG ;f
ü tusO;f orm;rsm;\ vkyt f m;jzihf xkwv
f yk cf &hJ onf/ odr;f jrpfurf;üyif
tD'ifbm&mNrKd Upm;Bu;D tm; 1875 ckEpS üf e,l;

paumhwvef,m'f [k ac:wGiaf pcJ\ h /

xkpd aumhwvef,m'ftopf[al om trnfukd pHak xmufXme\

acgif;aqmif rpöwmrGe½f ;kd u uifyeG ;f wyfcjhJ cif;jzpf\/ odYkjzpfí e,l;paumh
wvef,m'f odYkr[kwf paumhwvef,m'ftopf[k ac:a0:oifo h nf/
e,l;paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmufwpfO;D jzpfvmEdik &f ef t&nf
tcsi;f rSm pl;pl;pdu k pf u kd f avhvmwwfjcif;? wcFPyk w Ü Ó åd Pf&jdS cif;ESifh vlY
obm0udk em;vnfwwfuRr;f jcif;wdYk jzpf&m þodYkaom t&nftcsi;f jzifh
jynhpf okH yl v
k yd (f &J)rsm;rSm pHak xmufjzpfvmrnfo h rl sm;yif jzpfawmhonf/
usrf;udk;

(29)
1955 Ed0k ifbmv/

],lEu kd w
f ufavaMumif;c&D;onfwif av,mOfysujf cif;}
'if;Am;NrdKU? Ed0k ifbmv (1) &uf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ,lEu kd wf uf avaMumif;XmerS c&D;pOf
trSwf 629 udk yso H ef;vmaom c&D;onfav,mOfwpfpif;onf udv k &kd m'dk
jynfe,f v,fuiG ;f rsm;ay:wGif aygufuyJG supf ;D oGm;cJ&h aMumif;? tqdyk g
av,mOfonf udv k &kd m'djk ynfe,f? 'if;Am;NrdKUpwufy(J vf)wef avqdyrf S
xGucf mG vmcJjh cif;jzpfaMumif;? av,mOfEiS t fh wl c&D;onf 39 OD;ESifh
av,mOftrIxrf; 5 OD;? pkpak ygif; (44) OD; vdu k yf gvmcJ&h m tm;vH;k
ao qk;H cJ&h NyD[k ,lq&aMumif;? xdak v,mOfonf pwufy(J vf)avqdyrf S
n 7;05 rdepftcsed f xGucf mG vmchjJ cif; jzpfonf/ &moDOwkrmS om,mojzihf
tb,fah Mumifh rD;avmifaygufu&JG onfqo kd nft
h aMumif;udk od&&dS jcif;
r&Sad o;aMumif;? ,lEu kd wf ufavaMumif;Xmeonf xdak vaMumif;Xmeorkid ;f
ü yxrqk;H tBudrf rD;avmifaygufuyJG supf ;D &onfh av,mOfysuu f sru I kd
pHpk rf;ppfaq;vsu&f adS Mumif;?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk av

aMumif;ynm&Sirf sm; bdYk't f zGYJuvnf; pHpk rf;ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvyk vf suf &Sd

onf[k od&&dS aMumif;? av,mOfysrH mS tjrifah y 5700 cefYwiG f aygufuJG
ysupf ;D oGm;cJjh cif; jzpfonf[k od&&dS onf/

c&D;onftm;vHk;ESihf trIxrf;rsm; aoqHk;cJhNyD;jzpfaMumif;?
av,mOfysuu f sonft h aMumif;&if;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;qJyif&o dS nf? ysuu f s
onfah e&mrSm v,fuiG ;f rsm;twGi;f jzpfojzihf u,fq,fa&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk
csucf si;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd af omfvnf; av,mOfysrH mS aygufuyJG supf ;D oGm;jcif;
jzpfí c&D;onfEiS fh av,mOftrIxrf;tm;vH;k aoqH;k cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf[k
od&&dS aMumif;? ysupf ;D onfah v,mOfrS tydik ;f tprsm;udk tuf(zf)bDtikd Xf merS
ppfaq;Munh½f v I suf&adS Mumif; od&&dS onf/
txufyg owif;azmfjycsufonf 1955 ck? Ed0k ifbmv (2)
&ufaeYu xkwaf 0aom e,l;a,mufwikd ;f (pf) owif;pmBuD;rS ,lEu kd w
f uf
avaMumif;c&D;onfwif av,mOfBuD; ysufus&onfh owif;jzpf\/
yxr qH;k tBudrf aygufuyJG suu f sjcif;jzpfojzihhf ,lEu kd w f ufavaMumif;
ukrP Ü D tzdYk rsm;pGm pdwrf csrf;ajrhjzpfc&hJ onf/ ysufusonft h csderf mS
&moD O wk Munf v if a eonh f j yif pwuf y J ( vf ) wef a vqd y f E S i h f
c&D;onfwifav,mOf BuD;wdkY aygufuGJysufpD;rusrD rdepfydkif;txd
tquftoG,jf yKEikd cf o hJ nf/ þc&D;pOf trSwf 629 ysuu f sjcif;jzpfpOfum;
þodYk jzpf\/
]]aus;Zl;jyKí em;qifyg&Si?f ,lEu kd w
f ufavaMumif;rS c&D;pOf
trSwf 629 onf rMumrDtcsdet f wGi;f xGucf mG awmhrnfjzpfygonf/
av,mOfjzihf pD;eif;vku d yf grnfh c&D;onfrsm; *dwt f rSwf (*sD) odYk
<ua&muf yg&ef arwåm&yfct H yfygonf/
toHcsJUpufrS av,mOfr,fwpfO;D \ xyfwvJvJ aMunmae
onft h oHjzpf\/ rpöpaf 'pDuif;onf c&D;xGucf mG eD; EIwq f ufterf;jzifh
om;jzpfol *suf*a&[rfEiS fh acR;rjzpfot l m; erf;vdu k o f nf/ olYom;
*a&[rfukd Munh&f onfrmS wpfpw kH pf&mudk pd;k &drw f ek vf yI af eonf[k
xif& onf/ cgwdkif; olc&D;xGufonfESihf rwlay/ ,cif ol
c&D;xGuo f nft h cg wGif ,cktBudru f ohJ Ykd tmrcHaiGxm;jcif; rrsm;ay/
,ckwpfBudrw f iG f om; jzpfol *a&[rfonf rdcif\c&D;oGm; tmrcHaiGukd
a':vm 375000 [k yHpk w H iG f jznfph u
G x f m;\/ tarGqufco H nfah e&mwGif
*su*f a&[rf[k olY trnfwpfO;D wnf;udo k m a&;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/
rpöpfa'pDuif;onf av,mOfay:odkY wufa&muf&ef *dwf(*sD)odkY
xGucf mG oGm;onf/ rdepf tenf;i,ftwGi;f 'DpD (6)bDav,mOfBuD;
wpf[ek x f ;kd aumif;uifoYkd wufomG ;cJah wmhonf/

xdak eYn 7 em&D? rdepf 50 tcsed f udv k &kd m'dk jynfe,f? ta&SU
ajrmufbuf v,fuiG ;f rsm;ay:odYk ½kww f &uf jyif;xefaomtoHjzihf ayguf
uGcJ NhJ yD; c&D;onfwif *suaf v,mOfBuD;wpfpif; ysuu f scahJ Mumif;udk ,m
orm;wpfO;D u oufqikd &f modYk w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf taMumif;Mum;cJo h nfh
owif; ysYHEYHSomG ;onf/ 'if;Am;NrdKU? pwufy(J vf)wef avqdyu f yG uf aJ &;
pcef;rS av,mOfc&D;pOf 629 jzpfEikd o f nf[k aMunmcJ\ h /
'if;Am;NrdKU tuf(zf)bDtikd Xf mecGrJ S vufaxmufppkH rf;ppfaq;a&;rª;
jzpfol ½dik ;f rdik ;f (vf)onf txufazmfjyyg owif;aMunmcsuu f kd ½kyjf rifoH
Mum;rS Mum;od&onfEiS fh 0g&Siw f efNrdKU&Sd tuf(zf)bDtikd f XmecsKyfukd
taMumif;Mum;cJ\ h /
,lEdkufwuf avaMumif;vdkif;rS q&m0efBuD;jzpfoluvnf;
av,mOftrIxrf;rsm;ESifh c&D;onfrsm;tygt0if aoqH;k cho J l (44) OD;wdYk
cE¨mud, k rf sm;rSm wpfppDjzpfaeojzihf ppfaq;Munh½f &I ef tuf(zf)bDtikd f
"mwfccJG ef;rª;odYkvnf; taMumif;Mum;cJo h nf/ wpfppDjzpfaeaom ud, k cf E¨m
tydik ;f tprsm;aMumihf uG,v f eG o
f w l Ykd\ trnfemrudk azmfxw k &f ef cJ,Of;
aeayonf/ ysuu f sonfh av,mOfBu;D \ ypön;f tydik ;f tprsm;rSm jyif;xef
aom tyl&edS 'f Pf oifx h m;onfh vu©Pmrsm; awGUvm&onf/
uG,v f eG o f w l Ykd\ ud, k cf E¨mtydik ;f tprsm;udk udv k &kd m'do k Ykd aqmif
,lcMhJ uonf/ udv k &kd m'dak q;½HBk uD;&Sd tat;cef;wGif xm;cJMh uNyD; pepfwus
ppfaq;cJMh u&m c&D;onf 9 OD;wdYk\trnfukd azmfxw k Ef ikd cf MhJ u\/ tuf(zf)
bDtikd f vufaAGyg&*lwYkd\ ppfaq;cJrh aI Mumifh uG,v f eG o f l 21 OD;wdYk\
trnfrsm;udv k nf; xkwaf zmfEikd cf MhJ uonf/
tuf(zf)bDtikd t f zJYGonf av,mOfaygufuyJG suu f sc&hJ onfh ,m
awmywf0ef;usiw f iG f awGU&aom c&D;onfrsm;\ aowåmtydik ;f tprsm;?
tdwrf sm;udv k nf; ppfaq;cJMh uonf/ olwYkd ppfaq;csurf sm;t& av,mOf
rSm pufcsKd Y,iG ;f í ysuu f sjcif; r[kw/f aygufuí JG ysuu f s&jcif; jzpfonf[k
aumufcsucf sEikd cf \ hJ /
av,mOfBuD;ay:odYk ukeyf pön;f rsm;wifonfh rSww f rf;rsm;? c&D;
onfwpfO;D csi;f wdYk\ ypön;f rsm;\ tav;csed f rSww f rf;rsm;udv k nf; ppf
aq;cJMh u\/ c&D;onftm;vH;k wdYk\aowåmrsm;? vufqt JG w d f tydik ;f tp
rsm;udv k nf; tuf(zf)bDtikd f "mwfccJG ef;odYk o,f,í l wpfpcsi;f ppfaq;rSwf
wrf;,lvmcJ\ h / c&D;onfrsm;\ ypön;f rsm;tm;vH;k vdv k kd awGU&aomfvnf;

c&D;onfwpfO;D jzpfonfh rpöpaf 'pDuif;\ aowåmrSm vH;k 0 &SmazGrawGU&
jzpfae\/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; olY aowåmwpfv;kH om rawGU&ojzihf tuf(zf)bD
tdik t f zGYJtzdYk oHo,jzpfp&m oJveG pf awGUvm&onf/
av,mOfBuD;aygufuu JG saom ,mawmwGif rpöpaf 'pDuif;\
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; aysmufq;kH aeaom aowåmrS tydik ;f tprsm;[k xif&onfh
om;a&ptydik ;f tprsm;udk awGU&ojzifh a'pDuif;\ aowåmonf wpfpcsi;f
jzpfomG ;&jcif; jzpfonf/ þuJo h Ykd wpfpcsi;f jzpf&jcif;onf xdak owåmtwGi;f
rS aygufurJG I jzpfco hJ avm/ tuf(zf)bDtikd f pHak xmufwYku d ,lqcJo h nf/
rpöpaf 'pDuif;\ aowåmtav;csderf mS vnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;xuf ydak eonfukd rSww f rf;rsm;ü awGYMu&onf/
tuf(zf)bDtikd Xf me "mwfccJG ef;rS trIxrf;rsm;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
avaMumif;ynm&Sirf sm;toif;rS yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;? a'guf*vyfav,mOfysH wnf
aqmufa&; ukrP Ü rD S ynm&Sirf sm;yg0ifaom tzGYJonf pepfwus ppfaq;
okawoejyKco Jh jzifh av,mOfysyH suu f s&jcif;onf pufcsKd Y,iG ;f í rjzpfEikd ?f
c&D;onfwpfO;D \aowåm? odYkr[kwf c&D;aqmiftw d tf wGi;f wGif o,f
aqmifvmaom tcsed u f u dk Af ;kH aMumifh aygufurJG jI zpfEikd of nf[k aumufcsuf
cscMhJ uonf/
tuf(zf)bDtikd t f zGYJBu;D rS wm0ef&o dS l pHak xmufrsm;onf av,mOf
ay:wGif vku d yf gvmMuonfh c&D;onfrsm;? av,mOfarmif;olrsm;ESifh tjcm;
0efxrf;rsm;\ aemufaMumif;jzpfpOfrsm;udk tao;pdwf avhvmcJMh u&m rpöpf
a'pDuif;\ om;jzpfol *su*f a&[rftay: oHo,0ifvmcJMh u\/
*su*f a&[rfrmS rpöpu f if; yxrtdraf xmifuspOfu cifyeG ;f jzpforl S
ygvmaom om;jzpf\/ rpöpu f if;url om;t&if;ozG,f arG;pm;xm;cJh
onf/ *a&[rfrmS i,fpOfuyif rdbrJah usmif;wpfausmif;wGif aexdik cf &hJ ol
jzpfí rdom;pkarwåmudk cH,&l cJ&h jcif; r&S/d olYrcd if&if;jzpfoo l nf olYtm;
i,fpOfuyif ypfxm;cho J jzihf rdcif\ cspjf cif;arwåmudk iwfrw G cf &hJ oljzpf\/
arG;pm;rdcifjzpfol rdaxG; rpöpu f if;udvk nf; rdcifwpfO;D [k rjrifcahJ wmh/
i,fpOfuyif pdwrf wnfNird o f l jzpfvmcJ&h onf/ tao;tzGt J rIrsm;udk usL;
vGeaf vh&\ dS / vdrrf t I ao;tzG?J cd;k rIrsm;udv k nf; usL;vGev f monf/ bPf
aiGxw k f csuv f ufrw S t f wk jyKvyk rf jI zihf ta&;,lc&H onfh ud, k af &;rSww f rf;
rsm; &Scd o hJ jzifh tuf(zf)bDtikd Ef iS fh &JwYku d *su*f a&[rftm; zrf;qD;cJah v
onf/

*su*f a&[rfonf trsKd ;rsKd ; jiif;qdck ahJ omfvnf; aemufq;kH ü
ajzmifch suaf y;cJ&h awmhonf/ *su*f a&[rfonf olYrad xG;jzpfo\ l touf
tmrcH a':vmaiG 375000 &&Srd nf[k tydik Bf ucH jhJcif;jzpfaomfvnf; &mZ0wf
ab;um; ajy;rvGwaf wmh/ 'dik ;f erdu k f 25 acsmif;? tcsed rf w S f oHywfem&D
"mwfcJ 6 vH;k wyfqifxm;onfh aygufuaJG pEdik o f nhf AH;k udk olYarG;pm;rdcif
rpöpaf 'pDuif;\ c&D;aqmifaowåmwGif xnfah y;chv J u
kd of nf/
av,mOfrxGucf mG rD av,mOfu, kd pf m;vS,w f Yu
kd c&D;onfrsm; \
aowåmrsm; vufqt JG w
d rf sm;udk csed w
f ,G &f mü rpöpu f if;\ aowåmrS
owfrw S x
f m;onfh tav;csed x f uf ydak eonfukd awGUcJ&h onf[k tuf(zf)
bDtikd pf akH xmufrsm;ESifh &JwYtkd m; owif;ay;cJNh y;D jzpfí *su*f a&[rfrmS jiif;qdjk cif;
rjyKEik d af wmh/ ol\ 0doravmbaMumifh av,mOfBu;D wpfp;D vH;k ESif h tjypfrv hJ o
l m;
(44) OD;wdYk touf qH;k ½H;I cJ&h avonf/
1956 ck? arv 5 &ufaeYwiG f *su*f a&[rf\ trIppfaq; Ny;D pD;
cJ\
h / ½H;k awmfBu;D url ao'Pfp&D ifcsucf srw S cf ahJ vonf/ 1956 ck? Zefe0g&D
v 11 &ufaeYn 7 em&D 56 rdepfwiG f *su*f a&[rftm; ao'Pfp&D ifcahJ v
onf/
usrf;udk;

(30)
1980 ck? aEGO;D &moD? pma&;q&m tdik ;f &if;arm&Suf

onf rsupf ad nmif;pjyKvmojzihf a&;vufp pmrlpmtkyu f kd

acwåyw d v
f ukd Nf y;D ta0;odYk vSr;f Munfv h u dk rf o
d nf/ ta0;wGif rdiI ;f rIe&f aD 0
aeaom &Sr;f ½d;k rawmifwef;jymBu;D rsm;udk jrifae&ayonf/ olwnf;cdak e
onfh ,mawmtdru f av;atmuf awmifajcywfvnfü jyifO;D vGi?f rEÅav;
um;vrf;onf aumufauGYaom? 0gndKaeaom awmtkyt f Mum;ü tp
aysmufomG ;onf/
pma&;q&m tdik ;f &if;arm&Suf a&mufaeaomae&mrSm olzmG ;jrif
cJo
h nfh jyifO;D vGi?f rEÅav; um;vrf;ab;&Sd &Gmuav;wpf&mG teD;&Sd Ncw H pfNcH
jzpf\/ arm&Su\ f zcifrmS 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D rjzpfymG ;rD 1930 ckEpS u f
jyifO;D vGiw f iG f wyfpx JG m;aom bm;rm;½dik ;f z,fwyfrS 'kAv kd rf ;ª Bu;D [ife&D
arm&Suf jzpfavonf/ xdpk Ofu 'kw, d Adv
k rf ;ª Bu;D

arm&Surf mS NAw d o d QwyfrawmfBu;D wGif ynmwwfval wmfwpfO;D tjzpf xif

&Sm;cJo
h jl zpfojzihf 1929 ckEpS w f iG f NAwd o d Q tifyg&mBu;D \ ajrwkid ;f Xme?
jrefrmjynf nTeMf um;a&;r ;ª tjzpf trIxrf;cJo h jl zpfojzihf jyifO;D vGiw f iG f
vlot d rsm;qH;k ? taygif;toif; tqHq h ;kH vly*k Kd¾ vBf u;D wpfO;D jzpfonf/
,ck pma&;q&m tdik &f if;arm&Suf wnf;cdak eonfh NcrH S olY
zcif\ wynfah [mif;wpfO;D jzpfol a*g&cg;vlrsKd; tNird ;f pm; ppfrx I rf;wpfO;D \NcH
jzpfonf/ tdik ;f &if;arm&Suw f Ykd armifErS wpfpt k m; i,fpOfu xde;f odr;f
apmifah &Smufco hJ l wpfO;D vnf; jzpfayonf/

aEGO;D &moDoYkd a&mufvmNyjD zpfaomfvnf; ESi;f <uif;ESi;f usew f Yku
d
zse;f yufqjJ zpfonf/ at;pufaom avonf 0ufopfcsyifrsm;? xif;½SL;yif
rsm; ,luvpfyifrsm;Mum;rS wd;k a0SYvsu&f adS vonf/ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f awmtkyf
rS atmfjrnfvu dk af om OMoysKd iu S uf av;\ vGr;f aw;atmfjrnfoo H nf
NrKd i&f yfwpfciG v f ;kH yJw h ifxyfvsu&f adS yonf/
tdik ;f &if;arm&Suo f nf Nc0H if;wHcg;udk wGe;f zGichf NhJ y;D vlomG ;vrf;
uav;wpfavQmufukd avQmufvmcJo h nf/ oli,fpOfwek ;f u aexdik cf &hJ
onfh jyifO;D vGi?f olYupm;azmfrsm;? olwYkrd o d m;pk aexdik cf MhJ uonfh wyfwiG ;f
rS t&m&SBdu;D \aetdr?f jyifO;D vGiq f ifajczH;k &Sd olwYo k d mG ;a&mufvnfywf cJMhuonfh
&Gmuav;rsm;? NcrH sm;? a&wHceG rf sm;? rEÅav;rS wefc;kd Bu;D bk&m; rsm;ESifh
jrefrm&Sib f &k ifwY\ kd a&Teef;awmfBu;D ? rif;uGe;f acgif;avmif;Bu;D paom yH&k yd rf sm;
ay:vmonf/
olYzcif 'kw, d Adv k rf ;ª Bu;D [ife&Darm&SuEf iS t fh wl awmypfxu G f
cJo
h nfh rEÅav;NrKd UteD;&Sd <uufezm;awmif? a&TOawmif ponfwYk\ d yH&k yd f
rsm;? olYzcifEiS t fh wl jrif;pD;avhusichf yhJ rkH sm;udk wa&;a&; jrifa,mifvm
onf/ olwYkad rmifErS rsm;ESifh rdcifwYkd &efuek rf S yifv,fu;l oabFmBu;D udk
pD;í t*FvefoYkd acwåjyefc&hJ yHrk sm;onf acwfa[mif;½ky&f iS u f m;wum;udk
jyefMunfah e&ovdk jzpfaeonf/
olYNcHeaH b;&Sd uke;f jrifah y:wGif xHak zG;azG; apwDi,fwpfqrl S
qnf;vnf;oHuav;rsm;onf olYuk d vIyv f u kd of vdk jzpfomG ;onf/ t*FvefEik d if H
tufqufjynfe,f&dS olwYkdtbGm;wdu k w f iG f wnf;cdak epOf pmydYkorm;
qGv J u kd of nfh acgif;avmif;oHukd oGm;owd&onf/
jyifO;D vGi&f dS bm;rm;½dik zf ,fwyfrS tvsit f jrefq;kH jyefvm&ef
ydYkvu kd o f nfh oHBuKd ;pm jzpfonf/ ,if;oHBuKd ;pmwGif olYzcif 'kw, d Adv k f
Aª;Bu;D [ife&Darm&Suf towfc&H ojzihf olwYkd rdom;pktm; taMumif;Mum;
onfph m jzpfonf/ olwYkrd o d m;pk jyifO;D vGio f Ykd jyefa&mufvmonft h cg
olYzcif\ psmyerSm Ny;D qH;k Ny;D jzpfaeonf/ olwYkrd o d m;pktzdYk yxrqH;k
tBurd f ylaqG;aomua&muf&jcif; jzpfonf/ olYzciftm; owfco hJ l w&m;cH
udk NAw d o d Qyv k yd t f zJYGBu;D ESifh pHak xmuftzJYGwYku d vnf; ajc&mcHr&? rnforl Q
w&m;cHukd razmfxw k Ef ikd af wmhay/
uReaf wmfwYko d nf 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D rjzpfrD jrefrf mEdik if w H iG f NAw d d
oQtrsKd ;om;rsm; jzpfymG ;cJah om trItcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí a&;om;cJMh u

onfh jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;rsm;udk zwf½cI MhJ u&onf/ Bu;D yGm;a&;wdu k rf S xkwaf 0cJh
onfh pma&;q&mrBu;D a':trm bmomjyefqckd ahJ om tdik pf t D ufarm&pf
aumvpfa&;cJo h nfh ]jrefrmjynf trItcif;rsm;} wGif NAw d o d Q wdik ;f &if;om;
ESifh jrefrmtrsKd ;om;wdYkjzpfc&hJ onfh vlowfrEI iS fh arm&pfaumvpf a&;om;
cJo
h nfh avmh('f)atmzfonf qef;quf (uarÇmZ ae0ifb&k ifrsm;)wGif
&Sr;f jynfe,frS wefc;kd xGm;cJo h nfh &Sr;f apmfbmG ;wpfO;D jzpfaom usKd i;f wHak pmf
bGm;Bu;D (rSm;Edik yf gonf/ aumif;pGmrrSwrf ad wmh) owfrBI u;D wdYkonf vl
odrsm;cJMhuonf/ pmzwfy&dowfwYo k d nfvnf; rl&if;pmtkyrf sm;udv k nf; aumif;?
bmomjyefrsm;udv k nf;aumif; zwf½NI y;D jzpfMuayvdrrhf nf/
rauG;c½dik ?f awmifwiG ;f Bu;D NrKd YwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om tdE, d´ trsKd ;om;
q&m0efwpfO;D onf olYjrif;xde;f jrefrmtrsKd ;om;wpfO;D tm; owfrBI u;D wdYk
vnf; od&cdS &hJ onf/ ,if;trIBu;D rSmrl pmtkyt f jzpf a&;om;xkwaf 0jcif;
rjyKcahJ y/
uReaf wmfonf jypfrrI *¾Zif;Bu;D wGif t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;armifarmif
jrifah t;\ tBuaH y;csujf zihf Edik if jH cm;wGif jzpfymG ;cJah om jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;Bu;D
rsm;rS aumif;Ed;k &m&mrsm;udk pkaqmif;jyKpak &;om;wifjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/
,ck uReaf wmfwifjyrnfh jzpf&yfreS jf ypfru I xdyw f ef; NAw d o d QtrsKd ;om;
'kAvkd rf ;ª Bu;D wpfO;D ? 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D rwdik rf D uReaf wmfwYkd rarG;zGm;rDu
towfc&H rItaMumif; jzpfygonf/
ppfBuKd acwfu xkwaf 0cJo h nfh rSww f rf;rSw&f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;
wGiv f nf; uReaf wmfwYkd zwf½jI cif;rjyKc&hJ ay/ vloed nf;vSayonf/ vlowf
w&m;cHukd zrf;rdjcif;r&So d jzifh xkwaf zmfjcif; r&Scd o hJ avm odYkr[kwf NAw d o d Q
ykvyd t f zGYBJ u;D ESihf pHak xmuftzGYBJ u;D wdY\ k nhzH si;f rIukd vlord cHví kd avm? uReaf wmf
roday/
1980 ckEpS w f iG f towfccH &hJ ol ajrwdik ;f rif;Bu;D ESifh 'kAv kd rf ;ª Bu;D
\om;jzpfol tdik ;f &if;arm&Suu f ,
kd w f ikd f uReaf wmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if H jyifO;D vGif
odYkvma&mufcNhJ y;D tao;pdwpf pkH rf;avhvmcJo h nf/ olvma&mufonft h csed f
ESifh olYzcifBu;D towfc&H cJo h nfrmS ESpaf ygif; 50 ausmf 60 eD;yg;&Sad eNyjD zpf
ojzihf trI\ oJveG pf rsm;aysmufq;kH í uGi;f qufrsm; jywfcNhJ yD jzpfygonf/
NAwd o d Q tpd;k &ykvyd t f zGYJEiS fh pHak xmuftzGYJBu;D \ nHzh si;f rIukd xkwf
azmfvo kd l pma&;q&m tdik ;f &if;arm&Suo f nf rIcif;jzpfymG ;cJoh nfae&m? olY
zcif\ wynfrh sm;\ ,lqcsu?f jyifO;D vGiw f iG f aexdik í
f ouf&dS xif&mS ;

aeMuao;onfh olYzcif\cifrifaom rdwaf qGrsm;? pma&;q&mBu;D \ i,f
oli,fcsi;f upm;azmfrsm;\ xifjrifcsurf sm;udk &,lcNhJ y;D olYzciftm; owf
cJo
h l w&m;cHjzpfEikd o f ul kd azmfxw k af &;om;cJah om

][ife&Darm&Su\ f b0ESifh towfc&H rI} [laom jzpf&yf

rSef tw¬Kyw Ü Båd u;D udk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ pma&;q&m tdik ;f &if;arm&Surf mS pma&;
aumif;ol vlawmfwpfO;D jzpfojzihf ,if;jzpf&yfreS f tw¬Kyw Ü Båd u;D udk uif;
b&pfwuúov kd rf S wm0ef,x l w k af 0cJo h nf[k od&cdS &hJ avonf/
'kw, d Advk rf ;ª Bu;D [ife&Darm&Suo f nf NAw d o d Qb&k ifh wyfrawmf
Bu;D wGif aevdk vvdk xif&mS ;cJah om yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D wpfO;D jzpfNy;D pmayavhvm
vdu k pf m;onf/ xl;xl;qef;qef; ypön;f rsm;udk pkaqmif;ol? pl;prf;&SmazG
vdo k l c&D;oGm;0goemygolwpfO;D jzpfonf/ tdE, ´d jynf [dr0EÅmawmifwef;
a'o? jrefrmEdik if aH wmifwef;a'orsm;? vl trsm; oGm;a&muf&ef cufco J nfh
**Fgjrpfzsm;a'orsm;? {&m0wDjrpfzsm;a'orsm;txd oGm;a&mufp;l prf; c&D;
xGucf o hJ jl zpfNy;D ol\ tpD&ifcpH m rSww f rf;rsm;onf NAw d od QtEd , d´ ½H;k awmf
Bu;D tzdYk txl; tzd;k wefaeayonf/

xdYkaMumihv f nf; [ife&Darm&Suu f kd tdE, d´ ½H;k awmfBu;D rS tBuaH y;

csujf zihf NAw d o d Q bk&ift h pd;k &onf bm;rm;½dik zf ,fwyfrawmfBu;D \ 'kw, d
Adv
k rf ;ª Bu;D &mxl;tjyif tdE, d´ jynf jrefrmjynfe,f (xdpk Ofu tdE, ´d rS jrefrm
Edik if H cGrJ xGu&f ao;) txl;ajrwdik ;f rif;Bu;D wm0efukd yl;wG, J cl &hJ avonf/
[ife&Darm&Suo f nf jyifO;D vGiw f iG f wyfpcef;csxm;aom bm;rm;
½dik zf ,fwyfwiG ;f wGif aexdik cf NhJ y;D taygif;toif;rsm;ol? oabmaumif;ol?
vlcspv f cl ifrsm;ol[k xif&mS ;cJah vonf/ xdpk Ofu jyifO;D vGio f nf NAw d o d Q
tifyg&mBu;D \ vlord sm;aom NrKd UwpfNrKd UjzpfcNhJ y;D tdE, ´d jynf qif;rvm;NrKd U
onf aEG&moDwiG f tdE, ´d bk&ifccH sKyBf uD;\ acwå½;kH pdu k &f mNrdKUjzpfovdk
jyifO;D vGio f nf jrefrmEdik if H bk&ifc\ H aEG&moD½;kH pdu k &f mNrKd U jzpfojzifh jrefrm
jynf\ qif;rvm;NrKd U[k wifpm;ac:a0:Muonf/
Oa&mywdu k of m;rsm;? tdEt ´d rsKd ;om;trsm;pk aexdik Mf uNy;D Oa&my
,Ofaus;rI tvTr;f rd;k qH;k aom NrKd UwpfNrKd Ujzpfavonf/ Oa&mywdu k o f m;
trsm;pkrmS opfawmt&m&Srd sm;? ajrpm&if;t&m&Srd sm;? bm;rm;½dik zf ,f wyf
rawmfrS t&m&Srd sm;? NAw d o d Qurk P Ü BD u;D rsm;rS wm0efcrH sm;? tdE, d´ wdik ;f &if;
om; olaX;ol<u,fuek o f nfrsm;? aexkid cf MhJ uNy;D xdpk Ofu txl;xif&mS ;cJh
onfh z&D;arqif (yoQL;acgif;jzwftoif;) toif;BuD;rSm

Oa&mywdu k o f m; trsm;pkEiS fh tdE, ´d wdik ;f &if;om;trsm;pkwYkd yg0ifcMhJ u onf/
toif;trIaqmif vlBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;ESihf
tdE, ´d wdik ;f &if;om;wdYk jzpfMuonf/
[ife&Darm&Surf mS ,if;z&D;arqif toif;Bu;D ESiv fh nf;aumif;?
toif;0ifrsm;ESiv fh nf;aumif; cyfuif;uif; aexkid cf o hJ nf/ [ife&DrmS awm
vdu k 0f goemygol? jrif;pD;0goemygolwpfO;D jzpfojzihf tvkyrf S tm;vyf
csed rf sm;wGif jyifO;D vGif qifajczH;k odYv k nf;aumif;? rEÅav;teD;odYv k nf; aumif;
oGm;a&mufí awmvku d jf cif;jziho f m tcsed u f ek v f eG af pcJo
h jzifh tjcm;
vlraI &;tzGYJtpnf;rsm;jzihf uif;uGmjcif; jzpf[ef&o dS nf/ 1931? arvqef;
wGif [ife&Darm&Su\ f rdom;pkonf t*FvefoYkd acwåomG ;a&mufcMhJ uav
onf/ jyifO;D vGiw f iG f [ife&Darm&SuEf iS fh tcdik ;f taprsm;? olYawmvdu k zf uf
olYtrd af wmfyg tdE, ´d trsKd ;om; bmblvm;vfwYko d m use&f pfcMhJ uonf/
1931 ck? arv 17 &ufaeYonf &moDOwkom,maom aeYwpfaeY
jzpfonf/ [ife&Darm&Suo f nf eHeufapmapmuyif tpDtpOfr&Sd awmypf
xGu&f ef jyifqifonf/ cgwdik ;f qdv k Qif BuKd wifppD Ofxm;avh&NdS y;D awmajcmuf
rnfh vli,fEpS Of ;D oH;k OD; ac:avh&o dS nf/ ,aeYrS olrnfoYlurkd Qrac:/ jrif;
xde;f tm; olYjrif;udk jyifqifcikd ;f Ny;D olYtcspaf wmfacG;uav;udyk if cgwdik ;f
uJo h Ykd ac:,ljcif;rjyK/ tdr&f dS tapcHrsm;? wynfrh sm;url olwYkq d &m\
xl;jcm;aom trlt&mudk tHt h m;oihaf eMuonf/ eHeufpmudyk if tenf;i,f
wdYkum yifu h mpm;Ny;D awmypfxu G &f ef jyifqifonf/ bmblvm;(vf)\
ajymjycsut f &rl olYocifBu;D onf rsuEf mS raumif;? pdwv f yI &f mS ;ae[ef
&So
d nf[k qdo k nf/ bmaMumifrh eS ;f rod/
[ife&Darm&Suf xGuo f mG ;Ny;D rMumrDyif olYtcspaf wmfjrif;Bu;D
onf ocifrygawmhbJ tdro f Ykd jyefa&mufvmonf/ jrif;uke;f ES;D rsm;wGif
vnf; aoG;tvdr;f vdr;f ayusv H su&f NdS y;D jrif;Bu;D \ trlt&mrSmvnf;
wpfpw kH pf&mudk xdwv f efYwek v f yI af e[ef&o dS nf[k [ife&Darm&Su\ f tapcH
rsm;u ykvyd w f Ykt
d m; ajymjycJMh uonf/
csucf si;f qdo k vdk bm;rm;½dik zf ,fwyfrS wyfom;rsm;ESifh wm0ef&dS
olrsm;? [ife&Darm&Su\ f rdwaf qGrsm;? wynfrh sm;onf jyifO;D vGiq f ifajc
zH;k ESifh olawmypfxu G af vh&o dS nfh &Gmrsm;teD;&Sd awmtkyrf sm;? vQKd ajrmif;rsm;
pojzifh awmeif;&SmazGMuonf/
arv 17 &ufaeYwiG f [ife&Darm&Su\ f tavmif;tm; &SmazGawGY

&Sjd cif;r&Scd ahJ omfvnf; arv 18 &ufaeY eHeufwiG rf l tif;,m;av;&Gm
teD; wGif awGU&SdcJh&avonf/ [ife&Darm&Suf\tavmif;wGif
aoewf'Pf&mESpf ae&m awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/
NAdwo d Qyv k yd tf zGYJBuD;\ ,lqcsut f &qdv k Qif [ife&Darm&Su\ f
a&SU&ifbwfrS 'Pf&monf teD;uyfypfcwfonfh aoewf'Pf&mjzpfojzihf
aoewform;onf [ife&Darm&Sut f m; aoapvdak omoabmjzihf teD;
uyfypfcwfjcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ tjcm;aoewf'Pf&mrSmrl cyfvrS ;f
vSr;f rS ypfcwfjcif; jzpf[efwo l nf[k ykvyd w f Yku
d aumufcsucf scahJ vonf/
vlcspv f cl ifrsm;ol? emrnfausmo f w l pfO;D jzpfojzihf owif;pmBu;D
rsm;wGif [ife&Darm&Su\ f owif;udk azmfjycJMh uonf/ pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;rS
vnf; jyifO;D vGio f Ykd apvTwí f pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/
owif;trsKd ;rsKd ; aumvm[vowif;rsm;vnf; ysYHEYHSvsu&f adS eayonf/
tcsKd Yuvnf; Oa&mywdu k o f m; todik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f tcspaf &;½Iyaf xG;rI
aMumif; vkyBf uHowfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfavoavm[k oHo,&Scd MhJ uonf/
ykvyd w f Ykdurl awmypform;wpfO;D wpfa,muf\ aoewfrS rawmfwq
xdreS jf cif;jzpfonf[k ,lqcJMh uNyD; xdak eYu ,if;tif;,m;av;&GmteD;
[ife&Darm&Suu f o hJ Ykd awmypfvmol a*:&cg;trsKd ;om;wpfO;D tm; ac:,lppf
aq;cJah omfvnf; rxl;jcm;cJah y/
[ife&Darm&Su\ f rdom;pktm; taMumif;Mum;cJNh yD; ykvyd t f zGYJEiS fh
pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;wdYkonf BudK;pm;í pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f cJMh uaomfvnf; trI
rSeaf y:aygufjcif;r&S?d w&m;cHtm; azmfxw k Ef ikd jf cif;r&Scd ahJ y/
[ife&Darm&Su\ f rdom;pkaqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;ESifh cifrifol rdwf
aqGtaygif;toif;rsm;url [ife&Darm&Sut f m; acsmif;ajrmif;vkyBf uH owf
jzwfonf[k ,lqcJMh uonf/ NAdwo d Q tmPmydik rf sm;url rawmfwq
xdcu dk 'f Pf&m&jcif;[k oabmxm;cJMh uonf/ [ife&Darm&Suf uG,v f eG &f
jcif;onfh wm0ef0wå&m; aqmif&u G cf sed rf [kwo f jzihf tNidr;f pm;vcudyk if
[ife&Darm&Surf o d m;pk cHpm;rI tenf;tyg;om &&Scd o hJ nf[k qdak vonf/
[ife&Darm&Suf rdom;pkurl NAdwo d QtmPmydik rf sm;tay:wGif
vH;k 0 rauseyfc/hJ NAdwo d Qtifyg&mBuD;tm; oufpeG YfBudK;yrf;wm0ef0wå&m;
udk aqmif&u G cf ohJ w l pfO;D tm; ayghayghwefwef oabmxm;cJo h nf[k ,lq
onf/ [ife&Darm&Suf rdom;pkurl [ife&Darm&Surf mS towfc&H jcif;
jzpf onf[k wxpfcs,q l cJoh nf/

[ife&Darm&Suf aoqH;k cH&NyD; ESpaf ygif; 50 ausmf Mumjrifch ahJ om
tcgwGif om;jzpfol tdik ;f &if;arm&Suo f nf olYzcif\tw¬Kyw Ü Eåd iS hf uG,v f eG f
&jcif;udk pl;prf;avhvmí pmtkyx f wk af 0&ef jyifO;D vGio f Ykd vma&mufcahJ v
onf/ jyifO;D vGiw f iG f tao;pdwf avhvmrIrsm;udk jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/
oif&x dS uf&mS ;&Sad eaom olYzcif\rdwaf qGrsm;? olwYkdro d m;pktrd f
wGif aexdik cf MhJ uonfh tdraf zmfrsm;? olYzcif awmvdu k x f u G &f mwGif vku d af vh
&So
d nfh wynfrh sm;? olYzcif tavmif;awGY&cdS &hJ onfh tif;,m;av;&GmrS
ouf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad o;onfh ,if;trIBuD;udk od&cdS &hJ olrsm;tm; pHpk rf;owif;
,ljcif;rsm; jyKcNhJ yD; uReaf wmf txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfh

][ife&Darm&Su\ f b0ESifh towfc&H rI}

[laom pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0cJah vonf/

,if;pmtkyyf g taMumif;tcsut f vufrsm;t&qdv k Qif ][ife&D
arm&Su}f tm; xdpk Ofu jyifO;D vGiw f iG f emrnfBuD; olaX;? tdE, ´d
trsKd ;om; qdu k t f vDqo kd u l vlimS ;í owfcikd ;f jcif;jzpfonf [kqo kd nf/
[ife&Darm &SuEf iS hf qdu k tf vDwYkdonf arm&SuEf iS hf trsKd ;awmfpyfol
trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D udpEö iS fh pum;tajctwif jyif;jyif;xefxef jzpfonf[k
qdak vonf/ tcsi;f rjzpfymG ;rD wpfaeYwiG f qdu k tf vDEiS fh xdt k rsKd ;orD;wdYEk pS Of ;D
twlwuG jrif;pD;xGu&f mwGif [ife&Darm&SuEf iS fh awGYqckH MhJ u&mrS arm&SuEf iS fh
qku d tf vD wdYk ud, k x f vd ufa&muf jzpfMuonf[í l vnf; od&cdS &hJ onf/
odYkjzpfí qdu k t f vDonf vlowform;wpfO;D tm; aiGay;iSm;&rf;
NyD; owfcikd ;f jcif;jzpfonf[k tdik ;f &if;arm&Suu f olYpmtkyw f iG f a&;om;cJh
onf/ qdu k t f vDrmS xdpk Ofu vlcsr;f omwpfO;D ? z&D;arqiftoif;BuD;\
trIaqmifwpfO;D jzpfojzihf olYMoZmudk oH;k í oJveG pf rsm;udk azsmufco hJ nf
[k qdak vonf/ ,if;trIBu;D jzpfymG ;Ny;D rMumcif qdu k t f vDonf jyifO;D vGif
rS ajc&mazsmufomG ;cJo h nf[k azmfjyyg&Scd hJ avawmhonf/ rnforl Q rSeo f nf?
rSm;onf/ rqH;k jzwfEikd /f w&m;udk apmiho f nfh ewfrsm;omvQif trSeu f kd
od&ESd ikd af yvdrrfh nf/
usrf;udk;

(31)
vlwYk\ d uHMur®mudk edrw d zf wfaom avmuDynm&yfrsm;pGm &Syd g

onf/ ,aeY ynm&Sirf sm; usio hf ;kH aeMuaom vufz0g;jyifzwf twwf
ynm? tem*wf uHMur®mudk wifu;l a[majymEdik af om raemtm½Hjk zihf a[m
ajymonfyh nm? vlwpfa,muf\ ½kyv f u©Pm? toGit f jyifukd Munfjh rif
jcif;jzihf xdo k \l uHMur®mudk a[majym tuJcwfEikd af om ynm? vlwpf
a,muf\ uHw&m;udk arG;aeYjzihf wGuq f jcif; ynm ponfjzihf &Scd ahJ yonf/
ynm&yfwpfcpk w D iG f tHMh ozG,&f m vQKd Y0u S cf surf sm; &Sad vonf/
uReaf wmf a&;om;wifjyrnfh jzpf&yfreS f urÇmausmf rIcif;Bu;D rSm
q&mBu;D udik ½f ikd \ f emrtu©&mjzihf a[mMum;cJo h nft h wdik ;f wdwu d sus
rSeu f efvo S jzihf urÇmausmcf &hJ aom jzpf&yfreS f vlowfrBI u;D jzpfygonf/
uReaf wmfwYkd urÇmavmuBu;D onf ude;f *Pef;wdYk\ vTr;f rd;k
jcif;? ude;f *Pef;wdYk\tay:wGif trSo D [JjyKayonf[í l ocsmF q&mBu;D
ydu
k o f m*d&k yfu ajymcJah vonf/ uReaf wmfwYko d nf aeçv N*Kd [ef u©ww f Yk\
d
vTr;f rd;k rIatmufwiG f arG;zGm;vmcJMh uayonf/ xdYktwl uReaf wmfwYko d nf
ude;f *Pef;wdYk\ jc,fv, S rf ?I vTr;f rd;k rIrsm;rS rvGwEf ikd Mf u/ uReaf wmfwYkd
tm;vH;k onf arG;aeY&ufpJG wpfc\ k vTr;f rd;k rIatmufwiG f arG;vmcJMh uonf
ESiafh vsmn f pD mG ¤if;arG;aeY*Pef;udk toH;k csNy;D q&mBu;D udik ½f o kd nf urÇm
ausmf vlowform; q&m0efBu;D u&pfyif\ uHMur®mudk wifBuKd a[majym

Edik cf NhJ y;D ¤if;vlowform;rSmvnf; q&mBu;D wGucf suo f nfh ertu©&m
twdik ;f jzpfc&hJ onfuv kd nf; awGU&Scd &hJ ayonf/
1910 ckEpS w f iG f t*FvefEikd if w H iG f wpfurÇmvH;k u pdw0f ifpm;cJh
&aom vlowfrrI cI if;Bu;D jzpfcahJ vonf/ ,if; 1910 ckEpS u f kd vlowf
w&m;cHBu;D a'gufwm u&pfyif\ trnfemrudk oH;k pGí J u&pfyifEpS [ f k
ac:cJah yonf/
vlowfw&m;cH a'gufwmu&pfyifukd 1862 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 26
&ufaeYwiG f arG;zGm;ojzihf q&mBu;D udik ½f akd [mMum;cJo h nfh emr tu©&m
ta[mt& (8) *Pef;jzpfayonf/ q&mBu;D \ wifBuKd wu G cf suf a[m
Mum;csut f & q&m0efBu;D tzdYk aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom eHygwf 8
*Pef;ESifh 4 *Pef;wdYk\ vTr;f rd;k jc,fv, S rf u
I kd cH&rnfjzpfayonf/ a'guf
wm u&pfyif arG;zGm;onfh ckEpS f 1862 ckEpS f ude;f *Pef;rsm;tm; aygif;vku d f
ygu (8) *Pef;yif &&Srd nfjzpfonf/ u&pfyifonf vef'efNrKd UESifh e,l;a,mh
NrKd UwdYkwiG f aq;ynm oif,cl NJh y;D b&Gwu f vifNrKd UwGif aq;cef;zGiv hf pS u f m
q&m0eftjzpf toufarG;&if; tdraf xmifjyKcahJ vonf/ touf (31) ESpf
(ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk aygif;vdu k yf gu 4 *Pef;&&Syd gonf/) yxrZeD; uG,f
vGecf NhJ y;D rsm;rMumrD 1894 ckEpS w f iG f touf 17 ESpt f &G,f ydv k ef
trsKd;orD; wpfO;D jzpfol ud&k mESif h tdraf xmifjyKcah J vonf/ (,if;ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk
aygif;vdu k yf gu 4 *Pef;ESifh 8 *Pef;wdYk &&Srd nfjzpfayonf/) ud&k mrSm
toufi,f&, G Nf y;D acsmarmvSyol wpfO;D jzpfNy;D uyG½J rkH sm;wGif tqdak wmf
tjzpf toufarG;&mrS trsKd ;om; taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;,Suf
wifaecJah yonf/ tdrw f iG ;f a&;rSm om,mjcif; r&Sad wmhojzihf 1905 ckEpS w f iG f
a'gufwmu&pfyifonf ¤if;\tqdak wmf ZeD;ud&k mudk wpfygwnf; ac:,l
í t*FvefEikd if H vef'efNrKd Uuifr'efvrf;? trSwf 39 odYk ajymif;a&TUaexdik cf NhJy;D
aq;cef; zGiv hf pS cf ahJ yonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyif\ ZeD; ud&k monf ,ciftwkid ;f trsKd ;om;
rdwaf qGrsm;ESifh nuyGrJ sm;? aw;ya'omyGrJ sm; wufa&mufjcif;? tcsed t f ukef
cHNy;D tdraf xmifa&; NyKd urJG I jzpf&awmhrnft h ajcodYk qdu k af &mufvmavonf/
a'gufwm u&pfyifrmS pdwx f m;aumif;rGeo f l El;nHo h wl pfO;D jzpfaomfvnf;
,ckuo hJ Ykd olYcspZf eD; azmufjyefaerIukd cGirhf vTwEf ikd af wmhay/ aemufq;kH wGif
olonf olYxuf toufxuf 0ufcefYi,faom tdo,fqo kd l rde;f racsm
uav;ESiYf cspcf ifrcd YJavonf/ tdo,frmS toufi,f&, G af omfvnf; tdrf

axmifxed ;f odr;f rI uRr;f usiNf y;D pdwo f abmxm;El;nHo h rd af rGYol wpfO;D jzpfNy;D
a'gufwm u&pfyifukd trSew f u,f jrwfE;kd cspcf ifow l pfO;D jzpfayonf/
aemufq;kH wGif a'gufwmu&pfyifonf ZeD;BuD;jzpfol ud&k mtm;
&Si;f vif;&ef enf;vrf;&SmazGawmhonf/ 1910 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 17
(8 *Pef;) &ufaeYwiG f a'gufwm u&pfyifonf aq;qdik w f pfqikd rf S
tqdyf ig;*&rf 0,f,cl ahJ vawmhonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 31 (4) &ufaeYnwGif
a'guf wm u&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;ud&k mwdYk onf ¤if;wdYk \ rdwaf qGrsm;udk
npmjzihf {nfch NH yD;onfrS pí tdref m;eD;csif;wdYk tzkYd u&pfyif\ZeD;
ud&k mtm; rawGY jrifc&hJ awmhay/
a'gufwmu&pfyifurl ¤if;\ZeD;rSm aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;&S&d m
tar&duefoYkd acwåjyefomG ;aMumif; taMumif;jycJah vonf/ 1910
rwfv 26 &uf (ude;f *Pef;rsm;udk aygif;vdu k yf gu 8 *Pef;
&&Syd gonf) aeYwiG f a'gufwm u&pfyifu olYZeD;rSm umvDz;kd eD;,m;ü
tqk w f t at;rd a&m*g jzih f uG , f v G e f o G m ;cJ h N yD j zpf a Mumif ;
rdwaf qGoil ,fcsif;rsm;tm; taMumif; Mum;cJah vonf/
&uftenf;i,fcefYMumaomtcgwGif a'gufwm u&pfyifonf
ZeD;i,fto d ,ftm; tdraf y:odYk ac:cJNh yD; w&m;0ifaygif;oif; aexdik cf ahJ wmh
\/
ud&k mrdwaf qG taygif;toif;rsm;onf a'gufwmu&pfyif tay:
oHo,&Sv d mMuNyD; tusdK;taMumif; tao;pdwu f kd paumhwvef,m'f
pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;odYk wdik Mf um;cJMh uavonf/ pHak xmuftzGYJrS tifpyufawmf
*sL;onf Zlvikd v f 8 &ufaeYwiG f a'gufwm u&pfyifaetdro f Ykd a&muf&cdS NhJ y;D
yPmr pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; jyKcJah vonf/ Zlvidk v f (11) &ufaeYwiG f
aemuf wpfBudrf a'gufwm u&pfyiftdrfodkY &Jt&m&Sd *sL;
oGm;a&mufaomtcgwGif a'gufwm u&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;ti,f tdo,fwYkt d m;
awGU&S&d jcif; r&Sad wmhay/ &Jt&m&Srd sm;ESifh rIcif;q&m0efBuD;rsm;onf
a'gufwm u&pfyif\ aetdru f kd Zlvikd v
f (13) &ufaeYwiG f tao;pdwf
&SmazGMuaomtcgwGif ypön;f rsm; odak vSmifcef;twGi;f rS t½d;k pkrsm;?
ykyo f ;kd aeaom tom;prsm;? ta&jym; rsm;? qHyifrsm;udk awGUcJMh u&ojzihf
a'gufwm u&pfyiftm; zrf;qD;&ef 0&rf;udk Zlvikd f (17) &uf (8
*Pef;) aeYwiG f oufqikd &f mrS xkwcf NhJ yD; a'gufwm u&pfyifwYkd
ESpOf ;D tm; vdu k vf &H mS azGcMhJ uavonf/

a'gufwm u&pfyifonf ¤if;\trnfukd ½db k ifqif

(tu©&mtm;jzihf 8 vH;k jzpfayonf/) trnfajymif;cJNh y;D ZeD;acsm av;udv k nf;

a,musmf ;uav; t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifNy;D Zlvikd f 22 (4 *Pef;)&ufaeYwiG f
vef'efNrKd UrS Oa&mywdu k of Ykd rGe½f pkd f (tu©&m 8 vH;k ) oabFmjzihf

xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJah vonf/

Oa&mywdu k rf S uae'gEdik if o H Ykd rD*efwpf (tu©&m 8

vH;k ) oabFmjzihf xGuaf jy;oGm;cJah vonf/

paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJonf yxrqH;k tBurd f 0dik , f mvufpufukd
toH;k jyKjcif;jzihf uae'godYk a'gufwm u&pfyif wpfjzpfvJ ½db k ifqifwYkd
om;tztm; zrf;qD;Edik &f ef taMumif;Mum;cJo h jzihf Zlvikd v f 31 &uf (4
*Pef;) aeYwiG f a'gufwm u&pfyifEiS fh olYZeD;wdYktm; zrf;qD;Edik cf ahJ vonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh olYZeD;i,fwYkt d m; vef'efNrKd U w&m;½H;k awmf
rS vlowfrEI iS fh pGcJ suw f ifcaJh vonf/ xdpk Ofu yxrqH;k tBurd f 0dik , f m
vufpuf toH;k jyKjcif;jzihf w&m;cHtm; zrf;qD;Edik cf o hJ jzihf wpfurÇmvH;k
tHMh ocJ&h avonf/ urÇmUEdik if H toD;oD;rS owif;pmBu;D rsm;vnf; a'guf
wm u&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;i,fav;wdYk\trIukd txl; pdw0f ifpm;cJMh uojzihf
tao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjycJMh u\/ q&mBu;D udik ½f \ kd emrtu©&mjzihf wdwd
usus a[mMum;cJah om u&pfyif\b0udk wpfurÇmvH;k uyif tHMh ocJMh u
&avonf/ a'gufwm u&pfyifEiS fh ud&k m? ZeD;i,f tdo,fwY\ kd taMumif;
rsm;udv k nf; r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sme,frsm;? jzpf&yfreS rf cI if; pmtkyrf sm; ... ESifh csD
Ny;D xkwaf 0 a&mif;cs&ayonf/
1920 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 22 &uf (4 *Pef;) aeYwiG f
a'gufwm u&pfyif\trItm; pD&ifcsucf sc&hJ m a'gufwm u&pfyifukd
Ed0k if bmv 8 &ufaeYwiG f BuKd ;'Pfp&D ifcNhJ y;D ZeD;uav; tdo,frmS
w&m;ao vGwaf jrmufc&hJ avonf/ wdu k w
f ukd qf ikd q
f ikd yf if q&mBu;D udik ½f dk
a[mcJh onft h wkid ;f aemufq;kH 1935 (8 *Pef;)aeYwiG f tpfpeDNrKd UwGif
u&pfyif\ ZeD; tdo,ftm; awGUcJh&onf[lí owif;pmrsm;u
azmfjycJah vonf/
usrf;udk;

(32)
1857 ZGev f ? aumif;uifwpfcw kd iG f csed cf gr[kwaf om &moDOwk

aMumihf rd;k oufqifaeonf/ wdrw f ukd Bf u;D wdYkonf tHYkqikd ;f vsu&f NdS y;D wpfcg
wpf&w H iG f cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS rd;k csKe;f rsm; Mum;ae&onf/
tD'ifbm&mNrKd U w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D onf zGzJ u JG sa&mufaeaom rd;k
pufwYakd tmufwiG f xD;xD;Bu;D wnf&v dS su&f o dS nf/ w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D twGi;f
ysm;yef;cyfvyI &f mS ;aeaom y&dowfukd awGU&onf/ w&m;pD&ifrnfh cef;rBu;D
tjyifbuf pBuw ø pfavQmufwiG f oGm;vmaeMuonfh w&m;a&; 0efxrf;rsm;?
0wf½t kH eufBuD;rsm; wzm;zm;ESifh rwfwwf&yfí pum;ajymae aom
vTwaf wmfa&SUaeBuD;rsm;? owif;axmufrsm;? w&m;cH? w&m;vdw k Ykd\
aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rdwaf qGrsm;\ wD;wd;k ajymaeoH? acsmif;[efYorH sm;rSty
wdwq f w d vf su&f o dS nf/ w&m;½k;H csKyBf u;D &Sd em&DpifBu;D rS (10) em&D xd;k oH
Mum;vku d &f onf/
½H;k awmf[al om w&m;a&;0efxrf;wpfO;D \ atmifjrifaom toH
0gBuD;ESifh atmfou H d Mk um;vdu k &f onfEiS fh w&m;pD&ifrnfch ef;rtwGi;f &Sd
y&dowfonf w&m;olBu;D udk t½dt k aojyKonft h aejzihf tm;vH;k rwfwwf
&yfvu dk Mf uonf/
cef;rBuD;wpfcv k ;kH Nidro f ufomG ;awmhonf/ w&m;olBuD;\
acsmif;[efYo?H vTwaf wmfa&SUaeBu;D rsm;\ pm&Guv f eS of ?H wpfcgwpf&H pBurø S
avQmufomG ;onfh zdeyforH sm;rSty rnfonft h oHurkd Q rMum;&acs/

w&m;olBuD; xdik af eonfph ifjrif0h , J mwdYkwiG f {u&Db&k ifrBuD;
0dw&kd ,d ESiMfh uif,mawmfwYkd\ "mwfyBkH uD;rsm;rSty w&m;½H;k cef;ronf
okwx f m;onfh tjzLa&mifaq;aMumifh MunfMunfvifvif oefYoefY&iS ;f &Si;f
jzpfaeonf/
w&m;a&;0efxrf;onf ol\ 0wf½ekH ufBu;D udk jyifqifvu kd Nf y;D
olYatmifjrifaom toH0gBu;D jzihf {u&Drzd &k m;Bu;D ESifh w&m;cHrruf'vif;
prpf('f) [k atmfvu kd o f nf/
ruf'vif;prpf('f)onf ndK§ ;EGr;f pGmxdik af e&mrS rwfwwf&yfí
w&m;olBu;D udk *g&0jyKvu dk o f nf/ ruf'vif;prpf('f)rSm touf (21)
ESpcf efYom&SNd y;D wnfMunfcn hH m;aom Oy"d½yk &f í dS a,musmf ;rsm; pGv J rf;ESpf
oufEikd o f nfh ½kyq f if;t*Fg&So d u l av; jzpfayonf/ w&m;½H;k cef;rtwGi;f &Sd
y&dowftm;vH;k udk vSnMhf unfv h u kd of nf/ ndK§ ;EGr;f aom rsuEf mS jzihf xdik af e
Muonfh olr\rdcifEiS hf zcif? aqGrsKd ;rsm;? rdwaf qGtaygif;toif;rsm;udk
jrifae&onf/ pdwu f w kd if;íxm;aomfvnf; ruf'vif;prpf('f)\ id½k u Id of H
onf wdwq f wd Nf idro f ufaeonfh w&m;½H;k cef;rudk vTr;f rd;k oGm;onf/
w&m;a&;0efxrf;onfvnf; pdwu f wdk if;í w&m;cH ruf'vif;prpf('f)udk
usr;f used q f &kd ef trdeYfay;vdu k o f nf/
]]þtrIwiG f bk&m;uRerf onf trSet f wkid ;f xGuq f ykd grnf[k
or®musr;f pmudk udik q f í kd av;eufpmG used q f ykd gonf}} ruf'vif;prpf('f)\
usr;f used q f o kd uH kd olr\rdcifEiS fh aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f wdYk\ id½k u Id o f rH sm;u
zH;k vTr;f oGm;avawmhonf/
(19) &mpk ukeq f ;kH cgeD;wGif t*FvefEikd if w H iG o
f mru urÇmausmf
cJah om vlowfrBI u;D ESprf jI zpfcahJ vonf/ ,if;trIBu;D (2) rIwiG f wpfrrI mS
,ck uReaf wmf a&;om;wifjyrnfh ruf'vif;prpf('f)\ trIjzpfNy;D tjcm;
trIrmS a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS hf olYZeD;ud&k mu&pfyifwY\ kd rIcif;Bu;D rsm; jzpfMu
ayonf/ uReaf wmfonf (1998) ck atmufwb kd mvwGif xkwaf 0cJah om
jypfrrI *¾Zif;wGif a'gufwmu&pfyif\ trItaMumif;udk ]q&mBu;D udik ½f Ekd iS fh
urÇmausmf vlowfrBI u;D } [lí a&;om;Ny;D pD;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/
trIBu;D (2) rIpvH;k onf t*FvefEikd if H w&m;a&;Xmewpfcv k ;kH om
ru urÇmw h &m;a&;Xmersm;uyg pdw0f ifpm;cJ&h aom trIBu;D rsm; jzpfNy;D
r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sme,frsm;? 0w¬Krsm;? jyZmwfrsm;? ½ky&f iS rf sm; ½du k cf &hJ aom
trIBu;D (2) rIjzpfygonf/ urÇmEh ikd if t H oD;oD;wGif xkwaf 0cJah om owif;

pmrsm;wGiv f nf; aeYpOfazmfjycJ&h NyD;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;jzpfcaJh om c&pfprwf
[efz&D? rIcif;q&m0efBu;D py,f(p)jAL&DwYk\ d ud, k af &;tw¬umwmrsm;wGif
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;emrnfausmb f &k ifrBuD;\ cH½k ;kH a&SUaeBuD;rsm;\ rSwf
wrf;rsm;wGif tav;ay;í a&;om;cJah om trIBuD;rsm; jzpfayonf/
uReaf wmf od&&dS oavmuf ruf'vif;prpf('f)ESifh ywfouf
a&; om;xm;onfh pmtkyaf ygif; (25) tkycf efYawGU&SNd yD; ruf'vif;prpf('f)
trnf ESifh a&;om;xm;aom rIcif;0w¬K (5) tkycf efY awGU&Scd &hJ onf/
ruf'vif;prpf('f)udk paumhwvefEikd if H *vyfp*dNk rdKUwGif arG;zGm;
cJNh y;D olr\zcifjzpforl mS Adou k mq&mBu;D ESifh Adou k mvkyif ef;Bu;D wpfcu k kd
ydik qf ikd af om *srd ;f (pf)rpf yifjzpfygonf/ *vyfp*dk txufwef;vTmwGif
vlcspv f cl ifaygrsm;Ny;D ? taygif;toif;qHah om rdom;pk jzpfonf/ ruf'vif;
prpf('f)rSm pmaytEkynmudk 0goemygNyD; pdwu f ;l ,Ofwwfou l av;
jzpf ayonf/ yef;cst D Ekynmudv k nf; pdw0f ifpm;ol jzpfavonf/ olYrb d \
*kP?f olYrb d \ pnf;pdrrf sm;aomaMumifh odu k w f ;l vdak om vlay:aMumhrsm;
rSmvnf; 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfvsuf &So d nf/
ruf'vif; (19) ESpf jynfo h nfEh pS w
f iG f olr\avmuwGi;f odYk
yD,m&D tDrmvDvef*sv J ,D m;qdo k l jyifopfvil ,fwpfO;D a&muf&v dS mawmh
\/ yD,m&DrmS ruf'vif;xuf (10) ESpcf efYBu;D Ny;D ukrP Ü iD ,fav;wpfcw k iG f
we*FaEGwpfywfvQif (10) oQv D ifcefYom &&Sad om a&SUarQmv f ifch suu f if;rJh
onfh tvkyo f rm; vlay:aMumhou kd w
f ;l orm;wpfO;D om jzpfonf/ olYtzdYk
i,f&, G o f ?l tawGUtBuHKr&So d ?l *kPBf uD;&Sijf zpfou l av;tm; aoG;aqmif
jzm;a,mif;í olr\rdbpnf;pdru f dk csKd i, f &l ef BuaH qmifco hJ nf/ ruf'vif;
\ tckid ;f tapruav;\ tultnD &,lí yD,m&Donf ruf'vif;xH
cspo f 0PfvmT rsm; yg;awmhonf/ yD,m&DrmS tawGUtBuHKrsm;onfo h wl pfO;D
jzpfojzihf rde;f rwdYk u½kPmoufa&mufaprnfh pmom;rsm;jzihf ruf'vif;\
tonf;qdik u f kd qGuJ ikd vf yI af ponf/ pdwu f ;l ,Of ruf'vif;uvnf; vG,f
vG,u f u l El iS yfh if o0PfvmT jyefyg;onf/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh vlcsi;f awGYq&kH ef
yD,m&D BudK;pm;onf/
yD,m&DrmS pm;aeusaMumifzm;Bu;D wpfO;D jzpfNy;D tysKd pif ruf'vif;
tm; tydik pf ;D cJNh y;D olr olYxo H Ykd ay;ydYkco hJ nfph mrsm;udk pepfwus odr;f qnf;
xm;onf/ ta&;BuKH vQif ,if;pmrsm;udk oufaoxlí aiGnp§ &f efjzpfonf/
yD,m&DrmS vnf; tpmtdraf &m*gonfwpfO;D jzpfojzihf tqdyt f enf;i,f

yg aom tpmtdraf &m*gaysmufaq;rsm;udk aeYpOf oH;k pGcJ &hJ \/ xdak cwfu
trsm;tm;jzihf vdit f m;wd;k aq;rsm; azmfpyf&mwGiv f nf; tqdyu f kd tenf;
i,f xnfo h iG ;f azmfpyfonf[k uReaf wmfwYkd od&&dS onf/
(1856) ckEpS f ZGev f wGirf l yD,m&DEiS fh ruf'vif;wdYkonf olr
rdom;pkyikd f *vyfp*dNk rdKU qifajczH;k &Sd tdrw f iG f csed ;f qdak wGYqMkH u&mrS vGev f eG f
uRu H RH cspcf &D;a&mufcMhJ uonf/ yD,m&Du ruf'vif;ay;ydYkonfh cspo f 0Pf
rsm;wGif cspo f o l rD;&nf;pm;tqifah &;onfh cspo f 0PfvmT rsm;xuf &if;ES;D
onfh ZeD;armifErHS sm;a&;onfh cspo f 0PfvmT rsm;ozG,f jzpfaeayonf/
yD,m&Donf ruf'vif;ay;onfh pmrsm;udk &ufprJG sm;a&;xd;k NyD;
olwYkdaeYpOf csed ;f qdak wGUqHMk uonfh ae&mrsm;? &ufprJG sm;udv k nf; olYaeYpOf
rSww f rf;wGif pepfwus a&;om;xm;cJo h nf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd pDpOfaqmif&u G f
jcif;onf wpfaeYwiG f ruf'vif;prpf('f)\ rdbxHoYkd Ncrd ;f ajcmufpmay;ydYí k
aiGnp§ &f ef BuH&, G cf suf jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ ruf'vif;prpf('f)onf
yD,m&DEiS fh tcsed Mf umjrifph mG qufqv H mcJ&h m wjznf;jznf; yD,m&D\
owif; rsm;? yD,m&D\trlt&mrsm;udk &dyrf v d monf/
yD,m&Donf *vyfp*dNk rdKUodYk vma&mufaexkid jf cif; rjyKru D rde;f
uav;rsm;udk zsupf ;D cJo h nfqo kd nfh owif;pum;rsm;udk ruf'vif; od&dS
vm&onf/ olrtay: qufqaH &;? jyKral exdik af jymqdyk rkH sm;udk ruf'vif;
&dyrf vd monf/ þodYktwGi;f ruf'vif; zcifonf olYvyk if ef;tpk&iS w f pfO;D
\om;ESifh ruf'vif;tm; ae&mcsxm;&ef pDpOfaeonf[al om owif;rsm;
ay:xGuv f monf/ ruf'vif;\ zcifuvnf; ruf'vif;ESifh yD,m&DwYk\ d
qufqaH &;udk od&v dS mojzihf ruf'vif;tm; yD,m&DEiS fh rawGYq&kH ef
wif; wif;MuyfMuyf wm;jrpfvmonf/
ruf'vif;onf yD,m&Dxo H Ykd cspof 0PfvmT yg;Ny;D olr\ yD,m&D
xH ay;ydYkxm;cJah om cspo f 0PfvmT rsm;udk jyefay;zdYk toem;cH awmif;qdv k m
cJoh nf/ yD,m&Duvnf; ruf'vif; olYxH ay;ydYkxm;aom cspo f 0PfvmT
rsm;udk olrzcifxH ay;ydYkrnf[k Ncdr;f ajcmufonf/
ruf'vif;prpf('f)onf olr\ o0PfvmT rsm;udk olrzcifxH
ay;ydYkjcif; rjyKzYkd awmif;yeftoem;cHNy;D a&S;,cifu yD,m&Dtay: qufqH
cJo
h vdk qufqcH o hJ nfh cspo f 0PfvmT rsm;udv k nf; ,cifu ay;ydYkNrJtwkid ;f
ay;ydYkonf/ yD,m&Donf uReaf wmftxufwiG f a&;om;azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f

tpmtdraf &m*gonf wpfO;D jzpfojzihf *vyfp*dNk rKd U aq;cef;wpfcw k iG f aq;
ukocHae&ol jzpfavonf/
(1857) ck azazmf0g&DvwGif yD,m&D\ tpmtdraf &m*g ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;
vmojzihf (5) &uf (6) &ufcefY aq;cef;wpfcw k iG f aq;ukocH,cl &H av
onf/
rwfv (23) &ufaeYwiG f ol tcef;iSm;aexkid o f nfh rpf(p)*seu f if;
tm; ol ¤if;aeYn tjyifwiG f tdyrf nfjzpfaMumif; cGiyhf efMum;cJNh y;D xGuo f mG ;
cJo
h nf/ oef;acgifausmcf efYwiG f yD,m&Donf ol tcef;iSm;aexkid o f nfh
rpf(pf)*seu f if;tm; tdy&f mrStwif;Ed;k í wHcg;zGihf ckid ;f cJo h nf/ yD,m&Donf
jyif;jyif;xefxef tpmtdraf &m*g&aeaMumif;? ruf'vif;prpf('f) wdu k cf hJ
aomt&ufukd wpfcu G af omufcrhJ ad Mumif; rpf(pf)*seu f if;tm; zGi[ hf ajymqdk
Ny;D aoqH;k oGm;cJ&h avawmhonf/
yD,m&DrmS jyifopftrsKd ;om;wpfO;D jzpfojzihf jyifopfo½H ;kH rS aumif
ppf0efreG bf 'D rD ifonf csucf si;f rpf(pf)*seu f if;aetdro f Ykd vma&mufMunhf
½Ippfaq;Ny;D q&m0efBu;D aomfrqifEiS fh q&m0efBu;D pwDAifqifwYkt d m;
oGm;a&mufac:,lcahJ vonf/ q&m0efBu;D rsm;\ vrf;nTecf sut f & &JXme
rsm;wGif tqdyaf Mumifh aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfaMumif; trIziG chf MhJ uavawmhonf/
rpf(pf)*seu
f if;\ xGuq f ckd sut f & yD,m&Dtm; olYcspo f l ruf
'vif;prpf('f)u tqdycf wfí vkyMf uo H nf[k &Ju ,lqcJ\ h / csucf si;f
ruf'vif;prpf('f)tm; tqdycf wfí vkyBf uo H [
l k aumufcsucf sNy;D (1857)
ZGevf wGif tD'ifbm&mNrKd U w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGif w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ v onf/
&Jbufurl w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGif oufaocHtjzpf yD,m&D\ aeYpOf rSww f rf;?
ruf'vif;xHrS yD,m&DxH ay;ydYkonfh cspo f 0PfvmT rsm;udk ouf aocHtjzpf
wifjycJah vonf/
ruf'vif;onf rdrx d rH S tqdyrf sm; 0,f,cl yhJ gonf[í l aq;qdik f
wpfqikd yf ikd &f iS u
f vnf; tpd;k &oufaotjzpf ½H;k awmfwiG f xGuq f ckd o
hJ nf/
rIcif;q&m0efBu;D rsm;uvnf; aoqH;k ol yD,m&D\ tpmtdrw f iG f tqdyyf g
0ifaomaq;rsm; awGU&S&d ygonf[í l vnf; ½H;k awmfwiG f oufaocHojzihf
trsm;uyif ruf'vif;prpf('f)rSm vlowform;tjzpf tjypf'Pfp&D ifjcif;
cH&vdrrhf nf[k ,lqcJMh uonf/
½H;k awmfwiG f ruf'vif;prpf('f)u xGuq f &kd mwGif aq;qdik rf S 0,f
,lcahJ om tqdyrf sm;rSm rdr\ d rsuEf mS wGif ay:aygufaeaom 0ufNcrH sm;?

wif;wdwrf sm;udk aysmufuif;ap&ef vdr;f jc,fzYkd 0,f,jl cif;om jzpfyg aMumif;
xkacsxu G q f cdk ahJ vonf/
xdpk Ofu trsKd ;orD;tvSjyKjyifaom aygif'g? rsuEf mS acsrsm;ESifh
aumhprufwpfrsm;wGif tqdyx f nho f iG ;f toH;k jyKMuojzihf txufwiG f
wifjycJah om xGuq f rkd uI v
kd nf; ½H;k awmfu vufccH ahJ vonf/ yD,m&Dtpm
tdrt f wGi;f awGU&S&d aom tqdyrf sm;ESifh ywfoufívnf; tpd;k &oufao
jzpfaom rIcif;q&m0efBu;D rsm; tqdt k & tpmtdraf &m*gaq;rsm;? vdit f m;
wd;k aq;rsm; azmfpyf&mwGif tqdyu f kd toH;k jyKMuygaMumif;udv k nf; xGuf
qdck MhJ uojzihf w&m;olBu;D ESifh *sL&DvBl u;D rsm;onf ruf'vif;prpf('f)tm;
½H;k awmfrS w&m;aovTwv f ukd af vawmhonf/ owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;
uvnf; ruf'vif;prpf('f) tm; axmufct H m;ay;cJMh uonf/ w&m;½H;k qH;k
jzwfcsuu f v kd nf; cs;D rGr;f axmyemjyKMuavonf/
cspjf cif;arwåmaMumifh jzpfc&hJ onfh þjzpf&yfreS rf cI if;onf 0dw&kd , d
acwfwiG f ausmMf um;cJah om rIcif;Bu;D wpfrI jzpfayonf/ ruf'vif; prpf('f)
udrk l rdbaqGrsKd ;rsm;u orD;tjzpfpeG YfypfcMhJ u\/ pdwu f ;l ,Ofcspjf cif;arwåm
udk wrf;wcJah om ruf'vif;prpf('f)onf yef;csq D &muav;wpfO;D udk
vufxyf,cl NhJ y;D NAw d o d Qq&kd , S v f pfygwD0ifrsm; vIy&f mS ;rIwiG f yg0ifcahJ v
onf/ urÇmausmpf ma&;q&mBu;D bm;eyf('f) a&SmBu;D ESiv fh nf; ruf'vif;
prpf('f)wdYk cifrifcahJ vonf/ q&mBu;D bm;eyf('f)a&SmBu;D uvnf; prpf('f)
onf b,fenf;ESirhf Q vlowform; rjzpfEikd yf gaMumif; xkwaf zmfajymqdck hJ
avonf/
touf (70) wGif cifyeG ;f onf yef;csq D &m a*sm0h g;',f(vf)
uG,v f eG cf ahJ omtcg 'kw, d tBurd f tdraf xmifjyKcNhJ y;D touf (90) t&G,f
ü tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f ruf'vif;prpf('f) uG,v f eG cf &hJ mS avonf/
usrf;udk;

(33)
1945 'DZifbmv? trmpwm'rfNrKd U? w&m;½H;k csKyBf u;D onf xlxJ

aom ESi;f uefYvefYumBu;D atmufwiG f xD;xD;Bu;D wnf&adS eayonf/ eHeuf
10 em&Dx;kd NyjD zpfaomfvnf; aerif;onf ol\pl;&Saom a&mifjcnfwYkEd iS hf
ESi;f uefYvefYumBu;D tm; wd;k azmufEikd pf rG ;f jcif; r&S/d w&m;½H;k csKyt
f aqmuf
ttHak &SU&Sd oHy&myifyu k av;rsm;onf jyif;xefaom aqmif;&moD\ tpGr;f
jyrIaMumifh t&Guaf wG r&Sad wmh/ 0ufopfcsyifrsm;ESifh 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D \
AH;k 'PfrS vGwu f if;cJah om xif;½SL;yiftcsKd Yom at;pufaom avta0SYwiG f
,dr;f EGYJaeMuavonf/
r[mrdwfwdkYESihf emZDwdkY\ AHk;'PfcHcJh&aom w&m;½Hk;csKyf
taqmufttHBk uD;\ vlomG ;pBuørsm;wGiyf if jyifqifqJ jzpfaeonf/
'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D Ny;D qH;k cJoh nfrmS vnf; vydik ;f rQom&Sad o;onf/ w&m;
½H;k csKytf aqmufttHt k a&SU&Sd vrf;rBu;D ay:&Sd AH;k 'PfaMumifh wGi;f Bu;D rsm;
jzpfaeonfuykd if jyifqifqjJ zpfaeonf/
w&m;½H;k csKyBf u;D \ txl;cH½k ;kH cef;rBu;D onf owif;axmufrsm;?
tEkynm&Sirf sm;? w&m;cH\aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f rsm;? wynhrf sm;? yef;cst D Ekynm
0goemygolrsm;ESifh jynfv h su&f adS yonf/ ppfNy;D qH;k cgp jzpfaeojzifh cef;r
Bu;D udv k nf; chn
H m;atmif jyifqifEikd jf cif; r&Sad o;? trIBu;D udk em;axmif&ef
vma&mufMuonfh y&dowfuykd if xkid cf kH tvHt k avmuf ray;Ekid /f

trIBuD;udk avhvm&ef vma&mufMuonfh Edik if jH cm;owif;pmBuD;
rsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;yif ae&mr&&Sm/ txl;cH½k ;kH cef;rBu;D onf Nird o f uf
vsu&f NdS y;D w&m;cHemrnfausmyf ef;csq D &mBu;D Aifr*D &if;

tusKd ;awmfaqmifBuD;\ pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; vSeaf eonfh toH? cH½k ;kH tzGYJ0if
rsm;\ pum;wD;wd;k ESifh aqG;aEG;aeonft h oH? wpfcgwpf&H NrdKUawmfBuD;udk
jyifqif&ef armif;ESiaf eMuonfh ajro,fum;BuD;rsm;\ toHomvQif
Mum; ae&ayonf/
emrnfausmf 'wf(cs)f trsKd ;om;yef;csq D &mBuD; Aifr*D &if;udk
Edik if H awmf\ trsdK;om;tarGtESpjf zpfaom &Sm;yg;tzd;k wefvo S nfh
acwfa[mif; yef;csq D &mBuD;rsm;\ yef;csu D m;BuD;rsm;udk emZDxyd w f ef;
tmPm&Siw f pfO;D jzpfco hJ l rm&S,*f ;kd tm;&if;tm; a&mif;cscjhJ cif;aMumihf
Edik if aH wmfEiS fh trsKd ;om; tay: opömazmufraI Mumifh pGcJ suw f ifxm;cJah om
trIBu;D jzpfonf/ yef;csD q&mBu;D Aifr*D &if;xHrS &Sm;yg;yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;udk
0,f,cl o hJ l emZDxyd f wef;acgif;aqmifBuD; [mrif*;kd tm;&if;rSmrl 1945
ck atmufwb kd mv 15 &ufaeYuyif 'l&ifbwfNrdKU tusO;f axmifBuD;wGif
tqdyaf omufí rdru d , kd rf rd d tqH;k pD&ifomG ;cJNh yD jzpfavonf/
r[mrdww f Ykd bmvifNrdKUodr;f wdu k yf BJG uD; qifEaJT epOfwiG yf if
emZD acgif ; aqmif B uD ; *d k ; tm;&if ; tm; ol p k a qmif ; xm;onf h
tEkynmypön;f rsm;? &Sm;yg;yef;yk? a<uxnf? aiGxnfrsm;? yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;
tjynfhwifaqmif xm;onfh um;BuD;wpfpD; 24 pD;ESihftwl
zrf;qD;rdcJhavonf/ ,if;uJhodkY zrf;rdaom yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;wGif
Edik if aH wmfopömazmuftjzpf tpGypf jJG cif;cH& ol yef;csq D &mBuD; Aifr*D &if;
a&mif;csco hJ nfh 17 &mpkrS 'wf(cs)f trsKd ;om; yef;csaD usm?f *seAf m;rD;,m;
vuf&myef;csDum;BuD;rsm; yg0ifco hJ nf[k qdo k nf/

,if;yef;csu D m;BuD;tcsKd Yuv kd nf; oufaocH ypön;f rsm;tjzpf cH½k ;kH tm;
wifjyxm;cJah vonf/
ppfBuD;NyD;qk;H onfEiS fh emZDrsm; wefc;kd xGm;cJph Ofu emZDrsm;tm;
tultnDay;cJo h ?l emZDrsm;ESifh vufwaJG qmif&u G cf ohJ l tm;vH;k wdYktm;
Oa&mywdu k Ef ikd if H toD;oD;wGif ydu k pf yd w f ukd íf &SmazGcahJ vonf/ zrf;qD;
cJMh uNyD; trsKd ;om;a&; opömazmuforl sm;tjzpf cH½k ;kH rsm;zGYJí ppfaq;ta&;
,lrrI sm; jyKvyk cf MhJ uavonf/ 'wf(cs)f trsKd ;om;yef;csq D &mBuD; Aifr*D &if;
tm;vnf; tvm;wljypfrEI iS yfh if pGypf í JG ck½;kH wifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ trSef

wu,f usL;vGecf ahJ Mumif; xif&mS ;cJyh gu ao'Pftjypfay;jcif; cH&rnf
jzpfavonf/
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wGio f m ausmMf um;cJo h nfr[kw/f Oa&myESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k Ykwd iG f
olYvuf&m yef;csrD sm;udk av;av;pm;pm; wefz;kd xm;cJMh uonf/ t*Fvef
Edik if EH iS fh tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k jyifopfjynf&dS jywdu k Bf u;D rsm;wGif olYyef;csD
um;BuD;rsm;udk awGUEdik af vonf/ Aifr*D &if;onf yef;csaD &;qG&J mwGio f m
emrnfausmcf o hJ l r[kw/f &Sm;yg; yef;csv D uf&mrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;ol[í l
vnf; emrnfausmo f nf/ yef;csu D m;BuD;rsm; pkaqmif;olrsm;? yef;csu D m;
a&mif;csorl sm; tm;vH;k onf Aifr*D &if;tm; rodorl &S?d yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;udk
vuf0,f pkaqmif;xm;oltjzpf av;pm;onf/ olYxrH yS if &Sm;yg;yef;csu D m;
BuD;rsm;udk wefz;kd tNydKiaf y;í 0,f,o l l r&Sm;ay/
Aifr*D &if;ud, k w f ikd f ppfBudKacwfu wpfu, kd af wmf yef;csjD yyGrJ sm;
jyKvyk cf NhJ yD;? ola&;qGcJ o hJ nfh yef;csu D m;rsm;udk jycJah vonf/ olYyef;csu D m;
rsm;udk t*FvefEikd if H yef;csaD wmf0iftoif;BuD;rS vma&mufavhvmcJNh yD;
a0zef cJMh uonf/ yef;csyD nm&Sirf sm; rsm;pGm cs;D usL;cHc&hJ aom yef;csaD usmw f pfO;D
jzpfonf/ olYyef;csu D m;rsm;udk txl;ojzihf *smrPDrS yef;csu D m;pkaqmif;
olrsm;? jyifopfjynfrS yef;csu D m; pkaqmif;olrsm;u 0,f,cl MhJ uonf/
Aifr*D &if;onf or®musr;f pmwGif yg0ifcaJh om edygwfawmfrsm;udk trsm;
tm;jzihf a&;qGaJ vh&o dS nf/
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vuf&myef;csu D m;BuD;rsm;uJo h Ykd txl;vuf&majrmufvo S nf[í l yef;csD
a0zefa&;orm;rsm;u a0zefcMhJ uonf/
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aqmifBuD; [pfwvmESifh *d;k tm;&if;wdYkonf Aifr*D &if;\ yef;csu D m;rsm;udk
txl;oabmuscMhJ uonf[k qdo k nf/ xdpk Ofu Oa&mywdu k rf S emrnfBuD;
*sL; oef;<u,foal X;Bu;D rsm;uvnf; Aifr*D &if;\ yef;csu D m;rsm;udk 0,f,l
cJMh uonf/ Aifr*D &if;xHwiG v f nf; 'wf(cs)f trsKd ;om;yef;csq D &mBu;D *seAf m;
rD;,m;\ emrnfausmf ]ar&Druf'vde;f } taMumif;a&;qGx J m;onfh yef;csD
um;Bu;D &So d nf[k trsm;u qdMk uonf/ ar&Druf'vde;f onf c&pf0ifusr;f
wGif uReaf wmfwYkd zwfc&hJ zl;onf/ ,if; ]ar&Druf'vde;f } b0o½kyaf zmf
yef;csu D m;BuD;rsm;rSm txl;emrnfausmcf o hJ nf/

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jyifopf? a[mfvef? ,l*pkd av;AD;,m;paom Edik if t H oD;oD;rS jywdu k Bf uD;rsm;
wGif pkaqmif;xm;&Scd o hJ nfh a&S;a[mif;&Sm;yg;ypön;f rsm;? yef;csu D m;BuD;rsm;
udk enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;ESifh &,lco Jh nf/ tcsKd Yyef;csu D m;rsm;udv k nf; *sL;trsKd ;om;
rsm;xHrv S nf;aumif;? yef;csu D m; pkaqmif;olrsm;? yef;csu D m; a&mif;csorl sm;
xHrv S nf;aumif; enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;ESifh &,lco hJ nf/
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vQKd Y0uS u f ,
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onf[k qdo k nf/ xdpk Ofu Aifr*D &if;rSm Oa&mywdu k Ef iS fh tar&duef
jynf axmifpk jywdu k Bf u;D rsm;odYk ola&mif;csc&hJ onfh 17 &mpk acwf'wf(cs)f
trsKd ;om; yef;csaD usmu f m;BuD;rsm;? *seAf m;rD;,m;\ &Sm;yg; yef;csu D m;BuD;
rsm;udk a&mif;cs&onfh aiGrsm;jzihf csr;f om<u,f0aom olaX;jzpfNyD; emrnf
ausmf nuyG½J w kH pf½ukH v kd nf; zGiv hf pS x
f m;&Scd ahJ vonf/
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a&;qGx J m;onfh yef;csu D m;Bu;D tcsKd Yukd aygif 160000 ESifh a&mif;csco hJ nf[k
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opömazmufot l jzpf pGcJ suw f ifí txl;cH½k ;kH zGYJí ppfaq;cJah wmhonf/ AifrD
*&if;ESifh *d;k tm;&if;wdYk awGUqHMk uyH?k yef;csu D m;rsm;udk 0,f,yl kH ponfwYku d kd
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onf/ Aifr*D &if;ud, k w f ikd uf vnf; tjynft h pHk ajzmifch suaf y;cho J jzihf AifrD

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csuf cs&ef jyifqifcNhJ y;D jzpfonf/
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olBu;D uvnf; Aifr*D &if;udk pum;ajymcGijhf yKcahJ vonf/ ol ajymqdck o hJ nfh
pum;onf urÇmwpf0ef;vH;k wkev f yI af csmufcsm;oGm;cJ&h onfh pum;jzpfNy;D
trIBu;D rSmvnf; vrf;aMumif;ajymif;oGm;cJ&h onf/
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awmfonf Edik if t H ay: opömazmufí Edik if aH wmf\ ,Ofaus;rI tarGtESprf sm;
jzpfaom yef;csaD usmrf sm;\ yef;csu D m;rsm;udk emZDacgif;aqmifBu;D *d;k tm;
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onfh 17 &mpkyef;csaD usmf *seAf m;rD;,m;yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;rSm twkrsm;om
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csonfh yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;rSm uReaf wmfu, kd w
f ikd f a&;qGcJ o hJ nfh *seAf m;rD;
,m;\ yef;csu D m;twkrsm;om jzpfygaMumif;}}
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w&m;cHjzpfol Aifr*D &if; vQKd Y0u S pf mG odr;f qnf;xm;aom *seAf m;rD;,m;\
yef;csu D m;rsm;udk ppfaq;Munh½f &I ef oabmwlncD MhJ uavonf/ a[mfvef
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tm; ydy&d &d d vdrcf o hJ pl ojzifh a&;om;azmfjycJMh uonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmif
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Edik if aH wmf\ a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpjf zpfaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk touf
ay;í umuG,cf &hJ ol ponfjzihf a&;om;cJMh uonf/
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jywdu k cf ef;wGif vQdKY0u S pf mG pepfwus odr;f xm;aom 17 &mpkEpS yf ikd ;f u

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uyif *seAf m;rD;,m;\ yef;csu D m;tppfrsm; jzpfygaMumif; oufaocHcahJ v
onf/
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wu,fh *seAf m;rD;,m;\ vuf&myef;csu D m;BuD;ESifh cGrJ &atmif wlaeonf
udk tHMh ozG,&f m awGU&Scd &hJ ojzihf yef;csq D &mBuD; Aifr*D &if;tm; w&m;ao
vTwcf ahJ vonf/
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owif;pH*k sme,frsm;wGif yef;csaD 0zefa&;q&mwdYku a[mfvef

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rD;,m;\ yef;csu D m;rsm;rSmvnf; twkrsm;avm[lí a&;om;azmfxw k cf &hJ m
rSm Aifr*D &if;tzdYk Mur®mqd;k 0ifonf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ Edik if aH wmftay:
vdrv f nfrBI u;D rsm;jzpfoavm[lí tpd;k &tzdYk oHo, 0ifvmonf/ aemuf
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ppfaq;Munh½f cI &hJ m twkrsm;aMumif; awGU&Scd &hJ awmhonf/ ,cktBudrw f iG rf l
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yef;csD um;twkrsm;jzpfygaMumif; ajzmifch suaf y;cJ&h ojzihf axmif'Pf wpfEpS f
csrwS f cJah vonf/ 57 ESpt f &G,&f adS eNyDjzpfaom yef;csaD usmf Aifr*D &if;rSm
axmif wGi;f rSmyif ESv;kH a&m*gjzihf uG,v f eG cf &hJ avonf/
olu, G v f eG cf ohJ nft h cgwGif olYxrH S &Sm;yg;aom acwfa[mif;
yef;csq D &mBuD;rsm;\ vuf&myef;csu D m;rsm;udk 0,f,cl MhJ uaom NAdwo d Q
jywku d Bf uD;? jyifopfjynf avmifA;l jywdu k Bf uD;? a&mrrS jywdu k Bf uD;? tar&d
uefjynfaxmifprk S jywdu k Bf u;D rsm;rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf rsm;pGm wkev f yI cf &hJ
avonf/ Aifr*D &if;xHrS ¤if;wdYk0,f,cl ahJ om yef;csu D m;rsm;onf tppf
trSef a&S;yef;csq D &mBuD;rsm;\ vuf&mrsm;jzpfygoavm? odYkr[kwf AifrD
*&if;ud, k wf ikd f a&;qGx J m;onfh yef;csu D m;Bu;D rsm;avm/ rnforl Q rajymEdik ?f
uG,v f eG o f l Aifr*D &if;omvQif todq;kH jzpfrnf jzpfygownf;/
usrf;udk;

(34)
tcsed uf m; 1952 ckEpS f aqmif;OD;ayguf&moD? urÇmausmf pma&;

q&mBu;D aomrwf(pf)[m'D\ touf&pS q f ,fjynfh arG;aeYjzpfNy;D aumif;
uifjyif wpfciG v f ;kH rSmum; rndKUwndKU? ndKUwndKUESifh rd;k oufqifawmh
rnf[ h ef aygufaeonf/ q&mBu;D \ arG;&yfajrjzpfonhf 0ufqufe,fwiG f
vnf; v,f,morm;rsm; vkyif ef;cGit f oD;oD;odYk 0ifMuayawmhrnf/ q&m
Bu;D onf ol\arG;&yfa'o&Sd aus;&Gmom;rsm;\ ½do k m;tjypfuif;pifaom
obm0udk tajccHí wnfaqmufcahJ om 0w¬Krsm;\ Zmwfaumifrsm;udk
wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D pOf;pm;aerdayonf/ ola&;om;cJah om 0ufqufjynfe,f
aemufc0H w¬Krsm;wGif ]wufpaf tmhzf 'sLbmAD;vf} (q&mBu;D ocifbaomif;
\ yef;om rpmO)\ Zmwfaumif wufpu f kd rarhEikd af y/ wufpof nf
q&mBu;D \ b0wpfavQmufv;kH tm; ausmMf um;atmifjrif aygufa&muf
apcJo h nfh pma&;q&mBu;D wpfO;D tjzpfoYkd ydYkaqmifay;cJNh y;D pmayqdik &f m
EdAk ,fqak y;onfh aumfrwDrS q&mBu;D udk pmayqdik &f m EdAk ,fqak y;&ef pOf;
pm;jcif; cHc&hJ onfh 0w¬Kwpfy'k jf zpfonf/ odY&k mwGif uHtaMumif; rygcJo h jzihf
q&mBu;D rSm pmayqdik &f mEdAk ,fqEk iS hf vGcJ &hJ &Smonf/
trSet f m;jzihf wufprf mS q&mBu;D \ ZmwdajrwGif cspjf cif;arwåm
aMumihf ay:aygufc&hJ aom jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;wpfcrk S Zmwfaumif wpfO;D jzpf
aom ½d;k om;í tjypfuif;pifonfh t,fvZD bufrmom ba&mif;ac:
aus;awmolwpfO;D yif jzpfayonf/

q&mMu;D ocifbaomif;\ yef;omrpmO 0w¬KBu;D udk ppfrjzpf
rDu uReaf wmf zwfc&hJ Ny;D Zmwfvrf;tcsKyrf mS olYu, kd o f l yef;omNrKd Upm;rsm;
\ tquftEG,[ f k ,lqvsu&f adS om qif;&JErG ;f yg;ol OD;yef;atmifonf
orD;jzpfol rpmOudk yef;omNrdKU&Sd yef;omNrdKUpm;rsm; tquftEG,0f if
yef;omcifcifav;xHoYkd aqGrsKd ;pyf&ef vTwv f ukd &f mrS Bu;D us,cf rf;em;aom
pHtrd Bf u;D wGif yef;omcifcifav;\ om; yef;omarmifarmif\ vufcsuf
aMumifh tysKd &nfysuf (b0epfreG ;f ) cJ&h Ny;D aemuf acwfrv D ,f,m pdu k yf sKd ;a&;
vkyu f ikd v
f o
dk l udak '0ESifh rpmOwdYk cspMf uonfh ok;H yGiq hf ikd tf cspZf mwfvrf;
wpfy'k yf if jzpfonf/
vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif; ig;q,fcefYu zwfc&hJ aom yef;om rpmO
0w¬KBu;D udk vH;k aphywfaph rrSwrf ad omfvnf; aemufq;kH ü yef;omrpmOonf
yef;omarmifarmiftm; owfrt I wGuf e&odeaf xmifBu;D twGi;f wGif BuKd ;
ay;cHomG ;&&Smonf/ aomrwf(pf)[m'Donf wufp(f yef;omrpmO) udk
a&;&mwGif uHw&m;onf tjypfuif;rJah om aus;awmolwuf(pf)udk oem;
n§mwmjcif; r&S/d &uf&ufpufpuf uspD m;oGm;onfukd &nf&, G í f a&;cJoh nf
[k uReaf wmf xifrw S cf yhJ gonf/ xdek nf;wlpmG q&mBu;D ocifbaomif;
onf ol\yef;om rpmOwGiv f nf; aomrwfp[ f m'D\ wufpu f kd rSjD irf;
a&;om;cJyh &kH onf[k xifrw S cf yhJ gonf/
trSerf mS txufwiG f a&;om;azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f cspjf cif;arwåm
aMumifh jzpfymG ;cJ&h aom jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;wpfc\ k ZmwfaumifwpfO;D jzpfol
t,fvZD bufrmomba&mif;\ b0udk wuf(pf)tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;om;cJh
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
1856 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f (9) &ufaeYonfum; 0ufqufjynfe,f
wGif rd;k OD;opfcNhJ y;D 0ef;usiw f pfciG f arQmaf vwdik ;f rdiI ;f rIev f su&f o dS nf/ vli,f
wpfO;D jzpfaom aomrwfp[ f m'D\pdwo f nf vIy&f mS ;vsu&f \ dS / olonf
rdom;pk\rdwaf qGjzpfaom bke;f awmfBu;D [ife&DEiS t fh wl 0ufqufjynf
e,f? Edck supf wmaxmifBu;D \ tjyifbuf ,muGi;f jyifoYkd oGm;aevsuf
&Sod nf/ uGi;f jyifwpfciG v f ;kH wGiu f m; vlxyk &dowf 3000 cefYpak 0;vsuf
&SNd y;D rMumcif BuKd ;ay;towfc&H awmhrnfh rmomba&mif;udk vma&muf
Munh½f &I ef apmihq f ikd ;f aeMuonf/
xdpk Ofu aomrwf(pf) [m'DrmS touf 16 ESpcf efYom&SNd y;D
Edck suf pwmNrKd U&Sd aqmufvyk af &;vkyif ef;wpfcw k iG f tvkyo f ifuav;rQom

jzpf onf/ trSet f m;jzifh rmomba&mif;tm; BuKd;ay;&mwGif o&P*Hw k if&rnfh
bke;f awmfBu;D rSm aomrwf(pf)[m'DwYkd rdom;pk\ rdwaf qGr[kwaf y/ Edck suf
pwm axmifBu;D \vufpo JG if;tkyf bke;f awmfBu;D onf rmomba&mif;udk
BuKd ;ay;&mwGif o&P*Hw k if ray;Edik [ f k jiif;qdo k nft h wGuf ¤if;oif;tkyf
bke;f awmfBu;D tpm; [ife&Du aqmif&u G &f jcif;yif jzpfayonf/
rd;k pufuav;rsm;um; usvmNy/D rMumrD rd;k onf;xefpmG &Gmrnfh
yHk aygufonf/ Edck supf wm axmifb;l 0rS BuKd ;pif&&dS m uGi;f jyifoYkd vlowf
w&m;cHtrsKd ;orD; rmomba&mif;tm; BuKd ;ay;rIukd aqmif&u G &f rnfh vuf
r&GUH orm; um;u&ufu a&SUrS OD;aqmifí ac:vmcJah vonf/ teufa&mif
0wfpEkH iS fh ½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfy&kH aom rmomba&mif;\ ud, k v f ;kH ud,
k af yguf
ESihf [efyeftrlt&mwdYkrmS vli,faomrwf(pf)[m'D\ rsuv f ;Hk xJwiG f rarh
azsmufEikd af wmhay/ ndK§ ;EGr;f [efaygufaeaom rmomba&mif;onf wm0ef
&So d rl sm;tm; ]]uRerf udk jrefjref BuKd ;ay;Muygawmh/ uRerf aovdyk gonf}}
[k wwGww f wG f xkwaf zmfajymqd&k if; BuKd ;pifxufoYkd wpfvrS ;f csi;f &J&J
0H0h hH wufcahJ vonf/
aomrwf(pf)[m'Donf ½d;k om;onfh trlt&m? oem;p&m
aumif;onfh rsuEf mS oGijf yifEiS fh rmomba&mif;\ orifysKdruJo h Yakd om rsuv f ;kH ?
[eftrlt&mwdYkukd rarhazsmufawmhEikd ?f aemifwiG f aomrwf(pf) [m'Donf
pma&;q&mtausmt f armfBu;D jzpfvmaomtcg rmomba&mif; \trnfukd
]wuf(pf)}[k ajymif;vJcNhJy;D ]]wuf(pf) atmhz'f sLbmAD;vf}} udk a&;om;cJ&h mwGif
q&mBuD;\0w¬KtwwfynmrSm urÇmausmfc&hJ av onf/ q&mBuD;
ocifbaomif;onf ¤if;wufpaf tmhz'f sLbmAD;vfukd rDS jirf;a&;om;cJah omfvnf;
rSjDirf;xm;rSe;f rod&bJ jrefrm[efay:aecJo h nfrmS cs;D usL;zG,&f m aumif;ygonf/
t,fvZD buf rmomba&mif;onf ½d;k om;jzLpifonfh 0ufquf
e,faus;awmolwpfO;D jzpfNy;D qif;&JErG ;f yg;aom rdbrsm;rS zGm;jrifco hJ w
l pfO;D
jzpfonf/ ¤if;aeonf&h mG wGif aumufpu kd o f rtjzpf ol\rdom;pkukd axmuf
yHah e&&Smonf/ wpfaeYwiG f awm&Gmol awm&Gmom;wdYk\ "avhx;kH pHjzpf
aom aumuf&w d o f rd ;f yGw
J iG f NrKd UBu;D om; vlayghvo l rG ;f wpfO;D jzpfol *Ref
ba&mif;qdo k El iS fh awGYMuavonf/
rmomrSm ½d;k om;jzLpifaom aus;awmol wpfO;D jzpfojzihf *Ref
ba&mif;\ ydu k u f eG w
f iG ;f odYk oufqif;cJ&h Ny;D aemufq;kH wGif tysKd &nf ysucf Jh

&avonf/ rmomonf *Reb f a&mif;\ vufr(S uGe&f uf) rvTwEf ikd af wmh/
vufxyf&ef toem;cHaomfvnf; *Reb f a&mif;rSm vlayghvo l rG ;f jzpfonf
ESihf avsmn f pD mG rmomudk a&Smifonf/ aemufq;kH wGif rmomtzdYk a&G;cs,&f ef
vrf;um; r&Sad wmhay/ qif;&Jol rdom;pku wpfzuf? rmomudk Muifazmf
ZeD;tjzpf rodr;f ydu k vf akd om *Reb f a&mif;u wpfzuf? þtcuftcJMum;ü
rmomtzdYkum; ql;Mum;rS bl;oD;uJo h Ykdyifwnf;/
*Reb f a&mif;onf rmomudk taysmrf ,m;tjzpf odr;f ydu k cf NhJ yD;
aus;awmoluav;rsm;udk wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf awmfaumufco hJ nf/
tcsed Mf umjrifv h monftrQ rmomonf *Reb f a&mif;tay:wGif wG,w f m
vmcJo h nf/ jrwfE;kd vmcJo h nf/ ol\cspjf cif;arwåmudk *Reb f a&mif;wpfO;D
wnf; twGu[ f k ,lqxm;cJo h nf/ wpfaeYwiG f *Reb f a&mif;onf tjcm;
rde;f rysKd wpfO;D tm; aetdro f Ykd ac:,lvmcJNh yD;aemuf ZeD;tjzpf aygif;oif;&ef
pDpOfvmonft h wGuf rmomrSm cGirhf vTwEf ikd af wmhNyD/
rmomonf olr\cspjf cif;arwåmudk cGaJ 0ray;Edik í f *Reb f a&mif;
tm; toem;cHaomfvnf; *Reb f a&mif;u jiif;qefNy;D olrudk rcspEf idk af wmh
aMumif; xkwaf zmfajymjyonf/ rmomrSm *Reb f a&mif;tm; cGirhf vTwEf ikd af wmh
bJ ykqed jf zifo h wfí &Jpcef;wGif ajzmifch suaf y;cJo h nf/
rmomba&mif;udk BudK;ay;owf&ef w&m;½H;k u pD&ifcsucf svu kd f
onf/ 0ufqufjynfe,fom;rsm;u pkaygif;í toem;cHpmwifaomfvnf;
½H;k awmfu toem;cHpmudk y,fcscahJ vonf/ rmomba&mif;tzdYk rdrcd spjf cif;
arwåmtwGuf om;aumifjzpfc&hJ &Smonf/ 0ufqufjynfe,fwiG f trsKd ;orD;
tm; w&m;½H;k u BudK;ay;owf&ef pD&ifjcif;onf rmomba&mif;um;
aemufq;kH jzpfavawmhonf/ aemifwiG f trsKd ;orD; vlowfw&m;cHrsm;tm;
BudK;ay;owfjcif; rjyKawmhay/
q&mBuD; aomrwfp[ f m'Donf txufazmfjyyg rmomba&mif;
\ Zmwfvrf;udk ol\emrnfausmf ]wufpaf tmhz'f sLbmAD;vf} 0w¬KBuD;
tjzpf zefw;D cJah vonf/ olzefw;D a&;zGYJyo kH nf tvGet f Ekynm ajymif
ajrmufaomaMumihf pmzwfow l Ykd pGv
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rwfp[ f m'D uG,v f eG Nf yD; ¤if;\'kw, d ZeD;jzpfou l q&mBuD;\ rSww f rf;
rsm;udk owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; xkwaf zmfcahJ vonf/ q&mBuD;\rSww f rf;
wGif rmomba&mif;tm; BudK;ay;cJyh u kH kd oljrifco hJ nft
h wkid ;f rSwo f m;xm;
aMumif; awGU&avonf/

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rSe;f rod&ay/ trSet f m;jzihf yef;om rpmOonf cspjf cif;arwåmaMumifh
jzpfc&hJ aom rmomba&mif;\ jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;jzpfavonf/
usrf;udk;

(35)
1908 'DZifbmv? xlxaJ om ESi;f uefYvefYumBuD;udk pl;&Saom

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wGif vlomG ;vlvm enf;yg;vsu&f o dS nf/
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wav cyfjyif;jyif; armif;oGm;onft h oH? 0dw&kd ,
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1766 ckEpS u f yif pwifí zGiv fh pS w f nfaxmifco hJ nf/ awmf0ifro d m;pkrsm;?
olaX;Bu;D rsm;? ol<u,fBu;D rsm; BuKd uEf pS o f ufaom tzd;k wef ausmufoH
ywåjrm;? pdeaf &Tev D m? ykv&J wemrsm;ygrusef ta&mif;t0,f vkycf o hJ nf/
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ud,k w f idk f 0,f,t l m;ay;cJo h nf[k qdo k nf/ ½k&mS ;jynf Zmbk&if\ rdom;pk
rsm;uvnf; ,HMk unfpw d cf s&ol &wemukeo f nfBu;D rsm;udk apvTwí f 0,f
,lco hJ nf/
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jzpfow l Ykd pwifziG v hf pS cf o
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S f
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a&mif;0,fa&;} [lí trnfajymif;vJcahJ omfvnf; vltrsm;url ]c&pöw;D
&wemqdik Bf u;D } [laom a&S;,ciftrnfuykd if ac:a0:cJMh uavonf/
aygifpwmvifEiS fh a':vm ode;f oef;wefaom &wemypön;f rsm;udk
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oufwrf;wpfavQmufwiG f cd;k rI? azmufxiG ;f rI? vk,ufr?I rSm;,Gi;f rI wpfpkH
wpf&m jzpfymG ;jcif; r&Scd /hJ xdpk Ofu t*FvefbPfBu;D

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csxm;aom bPfBu;D rsm;yifvQif "m;jywdu k rf ?I cd;k rIrsm; jzpfymG ; cJah yao;onf/
odYkjzpfí ypön;f rSe?f vHNk cKH pw d cf s&aom c&pöw;D &wema&mif;0,f
a&;[k urÇmausmcf &hJ jcif; jzpfayonf/ 1908 ck 'DZifbmvurl c&pöw;D
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pepfjzihf a&mif;csrnf[k aMunmxm;onf/ a&mif;csrnfh &wemypön;f rsm;
udvk nf; c&pöw;D &wemqdik Bf u;D \ ta&mif;jycef;wGif Murf;cif;aps;EIe;f rsm;
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c&pöw;D &wemypön;f qdik Bf u;D \ tpOftquf toH;k jyKaom tjzLta&mif
taumif;pm; a<upuúLxluwfjym;uav;jzihf qGcJ sw d x f m;onf/
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qH;k jyyGaJ eYwiG f ykvo J ,G Bf uD;udk txl;rsupf u d somG ;onf/ jyyGw J m0efcH
refae*smxHoYkd oGm;a&mufawGYqu kH m tqdyk gykvo J , G Bf u;D udk acwåMunhf
½IciG jhf yKyg&ef awmif;yefcahJ vonf/ c&pöw;D qdik Bf u;D \ xH;k wrf;pOfvmrSm
vnf; rdrEd pS o f ufvmí 0,f,v l akd om &wemypön;f rsm;udk tao;pdwf
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Munh½f cI iG jhf yKcahJ vonf/
jyyGwJ m0efcrH efae*smESifh ykvyJ g&*lBu;D onf ,if;ykv&J wem vnf
qGBJ uD;&S&d modYk oGm;a&mufcahJ omtcgwGif jyyGrJ S tjcm;wm0efcw H pfO;D \
cGijhf yKcsujf zihf tqdyk g ykvu J ;Hk Bu;D udk Munh½f aI eol? csr;f om<u,f0onfh
olaX;rBu;D wpfO;D [k xif&ol cHn h m;vSyaom trsKd ;orD;Bu;D wpfO;D tm;
awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/ trsKd ;orD;Bu;D \ t0wftpm;rsm;rSmvnf; xdpk Ofu
vef'efNrdKU vlux kH rH sm;om csKyaf vh&o dS nfh qAdik v f ½D ;kd vrf;&Sd xdyw f ef;
zuf&iS q f ikd Bf u;D rS csKyv f yk af om t0wftpm;rsm; jzpfonf/
ykvu J ;kH BuD;udk Munh½f aI eonfrmS vnf; £aÈ´&NdS yD; ykvrJ sm;udk
wpfv;kH csi;f ? wpfv;kH csi;f aocsmpGm avhvmaeonf/ ykvyJ g&*lEiS fh refae*sm
a&muf&v dS mrS ,Ofaus;odraf rGYpmG awmif;yefNy;D ykvu J ;kH Bu;D udk wm0efcx H H
jyefay;cJah vonf/ refae*smonf xdt k rsKd ;orD;Bu;D \ pum;ajymoH? [ef
trlt&m? av,lavodr;f rSm t*FveftrsKd ; orD;Bu;D wpfO;D jzpf[efrwl/
tar&dueftrsKd ;orD;wpfO;D [k xifonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S oef;
<u,foal X;rBu;D wpfO;D vma&mufavhvmonf[k ,lqonf/ trsKd ;orD;
Bu;D onf jycef;tjyifoYkd xGuo f mG ;cJoh nf/

,if;tjyifoYkd xGuo f mG ;aom trsKd ;orD;BuD;\ trnfrmS rpöpf
*&efqo kd l trsKd ;orD;jzpfaMumif; jyyGw J m0efcu H &Si;f jyonf/ ykvyJ g&*lBuD;
onf vef'efvu l x kH aH vmuudk 'd;k vdak rTco hJ jl zpfaomfvnf; rpöp*f &efqakd om
trnfukd rMum;zl;ay/ jrifvnf; rjrifz;l / refae*smonf yg&*lBuD;tm;
ykvu J ;kH BuD;udk Munh½f cI iG jhf yKvu kd o f nf/ yg&*lBuD;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
tHMh o oGm;onf/ olYvufxw J iG f &Sad eonfh ykvu J ;kH Bu;D wGif csw
d qf xJG m;aom
aps;EIe;f uwfjym;udk taotcsm *½kjyKro d mG ;onf/
ykvu J ;kH BuD;wGif csw d q f x JG m;aom aps;EIe;f uwfjym;ta&mifonf
tjcm;&wemypön;f rsm;wGif csw d q f x JG m;aom aps;EIe;f uwfjym; ta&mifEiS fh
rwl azsmv h su&f o dS nf/ uwfjym;puúLrSmvnf; c&pöw;D &wemta&mif;
qdik Bf uD;\ tpOftquf toH;k jyKco hJ nfh uwfjym;trsKd ;tpm; r[kwf
aMumif; owdjyKro d nf/ c&pöw;D qdik Bf uD;\ tpOftquf toH;k jyKaom
aps;EIe;f uwfjym;rsm;rSm a<ua&mifuwfjym;txl taumif;pm;udk oH;k avh
&So
d nf/ ,ck ykvu J ;kH BuD;wGif qGx J m;onfh aps;EIe;f uwfjym;rSm t0gazsmh
azsmjh zpfaeonfukd owdxm;rdMuonf/
ykvyJ g&*lBu;D uvnf; ykvu J ;kH Bu;D rSm twkjzpfaeygonf[k xkwf
ajymvdu k o f nf/ ykvt J ppfeYJ cGjJ cm;r&atmif twkvyk x f m;onfrmS tHMh o
zG,&f m jzpfygonf[í k vnf; xkwaf jymcJo h nf/ refae*smonf jyyGcJ ef;rrS
at;at;aq;aq; xGucf mG oGm;ol rpöp*f &ef aemufoYkd vdu k &f ef ykvyd f
trIxrf;wpfO;D udk vTwv f u dk o f nf/
c&pöw;D &wemjycef;rS £aÈ´&&? wnfwnfNidrNf idr?f at;at;
aq;aq; vrf;avQmufomG ;aeaom rpöp*f &efaemufoYkd ykvyd w f pfO;D onf
cyfow k o f w k f vdu k o f mG ;cJo h nf/
c&pöw;D ta&mif;jycef;rS udu k f (100) cefYtuGmwGif ykvyd o f m;
onf rpö*f &efukd rDvmcJo h nf/ ykvyd o f m;onf rpöp*f &eftm; ]]*kPo f a&&Sd
tpfrBu;D cifAsm;? aus;Zl;jyKNy;D bk&ifv h rf; u ykvyd Xf meudk

cP uReaf wmfEiS fh vdu k cf ahJ pcsiyf gw,f cifAs}} [k awmif;yefonf/

rpöp*f &efonf rvdu k Ef idk af Mumif;? tjcm;ta&;Bu;D onfh udpw ö pfck
csed ;f qdxk m;aMumif;? ykvu J ;kH ESifh ywfoufí bmrQrodaMumif;? aemufq;kH
aeYwiG f avvHqrJG nfjzpfaMumif; &Si;f jyonf/ ykvyd o f m;uvnf; yg;eyf
vdrm® onf/ pum;ajym odraf rGYonf/ aemufq;kH rpöp*f &efonf ykvyd Xf meudk
at;at;aq;aq; vdu k v f mcJo h nf/

vrf;wGif ykvdyft&m&Sdonf acsmufceJ trsdK;orD;BuD;xHrS
usoG m ; onf h toH u d k Mum;vd k u f & onf / yk v d y f X mewG i f
pH k a xmuf t &m&S d w pf O D ; u &wemjycef ; rS yk v J u H k ; tBuD ; ud k
twk E S i h f v J o G m ;onf h t aMumif ; &S i f ; jyonf / rpö p f * &ef o nf
tar&duefwpfO;D \ 0JvaS om pum;ajymoHjzihf jiif;qdo k nf/ ol bmrQ
rodaMumif; xyfwvJvJ xGufqdkonf/ ykvdyfom;uav;u
vrf;avQmufvmpOf a&ajrmif;rsm;zk;H xm;aom oHjym;tzH;k ay:odYk wpfpkH
wpf&m trsKd ;orD;BuD;xHrS usoMH um;&aMumif; xGuq f ckd ohJ jzihf ,if;ae&m
odYk oGm;a&mufMunh½f cI &hJ m aysmufq;kH aeaom ykvu J ;kH BuD;udk awGU&Scd &hJ av
onf/
odYkaomfvnf; rpöp*f &efonf olEiS fh ykvu J ;kH BuD;onf roufqikd f
aMumif; ZGwjf iif;qdck o hJ jzihf ykvyd t f zGYJ onf rm(vf)pwmvif (10000)
wef ykvv J ;kH Bu;D tm; ck;d ,lrjI zihf w&m;pGq J ckd NhJ y;D tmrcHray;bJ csKyaf ESmifxm;
cJhavonf/
c&pöw;D qdik Bf uD;rS wm0ef&o dS rl sm;\ taMumif;Mum;csuft&
paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmuftzGYJ BuD;rSvnf; txl;emrnfausmfpakH xmuf
rsm;udk wm0efay;cJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGiv f nf; c&pöw;D
qdik Bf uD;\ "mwfyBkH uD;rsm;? ykvu J ;kH BuD;\"mwfyrkH sm;? rpöp*f &ef\ "mwfykH
rsm;udv k nf; azmfjyxm;ojzihf urÇmausmcf &Jh aom rIcif;BuD; jzpfco hJ nf/
jzpf&yfreS f rIcif;? r*¾Zif;rsm;? *sme,frsm;wGif a&S;OD;pGm rpöp*f &efukd
zrf;qD;jcif;rSm ykvyd t f zGYJ\ rSm;,Gi;f jcif;avm pojzihf tjypfwif a0zef
cJMh uao;onf/ tb,faMumihq f akd omf rpöp*f &eftrd u f kd ykvyd t
f zGYJ EiS fh
pHk axmufrsm;&SmazGaomtcg tzdk;weftdrfaxmifypönf;rsm;jzihf
jyifqifxm;NyD; rpöpf*&efoHk;pGJonfh tvSjyifypönf;rsm;rSmvnf;
wefz;kd xdu k w f efaom ypön;f rsm; jzpfaeaomaMumihf ykvyd w f Ykd tzdYk
tcufBuHK&&Sonf/ rpöpf*&ef\ aemuf aMumif;&mZ0ifudk od&Sd
Edik of nfth csuftvuf? trItcif;ESiyfh wfoufonfh oJveG pf udv k nf;
rawGYjzpfaecJMh uojzihf rSm;,Gi;f rIavm[k pOf;pm;p&m jzpf vmcJ\ h /
ykvyd w f YkdtzGYJ uHaumif;onf[k qd&k ayawmhrnf/ rpöp*f &eftrd f
tm; tao;pdw&f mS azGaomtcg vQKd Y0u S t f q H w JG pfctk wGi;f rS taygifvuf
rSww f pfapmifukd rarQmv f ifb
h J awGU&Scd &hJ onf/ ypön;f aygifo\ l trnfrmS
vnf; rpöpf tefe*D &ef[k awGU&avawmhonf/

ykvyd t f zGYJ EiS fh paumhwvef,m'f pHak xmufrsm;onf csufcsif;
taygifqikd o f Ykd oGm;a&mufcMhJ uNy;D aygifxm;aom ypön;f udk ppfaq;Munh½f cI hJ
Muonf/ aygifxm;aomypön;f rSm a&Tvufywfem&Dwpfv;kH jzpfNyD; em&D\
ausmzH;k wGif vlwpfa,muf\yHu k kd awGU&S&d NyD; ]tife*D vDqif\ cspv f uf
aqmifreG }f [laom pmwef;udk awGYc&hJ onf/
paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ tzdYk vrf;yGio hf mG ;onf/ tife*D vDqif
[laom trnfukd rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;wGif aphaphpyfpyf &SmazGMuonf/
tjcm;Edik if rH sm;rS paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ oYkd ay;ydYk xm;aom emrnfBuD;
vlq;kd rsm;\ &mZ0ifrsm;udv k nf; &SmazGcMhJ u&m tmom*vD qif[al om
tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S bPf"m;jyrIBuD;wpfrjI zihf tusOf;cscHae&ol
jzpf aMumif; awGY&cdS &hJ onf/
e,l;a,mufNrdKU? ykvyd t f zGYJBuD;\ aMunmcsuw f pfapmifuv kd nf;
ykvyd af *ZufwpfapmifwiG f awGU&\/ ,if;aMunmcsuw f iG f tmom*vDqif
\ yHyk gaom a&Tvufywfem&Dwpfv;kH udk tvd&k ydS gaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
ykvBJ uD;udk ck;d ,lorl mS tar&duefrmS emrnfausmf bPf"m;jyBuD;
\ZeD; rpöp*f &ef(ac:) rpöpt f ife*D vDqif jzpfaMumif; od&cdS &hJ avawmhonf/
rpöpt f ife*D vDqif\ aemufaMumif;&mZ0ifuv kd nf; tao;pdwf &&Scd MhJ uNyD;
c&pöwD;ta&mif;jycef;rS pwmvifaygif (10000) ausmfwefaom
ykvJuHk;BuD; ESihf a&G;r&atmif wlnDonfh twkjyKvkyfay;cJhonfh
ukrP Ü rD mS vnf; jyifopf Edik if H yg&DNrdKUrS urÇmausmf ]yg&D&eS f 'dik ;f rGe;f ukrP Ü }D
BuD;jzpfonf/ xdek mrnfBuD; pdeu f rk PÜ BD uD;rS yef;xdrv f uf&m&Sirf sm;onf
vlawmfrsm; jzpfonf/ ykvu J ;kH BuD; tppfEiS fh a&G;r&atmifwn l o D nfh
yk v J u H k ; BuD ; ud k jyKvk y f a y;&mwG i f rpö p f tif e D * vD q if \
t&nftcsif;ygonf[k qd&k ayrnf/
rpöpt f ife*D vDqifonf ykvu J ;kH Bu;D udk taysmuf½u kd &f ef BuaH qmif
&mwGif ynmom;ygvGe;f onf/ vef'efyv k yd tf zGYJBuD;ESifh paumhwvef,m'f
tzGYJ BuD;udyk ifvQif vufzsm;cgvmatmif ÓPfxufonfh trsdK;orD;
w&m; cHwpfO;D jzpfygayonf[k qdMk uonf/ rpöpt f ife*D vDqif\
"mwfyHkBuD;rsm; udk aeYpOfxkwf owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;
paumhwvef,m'f rIcif; ordik ;f

wG i f pma&; q&mrBuD ; rm*&uf y ½d k o D ½ d k u

rpöpt f ife*D vDqiftaMumif; wcrf;wem; a&;om;azmfjycJah vonf/

ykvuJ ;kH Bu;D yHw
k jl yKvyk &f ef c&pöw;D &wem ukrP Ü \ D aMumfjim
uwfwavmufyg "mwfyu kH kd jyoygu olYtm; ouFmruif;jzpfrnfukd
od&odS l rpöpt f ife*D vDqifonf ykvu J ;kH Bu;D \ t&G,t f pm;? ykvu J ;kH Bu;D \
tom;? ta&miftqif;? t&G,t f pm;wdYkukd rSwo f m;xm;Ny;D pdwjf zifh yHw k l
vkycf idk ;f Edik o
f nfrmS urÇmt h rsKd ;orD;w&m;cHrsm;wGif xl;jcm;ÓPf&nfawmf
onfh w&m;cHrwpfO;D jzpfaeayonf/
1766 ckEpS rf S pwifziG v hf pS w
f nfaxmifco hJ nfh urÇmausmf ]c&pöw;D
&wem ta&mif;t0,fqikd Bf u;D } \ ordik ;f wGiv f nf; rpöp*f vDqif wpfO;D
omvQif ynmom;ygygESifh cd;k ,lEikd o f jzihf wpfO;D wnf;aom w&m;cHrwpfO;D
omvQif jzpfawmhonf/ rpöp*f &ef trnfcH tar&duefjynfaxmifpk bPf
"m;jyBu;D *vDqif\cspo f l rpöpt f ifeD *vDqifrmS vnf; oH;k ESpo f ;kH rd;k axmif
eef;pHc&hJ avawmhonf/
usr;f ud;k

(36)
1951 Mo*kwv f (13) &uf/

yg&DNrdKUawmfBuD;\ a&SmiftavaZ vrf;rBuD;wpfavQmuf eHeuf
apmapm owif;pma&mif;olwYkd\toHonf zH;k vTr;f vsu&f o dS nf/ yvuf
azmif;wpfavQmuf&dS *sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm; a&mif;aom qdik u f av;rsm;wGif
owif;pm0,f,rl nfh y&dowfwYkd wef;pDvsu&f o dS nf/
]]owif;pmawG? owif;pmawG ]pufrEI iS efh nf;ynm0efBuD; yD,m
&D&ADS v
J ,
D m;}tm; 0efBuD;uawmfu raorcsi;f aoewfEiS fh ypfowfjcif;}}
atmfvifNrdKUawmf0efa[mif;ESifh topfpufpuf pufrEI iS fh enf;
ynm0efBuD; uG,v f eG &f mS NyD/
yg&DNrdKUawmfxw k f uGejf rLepfowif;pmrsm;wGirf l ]azmufjyefaom
txufwef;vTmwdYk\ vdiaf zmufjyefrBI uD;}
]cspíf ao'Pfawmif;cHaom topfpufpuf pufrEI iS fh enf;ynm
0efBuD;uawmf} ponfjzihf jyifopfjynfyg&DNrdKUawmfxw k f owif;pmBuD;rsm;
wGif azmfjycJMh u\/ vef'efNrdKYrS xkwaf 0aom vef'efwikd ;f owif;pmBuD;?
vef'efaMu;rHk owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGiv f nf; pufrEI iS fh enf;ynm0efBuD;
yD,m&Dtm; raorcsi;f aoewfEiS fh ig;csuw f w
d d ypfowfc&H yHu k kd tao;pdwf
a&;om;cJMh u\/

xdt k csed u f jyifopfjynfwiG f tmPm&aeaom &DaeyvDAif tpd;k &rS
pufrEI iS fh enf;ynm0efBu;D topfpufpuf owfc&H jcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;
aMumif; aMunmNy;D tpd&k ½H;k rsm;udk 0rf;enf;aMuuGjJ cif; txdr;f trSwt f jzpf
ydwx f m;apcJo h nf/
trSet f m;jzihf cspZf eD;\&uf&ufpufpuf towfc&H &Smaom puf
rIEiS fh enf;ynm0efBu;D yD,m&DrmS wu,ft h opfpufpufjzpfonf/ 1951
ck Mo*kwv f (11) &ufaeYwiG f &DaeyvDAif tpd;k &tzGYJu pufrEI iS fh enf;
ynm0efBu;D tjzpf cefYtyfcNhJ y;D ygvDrefwiG f usr;f opömused q f jkd cif; rjyK&ao;
cif cspZf eD;\ aoewfEiS fh ypfowfjcif;udk cHc&hJ &Smavonf/ yD,m&DrmS
touf 41 ESpo f mjzpfojzihf jyifopfjynf Edik if aH &;avmuwGif wufopfpESifh
tvm;tvm taumif;qk;H aom Edik if aH &;orm;wpfO;D yif jzpfygonf/
yD,m&DwYdk rdom;pkrmS vlux kH rH o
d m;pkjzpfNy;D zcifjzpforl mS emrnf
ausmf q&m0efBu;D wpfO;D jzpfcahJ vonf/ rGe&f nfaom vlux kH H todik ;f
t0dik ;f jzpfNy;D ynmwwfro d m;pkvnf; jzpfayonf/ yD,m&DrmS aq;ynm
bGUJ &&SNd y;D 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D jzpfpwGif r[mrdww f yfrsm;ESifh ,SOw f NJG y;D aq;
wyft&m&Sad ygufptjzpf trIxrf;cJah vonf/ jyifopfjynftm; emZDwYkd
odr;f ydu k cf ahJ omtcsed w f iG f yD,m&Donf ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESifh
qufo, G rf &I cJo h nf/ aeYcif;wGif aq;cef;wpfcef;wGif wm0ef,cl NhJ y;D nwGif
ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;wGí J yg&DNrKd UESifh atmfvifNrKd Uwpf0u kd f
wGif emZDwyfpcef;rsm;? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;? wHwm;rsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&;yg
t&ma&mufonfh taqmufttHrk sm;tm; azmufccJG suq f ;D a&;wGif wm0ef
,lc&hJ NyD; emZDwYkv d ufrS xGuaf jy;vmcJMh uonf/ r[mrdww f yfom;rsm;?
*sL;vlrsKd ;rsm;udv k nf; u,fq,fa&;wGif &J&0J if0h ifh aqmif&u G cf o
hJ w l pfO;D
jzpfavonf/ ZeD;jzpfol ,kad erSm qif;&JErG ;f yg;aom rdom;pkrS aygufzmG ;cJNh y;D
aq;½Hw k pf½w kH iG f olemjyKtjzpf aqmif&u G af epOf q&m0efaygufp yD,m&DEiS fh
awGUqHck MhJ ujcif; jzpfavonf/ olwYkEd pS Of ;D awGYqpHk u 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D
jzpfymG ;cJjh cif; r&Sad o;ay/
,dak erSm yD,m&Dtay: cspjf cif;arwåmrSty *kPyf umoe? aMu;
aiG? ynm? todik ;f t0dik ;f bmwpfcrk Q ay;tyfEikd jf cif; r&Sad y/ *kPBf u;D &Sif
a'gufwm yD,m&D rdom;pk todik ;f t0dik ;f uvnf; yD,m&DEiS fh ,dak ewdYk\
qufqaH &;udk wm;qD;cJMh uonf/ yD,m&D\ rdcifBu;D url qufqaH &;at;
pufpufEikd v f aS om ,dak eESifh olYom;a'gufwm yD,m&DwYkt d m; oabmrwl

uefYuu G cf o hJ nfMh um;rSyif yD,m&DEiS fh ,dak ewdYkonf ESpOf ;D oabmwl vuf
xyfcMhJ uavawmhonf/
om;uav;ESpaf ,muf xGe;f um;vmaomtcgwGif yD,m&DEiS fh
,dak ewdYk\ qufqaH &;onf at;pufpufjzpfvmonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppf
BuD;NyD;qH;k cJah omtcgwGif awmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESifh vlxt k v,fwiG f
rsuEf mS yGichf ahJ om yD,m&Donf tcsed jf ynfEh ikd if aH &;orm; jzpfvmcJah vawmh
onf/
obm0uyif at;pufpuf Edik af om ,dak eonf use;f rma&;
csKd YwhJ aom 'kw, d om;uav;tm; tcsed jf ynfjh yKpak e&onft h wGuf vif
a,musmf ;tay: jyKp, k ,k jcif; tm;enf;aeawmhonf/ yD,m&Duvnf;
Ekid if aH &;avmuwGif epfreG ;f aecJNh y;D cspo f b
l 0uyif olYaqGrsKd ;rdom;pku
,dak etm; zJch secf &hJ um; wjznf;jznf; yD,m&Duvnf; olYZeD;\ at;puf
pufEikd rf EI iS fh qufqaH &;csKd Y,iG ;f rItay: tjypfjrifvmcJah wmhonf/ xdt k awm
twGi;f yD,m&Donf atmfvifNrKd Uawmf0eftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrm§ ufccH &hJ
ojzihf olYro d m;pktay:ESifh ZeD;tay:rSm wjznf;jznf; at;pufpuf jzpfvm
onf/
ydí k qufqaH &;uGm[rIjzpfvm&ef jzpfvmonft h csurf mS jyifopf
jynfoYlvw T af wmf a&G;aumufyw JG iG f atmfvifNrKd UrS vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
tjzpf yD,m&D a&G;aumufwifajrm§ ufccH &hJ jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
yD,m&DtzdYk ynmwwfEikd if aH &;orm;wpfO;D jzpfojzihf 0efBu;D tzGUJ
wGif twGi;f 0efjzpfvmcJah vonf/ ,dak eonf olYcspv f if&&dS m yg&DoYkd atmf
vifNrdKUrS vma&mufawGUqHk&mwGif yD,m&Donf tvkyfrsm;onf[k
taMumif;jyum cspZf eD;tm; vufcaH wGYqjkH cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ wjznf;jznf;ESihf
yD,m&DEiS fh ,dak ewdYk\ cspjf cif;arwåmMum;wGif Bu;D rm;aom uGm[csuBf u;D
jzpfvmcJNh yD jzpfavonf/
yg&DNrKd UodYk rMumrD ajymif;a&TUvmcJMh uNy;D aemuf yD,m&DEiS fh ,dak ewdYk
ZeD;armifEq HS ufqaH &;rSm olprd ;f jyifjyif jzpfvmonf/ ,dak etzdYrk mS rl olYcspo f l
yD,m&Dtay: wu,fcspjf rwfE;kd oljzpfojzifh pdwrf csr;f ajrzh , G &f mom jzpf
onf/
cspjf cif;arwåmydak v ... remvd0k efwrdk rI sm;av[k uReaf wmf xif
ygonf/ ,dak eonf wpfaeY cspv f ify,
D m&D\ 'dik , f m&Drsm;udk vQKd Y0u S pf mG
cd;k zwfjcif;? tust Ð wd rf sm;twGi;f udk yD,m&D rodatmif wdwfwqdwf

&SmazG cJo h nf/ vlavmuwGif wjznf;jznf; &mxl;? *kP?f yumoe
wd;k wuf vmjcif;onf r½Iprd ahf om olwY\ kd wku d cf u kd jf cif;cH&onfrmS avmu\
obm0yif jzpfonf/ yD,m&DrmS i,fi,f&, G &f , G Ef iS fh 0efBu;D tzGYJ\ twGi;f
0ef jzpfvm&um; tcsi;f csi;f remvdk r½Iprd o hf rl sm;vmonf/
þodYk a0zef½w I cf svo kd rl sm;tv,fwiG f yD,m&Du, kd wf idk f ajcvSr;f
rSm;vmonf/ wpfaeYwiG f yD,m&D r&Scd u dk f ,dak eonf yD,m&D\ t0wftpm;
rsm;udk wdww f qdwf &SmazGcahJ vonf/ ,if;odYk &SmazGc&hJ m *suef uf[al om
rde;f uav;wpfO;D rS olYcspv f ifxaH y;onfh cspo f 0PfvmT wpfapmifukd awGU&Sd
&avawmhonf/ *suef uf[al om vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;ol olYcspv f if\
cspo f rl mS wjcm;olrjzpfEikd ?f olwYkrd o d m;pkEiS fh txl;cifrif&if;ES;D ol yDa,m&D
\ZeD; *sief yD aD ,mjzpf&rnf[k aumufcsucf svu kd o f nf/ *sief rD mS ,dak exuf
(15) ESpcf efY i,f&, G o f jl zpfNy;D acwfqefveG ;f ol? qufqaH &;&Jwif;ol?
qefYusib f ufvid rf sm; pGv J rf;apEdik o f nfh ud, k cf E¨m&So d w l pfO;D jzpfojzihf yD,m&DEiS f h
azmufjyefMuonfrmS rqef;awmhacs/
yD,m&D vTwaf wmfrS jyefvmonfEiS fh ZeD;armifEEHS pS Of ;D cdu k &f ef
jzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ yD,m&Duvnf; ol *sief yD aD ,mESifh azmufjym;onfrmS (5)
ESpcf efY&NdS yjD zpfaMumif;? ,dak exuf *sief u D kd ydrk í kd cspcf ifaMumif;? *sief \ D
cspv f ifjzpfol yDa,mhuvnf; ¤if;wdYkEpS Of ;D vGev f eG uf sL;usL; cspcf ifaeMu
aMumif;udk od&adS Mumif;? xkwaf zmfjymqdNk y;D ,dak etm; olEiS fh uGm&Si;f ay;zdYk
jyif;jyif;xefxef awmif;cHonf/ ,dak eu olEiS fh om;uav;ESpOf ;D wdYk\
rsuEf mS udk axmufxm;zdYk? olrtzdYk yD,m&DrS wpfyg;? tjcm;rnfol wpfO;D
wpfa,mufurdk S rcspEf ikd /f yD,m&DrS olr b0? olr urÇmomjzpfaMumif;
ajymqdNk y;D toem;cHonf/
okYd&mwGif olwYkEd pS Of ;D \ tdraf xmifa&;onf uGt J ufcNhJ yjD zpfonf/
yD,m&Donf olwYkZd eD;armifEHS pum;rsm;onfah eYrpS í ,dak eESifh twlrae
awmhbJ pmMunfch ef;odYk wpfO;D wnf;cGaJ eonf/ ,dak eonf tjcm;enf;vrf;
r&Sad wmhNyjD zpfojzihf tqdyaf omufí aoaMumif;Buo H nf/ ratmifjrifcahJ y/
jyif;xefaom tqdy\ f 'PfaMumifh ,dak ecrsm use;f rma&; wpfaeY
wjcm; csKd Y,iG ;f vmonf/ yD,m&Duvnf; rsuEf mS csi;f rqdik af wmhay/ ,kad e
onf olYu, kd of l owfao&ef qH;k jzwfonf/ ,cktcsed w f iG f ,dak eonf
aoewfjzihf rdru d ,
kd rf rd od wf&ef &nf&, G o f nf/ yJ&pfNrKd U&Sd aoewfa&mif;aom
qdik w f pfqikd rf S ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfwpfvuf 0,f,&l ef BuaH qmifcahJ v

onf/ aoewfuikd af qmifciG v hf ikd pf ifuv kd nf; olYa,musmf ;jzpforl mS 0ef
BuD;tzGYJ\ twGi;f 0efjzpfojzihf vG,v f , G u f ul El iS yfh if &&So d jzihf ,dak eonf
ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfukd 0,f,í l olrtdycf ef;wGif xm;&Scd ahJ vonf/
yg&DtoHviT Xhf merS 1951 ck Mo*kwv f (11) &ufaeYnwGif
0efBuD; rsm;tzGJYu twGif;0efjzpfaom yD,m&Dtm;
pufrIESihfenf;ynmqdkif&m0efBuD; tjzpf wm0efay;tyfvkdufaMumif;
aMunmonfukd ,dak e em;axmifvu dk &f onf/
1951 ck Mo*kwv f (12) &uf eHeufapmapmwGif 0efBuD;
topf pufpuf yD,m&Donf ,dak ewdYk rdom;pktrd o f Ykd a&mufvmonf/
yD,m&Dtm; &yfuu G rf o
d m;pku 0efBuD;use;f rmygap[k 0dik ;f íatmf[pf
qkawmif;Mu onf/ om;uav;ESpOf ;D uvnf; r*FvmeHeufcif;yg ygyg
... [k atmfí EIwq f ufonf/
yD,m&Donf cspZf eD;jzpfol ,dak etm; EIwq f ufjcif;rjyK½rkH ru
ausmcdik ;f aevdu k o f nf/ ¤if;\t0wftpm;rsm;? pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk odr;f
qnf;NyD; ol rMumcif *sief u D kd vufxyfawmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ,kad eudk
vSnNfh yD; ajymvdu k o f nf/
,dak eonf trsKd ;rsKd ;awmif;yefonf/ 'l;axmufí toem;cH
onf/ yD,m&Donf &uf&ufpufpuf ajymqd½k rkH Qru ud, k x
f v
d ufa&muf
apmfum;vmonf/
,kad eYtzdYk taumif;udk &SmcJo h nf/ &Smír&awmhNyD jzpfonf/
qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd cdik cf idk rf mrmcsvu kd Nf yD; olr\acgif;tH;k atmufrS ajcmufv;kH
jyL;aoewfu, kd u l m yD,m&D *suef ufukd vufxyfygu olrtzdYk? rdru d ,kd f
rdrd aoewfjzihf owfao½krH t S y tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sad wmhNyDjzpfaMumif;
xkwf ajymvdu k o f nf/
yD,m&Durl ,dak etm; rdru d , dk rf rd o
d wfaovdyk gu olxu G of mG ;
NyD;rS owfaoyg[k &uf&ufpufpuf ajymvku d of nf/ ,dak eonf aoewf
jzihf olYtcspq f ;kH vifukd av;csuw f w d d ypfcwfí tqH;k pD&ifvu kd o f nf/
,dak eonf csucf si;f &Jpcef;odYk oGm;a&mufí tzrf;cHonf/ olr
ud, k wf ikd f owfcahJ Mumif;udk 0efco H nf/ oufaocHypön;f tjzpf aoewfukd
tyfcNhJ yD; jrefjrefw&m;½H;k wifNyD; ao'Pfcsrw S yf g&ef wifjycJhavonf/
jyifopfjynf wpfjynfom;vH;k omru urÇmuyg pdw0f ifpm;cJh
aom trIBuD;jzpfonf/ w&m;½H;k wGif ,dak eud, k w f idk f ¤if;tm; ao'Pf

tjypfay;zdYk awmif;qdo k nf/ w&m;olBuD;ESifh *sL&DvBl uD;rsm;onf trsKd ;rsKd ;
awG;awmwdik yf ifcMhJ uNyD; ,dak etm; w&m;aovTwv f u
kd o
f nf/ w&m;½H;k
jyifywGif vma&mufí pD&ifcsuu f kd em;axmifMuaom y&dowfBuD;url
Mobmay;Muavonf/
odYkaomf ,dak etzdYk rdrcd spo
f tl m; owfcohJ nfrmS rdrw
d iG f tjypf
&So
d nf[k cH,v l suf jyifopftpd;k &\ ESpBf uD;orm;rsm;tm; ydYkaqmifavh&dS
aom *D&memuRe;f odYk om;uav;ESpOf ;D ESihf toufxufq;kH oGm;a&mufae
xdik cf ahJ vonf/
usrf;udk;

(37)
vTwaf wmfa&SUaeBu;D [ife&D'pfuif;onf td;k bdik af v

w&m;½H;k Bu;D \ w&m;pD&ifonfh cef;rBu;D jywif;aygufrS tjyifbuf odYk

arQmMf unhaf vonf/ eHeuf (10) xd;k &ef rdepf tenf;i,f vdak o;aomf
vnf; ESi;f xkBu;D u xlxyfpmG usa&mufvsuf &So d nf/ cef;rBu;D twGi;f
Nird o
f ufvsu&f NdS y;D eH&aH y:rSm wpfcsucf suf jrnfaeaom em&DBu;D \toH?
wpfcgwpf&H vrf;rBu;D ay:rS jzwfomG ;aom jrif;vSn;f oHrsm;om Mum;&
onf/ a&SUaeBu;D 'pfuif;tzdYk pdwaf v;vHvsu&f NdS y;D vlowfw&m;cHr
uav; upfwb D ikd &f eG x
f H vSr;f Munhrf o
d nf/ ndK§ ;i,fpmG xdik af eaom upfwD
bdik &f eG rf mS ,aeY olr\ trIp&D ifcsuf csrnfah eYjzpfojzihf pdwv f yI &f mS ;ae[ef
&So
d nf/
a&SUaeBu;D [ife&D'pfuif;rSm uReaf wmfwYkd od&cdS &hJ onfh urÇmausmf
pma&;q&mBu;D csm;(vf)'pfuif;\ om;jzpfMuaom ]arQmw f vifv h if}h ? ]NrKd U
awmfnaD emif}? ]atmfvAmwGw(f cf)}wdYkrmS uReaf wmfwYkd jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf
Bu;D zwf½NI y;D jzpfMuonf/
[ife&D'pfuif;rSm xdpk Ofu emrnfausmf a&SUaeBu;D jzpfNy;D olU
avQmufvcJ surf sm;rSm a&SUaetrsm; twk,pl &m aumif;avmufygonf[k
owif;pm? *sme,frsm;u a&;om;cJah vonf/

,ck upfwb D ikd &f eG \
f trIwiG f [ife&D'pfuif;\ avQmufxm;
wifjycsuo f nf txl;toufygvSojzihf em;axmif&oltaygif;wdYku, kd f
wdik f vlowform;jzpfol upfwt D ay:wGif oem;pdwyf ckd &hJ avonf/
[ife&D'pfuif;onf bk&ifa&SUaeBuD;jzpfaom olYNydKib f uf x&
Am;(pf)[efz&Dukd vSr;f Munhv f u kd of nf/ a&SUaeBuD;ESifh 'pfuif;wdYkrmS &G,w f l
yif jzpfMuNyD;,ck vlowfrw I iG f [efz&D yxrqH;k tBudrf vdu k cf ahJ omtrI
jzpfonf/ [efz&DrmS vnf; aemifwiG f w&m;olBuD;csKyf jzpfvmcJNh yD; olYom;
jzpfol c&pfprwf[efz&DrmS t*FvefEikd if H Ak'b ¨ momtoif;Bu;D \ OuúXBu;D
jzpfvmNyD;? uReaf wmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd ppfNyD;acwfavmufu a&mufvmcJzh ;l
onf/ ola&;onfh c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif uReaf wmfwYkd jrefrmEdik if \ H
wefc;kd BuD;bk&m;rsm;taMumif; aphaphppkH kH a&;om;xm;onfukd uReaf wmfwYkd
zwf½cI &hJ ygonf/
(10) em&Dww d d xd;k onfEiS fh w&m;olBuD;jzpfol csm;(vf)'gvif
onf ae&m,lvu kd of nf/ w&m;pD&ifrnfh ½H;k cef;wpfcv k ;kH Nidro f ufvsuf
&SNd yD;? *sL&DvBl uD;rsm;\ pm&Guv f eS of nft h oH? wpfcgwpf&H ½H;k cef;pBuørS
½H;k vkvif wpfO;D wav avQmufomG ;oHuo kd m Mum;&onf/
w&m;olBuD;onf acsmif;[efYvu kd Nf yD; ....
]]ynm&Sv d Bl uD;vlaumif;? *sL&DvBl uD;rsm;ESi?fh ynm&Sad &SUaeBuD;
cifAsm; ... ,cktrIwiG f uReaf wmfonf tonf;ESv;Hk ESifh qH;k jzwfjcif;
r[kwf bJ bk&ifhw&m;a&;Xme\ jy|mef;cJhaom Oya'rsm;ESihf
tnDpD&ifqHk;jzwfrnf jzpfygonf/ uRefawmf\ tonf;ESvHk;ESihf
qH;k jzwfrnfjzpfygu vlowf w&m;cHr upfwu D kd w&m;aovTwrf nf
jzpfaMumif;}} pojzihf ol\a&;om; xm;aom &Snv f sm;onfh pD&ifcsuBf u;D udk
zwf½aI eonf/
a&SUaeBu;D 'pfuif;onf w&m;olBu;D \ pD&ifcsuu f kd vH;k aphywfaph
em;r0if? aemufq;kH vlowform; w&m;cHrupfwb D ikd &f eG tf m; BudK;'Pfp&D if
&ef trdeYfcsrw S of nf[al om toHom Mum;vku d &f onf/ upfw\ D
id½k uId f oHonf w&m;cGit f m; vTr;f rd;k oGm;onf/
w&m;½H;k jyifbufwiG f apmifq h ikd ;f í pD&ifcsuu f kd em;axmifaeMu
aom vlxBk uD;rSmvnf; vIy&f mS ;oGm;onf/ csucf si;f qdo k vdk vli,fEpS Of ;D
onf uefYuu G vf mT wifoiG ;f &ef vlxt k wGi;f vufrw S v f u kd íf a&;xd;k Mu
onf/

trIrmS (1902) ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (10) &ufaeYwiG f vef'efNrKd U
vGeb f wf('f)vrf;? pmwdu k af &SUwGif jzpfymG ;cJah om vlowfryI if jzpfavonf/
vlowfrjI zpfymG ;onft h csed rf mS vnf; vlomG ;vlvm pnfum;aomtcsed jf zpf
Ny;D ? vlowform;ruav; upfwb D ikd &f eG uf vkd nf; pmwdu k t f rIxrf;tm;vH;k
u od&MdS uavonf/
upfwb D ikd &f eG rf mS vef'efNrKd U teD;rS aus;&Gmoluav;wpfO;D jzpfNy;D
qif;&JErG ;f yg;onf/ rdbrJw h pfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ vef'efNrKd UodYk cd;k ud;k &mrJh
wpfO;D tjzpf a&muf&v dS mcJNh y;D rdwaf qGwpfO;D \ tultnDEiS fh trsKd ;orD;
tvSty ypön;f rsm; a&mif;aom qdik w f pfqikd w f iG f ta&mif;pma&;ruav;
wpfO;D tjzpf toufarG;&&Smonf/ ½ky&f nfrmS vnf; oifw h if½h o
kH m acsmarm
aomfvnf; ud, k v f ;kH ud, k af yguf zGYHNzKd ;oluav;wpfO;D jzpfojzihf £wd, å
odu k o f rm;wdYk 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfaeonf/
xdak cwfu vef'efNrKd Uonf &mZ0wfjypfrrI sm;? vlvrd rf sm;? bPf
"m;jyrsm;? vlowform;rsm; paom &mZ0wfom;wdYk usupf m;&mNrKd UBu;D
wpfNrKd U jzpfaeavonf/ £wd, ¬ odu k o f rm;wdYk\ qif;&JErG ;f yg;aom tm;
ud;k &mrJh trsKd ;orD;rsm;udv k nf; vluek u f ;l &mNrKd UBu;D jzpfaeonf/ xdpk Of
aer0ifaom NAw d o d Qtifyg,mBu;D \ NrKd UawmfBu;D jzpfapumrl &mZ0wfjypfrI
trsm;qH;k jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh NrKd UawmfBu;D jzpfygonf/
vlraI &;uGm[rI Bu;D rm;ojzihf urÇmausmcf &hJ onfh trItcif;Bu;D
rsm;onf þacwf (20 &mpktp)wGif jzpfymG ;cJ&h jcif; jzpf[efwal vonf/
uReaf wmfwYko d nf þq,fu h ;kd &mpkuek q f ;kH cgeD;ESifh ESp&f mpkpwifcgeD; vef'ef
NrKd Utajctaetudk urÇmausmpf ma&;q&mBu;D 'pfuif;\ ]arQmw f vifv
h if}h ?
]tdv k AD mwGp}f paom 0w¬KBu;D rsm;? a&;Ed;k \vef'efNrKd UawmfBu;D \ eef;wGi;f
t½Iyaf wmfyrkH w S wf rf; 0w¬KBu;D rsm;? q&mBu;D udek if'KdG i;f Bu;D \ atmfpwifz&D;
rif;\ (a'gufwm aomif;xdu k )f pHak xmuf0w¬Krsm;wGif zwf½cI &hJ onf/
aus;vufa'orS upfwb D ikd &f eG uf ohJ Ykd cdu
k ;kd &mrJw
h pfaumif<uuf
orm; trsKd ;orD;uav;wpfO;D tzdYk vef'efNrKd YBu;D onf 0g;rsKd &m? 0JMoCBu;D
jzpfayrnf/ xdak cwfu oluo hJ Ykd trsKd ;orD;uav;wpfO;D tzdYk tvSjyifqikd f
pma&;r odYkr[kwf aiG&iS ?f aMu;&SiBf u;D rsm;\ taysmZf eD;? aemufq;kH jynfh
wefqm[laom vrf;ok;H oG,o f mvQif &Sad yawmhonf/
b0tpu arSmifxu J pcJah om upfwt D zdYk tarSmifxrJ mS yif b0
qH;k ½H;I &ayawmhrnf/ upfwb D ikd &f eG o
f nf tvSjyifqdkifpma&;ruav;tjzpf

toufarG;aepOf pm;aomufqikd w f pfqikd w f iG f trSwrf xif £wd, ¬ odu k f orm;
pawmh&, S , f myGpJ m; tmomabumudk awGYc&hJ onf/ upfwt D zdYk tmomESifh
awGYjcif;onf Mur®mqd;k 0ifjcif;yif jzpfayawmhonf/
tmomabumrSm vl½yI v f al yGwpfO;D jzpfNy;D om;Bu;D ? r,m;Bu;D
&So
d w l pfO;D jzpfonf/ upfwb D ikd &f eG vf kd rEl;reyf vef'efNrKd UodYk a&muf&v dS m
aom aus;awmoluav;rsm;udk wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D zsuq f ;D cJo
h w l pfO;D jzpf
onf/ pawmh&, S , f myGpJ m;wpfO;D vnf; jzpfojzihf aiG&iT o f nf/ upfwt D zdYk
tmomudk wu,fcspjf rwfE;kd onf/ tdraf xmif&dS trsKd ;om;rSe;f vnf; rod/
tcspu f kd trSew f efz;kd cJo h w l pfO;D jzpfonf/
tmom\vSnjhfzm;rIwiG f ,HMk unfco hJ nf/ cspjf cif;arwåm\ &pf
ywfzYaJG ESmifrI aESmifBuKd ;udk r½ke;f Edik af wmh/ tmomh\tay: jrwfE;kd cho J nf/
cspjf cif;arwåmwdro f v’mudk rz,f&mS ;Edik af wmh/
tmomabumonf vef'efNrKdU 0uf(cf)tif&h yfuu G ?f *sLUvrf;? trSwf
(18) wdu k t f cef;wpfcef;wGif iSm;&rf;NyD; upfwu D kd ZeD;tjzpf aygif;
oif;aexdik af vonf/ abumonf tdrcf ef;&Sit f rsKd ; orD;Bu;D tm; upfwD
rSm olYZeD;jzpfonf[k xkwaf zmfajymjycJo h nf/ þuJo h Yakd ygif;oif;aexdik Nf y;D
rMumjrifrh u D yif abumonf o½kyaf y:vmawmhonf/ upfw&D &dS modYk
rSerf eS v
f mjcif;r&S/d pawmhaps;wGif tvkyrf sm;onf[k taMumif;jyonf/
tjcm;rde;f uav;rsm;ESiw fh NJGy;D jyZmwf½rkH sm;odYo k mG ;onf/ upfwD xHoYkd
wpfcgwpf&o H m ay:vmonf/ upfwED iS af h bumonf tjcm;rde;f rysKd uav;rsm;ESif h
qufqaH &;udk taMumif;jyKí rMumcP &efjzpfonf/ wu,fawmh upfwrD mS
opöm&So d ?l abumudk wu,f cspjf rwfE;kd ol jzpf onf/ tdr&f iS t f bGm;Bu;D ESifh
ywf0ef;usiu f vnf; upfwED iS afh bumwdYk tay: pdwyf suv f mMuonf/
rMumcPqdo k vdk abumonf taomuf tpm;zufvmNy;D upfwt D m;
n§O;f yef;vmcJo h nf/
(1902) ck? Ed0k ifbmaeYwpfaeYwiG f upfwrD &Scd u kd f abum tcef;odYk
a&mufvmNy;D tdr&f iS t f bGm;Bu;D tm; olEiS u fh pfwrD mS w&m;0if vifr,m;
r[kwaf Mumif;? olYwiG f ZeD;Bu;D ESifh om;orD;rsm;&Sad Mumif;? upfwrD mS pm&dwå
aumif;ol r[kwaf Mumif;? olYtzdYk upfwt D m; qufvufaygif;azmf&ef
rjzpfEikd af wmhaMumif; &Si;f jycJah vonf/
upfwb D ikd &f eG f tvSjyifqikd rf S jyefa&muf&v dS maomtcgwGif upfwD
tm; abumajymcJo h nfh pum;vH;k rsm;twdik ;f tdr&f iS rf Bu;D \ tdraf zmfr

uav;onf upfwt D m; jyefajymjycJah vonf/ upfwt D zdYk tjcm;enf;vrf;
r&Sad wmhNy/D cspjf cif;arwåmudk wefz;kd xm;ol r[kwo f l wpfO;D tm; toem;cH
aomfvnf; t&ma&mufrnf rxifawmh/ rdru d , kd rf rd d tqH;k pD&if&efomvQif
tajzjzpfonf[k qH;k jzwfcahJ vonf/ Ed0k ifbmvqef;uyif abumonf
upfwx D H rvmawmhbJ a&Smifaeonf/ upfwo D nf abum&Srd nfah e&mrsm;
odYk vkud o f mG ;onf/ pawmhaps;odYkvnf; oGm;onf/ abumudk rawGY&yg/
abum oGm;avh&o dS nfh uyG½J rkH sm;? t&ufqikd rf sm;odYkvnf; oGm;cJo h nf/
odYkaomf abumudk &SmrawGUcJah y/
(1902) ck? arv (10) &ufaeY eHeufcif;onf tjcm;aeY
eHeuf cif;rsm;xuf &moDOwkonf ydkíom,maeonf/ odkYaomf
upfwb D ikd &f eG f tzdYk rxl;awmhNyDjzpfonf/ pdwaf v;vH xdik ;f rdiI ;f aeNyD;?
tcef;ydik &f iS f tbGm; BuD;uvnf; tcef;rSz,f&mS ;ay;&ef ajymMum;onf/
xdak eY eHeufapmapmyif upfwo D nf tdrrf x S uG cf NhJ yD; atmufpzdYk
vrf;&Sd tdro f ;kH ypön;f ESifh vuform;ud&, d mrsm; a&mif;csaom qdik w f pfqikd f
wGif 0ifí"m;wpfacsmif;udk 0,f,cl NhJ yD; vGeb f wfvrf;&Sd pmwdu k 0f if;twGi;f
odYk 0ifvu kd o f nf/
xdak eYwiG f pmwdu k 0f if;twGi;f vltawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufaeMuNyD
jzpfonf/ pmwdu k 0f efxrf;uav;rsm;vnf; pHpk v kH ifvif a&muf&adS ecJMh u\/
upfwo D nf pmtjrefyYk(d txl;) pmapmifukd abumxHoYkad &;om;í pmwdu k f
0efxrf;wpfO;D ESihf ydYk&ef qH;k jzwfvu kd of nf/ pmwGif txl;ta&;BuD;í
csuf csi;f vGeb f wfvrf;pmwdu k of Ykd vku d v f mcJzh Ykd a&;om;vku d Nf yD; abum
&Srd nf xifonfh pawmh&, S , f maps;odYk pmwdu k 0f efxrf;wpfO;D ESifh ydYv k u dk o f nf/
yxr0efxrf;ESifh ydYkvu kd af om pmudk abum vufc, H jl cif;
rjyK awmhay/ upfwo D nf 'kw, d tBurd f ,if;pmudyk if tjcm;pmwku d 0f efxrf;
wpfO;D ESifh tydYkvw T v f udk of nf/
abumonf pmwdu k 0f efxrf;ESit fh wl vdu k yf gvmcJNh yD; pmwdu k f
t0if0wGiyf if upfwED iS fh pum;ajymcJMh uonf/ pmwdu k 0f efxrf;uav;rsm;?
pmwdu k pf ma&;rrsm;? pmwdu k t
f wGi;f ESifh 0if;twGi;f &Sd vlrsm;tm;vH;k onf
olwYkdEpS Of ;D tm; Munh½f aI ecJMh uonf/
upfwED iS fh abumESpOf ;D onf rdepftenf;i,fcefY pum;ajymMu
onf/ upfwDurl abumtm; trsdK;rsdK; awmif;yefonf/ odkYaomf
abumum; upfwDudk pGefYcGm&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;jzpfonf/

upfwt D zdYk rxl;awmhNyjD zpfonf/ pdwu f w kd if;í NcKH xnfjzihf
0Su, f v l maom "m;udx k w
k v f u dk Nf y;D abumtm; ESpcf suq f ifí h xd;k vdu k f
awmhonf/ teD;wGi&f adS eMuonfh pmwku d 0f efxrf;rsm;ESifh &yfMunhaf eMu onfh
vltrsm;tzdYk tHMh ooGm;Muonf/ "m;udk rjrifMu/ upfw\ D NcKH xnf jzihf
½du
k v f u dk o f nf[k xifMuonf/
abumonf wpfcsun f nf;vku d Nf y;D pmwdu k af vSum;teD;wGif yif
vJusomG ;awmhonf/ upfwo D nf atmf[pfí idv k u kd o f nf/ ]]uRerf
cspw f ahJ bumudk aq;½Hyk YMkd uyg&Si/f uRerf rSm;oGm;Ny/D uRerf vlowform;
yg/ uReu f kd ao'Pfay;Muyg}} [k atmf[pfum vJusaeaom abumtm;
ayGYvu dk o f nf/
abumrSm rdepf tenf;i,ftwGi;f uG,v f eG o f mG ;&Smonf/
upfwu D vnf; csucf si;f ykvyd w f pfO;D xH oGm;a&mufí tzrf;cHonf/ trSef
twdik ;f vnf; ajzmifch suaf y;vdu k o f nf/ ajzmifch suaf y;&mwGif ESprf sKd;jzpfae onfuk d
awGU&S&d avonf/ yxray;aomajzmifch suw f iG f abumtm; rlv uyif
owf&ef BuH&, G cf NhJ yD; oGm;a&mufjcif; jzpfygaMumif;[kajzmifq h ckd NhJ yD;?
'kw, d ajzmifq h ckd suw f iG f upfwo D nf rdru d , kd rf rd d abuma&SUwGif owfao
&ef &nf&, G cf ahJ Mumif;? abumu "m;udv k &k mrS vufveG rf yd gaMumif; pojzihf
ajzmifq h ckd suaf y;cJah vonf/
rnfoYykd ifjzpfapumrl w&m;Oya't& upfwt D m; ykvyd t f zGYBJ u;D
onf vlowfrEI iS fh w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/ bk&ift h pd;k &w&m; a&;XmeBu;D rS
xkad eYu pmwku d Bf u;D a&SUwGif upfwb D idk &f eG Ef iS fh abumwdYk tcsi;f jzpfymG ;cJh
aomjrifuiG ;f udk awGYjrifMuol (12) OD;wdYt k m; tpd;k &oufaotjzpf wifjycJh
Ny;D ? upfwu D rl olYbufrS oufaowpfpw kH pfO;D rS wifjyjcif;r&Scd ahJ y/ olr
tm; ckcu H muG,rf nfh a&SUaeiSm;&rf;Edik &f ef aiGaMu;vnf; rjynfph ckH ahJ y/ odYk
aomf upfwt D ay: oem;arwåmxm;Muolrsm;onf tvSLaiGaumufcí H
upfwt D m; tultnD ay;cJMh uonf/ vTwaf wmfa&SUaeBu;D [ife&D'pfuif;
uvnf; arwåmjzihf upfwb D ufrS &yfwnfcahJ vonf/
cspcf si;f arwåmaMumihf jzpfc&hJ aom upfwb D ikd &f eG t f rIwiG f [ife&D
'pfuif;\ avQmufvcJ suo f nf t*FvefEikd if H w&m;½H;k rsm; jzwfx;kH rsm;wGif
pHerlxm;&aom avQmufvcJ sut f jzpf yg0ifcahJ vonf/ upfwb D ikd &f eG \
f
ao'Pftjypfay; pD&ifcsuf avQmah ygh&ef uefYuu G t f oem;cHwifjycsuu f kd
vlxBk u;D \ vufrw S af ygif; aomif;ESihf csí D a&;xd;k uefYuu G cf MhJu\/ pD&if

csucf srw S o
f nfah eYwiG f uefYuu
G f a&;xd;k olaygif; (15000) &Scd o hJ nf[k
zwf½cI &hJ ygonf/ t*Fvefw&m; ½H;k awmfBu;D onf upfwt D m; wpfoufwpf
uRe;f tjypf'PfoYkd vTaJ jymif;ay;cJNh y;D (1908) ckEpS w
f iG f w&m;aovTwcf ahJ v
awmhonf/
usrf;udk;

(38)
1933 ck? arv/ aumif;uifwpfcw kd iG f &Gmra,mif[efqifaeaom

rd;k om;wdrw f ukd Bf uD;rsm;aMumihf pl;&Saom aea&mifjcnfonf xd;k azmufjcif;
rjyKEikd af wmhay/ arQmaf vwkid ;f rdiI ;f rdiI ;f rIeaf eonf/ wpfcgwpf&H cyfvrS ;f vSr;f
rS rd;k csKe;f oHrsm; Mum;ae&onf/
bdv
k NkH rdKUrS yg&DNrdKUodYk OD;wnfaeonfh A[kv d rf;rBuD;onf um;
toGm;tvm &Si;f vif;vsu&f o dS nf/ &Gmawmhrnfh rd;k aMumifh vlomG ;vlvm
enf;yg;vsu&f o dS nf/ tjzLa&mif arm&pfridk ef m trsKd ;tpm; um;uav;wpf
pif;om vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif cyfjznf;jznf; armif;ESiaf eonfukd awGU&onf/
um;uav;onf yg&DNrdKUodYk armif;ESiv f su&f &dS m um;armif;aeol
rSm emrnfausmf 0wfvakH wmf&BuD; qmyufx&pfazmhpwif; jzpfayonf/
qmyufx&pfEiS fh rdom;pkwYkdonf yg&DNrdKUwGif tem;,l acwåaexdik &f ef
t*FvefEikd if rH S xGucf mG vmcJNh y;D bdv k NkH rKd UwGif acwåaexdik cf MhJ uonf/ bdv k NkH rKd U
rS eHeufapmapm yg&DoYkd xGucf mG vmjcif; jzpfavonf/
qmyufx&pfonf um;uav;udk jznf;jznf;rSerf eS f armif;ESif
vsu&f NdS yD; olYro d m;pkrmS rl c&Dyef;vmMuojzihf idu k rf sO;f vsuf &Sad eMuav
onf/ eHeufapmapm &Gmxm;aom rd;k zGm;uav;rsm;aMumifh vrf;rBuD;ay:
wGif a&wifvsu&f NdS y;D vrf;ab;0J,m&Sd 0ufopfcsyifrsm;? opft,fyifwef;

rsm;ESifh yd;k pmyifwYk\ d tay:wGif rd;k pufaygufuav;rsm; ,D;av;cdv k suf
&So
d nf/
qmyufx&pfonf um;rSejf ywif;aygufrS rsupf w d pfq;kH jrifae&
aom pyspcf if;rsm;? opfyifrsm; tkyq f idk ;f vsu&f adS om &Gmi,fuav;rsm;?
trd;k eDeED iS fh bk&m;&Scd ;kd ausmif;av;rsm;udk vSr;f Munfrh o d nf/ um;toGm; tvm
&Si;f vif;aeonfh vrf;rBu;D ay:wGif um;uav;udk cyfjznf;jznf; armif;vm&if;?
tawG;e,fus,faeayonf/ olyg0ifaqmif&GufcJh&onfh twdwfrS
rIcif;Bu;D rsm;udk pOf;pm;rdaeavonf/ olYNyKd ib f ufBu;D rsm; jzpfMu onhf
qmc&pfpruf[efz&D? rIcif;q&m0efBuD; py,fjAL&Dpaom emrnfausmf
yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D rsm;? vef'efNrKd U &mZ0wfw&m;½H;k Bu;D wGif olvu dk yf gaqmif&u G cf &hJ
ojzihf BuKd ;'PfrS vGwcf &hJ aom rIcif;rsm;? urÇmausmcf &hJ onfh cspjf cif;arwåm
aMumihjf zpfc&hJ onfh jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;rsm;? ol0wfvu kH av;jzpfp olYq&mBu;D
rsm;ESit fh wl em;axmifc&hJ onfh olYavQmufvcJ surf sm; ponfwYko d nf tpD
t&D ay:vmonf/
wpfcgwpf&H vrf;rBu;D ay:odYk ½kwjf cnf;jzwfvmonfh od;k tkyBf u;D
wpftyk w f avawGUcJ&h awmhrS olYum;udk t&Sed af vQmch NhJ y;D olY tawG;e,frsm;
ajymif;vJomG ;cJo h nf/ vrf;rBu;D ESifh ,SOv f su&f adS om rD;&xm;vrf;ay:rS
OMooHay;í jzwfarmif;oGm;aom rD;&xm;oHrsm;omvQif Mum;ae&onf/
qmyufx&pfonf olaemufrS vdu k vf maeaom NyKd iu f m; tjzL
a&mifuav;wpfp;D udk owdxm;rdvmonf/ olYum;udk cyfjznf;jznf; t&Sed f
avQmí h armif;vmavav cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rS t&Sed jf yif;pGmjzihf armif;vmaom
um;uav;u olYum;udk rDvmavav jzpfonf/ qmyufx&pfonf
tawG;e,frcsYJEikd af wmh wHwm;uav;wpfck t0ifwiG f aemufrS t&Sed jf yif;pGm
jzihf armif;vmaom NyKd iu f m;uav;onf qmyufx&pf\um;udk ausmf
wufvu kd o f nf/ tu,fí qmyufx&pfom um;puf&edS u f kd rowfrv d Qif
wduk rf o d mG ;rnfrmS rvGaJ y/
NyKd iu
f m;uav;onf puf&edS o f wfvu kd Nf y;D touf (30) cefY
cyfcsmacsm ud, k v f ;kH ud,
k af yguf cyfawmifah wmifh trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D onf
um;wHcg;udk zGiq hf if;vku d Nf y;D ud,
k u f kd udik ;f nGwí f ]]r*Fvm eHeufcif;yg
qmyufx&pf&iS }f } [k EIwq f ufvu kd Nf y;D ]]uRerf udk vlBu;D rif; rSwrf yd gw,f
aemf? uRerf qm*Reb f mae;&JU orD; rpöbmae;av ... a&SUaeBu;D / uRerf
ao'Pfu vGwu f if;atmif umuG,cf w hJ mav? uRerf a&SUaeBuD;&JU aus;Zl;

udk b,fawmhrS rarhawmhygbl;&Si}f } qmyufx&pfonf jyefowd&vm
onf/ td;k bdik af v &mZ0wfw&m;½H;k ay:u w&m;cGijf rifuiG ;f ay:vmonf/
rIcif;q&m0efBu;D qmpy,f jAL&D xGuq f cdk su?f aoewftrsKd ;rsKd ; uRr;f usif
ol a&mbwfcsmcs?D tpd;k &oufao? rpöpaf [mwdYk\ xGuq f ckd surf sm;udk
jyefvnfowd &vmonf/
qmyufx&pfonf jyefvnfí EIwq f ufvu kd of nf/ rSwrf yd g
aMumif; olYukd owd&í aus;Zl;wifaMumif; jyefajymvdu k o f nf/ trsKd ;orD;
onf 0rf;ompGm NyKH ;vku d Nf y;D olYNyKd iu f m;uav;udk t&Sed jf yif;pGmjzihf armif;ESif
oGm;awmhonf/ qmyufx&pftzdYk uHaumif;onf[k qd&k ayrnf/ tb,f
aMumihq f akd omf rpöbmae;\ NyKd iu f m;onf ude;f NrKd UteD;wGif NrKd Upm;uawmf
av; uvm½dek \ D um;ESifh wdu k rf cd &hJ m NrKd Upm;uawmfav;rSm yg&DNrKd U aq;½Hk
Bu;D wGif twGi;f vlemtjzpf aq;ukojcif;cH,cl &hJ &SmNy;D um;ESppf ;D pvH;k rSm
ysupf ;D oGm;cJ&h avawmhonf/
a':vm&pfbmae;rSm t*FvefEikd if w H iG f csr;f om<u,f0qH;k aom
rdom;pkrS zGm;jrifco hJ u
l av;jzpfayonf/ olr\zcif *Reb f mae;rSmvnf;
t*FvefEikd if w H iG f v,f{uaygif;rsm;pGm ydik q f ikd cf ahJ om ajrydik &f iS Bf u;D wpfO;D
jzpfNy;D tjcm;NAw d o
d Qyikd Ef ikd if rH sm;wGiv f nf; ¤if;ydik pf uf½rkH sm;? NcaH jrrsm; ydik f
qdik cf ahJ vonf/ qmbmae;\ ZeD;rSmvnf; csr;f om<u,f0aom rdom;pkrS
zGm;jrifco hJ l wpfO;D jzpfco hJ jzihf qmbmae;wdYk rdom;pkrmS t*FvefEikd if H
txufwef;vTmavmuwGif olwYkd rdom;pkrygvQif rNy;D oavmuf jzpfae
ayonf/
a':vm&pfbmae;rSm toH;k tjzKe;f BuD;ol? vGwv f w G v f yfvyf?
aysmo f vdak ecJo h al v;wpfO;D jzpfNy;D ausmif;aepOfuyif cspo f l wpfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D
ESifh wGcJ o hJ w l pfO;D jzpfonf/ nuyGrJ sm;? ygwDyrJG sm;? avmif;upm;½Hrk sm;onf
a':vm&pfbmae;tzdYk aeYpOfawGYjrifaecJ&h onfh ae&mrsm; jzpfonf/ NyKd iu f m;
armif;0goemuvnf; ygao;onf/ zcifjzpfol *Reb f mae;rSm orD;a':vm
&pfbmae;twGuf pdwrf csr;f rom jzpfaecJ&h onf/ toH;k tjzKe;f Bu;D ol orD;
a':vm&pfrmS avmif;upm;omru taomuftpm; wGzJ ufvmcJo h nf/
xdpk Of t*FvefEik d if ?H vlux k H aH vmuwGif a':vm&pfbmae; trnfuk d
rodorl &So d avmufjzpfonf/ olr\½ky&f nf? usu d sw
d uf csr;f om onfh
rdbtodkif;t0dkif;aMumihf odkufwl;vdkaom trsdK;om;wdkYrSmvnf;
a':vm&pfbmae; ywf0ef;usiw f iG f 0dik ;f 0dik ;f vnfaeonf/ trSet f m;jzihf

a':vm&pfbmae;rSm vSyonf[k rqdEk ikd af omfvnf; ol\pGrJ ufp&m ud, k f
vH;k ud,
k af yguf? qefYusib f ufvid q f JG aqmifEikd af om csKd omonfh rsuEf mS
aMumifh trsKd ;om;avmuwGif emrnfausmcf &hJ jcif;jzpfonf/
rdbrsKd ;½d;k ESifh olr\csKd omaom rsuEf mS ? pGrJ ufp&mjzpfaom ud, k f
vH;k ud,
k af yguf? yGiYfvif;aomajymqd[ k efwYkad Mumifh a':vm&pfbmae;tm;
t*Fvefxyd w f ef;vTmrS olaX;wpfO;D rSm bmae;tm; pGv J ef;cspcf ifvmcJo
h nf/
csucf si;f qdo k vdk vufxyfjzpfco hJ nf/ olaX;uav;rSm bmae;xuf
toufBu;D oljzpfojzihf a':vm&pfbmae; rdom;pkurl a':vm&pfwYkd tdrf
axmifa&;onf tpOfacsmarGYaprnf[k xifrw S cf ohJ nf/ a':vm&pfbmae;
\ cifyeG ;f rSm i,f&, G o f l a':vm&pfbmae;udk tvdv k u kd o
f nf/ tBuKd uf
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&Gm;vmonf/ ygwDyaJG ygif;pH?k upm;0dik ;f aygif;pH?k trsKd ;om;aygif;pHEk iS fh wGv J m
onf/ xifwikd ;f Muv J monf/ cifyeG ;f onftzdYk cGirhf vTwaf wmh/ aemufq;kH
a':vm&pfbmae; cifyeG ;f onf bmae;tm; pGeYfypfvu dk af wmhonf/
a':vm&pfonf zcifqm*Reb f mae;xHoYkd jyefvnfvma&muf
aexdik cf o hJ nf/ qm*Reb f mae;tzdYk olYorD;jzpfo\ l tdraf xmif a&;NyKd urJG I
onf olYorD; a':vm&pfbmae;tm; oifcef;pm&apvdrrhf nf[k xifrw S cf hJ
onf/ odYkaomf txifEiS t fh jrif vGcJ &hJ &Smonf/
a':vm&pfonf ,cifuyG?J avmif;upm;ESifh t&uftodik ;f t0dik ;f odYk
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ cspfolwpfOD;NyD;wpfOD; ajymif;vJ
vufwv JG mcJo h nf/ vef'efNrKd Y&dS xdpk Ofu emrnfausmf yg&Daysmyf pJG m;½Ho k nf
a':vm&pftm;aeYpOfawGYEidk af om aysmyf pJG m;½Hjk zpfavonf/
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a':vm&pfbmae; todik ;f t0dik ;f odYk 0ifa&mufvm
olrmS 0Dv, D ef paumhpwDzifqo k d l vli,fval y:aMumh £w¬, d oduk w f ;l
orm;jzpfNy;D olYtodik ;f t0dik ;f wGif olYtm; rdu k u f ,f[k vlord sm;onf/
rdu
k uf ,f[í l yif trsm;uac:a0:Muonf/ rdu k u f ,fonf a':vm&pfbm
ae;xuf toufajcmufEpS cf efY i,f&, G o f l vlacsmwpfO;D jzpfNy;D ol\ajymqdk
[eftrlt&mwdYkrmS awGYqo kH l trsKd ;orD;wdik ;f usavmufonfh [eftrlt&m
tajymtqdw k Ykd jzpfonf/
a':vm&pfbmae;tzdYk rdu k u f ,ftm; wef;wef;pGjJ zpfvmonf/
trsKd ;om;wumESifh wGcJ NhJ y;D trsKd ;om;aygif;pHt k m; t½l;trl; jzpfapcJo h l
a':vm&pfbmae;onf rdu k u f ,fEiS afh wGYqrkH S ajymif;vJomG ;onf/ rdu k u f ,f

udk wu,fcspcf ifvmonf/ cspcf si;f arwåmonf qef;Mu,fvaS yawmh onf/
a':vm&pfbmae;vdk tonf;ESv;kH tm; aysmah ysmif;apEdik cf ahJ wmh onf/
0Dv, D efpwDzifqif ac: rdu k uf ,frmS i,fpOfuyif ayayawaw
aexdik cf o hJ l wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf/ cspo f wl pfO;D Ny;D wpfO;D wGcJ NhJ y;D odu k w f ;l orm;
wpfO;D jzpfco hJ nf/ olUtzdYk a':vm&pfbmae;ESifh awGYq&kH jcif;onf &wem
oduk Bf u;D udk awGY&jcif;yif jzpfawmhonf/ rdu k uf ,frb d rsm;uvnf; rdu k f
u,f\pdw"f mwf? toH;k tjzKe;f ? taomuftpm;? avmif;upm;'Pfukd
rcHEikd /f rdu k u f ,ftm; om;tjzpf pGeYfy,fxm;cJah vonf/ a':vm&pfbm
ae;ESifh rdu k u f ,fwYkEd pS Of ;D onf vef'efNrKd U&Sd xdpk Ofu emrnfausmf uyG½J jkH zpf
aom yg&D'u D az;wGif awGYq&kH mrS wpfO;D ESiw fh pfO;D pGvJ rf;cspcf ifcMhJ uavawmh
onf/
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tajymif;tvGJ jzpfapjcif;yif jzpfavawmhonf/ ,cifurl a':vm&pfonf
trsKd ;om;rsm;tm; od;k i,frsm;omvQif jzpfonf[k oabmxm;cJNh y;D olr
ud,k o f rl 0Hyak vGuo hJ Ykd oabmxm;&Scd o hJ nf/ olrtm; pGv J rf;cJMh uonfh
usm;owå0gtcsKd YrmS a':vm&pfbmae;\ vSnphf m;jcif;? t½l;vkyjf cif; cHc&hJ
avonf/
odYkaomf ,ck rdu k uf ,fEiS fh awGY&&dS aomtcgwGif a':vm&pfbm;
ae;rSm od;k i,fjzpfomG ;chNJ y;D rdu k u f ,frmS 0Hyak vG jzpfvmcJah vonf/ rdu k f
u,fEiS fh awGYqckH o hJ nfrmS aejrifah vt½l;&ifah vqdo k uJo h Ykd a':vm&pfbm
ae;crsm rdu k u f ,fukd wrf;wrf;pGJ jzpfvmavonf/
a':vm&pfbmae;onf rdu k u f ,fukd rjrif&raeEdik ?f rdu k uf ,f
oGm;vmavh&o dS nfh nuyG½J akH ygif;pH?k avmif;upm;0dik ;f rsm;&So d nfah e&m?
aysmyf pJG m;½Hrk sm;oGm;í rdu k u f ,fukd apmih&f onf/ rdu k u f ,fawmif;oavmuf
aiGukd yHyh ;kd ay;&onf/ olyikd v f uf0wf&wemrsm;udk wpfcNk y;D wpfck rdu k uf ,f
u awmif;,la&mif;csí oH;k pGaJ vonf/
wdww f w d yf ek ;f cspo f rl sm;udk wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf a':vm
&pfbmae;\ uG,&f mwGif wGaJ eawmhonf/ a':vm&pfonf rdu k u f ,ftm;
vufxyfzYkd tBurd Bf urd f em;csco hJ nf/ rdu k u f ,fonf taMumif;trsKd ;rsKd ;jyí
jiif;qdo k nf/ &uftBurd Bf urd f a&TUcJo h nf/ wpfpwpfpESifh a':vm&pfbmae;
xHrS aiGawmif;onf/ a':vm&pftzdYk rdu k u f ,ftm;awGYqNkH y;D olrudk vuf

rxyfygu rdru d , kd rf rd d tqH;k pD&ifrnfjzpfaMumif;jzihf rdu k u f ,ftm; tMuyf
udik o f nf/
odYkaomf rdu k u f ,fonf a':vm&pfbmae;tm; a&Smifaeonf/
aiGvv kd mrSom tawGYcaH vonf/ cspo f t
l opfuav;rsm;ESifh wpfO;D NyD;
wpfO;D wGaJ eonf/ olimS ;aexdik cf o hJ nfh vef'efNrKd U trSwf (21) 0Dv, D efjrL;
vrf;wGif a':vm&pfbmae; vma&mufaexdik o f nf/ olr\rdbrsm; tdrrf S
xGucf mG oGm;NyD; rdu k uf ,fEiS fh vma&mufaexdik o f nf/ trSet f m;jzihf aetdrf
rSmvnf; a':vm&pf iSm;xm;onft h rd f jzpfavonf/ olwYkdEpS Of ;D onf
vuf xyfa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD; pum;rsm; Muonf/
ywf0ef;usiw f iG f aexdik cf MhJ uaom tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;tzdYk pdwf
ysuzf , G &f mjzpfavonf/ aeYpOf a':vm&pfbmae;ESifh rdu k u f ,fwYkdonf
olwYkdaetdrw f iG f ygwDy?JG uyGJ usi;f yavh&NdS yD; aeYpOfvv dk dk qly&l efjzpfavh
vnf; &So d nf/ &efjzpfonft h cgvnf; aoewfypfoH rMumcP Mum;&NyD;?
a':vm&pfbmae;u rdru d , dk rf rd d aoewfjzihf tqH;k pD&ifrnf[al om Ncdr;f
ajcmufo?H Budr;f 0g;oHrsm;udv k nf; Mum;&avh&o dS jzihf tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;
pdwyf suzf , G &f m&Sjd cif;rSm rqef;awmhay/
1932 ck? arv (31) &ufaeYnoef;acgifcsed af vmufwiG f a':vm
&pfbmae;rdom;pk q&m0efBu;D xHoYkd olraexdik o f nfh trSwf (21) 0Dv, D ef
jrL;vrf;odYk csucf si;f vku d v f mcJ&h ef zke;f qufonf/
q&m0efBuD;onf csucf si;f oGm;a&mufcahJ vonf/ trSwf (21)
0Dv, D efjrL;vrf;aetdro f Ykd q&m0efBuD; a&muf&v dS mcJo
h nft h cgwGif rdu k f
u,frmS a':vm&pfbmae;\ tdycf ef;twGi;f aoewf'Pf&mjzihf aoqH;k ae
onfukd awGU&S&d avawmhonf/
rdu
k uf ,fwiG &f &So d nfh aoewf'Pf&mrSmvnf; aoewfjzihf teD;
uyfq;Hk ypfcwfí&&So d nfh 'Pf&m jzpfaeavonf/ aoqH;k ol rdu k uf ,f\
teD;wGif usnEf pS af wmifah vQmah eaom prpfEiS fh 0yfqif ukrP Ü rD S jyKvyk o f nfh
yGKd ihf (32) ajcmufv;kH yl;wpfvufukd awGY&cdS &hJ avonf/
a':vm&pfbmae;rSm tvGet f uRH t&ufaomufpm;xm;[ef&NdS yD;
q&m0efBu;D tm; olYcspo f rl aoatmif aq;ukozdYk awmif;yefonf/ bmae;
onf rdu k u f ,fraoygbl;aemf? rdu k u
f ,fraoyg bl;aemfEiS hf wwGww f w G f
ajymqdo k nf/ rdu k u f ,fukd olraoewfjzihf ypfcwfjcif; r[kwaf Mumif;?
olrtm; pGeYcf mG íoGm;awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymqdck &hJ mrS rdru d , kd rf rd d aoewf

jzihf ypfcwf&ef BudK;pm;cJah Mumif;? rdu k u f ,fu aoewfukd vk,&l mrS
aoewf rawmfwq usnq f efxu G íf xdreS jf cif;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdck o hJ nf/
csucf si;f qdok vdk ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;ESifh pHak xmufwpfO;D a&muf &Sv d m
Ny;D tcif;jzpfymG ;yHk oufaocHypön;f oJveG pf ponfwYku d kd ppfaq;rSww f rf;
,lcMhJ uonf/
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onfh pum;vH;k rsm;twdik ;f ajymjycJo h nf/ ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;tzdYk a':vm&pf
bm;ae;\ rdb*kPt f &Sed tf 0gaMumihf ppfaq;csu&f ,lNy;D a':vm&pfbmae;
tm; vTwaf y;cJah vonf/
xdpk Ofu txl;ausmMf um;cJah om cspjf cif;arwåmaMumifh jzpfc&hJ
onfh rIcif;jzpfavonf/ vef'efNrdKUxkw?f vef'efwikd ;f owif;pmBuD;?
vef'efaMu;rHo k wif;pmBuD;ESifh tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S xkwaf 0aom
owif;pmBuD;rsm;wGif ,if;rku d uf ,fEiS fh a':vm&pfbmae;\ rdom;pk
taMumif; aphaphppkH kH azmfjyMu\/ a':vm&pfbmae;\ zcif qm*Reb f mae;
rSmvnf; aiG&iS af Mu;&Sif vlord sm;aom vkyif ef;&Sif olaX;BuD; jzpfojzihf
owif;pmzwfy&dowfu txl;pdw0f ifpm;onf e,l;a,mhcNf rdKUxkwf wdik ;f
owif;pmBuD;uvnf; rIcif;owif;axmufwpfO;D udk vef'efoYkd apvTwí f
owif;,lapcJah vonf/
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&mrS jyefvnfízrf;qD;cJNh y;D vef'efNrKd Yt;kd bdik af v&mZ0wf½BkH u;D wGif rdu k u f ,f
tm; aoewfjziho f wfcrhJ t I wGuf w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/
xdtk rIBu;D tm; ppfaq;cJah om w&m;olBu;D rSm xdak cwfu emrnf
ausmf qmw&maAmh(cf)[efz&d jzpfavonf/ qm[efz&drmS urÇmAh 'k b ¨ mom
toif;Bu;D \ Ouú| c&pfprwf [efz&dwo f cif jzpfavonf/ tpd;k &a&SUae
BuD;rSmvnf; urÇmausm0f wfvakH wmf&BuD; ygpDA,fuvwf(cf) jzpfNyD;
a':vm&pfbmae;\ 0wfvakH wmf&BuD;rSm uReaf wmftxufu a&;om;azmf
jycJoh nfh 0wfvakH wmf&BuD; qmyufx&pfa[mhpwif; jzpfavonf/
t*Fvef? jyifopfEiS fh tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k YkdrS xkwaf 0aom
*sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a':vm&pfbmae;\trItaMumif; pdw0f ifpm;zG,f
a&;om; azmfjycJo h nf/
trIppfaq;&mwGif bmae;\w&m;olBuD; qmyufx&pf\
avQmufxm;csuo f nf urÇmausmcf &hJ onfh avQmufxm;csujf zpfonf/

w&m;cGiw f iG f a':vm&pfbmae;\ajzmifq h ckd suo f nf ykvyd w f Ykxd w H iG f xGuf
qdck suEf iS v fh nf;aumif; bmae;wdYkro d m;pk q&m0efBuD;tm; bm;ae;\
ajymjycsuw f YkdrmS vH;k 0uGjJ ym;jcm;em;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y/
a':vm&pfbmae;\ tdrcf ef;eH&w H iG v f nf; aoewfusnq f ef
xd rSex f m;aom taygufwpfayguf awGY&cdS &hJ jcif;udk qmyufx&pfu
tav; ay;í w&m;cHbufrS wifjyavQmufxm;cJah vonf/ a':vm&pfonf
rMum cP qdo k vdk olrcspo f tl m; rdrud , dk rf rd d owfaornf[k ajymqdck NhJy;D
aoewfjzihf tay:odYk axmifazmufavh&o dS nf [laom tdref m;eD;csi;f rsm;\
xGuq f ckd suo f nf rSeu f efaeavonf/
tpd;k &oufaowpfO;D jzpfaom rpöpaf [m\ xGuq f ckd surf sm; uGJ
vGv J su&f adS eojzihf a':vm&pfbmae;tzdYk uHaumif;onf qd&k ayawmhrnf/
rpöpaf [monf ykvyd w f YkdxwH iG f xGuq f &kd mwGif tcif;rjzpfymG ;rD rdepf
tenf;i,ftvdw k iG f a':vm&pfbmae;\ ]]ig rif;udk aoewfEiS fh ypfrnf}}
[laom atmfajymonfh toHukd Mum;&ygonf[k xGuq f ckd ohJ nf/ odYkaomf
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rdru d ,kd rf rd d aoewfjzihf ypfcwf&mjyKraI y:aMumif;? xkYdaMumihf rdu k u f ,fEiS fh
aoewfuv kd Mk u&mrS rawmfwq aoewfusnq f efxu G í f rdu k u f ,f
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ykvyd t f zGYJrS wifjyonfh aoewfuRr;f usio f u l rl prpfEiS fh 0yfqif
ukrP Ü rD S jyKvyk af om ydKG ihf 32 ajcmufv;kH jyL;onf rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q
rawmf wq usnq f ef rxGuEf ikd [ f al om xGuq f ckd suu f kd w&m;cH
a&SUaeBuD;jzpf aom qmyx&pfu ½Hk;awmfay:&Sd oufaocHtjzpf
wifjyxm;aom aoewf udk ,lí rawmfwq usnq f efxu G Ef ikd yf u kH kd
o½kyo f P²mefEiS fh jyocJah v onf/
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rsm;udk oufaotjzpf wifjyEdik jf cif;vnf; r&Scd o hJ jzihf ½H;k awmfBuD;u
w&m;cH rjzpfaom a':vm&pfbmae;tm; w&m;ao
vTwrf ed Yfcsrw S cf ahJ vonf/
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tdyf cef;twGi;f wGif a':vm&pfbmae; uG,v f eG af eonfukd yg&Dyv k yd tf zGYu J
awGU&Scd &hJ avonf/

(39)
1931 ck? pufwifbmv (19) &uf/ emZDygwD\ acgif;aqmifBu;D

[pfwvm\ "mwfyq kH &mBu;D a[mh(zf)ref;onf pdwv f yI &f mS ;vsuf &So d nf/
ta&SUbufaumif;uifwiG f a&mifeyD sKd YvmNyjD zpfaomfvnf; *smreDEikd if H jrL;epf
NrKd UwGif rMumcP usavhusx&Sad om ac: rkew f ikd ;f aMumifh vrf;r

Bu;D rsm;ay:wGif vlou l if;&Si;f vsu&f o dS nf/ um;wpfpif;wavrS rawGY&/

a[m(zf)ref;ESifh um;armif;ol *sL;vD;a,mhwYko d nf eHeuf 5;00
em&DcefYuyif [pfwvm\emrnfausmZf rd cf H rmpD';D um;Bu;D udk jrL;epfNrKd Y
y&if(h Zf)&D*smwmyvuf(pf)vrf; trSwf 17 a&SUwGif &yfxm;cJNh y;D acgif;aqmif
Bu;D [pfwvmudk apmihaf e&onf/ xl;qef;onf[k olwYdEk pS Of ;D xifonf/
cgwdik ;f qdvk Qif acgif;aqmifBu;D [pfwvmonf tcsed u f kd wdusonf/ ol
,ckxd tdrt f ay:xyfrS qif;rvm/ cgwdik ;f vdk olUtcspaf wmf wlracsm
a*vDa&mfabmf(vf) ESifh pum;rsm;&efjzpfí aeMuoavm/

[pfwvm\ tdraf zmfrBu;D rpöp0f if;wm;\ ajymjycsut f & qdk

vQif pufwifbmv (18) &uf aomMumaeYuvnf; [pfwvmESifh a*vD
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ao rnfukd rvdv k m;Mu/ [pfwvmonf El,ifbwfNrKd UodYk ygwDpnf;a0;yGJ
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vQif [uf[ufyufyuf &Ti&f iT yf sysEiS fh EIwq f ufavh&o dS nf/ ,aeYtrlt&m
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a*vD\ tavmif;teD;wGifvnf; [pfwvm\ 6.3 rDvDrDwm
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ydrk &kd &SMd uavonf/
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txufazmfjycJah om jzpf&yfreS rf cI if;BuD;rSm ,if;pDAv D ikd ;f wGif jzpfco hJ nfh
rIcif;Bu;D jzpfygonf/
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0Dv, D efu vyf(uf)rSm ½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfí vlcspv f cl ifaygrsm;Ny;D tm*&m
NrKd U rsuEf mS jzLtodik ;f t0dik ;f ESifh wdik ;f &if;om; todik ;f t0dik ;f wGif vlord sm;í
taygif;toif;qHo h wl pfO;D jzpfavonf/ NAdwo d QtrsKd ;om;wpfO;D jzpf
aomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESifh qufqaH &;aumif;rGeo f w l pfO;D [lí trsm;
u ,lqcJah vonf/ vlcspv f cl ifrsm;aomfvnf; tdraf xmifa&;uH raumif;
&Smay/ olYZeD;rpöpu f vyf(uf)rSm NAw d o d QtrsKd ;om;rsm;avmuwGif taygif;
toif;aumif;ol? rsuEf mS rsm;ol? trsKd ;om;rsm;ESix fh nfvJ wyl;wGw J JG aeol[k
ausmfMum;ol jzpfonf/ t&m&Sduawmfrsm;ESihfvnf; uyGJrsm;? zJ
upm;0dik ;f rsm;wGio f m csed u f ek cf NH y;D uav; (4) OD;ESifh cifyeG ;f jzpfol q&m0ef
Bu;D tm; wdik ;f &if;om; tapcHrsm;ESio fh m vTx J m;cJo h w l pfO;D jzpfonf/

a'gufwmuvyf(uf)tzdYk olYZeD;tm; trsKd ;rsKd ; awmif;yefcahJ omf
vnf; olYZeD;rSm uvyfwufNr?J ydu k m0dik ;f xdik Nf ryJ if jzpfavawmhonf/
a'gufwmuvyf(uf)tzdYk avmuBu;D udk pdwyf suv f monf/ tqifrajy
onfh tdraf xmifa&;twGuf xdpk Ofu tdE, ´d &Sd t&m&Sd trsKd ;om;trsm;pk
jyKvyk af vh&o dS nfh ydv k ½kd ukd u f pm;jcif;? awmvdu k jf cif;jzihf rdr\d pdwn f pfru I kd
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Bu;D rSmvnf; ½d;k ½d;k om;om; at;aq;olwpfO;D jzpfNy;D olYcspZf eD; rpöpzf v l if
rSmvnf; ½ky&f nfvyS wifw h ,fí at;aq;wnf Nird o f wl pfO;D jzpfavonf/
a'gufwmuvyf(uf)onf pm&if;udik Bf u;D wdYk\ rdom;pkukd tm;usonf/
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wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D Mo*wfpwyfzv l ifrmS rMumcP c&D;xGuf
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wdik ;f &if;om;tapcHrsm;om use&f pfco hJ nf/ tdraf xmifa&;okc iwfrw G af e
aom a'gufwmESifh vifom;tay: tjyKtpkaumif;ol rpöpzf v l ifwYko d nf
wpfpwpfp &if;ES;D vmcJah vonf/ pm&if;udik Bf u;D c&D;xGuaf eonf&h ufrsm;
onf a'gufwmtzdYk aysm&f iT q f ;kH aom &ufrsm;jzpfavonf/ rpöpzf v l ifEiS fh
a'gufwmwdYk wyl;wGw J JG jzpfvmonf/
va&mif&eT ;f jraom nrsm;wGif olwYkEd pS Of ;D onf tm*&mNrKd U\
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vrf;avQmufMuonf/ olwYkEd pS Of ;D onf rcGrJ cGmEdik af om cspo f rl sm;tjzpf
a&muf&cdS &hJ onf/ aeYpOfjrifawGUaecJ&h aomfvnf; a'gufwmuvyf(uf) onf
wdww f cd;k cspo f l rpöpzf v l ifxH cspo f 0PfvmT yg;onf/ odYkaomf pm&if;
udik Bf u;D tzdYk olZeD;ESifh olYrw d af qGwYk\ d cspjf cif;arwåmZmwfvrf;udk rod&cdS hJ
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tcspo f nf wjznf;jznf; ckid Nf rv J mNy;D rcGEJ ikd f rcGm&ufawmhonfh tajctae
odYk a&mufvmonf/ rpöpzf v l iftzdYk wG,w f m&rnfh om;orD;rsm; r&Sjd cif;

onf olwYkdEpS Of ;D \ uHMur®mudk ajymif;vJapcJo h nf[k uReaf wm x f ifyg
onf/
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zlvifEiS fh a'gufwmuvyf\ ZeD; rpöuvyf(uf)wdYkEpS Of ;D tm; &Si;f vif;&ef
BuH&, G cf MhJ uawmhonf/ þuJo h Ykd &Si;f vif;Edik rf o
S mvQif olwYkdEpS Of ;D tzdYk
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vnf; r&Sad wmhNyD jzpfonf/
yxrOD;qH;k pm&if;udik Bf uD;udk &Si;f vif;&ef a'gufwmuvyf(uf)
onf BuHaqmifcahJ wmhonf/ pm&if;udik Bf uD;zlvifukd tmqefepf (

pdeqf yd af q;) jzihf owf&ef &nf&, G Bf uHaqmifcahJ vonf/

tmqefepf(pdet f qdy)f aq;udk qD'G iftrsKd ;om; odyyHÜ nm&Sif

um;vf0v D , D ef&aDS vu pwifawGU&Scd NhJ yD; ,if;tqdyrf mS t&omuif;rhNJ yD;
ta&miftqif;vnf; r&Sad y/ vlwYko d ;kH aqmifaom EGm;EdYk? aumfz?D vufzuf
&nf paom tpm;tpmrsm;wGif xnfí h wdu k af uR;Edik af vonf/ ,if;tqdyf
udk aomufcrhJ o d tl zdYk tqdyrf o d nf[k rxif& 0rf;a&m*gjzpfonfh t&dyf
vu©Pmrsm; twdik ;f jzpfonf[k uReaf wmfwYkd zwf½cI &hJ avonf/
þtqdyu f kd 19 &mpkEpS t f wGi;f vltoH;k rsm;cJo h jzihf

½d;k &maq;[líyif ac:cJMh u\/ wpfcgwpf&w H iG f ,if;

tqdyrf o d t l zdYk tefjcif;? Adu k af tmifjh cif;paom ESv;kH a&m*g? avxd;k av

atmifh a&m*gtoGiv f nf; jzpfavh&o dS jzihf vlowftqdyf tjzpf trsm;qH;k
toH;k jyKcJMh uavonf/ tcsKd Yumrtm;wd;k aq;rsm;wGiv f nf; &mckid Ef eI ;f
tenf;qH;k xnfo h iG ;f toH;k jyKcMhJ uonf [lívnf; qdak yonf/
a'gufwmuvyf(uf)tzdYk pm&if;udik Bf uD;tm; &Si;f vif;&ef þ
tqdyo f nf toifah wmfq;kH jzpfavonf/ tb,faMumihq f akd omf 0,f,&l m
wGif vG,u f Nl yD; tylyikd ;f Zkew f iG f yg0ifaeaom tdE, ´d jynftzdYk 0rf;a&m*g
rMumcP jzpfymG ;avh&o dS jzihf 0rf;a&m*g&ol\ vu©Pmjzpfaom þpdef
tqdyu f kd toH;k jyK&ef qH;k jzwfcNhJ yD; cspo f 0PfvmT ESit hf wl tqdyaf q;rIeYf
tm; rpöpzf v l ifxo H Ykd ay;ydkYcJhavonf/
rpöpfzlvifonf a'gufwmuvyf(uf)\ tpDtpOftwdkif;
olY cspv f if pm&if;udik Bf uD;tm; pdet f qdyaf q;udk aumfzED iS fh tjcm;tpm;
taomufrsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f auR;arG;cJjh cif;jzihf wyfpm&if;udik Bf uD; Mo*wf

pwyfrmS tdy&f mxJwiG f Ake;f Ake;f vJawmhonf/ olwYkrd o d m;pk q&m0ef jzpfae
aom a'gufwmuvyf(uf)tm; ac:,ljyocJNh y;D a'gufwmvufcsuEf iS yfh if
pm&if;udik Bf u;D crsm 1911 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mv 11 &ufaeYwiG f uG,v f eG f
cJ&h avonf/ a'gufwmuvyfonf wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D rSm ESv;kH a&m*gESifh
uG,v f eG cf &hJ onf[í l vlaovufrw S x f w k af y;cJNh y;D tm*&mNrKd U okomefwiG f
yif wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D Mo*wfpwyfzv l iftm; oN*KØ [cf MhJ uavonf/
a'gufwmuvyfonf pm&if;udik Bf u;D uG,v f eG cf NhJ yjD zpfojzihf rpöpf
zlvifEiS fh &J&w J if;wif;aexdik v f mcJah vonf/ ywf0ef;usiu f vnf; olwYkd
ESpOf ;D tm; ouFmruif;jzpfvmcJah wmhonf/ a'gufwmuvyftzdYk olYZeD;
tm; &Si;f vif;&ef Bu&H , G &f awmhonf/ pdet f qdyaf q;udk toH;k jyK&ef r&nf
&G,?f ,if;tqdyaf q;rS &&S&d efv, G u f al omfvnf; ywf0ef;usiu f od&v dS m
rnfukd pd;k &dro f nf/ okYdjzpfí rpöuvyfukd tpwH;k ap&rnfeh nf;rSm vlowf
orm;rsm;udk toH;k jyKaponfeh nf;yif jzpfawmhonf/
a'gufwmuvyfonf olUcspZf eD; taysmuf&iS ;f &eftwGuf BuH
aqmif&awmhonf/ olYZeD;tm; vkyBf uo H wfjzwfpOfwiG f olYtzdYk vltrsm;
rsujf rif&adS om ae&mwGif &Sad ezdYk vdo k nfuv kd nf; BuKd wifpOf;pm;xm;Ny;D
jzpfco hJ nf/ wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D Mo*wfpwyfzv l if aoqH;k &jcif;rSm ½d;k ½d;k
a&m*gjzihf aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfEikd o f vm;[laom oHo,aMumihf wyfpm&if;udik f
Bu;D \ rdwaf qGrsm;onf &Jtm; owif;ay;cJMh uavonf/ odYkaomfvnf;
wdkif;&if;&JtzdkY b&m;qyfjzpfaeaom NAdwdoQtrsdK;om; a'gufwm
uvyf(uf)tm; pHpk rf;ppfaq;&efrf mS cdik v f akH om oufaor&Sv d Qif rjzpfEikd af y/
þodYkjzpf&um; &JtzdYk a'gufwmuvyfukd apmihq f idk ;f Munh½f ½I o kH mvQif &Sd
ayawmhonf/
a'gufwmuvyfonf olYZeD;udk &Si;f vif;&eftwGuf ,cifoYltrd f
wGif aexdik o f mG ;cJo
h l jrif;xde;f wdik ;f &if;om; qpftrsKd ;om;tm; csO;f uyfchJ
avonf/ olrw S pfqifh vlowform;rsm; iSm;&rf;í olY ZeD;tm; tpwH;k ap
&ef jzpfavonf/
1912 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv? 17 &ufaeYwiG f a'gufwmuvyfonf
ZeD;tm; owf&efowfrw S cf ahJ vonf/ vlowform; (4) OD; tm; xkpd Ofu
toH;k jyKaom ½l;yD;aiG 100d om ay;cJ&h avonf/ 1912 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv
31 onf vrdu k af om nwpfnjzpfojzihf vlowform;wdYktzdYk tcGit hf a&;
aumif;Bu;D yif jzpfawmhonf/ xkad eYnaeuyif a'gufwmuvyfonf t&m

&Srd sm;&dyo f mwGif rdwaf qGrsm;ESifh npmpm;&ef[k tdraf zmftrsKd ;orD;uav;
rsm;ESifh rmvDwYkdtm; rSmMum;í xGucf mG oGm;cJah vonf/ trSerf mS olYcspo f l
rpöpzf v l ifxo H Ykd oGm;a&muf&efyif jzpfaomfvnf; &mZ0wfrI jzpfvmygu
olYtzdYk tvDbikd jf y&ef BuH&, G cf sufyif jzpfavawmhonf/
vlowform;av;OD;onf n (10) em&DcefYwiG f olwYkd tpDtpOf
twdik ;f a'gufwmuvyftrd 0f if; twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufcNhJ y;D a'gufwmuvyf
\ ZeD;tm; tdycf ef;twGi;f rSmyif &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcahJ vonf/
rmvDEiS fh tdraf zmfrav;wdYkrmS tdrEf iS hf rvSr;f rurf; wef;vsm;rsm;wGio f m
aecJMh uojzihf vlowform;wdYk olwYkd ocifrtm; owfjzwfaeMujcif;udk
rodMuawmhay/
a'gufwmuvyf tdrjf yefvmonft h csderf mS n (11) em&DcefY
xd;k NyD jzpfavonf/ uav;av;OD;rSmvnf; oD;jcm;tdycf ef;wGio f m
tdycf MhJ uojzihf &ufpufonfh vlowfrBI uD; usL;vGecf jhJ cif;udk rodMu/
a'gufwmuvyfonf csucf si;f &Jt&m&Srd sm;tm; wdik Mf um;av
awmhonf/ a'gufwmuvyftzdYk Mur®miifcNhJ yDjzpfonf/ &Jt&m&Srd sm;
ppf aq;cJhaomtcgwGif olonf wyfpm&if;udkifBuD; tdrfodkY
a&muf&SdaecJhygonf [k xGufqdkcsufonf &Jt&m&SdtzdkY oJvGefp
&&So d mG ;cJMh uNyD; ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;onf trIreS af y:aygufa&;udk
jyoouJo h Ykd yif &Sad eavawmh onf/
&Jt&m&Srd sm;onf wyfpm&if;udik Bf uD;\ZeD; rpöpzf v l if\ tdycf ef;
odYk &SmazGc&hJ mwGif a'gufwmuvyf\ cspo f 0PfvmT aygif; 400 wdwu d kd
awGY&cdS &hJ ojzihf trIreS af y:aygufa&;rSm vrf;yGio hf mG ;cJ&h awmhonf/ ,if;pm
rsm; teufpmwpfapmifrmS (tmqefepf) pdet f qdyaf q;tm; rnfoYkdrnfykH
toH;k jyK&yHu k kd a&;om;xm;onfukd awGU&Scd &hJ ojzihf &Jt&m&Sw d Ykd onf
a'guf wm uvyfEiS fh rpöpzf v l ifwYkdtm; wyfpm&if;udik Bf uD;tm; owfrEI iS fh
w&m; pGq J ckd MhJ uawmhonf/
&JwYkd\ avQmufxm;csut f & w&m;½H;k awmfBuD;uvnf; ,cif
ESv;kH a&m*gjzihf uG,v f eG cf &hJ ygonf[al om wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D \ tavmif;
udv k nf; azmf,pl pfaq;&ef cGijhf yKcJah wmhonf/
rIcif;q&m0efBuD;rsm;onf vGecf ahJ om 14 vcefYu uG,v f eG f
cJ&h onfh wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D \ tavmif;udk azmf,cl NhJ y;D ppfaq;cJMh u&awmh
onf/ trIjzpfyGm;olrsm;rSm NAdwdoQtrsdK;om; trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpfojzihf

tdE,´d wdik ;f &if;om; w&m;olBu;D rsm; ppfaq;aomw&m;½H;k wGif ppfaq;jcif;
rjyKawmhay/ tmv[wfbuwfNrKd Uu w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D wGio f m ppfaq;
&ef tdE, ´d w&m;a&; tmPmonf qH;k jzwfcahJ vonf/
w&m;pGq J &kd mwGif wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D tm; tmqefepftqdyf auR;
&ef owfrt I wGuf a'gufwmuvyfEiS hf rpöpzf v l ifwYkt d m; vlowfrEI iS fh
vnf;aumif;? a'gufwmuvyf\ZeD; rpöpu f vyftm; owfrw I iG f a'guf
wmuvyfEiS hf vlowform; wdik ;f &if;om;av;OD;wdYktm; w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ v
awmhonf/
tdE, ´d rIcif;w&m;0efBu;D rsm;onf wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D \ tavmif;
udk azmf,pl pfaq;&mwGif vef'ef&rJ cI if; q&m0efBu;D a'gufwm bm;eyfaqmf
jAL&D\ tBuÓ H Pfukd awmif;qdí k pepfwus ppfaq;pHpk rf;cJ&h m vGecf ahJ om
14 vcefYu uG,v f eG cf &hJ onfh wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D \ tavmif;rS tmqef
epfaq;rsm; aomufo;kH cJah Mumif; awGY &Scd &hJ onf/
aemufq;kH wGif a'gufwmuvyfEiS fh vlowform;wdik ;f &if;om;
av;OD;wdYkuvnf; ajzmifch surf sm;ay;cJMh uojzihf w&m;½H;k awmfBu;D u a'guf
wmuvyf\ ZeD;rpöpu f vyf owfrt I wGuf BuKd ;'Pf tjypfay;cJah vawmh
onf/ wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D tm; tqdyaf uR;í owfrw I iG vf nf; tvm;wlyif
a'gufwmuvyftm; tjypf'Pfay;cJah vonf/ rpöpzf v l ifrmS rl a'gufwm
uvyfEiS hf wdww f wd yf ek ;f &&Scd o
hJ nfh y#doaE¨&adS eojzihf wyfpm&if;udik Bf u;D
owfrt I wGuf BuKd ;'Pfp&D ifjcif;udk avQmah yghí wpfoufwpfuRe;f 'PfoYkd
ajymif;vJay;cJah vonf/ a'gufwmuvyftm; 1913 ckEpS ?f rwfv (26)
&ufaeYwiG f BuKd ;'Pfp&D ifcahJ vonf/ rpöpzf v l ifrmS rl axmiftwGi;f rSmyif
ESv;Hk a&m*gESifh 1914 ckEpS ?f arv (29) &ufaeYwiG f uG,v f eG cf &hJ avawmh
onf/
usrf;udk;

(41)
1954 ck? ZGev f / aumif;uifjyifwpfciG v f ;kH onf rdiI ;f rdiI ;f

ndKaeonf/ rd;k oufawGqifawmhrnfh [efaygufaeonf/ vef'efNrKd U wpfa&
zvf0gpuGYJ&m; &yfuu G of nf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vlomG ;vlvm enf;yg;ae
onf/ rd;k OD;opfcNhJ yjD zpfojzihf rd;k pufwYko d nf tvSpu kd x
f m;aom 0ufopfcs
yifyu k av;rsm;ay:wGif ykvv J ;kH uav;rsm; jzefYMux J m;ouJo h Ykd ,D;av;cdk
vsu&f o dS nf/
&moDOwk pGwpf x kd ikd ;f rdiI ;f ojzihf tNrw J ap yso H ef;vsuf &Sad om
cdt
k yk Bf u;D rsm;udk rjrif&/ ordik ;f aemufcH tw¬Kyw Ü råd sm; a&;om;cJo h nfh emrnf
ausmf pma&;q&mrBu;D tqlvmbvGe;f onf ab;wpfzuf wpfcsu&f dS
wdu k Bf u;D rsm;\ eHygwfrsm;udk *½kjyKíMunh½f &I if; avQmufvmonf/ rd;k puf
uav;rsm;vnf; usvmNyjD zpfí vlomG ;vlvmonf eHeuf 10 em&D xd;k
onfw h ikd f enf;yg;vsu&f o dS nf/
q&mrBu;D onf vGecf o hJ nfh ESpaf ygif; 40 cefYu urÇmausmf vl
owfrBI u;D \ wGb J ufw&m;cHjzpfco hJ l rde;f racsmuav; tdo,fukd vdu k í f
awGYqakH qG;aEG;&ef vdu k &f mS aejcif;jzpfonf/ q&mrBu;D bvGe;f onf emZD
acgif;aqmifBu;D [pfwvm\ aemufq;Hk cspo f t l AD m\ tw¬Kyw Ü u
åd kd ][pf
wvm\ tDAm} [laomtrnfjzihf tw¬Kyw Ü Båd u;D udk a&;om;cJ&h mrS xdyw f ef;
pma&;q&mrBu;D jzpfvmonf/ vGecf ahJ om ESpf 40 cefYu vef'efNrKd Y &mZ0wf

cH½k ;kH Bu;D jzpfaom td;k bdik af v;wGif [d;k av;wausmjf zpfc&hJ onfh rde;f racsm
uav; ydv k ef*sL; trsKd ;orD;jzpfol tdo,f\ tw¬Kyw Ü u åd kd a0zefa&;q&m
wdYku y,fy,fe,fe,f a0zefwu kd cf u kd v f monf/ jzpf&yfreS u f kd q&mrBu;D \
tw¬Kyw Ü åd twwfynmjzihf ydrk zkd efw;D xm;onf[k a0zefMuonf/ rIcif;0w¬K
a&;q&mwpfO;D url vlowfrBI u;D wGif yl;wGBJ u&H myg[k pGypf cJG &H onfh tdo,f
rSm q&mrBu;D a&;om;ovdk vlowform;Bu;D a'gufwmu&pfyifukd pGpJ JG
vrf;vrf; wrf;wrf;ww? cspcf o hJ nfh cspzf ufoufvsmr[kw?f u&pfyif\
pnf;pdru f kd csL,lvakd om ypön;f rufMu&H myg vlowform; jzpfonf/ ½H;k
awmfBu;D u tdo,ftm; w&m;aovTwjf cif;onf ½H;k awmfBu;D wGif wm0ef
&So
d l w&m;olBu;D wdYk\ Oya'a&;&mxuf vlraI &;tay: tav;ay;cJrh I
aMumifh jzpfonf[í l owif;pmrsm;? *sme,frsm;rS a0zefco hJ nfh a0zefcsuu f kd
vufwYkjH yef&ef q&mrBu;D onf um,uH&iS f tdo,ftm; vdu k vf &H mS azG
vsu&f jdS cif; jzpfayonf/
uHtm;avsmpf mG q&mrBu;D bvGe;f onf olYtw¬Kyw Ü &åd iS f tdo,f
\armifjzpfol qpf'eDqo kd ul kd qef;a';'pf pyuf(cs)f owif;pmBu;D \ tul
tnDEiS fh awGYqckH &hJ mrS tdo,f\ae&yfvyd pf mudk od&jcif; jzpfonf/ odYkaomf
&SmazG&mwGif tcuftcJ jzpfaeonf/ tdo,frmS vnf; emrnfuakd jymif;xm;
ojzihf &SmazG&mwGif txl;cufaeawmhonf/
q&mrBu;D onf rd;k zGm;av;rsm;usaeaom yvufazmif;ay:wGif
&yfaeonfh vef'ef&t J &m&Sd vli,fwpfO;D udk awGYvu kd o
f nf/ q&mrBu;D tzdYk
0rf;ajrmufomG ;onf/ &Jt&m&Su d av;onf olYtm; tdo,f\ vdypf mudk
nTeMf um;Ekid af umif; nTeMf um;Edik v f rd rhf nf[k xifonf/ &Jt&m&Su d av;onf
q&mrBu;D \ ]tdo,f}ESifh vlowfw&m;cHBu;D a'gufwm u&pfyiftrnfukd
xkwaf zmfajymqdv k ukd o f nfEiS fh wpfNyKd iw f nf; ]]uReaf wmf aumif;aumif;od
ygw,f q&mrBu;D / bmjzpfvYkv d q J akd wmh 'DtrIBu;D taMumif;udk uReaf wmf
&Joyd rHÜ mS wufc&hJ wke;f u aoaocsmcsm avhvmcJ&h w,f/ aq;ynmqdik &f m
rIcif; bmomrSmvnf; 'DtrIBu;D taMumif; tao;pdwyf gcJv h Ykyd g/ ckawmh
tbGm;Bu;D tdo,f[m trnfajymif;Ny;D a&SUwdu k t
f rSwf 26 rSm zGix hf m;wJh
y&dabm*qdik u f av;rSm aeygw,fcifAsm}} [laom tajzudk &vdu k o f nf/
pma&;q&mrBu;D bvGe;f onf 0rf;omtm;& wdu k t f rSwf 26
wGif zGix hf m;onfh y&dabm*qdik u f av;odYk rd;k wzGm;zGm; &GmaeqJwiG f a&muf
vmcJah vonf/ q&mrBu;D onf touf 71 ESp&f adS omfvnf; vSwek ;f

ywke;f ? t&G,w f ifonfh vlowfrBI u;D \ Bu&H myg[k pGypf cJG &H onfh tdo,f
udk awGUvdu k &f avonf/ tdo,fonf urÇmausmf vlowfrBI u;D \ yl;wGJ
w&m;cHb0rS w&m;aovGwcf NhJ y;D olY tonf;epfatmif cspcf &hJ onfh a'guf
wmu&pfyif BuKd ;ay;cHc&hJ onfh 1910 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmvuwnf;u acs&m
azsmufco hJ l jzpfayonf/ rIcif;owif;axmufrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;&efrS
aMumuf&UHG ojzihf ajrvQKd ;cJ&h oljzpfayonf/
q&mrBu;D onf tbGm;Bu;D tdo,ftm; olr\ tw¬Kyw Ü aåd &;ol
tjzpf rdwq f ufvu kd Nf y;D tw¬Kyw Ü t då ay: xifjrifcsuf awmif;vdu k o f nf/
tbGm;Bu;D url ]]orD;&,f? tarwdYu k touf 17 ESp?f orD;u avmu"Hukd
cHc&hJ Ny;D jzpfygw,f/ rSm;w,f? rSew f ,fqw kd mawG tar r&Si;f vdak wmhygbl;/
'gayrJh tar a'gufwmtay:rSm wu,fcspjf rwfE;kd w,f qdw k mawmh
trSef ygyJu, G }f }
q&mrBu;D onf 0rf;omoGm;Ny;D ar;cGe;f wpfck xyfíar;vdu k o f nf/
]]'Dr,ftar? wu,fvYkd ckaerSm a'gufwmu&pfyif ao&mu &Siv f mr,f
qd&k if}} [laompum;udk em;raxmifawmhbJ tbGm;Bu;D onf ]]ckae a'guf
wm &Siv f mr,fq&kd if tarcsucf si;f vufxyfrmS yJaygh orD;&,f}} [k ajz
vdu k af wmhonf/ cspjf cif;arwåmum; vGepf mG qef;Mu,fvaS yonf/ uRef
awmfwYkd em;vnf&ef cufcv J aS yonf/ pdwaf pwoduw f Yk\
d qef;Mu,fr[ I k
om uReaf wmf xifygonf/
1911 ckEpS o f nf urÇmo h rdik ;f ESifh t*FvefEikd if \ H ordik ;f wGif xl;
jcm;aom ESp[ f k uReaf wmf xifygonf/ þESpt f wGi;f aer0ifaom NAw d o
d Q
tifyg&m\ bk&if owårajrmuftuf'w G b f &k if ewf&mG pHygonf/ xl;jcm;
aom [mvD\ Mu,fwcH eG Bf u;D ay:vmojzihf wpfurÇmvH;k tHMh ocJ&h av
onf/
vef'efNrKd UrS refcsupf wmNrKd YoYkd av,mOf pwifyso H ef;cJah vonf
rSmvnf; þESpt f wGi;f rSmyif jzpfayonf/ t*FvefEikd if H raemokawoe
toif;Bu;D vnf; uG,v f eG of w l Yk\
d 0dnmOfrsm;ESifh qufo, G Ef ikd af Mumif;udk
¤if;toif;Bu;D rS xkwaf 0aom raemokawoe*sme,fwiG f xkwaf zmfa&;
om;cJah vonf/
þESpt f wGi;f rSmyif urÇmausmcf &hJ onfh cspjf cif;arwåmaMumifh jzpf
cJ&h onfh vlowfrBI u;D url ay:aygufvmcJ&h onf/ t*FvefEikd if w H iG o f mru
tar&duef jynfaxmifpEk iS fh Oa&mywdu k &f dS Edik if t
H oD;oD;wdYk rS owif;pmBuD;

rsm;wGif ,if;vlowfrBI uD;taMumif; tom;ay;azmfjycJ\ h / Edik if t
H oD;oD;rS
xkwaf 0aom r*¾Zif;*sme,frsm;wGiv f nf; ,if;vlowfrBI uD;udk a&;om;cJh
MuNyD; urÇmYrcI if;ordik ;f wGif yxrqk;H aMu;eef;jzihf qufo, G rf t I &
w&m;cH rsm;udk zrf;qD;Edik cf jhJ cif;jzifv h nf; ausmfMum;xif&mS ;cJ&h jcif;
jzpfygonf/ ,if;vlowfrBI uD;rSm a'gufwmu&pfyif? olYZeD;ud&k mESifh
a'gufwmu&pfyif \ cspfov l ufEydS pf uf pma&;rav; tdo,fwYkd \
oHk;yGifhqdkif tcspfZmwf vrf; jzpfygonf/ a'gufwmu&pfyif\
vlowfrIBuD;taMumif; a&;om; xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfaygif;
uRefawmfawGU&oavmuf 37 tkyf &Scd ahJ yonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyifukd 1862 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f
zGm;jrifcNhJ y;D q&m0efbYJ&G &Scd ahJ vonf/ touf 21 ESpf wGif t*FvefEikd if o H Ykd
vma&mufcNhJ yD; aq;ynmudk qufvufqnf;yl;cJo h nf/ 1885 ckEpS w f iG rf l
rsupf ?d em;? ESmacgif;a&m*guk q&m0efBuD;bGYJ ukd &&Scd NhJ yD; q&m0eftjzpf
toufarG;cJah vonf/ u&pfyifonf odraf rGYE;l nHah ysmah ysmif;olwpfO;D jzpfNy;D
pum;ajymnifomum oabmaumif;ol? ½d;k om;ajzmifrh wfow l pfO;D [k
trsm;u ajymcJMh uavonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyiftzdYk tdraf xmifa&; uHraumif;olwpfO;D
[k qd&k ayrnf/ touf 31 ESpw f iG f yxrZeD; uG,v f eG cf &hJ NyD;
usef&pfaom uav; 2 OD;ESifh 'kua© &mufc&hJ &Smonf/ 1894 ckEpS w f iG f
touf 17 ESpf&G,f ydkveftrsdK;orD;ESihf tdrfaxmif'kwd,tBudrf
jyKcJah vonf/ ]ud&k m} rSm toufi,f&, G í f acsmarmvSyolwpfO;D jzpfNyD;
uyG½J rkH sm;wGif tqkad wmf tjzpf toufarG;cJah vonf/ trsdK;om;
taygif ; toif ; rsm;ES i h f axG ; a&m ,S u f w if aexd k i f c J h N yD ;
tdraf xmifxrd ;f ode;f rIuv kd nf; tdraf prsm;vufoYkd 0uGuf tyfxm;cJ&h onf/
u&pfyiftzdYk pdwrf csrf;om jzpf&&Smawmhonf/ ud&k monf trsdK;om;
taygif;toif;rsm;udk tdro f Ykd ac:aqmifcNhJ y;D a'gufwmu&pfyif a&SUwGiyf if
ajymifajymifwif;wif; a&maxG;,Suw f ifae onf/ a'gufwmu&pfyifonf
olUcspfZeD;tm; acsmharmhajymqdak omfvnf; em;raxmifay/
aemufq;kH wGif a'gufwmu&pfyifonf vuf&t dS odik ;f t0dik ;f rS
a0;uGmap&ef t*FvefEikd if o H Ykd ajymif;a&TUcJah wmhonf/ vef'efNrdKY? trSwf
39 uifr'efvrf;wGif aexdik cf NhJ yD; a'gufwmu&pfyifonf aq;rsm;
a&mif; csjcif;? aq;cef;zGijhf cif;jzihf pD;yGm;vrf;wd;k wufvmcJah wmhonf/

ZeD;jzpfonfh ud&k mrSmrl tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f aexdik cf o hJ nft h wdik ;f
aAGazmufvm awmhonf/
trsKd ;om;rsm;ESifh nuvyfrsm; twlwuG oGm;a&mufNyD; t&uf
aomufjcif;? oDcsi;f oDqjdk cif;rsm; jyKvyk cf NhJ yD; tdrrf u I pd rö sm;udk pdwo f abm
xm; El;nhaH om a'gufwmu&pfyifu, kd wf ikd f jyKvyk cf &hJ awmhonf/ a'guf
wmtzdYk cspjf cif;arwåm iwfrw G v f monf/ ud&k monf trsKd ;om;rdwaf qGEiS fh
nuyG½J rkH sm;rS ol\trsKd ;orD; rdwaf qGrsm;udv k nf; tdro f Ykd rMumcPzdwí f
xrif;pm;yGrJ sm; usi;f yjcif;? uyGrJ sm; usi;f yavh&o dS nf/ a'gufwmu&pf
yifcrsm puf½yk o f mom oabmjzpfaeawmhonf/
1906 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efomG ;bufqikd &f m ypön;f rsm;ESifh ud&, d mrsm;
a&mif;csaom qdik w f pfqikd w f iG f a'gufwmu&pfyif &S,, f myg0ifcahJ vonf/
tdraf xmifa&; rcsr;f ajrhaom a'gufwmu&pfyifonf olY&, S , f myg0ifchJ
onfh qdik o f Ykd ajcOD;vSnchf NhJ yD; trsKd ;om;aygif;pHEk iS w fh aJG eonfh olYcspZf eD;udk
rMunhv f akd wmh/
þqdkifwGifyif a'gufwmu&pfyifonf ydkvef*sL;ruav;
tdo,fukd awGYc&hJ jcif; jzpfonf/ tdo,frmS touf 17 ESpcf efYom&SNd yD;
trsKd ;om;wdYktm; qGaJ qmifEikd o f nfh ½kyqf if;t*Fg&So d al v;jzpfNyD; a'gufwm
u&pfyifxuf toufxuf0ufcefYi,foal v;wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ tdrf
axmifxed ;f odr;f rIwiG f uRr;f usiNf yD; pdwo f abmxm; El;nHo h rd af rGYowl pfO;D
jzpfonf/ olr\zcift&G,f OD;av;t&G,jf zpfaeaom a'gufwmu&pfyifrmS
olrtcspOf ;D jzpfaeojzihf ydrk í kd wG,w f monf/ ausmif;olt&G,u f av;jzpf
ojzihf a'gufwmu&pfyifukd ypön;f Opömxuf? arwåmw&m;twGuf wG,f
wmjcif; jzpfco hJ nf/
a'gufwmu&pfyif &S,, f myg0ifcahJ omqdik w f iG f vufEydS pf uf
pma&;rav;tjzpf trIxrf;aqmifaeol wpfO;D jzpfavonf/ olwYkdEpS Of ;D
onf wdww f w d yf ek ;f cspo
f rl sm;xuf? w&m;0ifZeD;armifEHS [k xifjrifrcd MhJ u
onf/
cspjf cif;arwåmiwfrw G af eaom a'gufwmu&pfyiftzdYk tdo,f
onf wG,w f m&m? jrwfE;kd cspcf if&mjzpfvmonf/ olwYkdEpS Of ;D onf vef'ef
NrdKU&Sd nuvyfrsm;? yef;NcHrsm;wGif wyl;wGw J JG csed ;f qdak wGYqMkH uonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyif\ ZeD;ud&k mrSmum; ydí k qd;k vmcJNh yD; a'gufwm
u&pfyiftzdYk cGirhf vTwEf ikd af wmhonhf tqifo h Ykd a&mufvmcJo h nf/ aemufq;kH

wGif ZeD;BuD;jzpfot l m; taysmuf&iS ;f vif;&efrw S pfyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sd
awmhonfh tajctaeodYk a&mufvmcJah wmhonf/ a'gufwmu&pfyifonf
1911 ck? Zefe0g&Dv 17 &ufaeYwiG f aq;qdik w f pfqikd rf S tqdyif g;*&rf
0,fcahJ vonf/ Zefe0g&D v 13 &ufaeYwiG f a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh
ZeD;ud&k m wdYkonf ¤if;wdYk\ rdwaf qG taygif;toif;rsm;udk npmpm;yGjJ zihf
{nfhcHNyD; onfhaeYrSpí tdrfem;eD;csif; taygif;toif;wdkYtzdkY
a'gufwmu&pfyif\ ZeD;ud&k mtm; rawGYjrifc&hJ awmhay/
a'gufwmu&pfyifurl olYZeD; ud&k mrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k dS
trsKd ;rsm;xHrS ta&;BuD;aom rSmMum;csut f & rdwaf qGtaygif;toif;rsm;
udyk if EIwq f ufjcif; rjyKEikd af wmhbJ xGucf mG oGm;cJ&h onf[k owif;vTihf
xm;cJah vonf/ rwfv (26) &ufaeYwiG f umvDz;kd eD;,m;&Sd ud&k m\
aqG rsKd ;rsm;xHoYkd ud&k mrSm tqkwt f at;rda&m*gjzihf uG,v f eG of mG ;cJNh yDjzpf
aMumif; ud&k m\ rdwaf qGrsm; taygif;toif;wdYktm; a'gufwmu&pfyifu
taMumif;Mum;cJah vonf/
&uftenf;i,fMumaomtcgwGif a'gufwmu&pfyifonf ZeD;
ti,f tdo,fukd tdraf y:odYk ac:wifcNhJ yD; twlwuG w&m;0if aygif;
oif;aexdik cf ahJ wmhonf/ ,cifZeD;BuD;ud&k m 0wfqifcaJh om om;arG;tusÐ
rsm;? tzd;k wefvuf0wf&wemrsm;udk tdo,fonf 0wfqifcNhJ yD; a'gufwm
u&pfyifEiS t fh wl wyl;wGw J JG aexdik Mf uonfukd tdref m;eD;csi;f rsm;u oHo,
&Sv
d mcJoh nf/ þodYktwGi;f tar&duefjynfaxmifprk S jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mcJh
ol uk&d m\ trsKd ;om;rdwaf qGwpfO;D u ud&k mrSm olr\ trsKd ;rsm;xH
vma&mufjcif; r&Sad Mumif; rdwaf qGrsm;udk ajymjy&mrS ud&k m\ rdwaf qGrsm;
onf paumhwvef,m('f) pHak xmuftzGYJBuD;tm; wdik Mf um;cJMh uavonf/
pHak xmuftzGYJrS tifpyufawmf *sL;onf trSwf 39 uifr'efvrf;aetdro f Ykd
a&mufvmchNJ yD; yPmr pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; jyKcahJ vonf/ a'gufwm u&pf
yifurl ud&k m aoqH;k jcif; r[kwaf Mumif; trsKd ;om;wpfO;D ESifh wdww f qdwf
vdu k o
f mG ;jcif; jzpfaMumif; &Si;f vif;jycJah vawmhonf/
tifpyufawmfBuD; *sL;onf uk&d mu&pfyif\ "mwfyu kH kd owif;
pmBuD;rsm;wGif xnfo h iG ;f aMumfjimcJNh yD; Zlvikd v
f 11 &ufaeYwiG f 'kw, d
tBudrf a'gufwmu&pfyif\ aetdro f Ykd oGm;a&mufaomtcgwGif a'guf
wmu&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;uav; tdo,fwYkdukd rawGY&awmhay/ Zlvikd v f 13

&ufaeYwiG f tifpyufawmf*sL;ESifh rlcif;q&m0efBuD;rsm;onf a'gufwm
u&pfyif\aetdro f Ykd tao;pdwf &SmazGcMhJ uawmhonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyif\ 0dik t f &ufoakd vSmifcef;twGi;f rS tom;p
rsm;? t½d;k pkrsm;udk awGU&Scd &hJ m rIcif;q&m0efBuD; a'gufwm aqmfjAL&D\
xkwaf zmfajymjycsut f & vnf;aumif;? ud&k m\ rdwaf qGrsm; awGU&S&d onfh
rD;avmifuRrf;jcif; r&Sad o;aom ta&jym;ay:&Sd trSwt f om;rsm;onf
aysmufq;Hk aeol ud&k mjzpfaMumif; od&cdS &hJ avawmhonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;tdo,fwYkdonf vef'efNrdKYrS wpfqifh
Oa&mywdu k o f Ykd rGew
f ½dok abFmjzihf xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJah vonf/
,if;uJo h Ykd xGuaf jy;cJ&h mwGif a'gufwmu&pfyifonf ol\trnfudk
½db
k ifqif[k ajymif;vJcahJ vonf/
tdo,fuv kd nf; a,mufsm;uav; t0wftpm; 0wfqifcNJh yD;
olYom;tjzpf oabFmvufrw S 0f ,f,cl ohJ nf/ Oa&mywdu k rf S a'gufwm
u&pfyifwYkd vifr,m;onf uae'gEdik if o H Ykd xGuaf jy;cJMh uavonf/
rGew f ½dok abFmuyÜwed o f nf ½dbk ifqifwYkd om;tzESpOf ;D tm;
ouFmruif; jzpfaeay&m 0dik , f mvufjzihf a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh tdo,fwYkd
tm; awGY&NdS yDjzpfaMumif; paumhwvef,m'ftzGYJ xH taMumif;Mum;cJah v
onf/ urÇmrh cI if;avmuwGif w&m;cHrsm;tm; yxrqH;k tBurd f 0dik , f mvuf
udk toH;k jyKjcif;jzihf &JwYkd ajc&mcHEikd af Mumif; jyocJjh cif;jzpfayawmhonf/
paumhwvef,m'f tifpyufawmfBuD; *sL;ESifh tzGYJ0ifajcmufO;D wdYk
onf a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;acsmav;wdYk tm; zrf;qD;Edik af &;twGuf
tjrefoabFmrsm;jzihf vpfygylNrdKYrS xGucf mG cJNh yD; rGew f ½dk oabFmaemufoYkd
vduk cf MhJ uavonf/ Zlvikd v f 31 &ufaeYwiG f tifpyufawmfBuD; *sL;ESifh
tzGUJ onf ½db k ifqifom;wpfjzpfvJ a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh ZeD;uav;
tdo,fwYkd tm; zrf;qD;Edik cf ahJ vawmhonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyifEiS fh tdo,fwYkdtm; Mo*kwv f 29 &ufaeYwiG f
vef'efNrdKY bd;k vrf; &mZ0wfjypfr½I ;kH BuD;wGif ud&k mtm; owfrt I wGuf
vef'ef&t J zGYJ BuD;u w&m;pGq J ckd ahJ vonf/
vef'efNrdKU bd;k vrf;&Sd &mZ0wf½;kH w&m;cGio f nf txl;xif&mS ;NyD;
urÇmausmcf &hJ avonf/ &Sm;avmh[rk ;f (armifp&H mS ;)\ zcifBuD;jzpfaom
pma&;q&mBuD; udek if'KdG i;f BuD;onf a'gufwmu&pfyifwYkd ZeD;rmifEt HS rIBuD;
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yif\ trItm; pD&ifcsucf srw S cf NhJy;D tdo,ftm; w&m;aovTwcf ahJ vonf/
a'gufwmu&pfyiftm; 1910 ckEpS ?f atmufwb kd mv (8) &ufaeYwiG f
BuKd ;'Pf pD&ifcahJ vonf/ þaeYrpS í tdo,ftm; rawGYrjrifMu&awmhay/
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trSerf mS a'gufwmu&pfyifonf tdo,fEiS fh awGYqv kH akd omaZm aMumifh
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owfcahJ wmhonf/ tdo,fonf uReaf wmf txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nft h wkid ;f

1954 ckEpS w
f iG f vef'efNrdKY wa&zvf 0gpuG&J m; &yfuu
G w
f iG f aexdik cf NhJ yD;
touf 84 ESpft&G,f 1964 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJh&avonf/
usrf;udk;

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