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Calatya—cl. [es Cars ___lamp2 “ane *s mi). 4% pouct be chernicatiy st At mist “Sup xe. eva poma:tion Siipamm ebpicitet oA). St toist be ay.Electroluminescence:- Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical phenomenon and electrical phenomenon in which a material emits light in response to the passage of an electric current or to a strong electric field. This is distinct from black body light emission resulting from heat (incandescence), a chemical reaction (chemi-luminescence), sound (sono-luminescence), or other mechanical action (mechano-luminescence). Mechanism | ; | ! i / ree inrenen Spectrum of a blue/green electroluminescent light source for a clock radio (similar to the one seen in the above image). Peak wavelength is at 492 nm and the FWHM spectral bandwidth is quite wide at about 85 nm. Electroluminescence is the result of radiative recombination of electrons & holes in a material, usually a semiconductor. The excited electrons release their energy as photons - light. Prior to recombination, electrons and holes may be separated either by doping the material to form a p-n junction (in semiconductor electroluminescent devices such as light-emitting diodes) or through excitation by impact of high-energy electrons accelerated by a strong electric field (as with the phosphors in electroluminescent displays). It has been recently shown that as a solar cell improves its light-to- electricity efficiency (improved open-circuit voltage), it will also improve its electricity-to-light (EL) efficiency.Electroluminescent devices are fabricated using either organic or inorganic electroluminescent materials. The active materials are generally semiconductors of wide enough bandwidth to allow exit of the light. The most typical inorganic thin-film EL (TFEL) is ZnS:Mn with yellow-orange emission. Examples of the range of EL material include: + Powdered zinc sulfide doped with copper (producing greenish light) or silver (producing bright blue light) + Thin-film zinc sulfide doped with manganese (producing orange-red color) + Naturally blue diamond, which includes a trace of boron that acts as a dopant. + Semiconductors containing Group Ill and Group V elements, such as indium phosphide (InP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and gallium nitride (GaN) (Light- emitting diodes.) ¢ Certain organic semiconductors, such as [Ru(bpy)3]**(PFe")2, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine Practical implementations The most common electroluminescent (EL) devices are composed of either powder (primarily used in lighting applications) or thin films (for information displays.) LEC Light-emitting capacitor, or LEC, is a term used since at least 1961 to describe electroluminescent panels. General Electric has patents dating to 1938 on flat electroluminescent panels that are still made as night lights and backlights for instrument panel displays. Electroluminescent panels are a capacitor where the dielectric between the outside plates is a phosphor that gives off photons when the capacitor is charged. By making one of the contacts transparent, the large area exposed emits light. Electroluminescent automotive instrument panel backlighting, with each gauge pointer also an individual light source, entered production on 1960Pree’. 8 ‘ Chrysler and Imperial passenger cars, and was continued successfully on several Chrysler vehicles through 1967. Night lamps Sylvania Lighting Division in Salem and Danvers, MA, produced and marketed an EL night lamp (right), under the trade name Panelescent at roughly the same time that the Chrysler instrument panels entered production. These lamps have proven extremely reliable, with some samples known to be still functional after nearly 50 years of continuous operation. Later in the 1960s, Sylvania's Electronic Systems Division in Needham, MA developed and manufactured several instruments for the Apollo Lunar Lander and Command Module using electroluminescent display panels manufactured by the Electronic Tube Division of Sylvania at Emporium, PA. Raytheon, Sudbury, MA, manufactured the Apollo guidance computer, which used a Sylvania electroluminescent display panel as part of its display-keyboard interface (DSKY). Backlight aero A Casio digital LCD watch with an electroluminescent backlight. Powder phosphor-based electroluminescent panels are frequently used as backlights for liquid crystal displays. They readily provide gentle, even illumination for the entire display while consuming relatively little electric power. This makes them convenient for battery-operated devices such as pagers, wristwatches, and computer-controlled thermostats, and their gentle green-cyan glow is common in the technological world. They require relatively high voltage (between 60 and 600 volts). For battery-operated devices, this voltage must be generated by a converter circuit within the device. This converter often makes an audible whine or siren sound while the backlight isactivated. For line-voltage-operated devices, it may be supplied directly from the power line. Electroluminescent nightlights operate in this fashion. Brightness per unit area increases with increased voltage and frequency. Thin film phosphor electroluminescence was first commercialized during the 1980s by Sharp Corporation in Japan, Finlux (Oy Lohja Ab) in Finland, and Planar Systems in the US. In these devices, bright, long-life light emission is achieved in thin film yellow-emitting manganese-doped zinc sulfide material. Displays using this technology were manufactured for medical and vehicle applications where ruggedness and wide viewing angles were crucial, and liquid crystal displays were not well developed. In 1992, Timex introduced its Indiglo EL display on some watches. Recently, blue-, red-, and green-emitting thin film electroluminescent materials that offer the potential for long life and full color electroluminescent displays have been developed. In either case, the EL material must be enclosed between two electrodes and at least one electrode must be transparent to allow escape of the produced light. Glass coated with indium tin oxide is commonly used as the front (transparent) electrode while the back electrode is coated with reflective metal. Additionally, other transparent conducting materials, such as carbon nanotube coatings or PEDOT can be used as the front electrode. The display applications are primarily passive (je., voltages are driven from edge of the display cf. driven from a transistor on the display). Similar to LCD trends, there have also been Active Matrix EL (AMEL) displays demonstrated, where circuitry is added to prolong voltages at each pixel. The solid-state nature of TFEL allows for a very rugged and high-resolution display fabricated even on silicon substrates. AMEL displays of 1280x1024 at over 1000 lines per inch (Ipi) have been demonstrated by a consortium including Planar Systems.Fhe world's first electroluminescent billboard campaign, Canada, Winter 2005 Electroluminescent technologies have low power consumption compared to competing lighting technologies, such as neon or fluorescent lamps. This, together with the thinness of the material, has made EL technology valuable to the advertising industry. Relevant advertising applications include electroluminescent billboards and signs. EL manufacturers are able to control precisely which areas of an electroluminescent sheet illuminate, and when. This has given advertisers the ability to create more dynamic advertising that is still compatible with traditional advertising spaces. An EL film is a so-called Lambertian radiator: unlike with neon lamps, filament lamps, or LEDs, the brightness of the surface appears the same from all angles of view; electroluminescent light is not directional and therefore hard to compare with (thermal) light sources measured in lumens or lux. The light emitted from the surface is perfectly homogeneous and is well-perceived by the eye. EL film produces single-frequency (monochromatic) light that has a very narrow bandwidth, is absolutely uniform and visible from a great distance. Bk 1966 Dodge Charger instrument panel with electroluminescent lighting. Chrysler first introduced cars with EL panel lighting in its 1960 model year. In principle, EL lamps can be made in any color, However, the commonly used greenish color closely matches the peak sensitivity of human vision, producing the greatest apparent light output for the least electrical power input. Unlike neon and fluorescent lamps, EL lamps are not negative resistance devices so no extra circuitry is needed to regulate the amount of current flowing through them. A new technology now being used is based on multispectral phosphors that emit light from 600 to 400nm depending on thedrive frequency; this is similar to the colour changing effect seen with aqua EL sheet but on a larger scale. Electroluminescent lighting is now used as an application for public safety identification involving alphanumeric characters on the roof of vehicles for clear visibility from an aerial perspective. Electroluminescent lighting, especially electroluminescent wire (EL wire), has also made its way into clothing as many designers have brought this technology to the entertainment and night life industry. Engineers have developed an electroluminescent "skin" that can stretch more than six times its original size while still emitting light. This hyper-elastic light-emitting capacitor (HLEC) can endure more than twice the strain of previously tested stretchable displays. It consists of layers of transparent hydrogel electrodes sandwiching an insulating elastomer sheet. The elastomer changes luminance and capacitance when stretched, rolled and otherwise deformed. In addition to its ability to emit light under a strain of greater than 480% its original size, the group's HLEC was shown to be capable of being integrated into a soft robotic system. Three six-layer HLEC panels were bound together to form a crawling soft robot, with the top four layers making up the light-up skin and the bottom two the pneumatic actuators. The discovery could lead to significant advances in health care, transportation, electronic communication and other areas. Construction and Working Principle of LCD Display What is an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)? A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its definition from its name itself. It is a combination of two states of matter, the solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid crystal displays are super-thin technology display screens that are generally used in laptop computer screens, ‘TVs, cell phones and portable video games. LCD’s technologies allow displays to be much thinner when compared to a cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. Liquid crystal display is composed of several layers which include two polarized panel filters and electrodes. LCD technology is used for displaying the image in a notebook or some other electronic devices like mini computers. Light; ig projected from a lens on a layer of liquid crystal. This combination of colored light with the grayscale image of the crystal (formed as electric current flows through the crystal) forms the colored image. This image is then displayed on the screen. An LCD ‘An LCD is either made up of an active matrix display grid or a passive display grid. Most of the Smartphone’s with LCD technology uses active matrix display, but some of the older displays still make use of the passive display grid designs. Most of the electronic devices mainly depend on liquid crystal display technology for their display. The liquid has a unique advantage of having low power consumption than the LED or cathode ray tube. Liquid crystal display screen works on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting light. LCDs require a backlight as they do not emit light by them. We always use devices which are made up of LCD’s displays which are replacing the use of cathode ray tube. Cathode ray tube draws more power compared to LCDs and is also heavier and bigger. How LCDs are Constructed? eR eicireaw'ten MES er»imple facts that should be considered while making an LCD: 1. The basic structure of the LCD should be controlled by changing the applied current. 2. We must use polarized light. 3. The liquid crystal should able be to control both of the operations to transmit or can also able to change the polarized light. ‘As mentioned above that we need to take two polarized glass pieces filter in the making of the liquid crystal. The glass which does not have a polarized film on the surface of it must be rubbed with a special polymer that will create microscopic grooves on the surface of the polarized glass filter. The grooves must be in the same direction as the polarized film. Now we have to add a coating of pneumatic liquid phase crystal on one of the polarizing filters of the polarized glass. The microscopic channel causes the first layer molecule to align with filter orientation. When the right angle appears at the first layer piece, we should add a second piece of glass with the polarized film. The first filter will be naturally polarized as the light strikes it at the starting stage. Thus the light travels through each layer and guided on the next with the help of a molecule. The molecule tends to change its plane of vibration of the light to match its angle. When the light reaches the far end of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same angle as that of the final layer of the molecule vibrates. The light is allowed to enter into the device only if the second layer of the polarized glass matches with the final layer of the molecule. How LCDs Work? The principle behind the LCD’s is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal molecule, the molecule tends to untwist. This causes the angle of light which is passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also cause a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter. As a result, a little light is allowed to pass the polarized glass through a particular area of the LCD. Thus that particular area will become dark compared to others. The LCD works onthe principle of blocking light. While constructing the LCD’s, a reflected mirror is arranged at the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin-oxide which isgent on top and a polarized glass with a polarizing qq Fe ng film js ' pottom of the device. The complete region of the is also added on the 7 LCD has to common electrode and above it should be the liquid crystal sin enclosed bya er, Next comes the second piece of glass with an el rectangle on the bottom and, on top, considered that both the pieces are kept current, the light passes through the fron! ‘ectrode in the form of the another Polarizing film. it must be at the right angles. When there is no it of the LCD it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a battery the current from it will cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passing through. That particular rectangular area appears blank. Advantages of an LCD’s: + LCD's consumes less amount of power compared to CRT and LED + LCD’s are consist of some microwatts for display in comparison to some mill watts for LED’s + LCDs are of low cost + Provides excellent contrast | + LCD's are thinner and lighter when compared to cathode-ray tube and LED Disadvantages of an LCD’s: + Require additional light sources + Range of temperature is limited for operation + Low reliability + Speed is very low + LCD’s need an AC drive Applications of Liquid Crystal Display ions inthe fi ience and Liquid crystal technology has major applications in the field of sc engineering as well on electronic devices. + Liquid crystal thermometer + Optical imaging + The liquid crystal display technology is alse app! the radio frequency waves in the waveguide Used in the medical applications licable in the visualization ofLCD illumination When it comes to LCD illumination there are three types. Reflective - The display is illuminated by light that is reflected off of the LCD backplane. Transflective - The display is illuminated by either reflected light or a backlight. Transmissive - The display is illuminated by a backlight rs SS ii Reflective Transflective Transmissive