INTRODUCTION:

Antennas are basic components of any electric system and are connecting links
between the transmitter and free space or free space and the receiver. Thus
antennas play very important role in finding the characteristics of the system in
which antennas are employed. Antennas are employed in different systems in
different forms. That is, in some systems the operational characteristic of the
system are designed around the directional properties of the antennas or in
some others systems, the antennas are used simply to radiate electromagnetic
energy in an omnidirectinal or finally in some systems for point-to-point
communication purpose in which increased gain and reduced wave interference
are required.

ANTENNA DEFINITIONS:

There are several definitions of antenna, and are as follows:

• The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms (IEEE Std

145- 1983): --A means for radiating or receiving radio waves

• “An antenna is any device that converts electronic signals

to electromagnetic waves (and vice versa)”

• Region of transition between guided and free space propagation.

FREQUENCY BASIS:

ANTENNA CLASSSIFICATION:

Antenna can be classified on the basis of:

1 Frequency - VLF, LF, HF, VHF, UHF, Microwave,Millimeter wave antenna
2 Aperture - Wire, Parabolic Dish, Microstrip Patch antenna
3. Polarization - Linear (Vertical/Horizontal), Circular polarization antenna
4. Radiation - Isotropic, Omnidirectional, Directional, Hemisphericalantenna.

EXAMPLES OF ANTENNA ON FREQUENCY BASIS:

1. Very Low Frequency (VLF) & Low frequency (LF) antenna: Vertical
Radiators, Top-loaded Monopoles, T and Inverted L antennas, Triatic antenna,
Trideco antenna, Valleyspan antenna.
2. Medium Frequency (MF) antennas: Radiators (monopoles and dipoles),
directional antennas.
3. High Frequency (HF) antennas: Log periodic antenna, conical monopole
and Inverted Cone antennas, Vertical whip antenna, Rhombic antenna, Fan
dipole antenna .

4. Very High Frequency (VHF) & Ultra High Frequency (UHF) antennas:
Yagi-Uda antennas, log periodic antennas, Helical antennas, Panel antennas,
Corner reflector antennas, parabolic antennas, discone antennas,
5. Super High Frequency (SHF) & Extremely High Frequency (EHF) antennas:
Parabolic antenna, pyramidal horn antennas, discone antennas, monopoles and
dipoles antennas, Micro strip patch antennas, fractal antennas.

ANTENNA APPLICATION:

1. Log-Periodic Antennas: This antenna is made of a series of dipoles

placed along the antenna axis at different space intervals of time followed by a
logarithmic function of frequency. Log-periodic antenna is used in a wide range
of applications where variable bandwidth is required along with antenna gain
and directivity.
2. Wire Antennas: Wire antennas are also known as linear or curved
antennas.These antennas are very simple, cheap and are used in a wide range
of applications.

3. Travelling Wave Antennas: This type of antenna is inexpensive and

effective. It can be constructed with one or more reflector elements and one or
more director elements. Yagi antennas can be made by using an antenna with
one reflector, a driven folded-dipole active element, and directors, mounted for
horizontal polarization in the forward direction.

4. Microwave Antennas: The antennas operating at microwave frequencies

are known as microwave antennas. These antennas are used in a wide range of
applications. For spacecraft or aircraft applications – based on the specifications
such as size, weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, etc. – low profile
antennas are preferred.

5. Reflector Antennas: The antenna that comprises one or more dipole

elements placed in front of a corner reflector, is known as corner-reflector
antenna.The directivity of any antenna can be increased by using reflectors.

References:

https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/dss/2009/main/13-ARDE.pdf

https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-antennas-with-properties-and-thier-working/