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David Pittenger
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210 Copyright 2005 by the Educational Publishing Foundation and the Society of Consulting Psychology, 1065-9293/05/$12.00
DOI: 10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Vol. 57, No. 3, 210 –221
construct validity and afford useful predic- relevant empirical literature that has exam-
tions. Given the ramifications of applying ined the utility of the MBTI for industrial/
personality measures in the work setting, it organization applications. In the final sec-
is necessary to maintain a critical analysis tion, I suggest that many of the uses of the
of how practitioners use tests in applied MBTI, as endorsed by McCaulley (2000),
settings. In essence, I do not believe that lack empirical support, and that consulting
the relevant data justify the conclusion that psychologists should consider these facts
the MBTI is a direct measure of Jung’s before using the instrument. I also suggest
(1921/1971) theory of personality types. programs of future research that might ad-
Furthermore, I do not believe that the cur- dress several important matters I raise.
rent scoring procedures for the MBTI allow
one to make important prophecies about Theoretical Foundations of the MBTI
individuals (see also, Pittenger, 1993).
Before proceeding with a review of the
In the remainder of this article, I review
empirical features of the MBTI, it is impor-
what I believe to be important psychomet-
tant to examine its theoretical foundation as
ric data that raise significant caveats re-
an explication of Jung’s (1921/1971) the-
garding the MBTI and its applications. The
ory of personality. This foundation is es-
primary goal of this review is to provide an
sential for interpreting the psychometric
alternative perspective of the MBTI and its properties of the instrument and the utility
utility as a measure of personality. There of its application for assessing an individ-
are important consequences when psychol- ual’s personality. I will forego a detailed
ogists apply personality measures in the review of Jung’s theory and the particular
work setting. The results of the test affect structure of the MBTI as other authors pro-
the individuals who are tested, the corpo- vide lucid and detailed reviews (Jung,
rations who use those test results, and our 1921/1971; Macdaid, McCaulley, & Kaniz,
profession to the extent that we endorse 1986; McCaulley, 2000; Myers et al.,
specific measurement practices and infer- 1998).
ences from test scores. Consequently, it is The important feature that warrants at-
necessary to maintain a critical analysis of tention is the fact that Jung’s theory and the
the issues and ensure a lively dialectic re- MBTI are typologies (McCaulley, 2000).
garding the use of normal personality as- More specifically, the instrument treats per-
sessments in corporate and other applied sonality types as distinctive groups. This
settings. perspective suggests that there are quanti-
To organize my arguments, I have di- tatively and qualitatively different popula-
vided this article into four parts. First, I tions of people who express different per-
offer an abridged review of the theoretical sonality characteristics. In other words,
structure of the MBTI, its scoring, and its these populations will demonstrate relative
interpretation. According to Myers, Mc- homogeneity of variance within groups and
Caulley, Quenk, and Hammer (1998), heterogeneity of variance between groups
Briggs and Myers developed the MBTI as a (Block, 1971; Block & Ozer, 1982).
measure of the personality types first artic- Most personality tests represent a trait
ulated by Jung (1921/1971). The strong perspective that characterizes personality
theoretical background of the MBTI af- as a construct best measured using a con-
fords many falsifiable hypotheses regarding tinuous variable that ranges between two
the psychometric properties of the MBTI extremes. For example, common measures
results. The second section reviews the rel- of introversion and extroversion (e.g., NEO
evant psychometric data that assess these Personality Inventory [NEO-PI], Costa &
hypotheses. The third section reviews the McCrae, 1985) treat these constructs as op-