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Mesozoic magmatism in the eastern North China Craton: Insights on tectonic

cycles associated with progressive craton destruction

Article  in  Gondwana Research · April 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.gr.2018.04.003

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 Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

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Mesozoic magmatism in the eastern North China Craton: Insights on

tectonic cycles associated with progressive craton destruction
Fan Yang a,b, M. Santosh a,b,⁎, Sung Won Kim c
a
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
b
Department of Earth Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
c
Geological Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The North China Craton (NCC) provides a classic example for lithospheric thinning associated with craton de-
Received 14 January 2018 struction (or decratonization) through multiple tectonic events. The peak of craton destruction is considered
Received in revised form 27 March 2018 to have occurred during Mesozoic, especially in Early Cretaceous, linked to the subduction/collision between
Accepted 3 April 2018
the NCC and Yangtze Craton during the Triassic in the south and the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction during
Available online 26 April 2018
Early Cretaceous in the east. Here we investigate a suite of intrusive and volcanic suites including granite, gabbro,
Handling Editor: S. Kwon diorite, basalt, andesite, volcanic tuff, agglomerate, siliceous tuff and trachyte from the southern Yishui and Juxian
domains to gain insights into the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the eastern NCC in relation to decratonization.
Keywords: Zircon U-Pb data from basalt show multiple populations with xenocrystic grains ranging in age from
Petrology Paleoproterozoic (2457–1940 Ma), through Neoproterozoic (896–559 Ma), to Paleozoic (442–380 Ma) and Me-
Geochemistry sozoic (204–122 Ma). Inherited grains from the granite and gabbro yield weight mean 206Pb/238U ages of 650.0 ±
Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes 13 to 773.4 ± 2.6 Ma suggesting the involvement of components from the Yangtze Craton. Magmatic zircons
Mesozoic magmatism from diorite show weight mean 206Pb/238U ages of 121.5 ± 1.2 Ma representing the emplacement age of this
North China Craton
rock. Magmatic zircon grains from the volcanic suite (andesite, volcanic tuff, agglomerate, siliceous tuff and tra-
chyte), show weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 132.4 ± 1.4 Ma, 123.02 ± 0.71 Ma, 122.97 ± 0.69 Ma, 121.96 ±
0.49 Ma, and 124.6 ± 1.1 Ma respectively, corresponding to the timings of their eruption. The Paleoproterozoic
zircon grains correspond to xenocrysts captured from the NCC basement rocks, whereas the Neoproterozoic
and Paleozoic grains were inherited from the Yangtze Craton. The Late Triassic to Jurassic zircon grains can be cor-
related to delamination of the thickened continental crust during deep subduction of Yangtze continental crust
and the continent-continent collision between NCC and the Yangtze Craton. The Early Cretaceous population
can be linked to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate from the east and related extensional setting. The geo-
chemical data display significant enrichment in LREE along with negative Eu anomalies, with high Th/Ta and La/
Nb ratios, negative Nb–Ta anomalies, and high concentration of LILE (K, Rb, Ba and Pb) than HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti),
suggesting subduction-related arc magmatic setting in an active continental margin. Zircon Lu-Hf data from these
rocks display dominantly negative εHf(t) values ranging from −36.8 to −3.1, TDM in the range of 1105–2572 Ma,
and TCDM between 1785 Ma and 3776 Ma, indicating that the magma sources involved Paleoproterozoic compo-
nents with minor input of reworked Archean crust through different degrees of enrichment with crustal material
and minor input from extension-related mantle melting. In conjunction with the results from previous studies in
the eastern NCC, we propose that the late Paleozoic southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, the Triassic
northward subduction and collision of the Yangtze Craton with the NCC, and the Early Cretaceous westward sub-
duction of the Paleo-Pacific plate jointly contributed to the cratonic destruction of NCC. The Paleo-Pacific plate
subduction beneath the NCC (major contributing mechanism) with the slab rollback induced lithospheric exten-
sion likely facilitated back-arc spreading, asthenospheric upwelling resulting in lithospheric thinning including
delamination, melting of lithosphere mantle, and underplating of the modified mantle beneath the lower crust
of the NCC during the Early Cretaceous.
© 2018 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
⁎ Corresponding author at: School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of
Geosciences Beijing, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100083, China. As one of oldest cratonic nuclei in the Eurasian continental collage,
E-mail address: santosh@cugb.edu.cn (M. Santosh). the North China Craton (NCC) preserves important records on cratonic

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.04.003
1342-937X/© 2018 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
154 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
evolution during the early Precambrian and subsequent lithospheric
thinning and destruction during the Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic (Liu
et al., 1992; Zhai and Santosh, 2011, 2013; Zhang et al., 2005, 2014,
2017; He et al., 2017a; Yang and Santosh, 2017; Yang et al., 2017a).
The lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC remained as a thick and cold
cratonic root from Paleoproterozoic to Paleozoic (Griffin et al., 1998;
Fan et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2001; Menzies et al., 2007), but subse-
quently underwent significant transformation during Mesozoic and
Early Cenozoic through extensive destruction resulting in replacement
by a thinner and hotter mantle with oceanic affinities (Menzies and
Xu, 1998; Fan et al., 2000; Xu, 2001; Zheng et al., 2001; Rudnick et al.,
2004; Menzies et al., 2007). The timing, mechanism and geodynamic
setting of the lithospheric thinning of the NCC have been addressed in
several previous studies (Griffin et al., 1998; Gao et al., 2002; H.F.
Zhang et al., 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2008; Chen,
2009; Zhang, 2009; Gao et al., 2009; Santosh, 2010; Zhu et al., 2011;
Zhang et al., 2013), and the processes were correlated to multi-
convergent regimes surround the craton such as the Central Asian Orog-
eny since the Late Carboniferous at the northern margin (Meng, 2003;
Zhang et al., 2003, 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007; H.K. Li et al., 2009;
H.Y. Li et al., 2009), subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate since Late
Triassic-Early Cretaceous at the eastern margin (Santosh, 2010; Zhou
et al., 2010), and collision between the NCC and Yangtze Craton since
the Late Triassic at the southern margin (S.G. Li et al., 1993; Z.L. Li
et al., 1993; Gao et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2007a,
2007b).
Although numerous previous studies have focused on the timing,
mechanism and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic magmatic suites in
the NCC, models on their relationship with lithospheric thinning remain
debated (Menzies et al., 1993; Gao et al., 1998; Deng et al., 2004; H.F.
Zhang et al., 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2008; Chen,
2009; Zhang, 2009; Gao et al., 2009; Santosh, 2010; Zhu et al., 2011;
Zhang et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2013). Diverse timing, mechanisms and
tectonic settings have been proposed such as: 1) Late Triassic (Lu
et al., 2000; Gao et al., 2002), Late Mesozoic (F.X. Lu et al., 2006; X.P.
Lu et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2008), and Cenozoic (Griffin et al., 1998; Xu
et al., 2000; Xu, 2001) for the timing of onset of lithospheric thinning;
2) chemical and thermal erosion (Griffin et al., 1998; Zheng et al.,
1998; Xu, 2001; Zhang et al., 2002, 2004; Zhang, 2005; Tian et al.,
2009; Tian and Zhao, 2011), partial or wholesale delamination (Zhang
et al., 1998; Wu and Sun, 1999; Zhou et al., 2002; Wilde et al., 2003;
Deng et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2004, 2009; Xu and Zhao, 2009), and
decompressional melting (Gao et al., 1998; Niu, 2005; H.F. Zhang
et al., 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007); 3) collision between the NCC and
the Yangtze Craton (Gao et al., 1998; S.G. Li et al., 1993; Z.L. Li et al.,
1993; Yang et al., 2007a, 2007b); collision between India and the Eur-
asian Plates (Menzies et al., 1993); collision between the Siberian and
North China-Mongolia Plates (Meng, 2003); subduction of the Paleo-
Pacific Plate (Fan et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2005a, 2005b; Xu, 2007; Sun
et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2009; Goss et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2013; Yang
et al., 2017a), and a mantle plume (Deng et al., 2004).
Voluminous magmatic rocks associated with cratonic destruction
are exposed in the NCC, especially the Mesozoic magmatic suites
(Zhang et al., 2005, 2014, 2017; He et al., 2017a, 2017b). These rocks
are considered as significant markers of lithospheric thinning of the
NCC (Xu et al., 2004, 2009; Yang et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2017a; Zhang
et al., 2014), and mainly consist of Triassic and Early Jurassic igneous
suites mainly distributed along the northern, southern and eastern mar-
gins of the craton, as well as Cretaceous magmatic rocks widely dis-
persed in the whole eastern and central parts of the NCC (Zhang et al.,
2002; Yang et al., 2007a; Zhang et al., 2014). Although previous studies
have investigated many of these rock suites (Wu et al., 2008; Chen,
2009; Zhang, 2009; Gao et al., 2009; Santosh, 2010; Zhu et al., 2011;
Zhang et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2011, 2012, R. Zhu
et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2017a), there has been no consensus on their
tectonic evolution in relation to cratonic destruction and lithospheric
thinning of the NCC during the Late Mesozoic. In order to gain more in-
sights on these issues, we investigated a suite of intrusive (granite, gab-
bro and diorite) and extrusive (basalt, andesite, volcanic tuff,
agglomerate, siliceous tuff and trachyte) magmatic suite along the cen-
tral Tanlu fault zone in the eastern NCC. We present results from sys-
tematic field investigations, petrology, geochemistry, zircon U-Pb
dating and Lu-Hf isotopes to constrain the ages and petrogenesis of
these rocks. Combined with the available information from lithology,
geochemistry and geochronology in the eastern NCC, we evaluate the
petrogenesis and magma source, and propose a geodynamic model on
the Mesozoic tectonic evolution and associated cratonic destruction
and lithospheric thinning of the NCC.
2. Geological background and sampling
2.1. Geological background
The continental basement of the NCC is mainly composed of Archean
to Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks overlain by Mesoproterozoic to
Cenozoic cover sequences (Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Zhao et al., 2001,
2005, 2012; Zhao and Zhai, 2013; Nutman et al., 2014; He et al.,
2017a; Santosh et al., 2017) (Fig. 1). The NCC is tectonically sub-
divided into the Western Block (WB), Trans-North China Orogen
(TNCO) and the Eastern Block (EB) in many popular models (Santosh,
2010; Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Zhao et al., 2012; Zhao and Zhai, 2013;
Nutman et al., 2014; Tang and Santosh, 2017) (Fig. 1). The WB is a com-
posite block composed of the Yinshan and Ordos sub-blocks which were
welded along the intervening Inner Mongolia Suture Zone at
1.95–1.92 Ga (also known as the Khondalite Belt) (Santosh, 2010;
Tsunogae et al., 2011; Santosh et al., 2012) (Fig. 1). The TNCO is a nearly
north-south trending orogen across the central part of the craton be-
tween the EB and WB where the major basement rocks are Neoarchean
to Paleoproterozoic TTG gneisses, meta-supracrustals, syn- to post-
tectonic granitoids, mafic dykes, and ultramafic to mafic rocks, with sev-
eral discrete magmatic-metamorphic complexes such as Chengde,
Northern Hebei, Xuanhua, Huai'an, Hengshan, Wutai, Fuping, Lüliang,
Zanhuang, Zhongtiao, Dengfeng and Taihua from the north to south
(Wei et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2015; He et al., 2016; Tang and Santosh,
2017) (Fig. 1).The EB is characterized by Archean-Paleoproterozoic
basement rocks, and underwent Paleoproterozoic rift-subduction-
collision along the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt during 2.2–1.9 Ga (Luo et al., 2004;
Li et al., 2005, 2006; J.W. Li et al., 2006; F.X. Lu et al., 2006; X.P. Lu
et al., 2006; Li and Zhao, 2007; Zhao and Zhai, 2013; He and Santosh,
2014; Santosh et al., 2015; Meert and Santosh, 2017). Recent studies
consider the NCC as a collage of several micro-blocks including the
Jiaoliao, Qianhuai, Ordos, Jining, Xuchang, Xuhuai and the Alashan
which were welded along Archean greenstone belts that represent
zones of ocean closure (Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Yang et al., 2016;
Santosh et al., 2016; Tang and Santosh, 2017; Yang and Santosh,
2015a, 2017) (Fig. 1).
2.2. Mesozoic magmatism in the NCC
The extensive Mesozoic magmatism in the NCC has been used a tool
for probing the timing, mechanism and geodynamic setting of litho-
spheric thinning and decratonization (Zhang et al., 2005, 2014, 2017;
He et al., 2017a, 2017b; Yang et al., 2017a). The voluminous Mesozoic
rocks that are widely exposed in the Yinshan, Yanshan and western
hills of the northern NCC, the Jiaodong peninsula, Liaodong, Luxi and
the southern Yanbian-Liaobei area of the eastern NCC are critical win-
dows (Meng et al., 2006; Ling et al., 2007; J.F. Tang et al., 2008; J. Tang
et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2011). The NCC has been witnessed multiple
convergent realms including the collision with Yangtze Craton from
south since the Late Triassic and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific
Plate from the east since Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous beneath the
NCC (Zhang et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2007a, 2007b; Santosh, 2010;
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 155

Fig. 1. Tectonic framework of the NCC (modified after Zhao et al., 2005; Santosh, 2010; Tang and Santosh, 2017), showing the major crustal blocks and the region of the study area in the
eastern NCC. Abbreviations of metamorphic complexes: CD, Chengde; NH, Northern Heibei; XH, Xuanhua; HA, Huai'an; HS, Hengshan; WT, Wutai; FP, Fuping; LL, Lüliang; ZH, Zanhuang;
ZT, Zhongtiao; DF, Dengfeng; TH, Taihua. Other abbreviations: WB, Western Block; EB, Eastern Block; IMSZ, Inner Mongolia Suture Zone; TNCO, Trans-North China Orogen; JLJB, Jiao-Liao-Ji
Belt.

Zhou et al., 2010; Goss et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012). The collision and
subduction were accompanied by extensive magmatic activities and re-
lated metallogeny particularly along the eastern part of the NCC (Goss
et al., 2010; Goldfarb and Santosh, 2014; Li and Santosh, 2014; Wang
et al., 2014, 2015; J. Wang et al., 2015; Groves and Santosh, 2016;
Yang et al., 2015; Li and Santosh, 2017).
In this study, we mainly focus on the Mesozoic rocks exposed in the
eastern NCC, especially the Luxi area (western Shandong Province) and
Jiaodong peninsula (eastern Shandong Province) excluding the Triassic
magmatism (Fig. 2). The Luxi area is an uplifted region and located in
the western segment of Tanlu fault, comprising Early Cretaceous mag-
matic rocks and the Early Jurassic monzonite-syenite-granite complex
of Tongshi located near the Tanlu fault zone (Zhang et al., 2014)
(Fig. 2). The Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks have ages ranging from
144 Ma to113 Ma (Zhang et al., 2014), whereas the Early Jurassic to
Early Cretaceous Tongshi monzonite-syenite-granite complex is dated
as 90 Ma to 176 Ma (Xu et al., 2007; Lan et al., 2012) (Fig. 2). The
Jiaodong peninsula is located to the east of the Tanlu fault, and exposes
Early Cretaceous and Middle-Late Jurassic magmatic rocks (Zhang et al.,
2014) (Fig. 2). The Early Cretaceous magmatism includes rocks ranging
in age from 128 Ma to 100 Ma with major peaks at 124 Ma, 111 Ma and
100 Ma (Yan et al., 2003, 2005; Zhang et al., 2011, 2014), whereas the
Middle-Late Jurassic magmatic rocks are dated as 161 Ma to 152 Ma
with age peaks at 161 Ma and 157 Ma (Zhang et al., 2014).
2.3. Sample description
The samples in this study were collected from two geological do-
mains (Table 1) (Fig. 2): the diorite (YSC-1/1, YSC-1/2) and basalt
(YSC-16/1) from the southern Yishui Domain (Fig. 3) and the volcanic
tuff (YSC-3/1), agglomerate (YSC-3/2, YSC-3/3), siliceous tuff (YSC-4/
1), granite (YSC-5/1), trachyte (YSC-26/1, YSC-26/2), andesite (YSC-
27/1, YSC-27/2) and gabbro (YSC-29/1, YSC-29/2) from the Juxian Do-
main (Fig. 4).
2.3.1. Southern Yishui Domain
The Yishui Domain is located in the southern margin of the Jiaoliao
microblock, at the western segment of Tanlu fault in the eastern NCC
(Li et al., 2016; Santosh et al., 2016) (Figs. 1, 2). The rocks exposed in
the Dashan, Yinglingshan, Linjiaguanzhuang, Niuxinguanzhuang,
Caiyu, Xueshan and Mashan regions of the Yishui Domain comprise
Neoarchean granitoids, Mesoarchean metamorphic series, Proterozoic
and Mesozoic dyke rocks, as well as sporadic volcanic rocks (Shen
et al., 2000, 2007; Li et al., 2016; Santosh et al., 2016) (Fig. 3). The
Neoarchean granitoids mainly include trondhjemites, charnockites/
enderbites, granodiorites and granites, and the Mesoarchean metamor-
phic series are composed of mafic granulites, and garnet- and
sillimanite-bearing metapelitic gneiss (Shen et al., 2000, 2007; Zhao
et al., 2009, 2013; Li et al., 2016; Santosh et al., 2016) (Fig. 3). Dyke
suites also occur in the Yishui domain, and consist of Proterozoic quartz
diorite, gabbro and granite as well as Mesozoic diabase, gabbro and
quartz porphyry (Shen et al., 2007) (Fig. 3). The Yishui Domain is di-
vided into the Shishanguanzhuang and Linjiaguanzhuang groups (Cao,
1995). The Shishanguanzhuang group includes granulites and felsic
gneisses as well as minor pyroxenites and the Linjiaguanzhuang group
mainly comprises amphibolites, granulites and minor felsic gneisses
(Santosh et al., 2016). Previous studies related to geochronology, geo-
chemistry and isotope dating of the Archean plutons support the
156 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 2. Geological map of eastern Shandong Province, showing the study area (Yishui and Juxian Domains) and the distribution of Mesozoic intrusive and volcanic rock suites.
(Modified after BGMRSP, 1991)

tectonic subdivision above (Shen et al., 2004, 2007; Zhao et al., 2008;
Wu et al., 2012, 2013; Li et al., 2016; Santosh et al., 2016), especially
the discovery of Neoarchean suprasubduction zone ophiolite suite
(Santosh et al., 2016).
From the southern Yishui Domain, we collected representative sam-
ples of basalt and diorites (Fig. 3, Table 1). The diorites (YSC-1/1, YSC-1/
2) are exposed along a small stream valley and are greenish medium to
coarse grained. Some domains are more felsic and coarse grained with
clots of plagioclase. Schistose structure with greenish chlorite and
epidote is also seen in some areas (Fig. 5c). The basalt (YSC-16/1) was
collected from a valley section, about 500 m from the northeastern
part of the Jinchang village. The rock is fine grained and dark gray
with massive texture (Fig. 6a).
2.3.2. Juxian Domain
The Juxian Domain is also exposed at the southern margin of the
Jiaoliao microblock in the eastern Tanlu fault of eastern NCC, at the
western segment of the Su-Lu ultrahigh pressure metamorphic belt

Table 1
Locations and details of samples analyzed in this study from eastern NCC.

Sample no. Location Coordinate Rock type Mineral assemblage

YSC-1/1 Jinchang (Yishui) N 35°42′07″; E 118°43′59″ Diorite PI + Bt + Hbl + Mag + Zrn

YSC-1/2 Jinchang (Yishui) N 35°42′07″; E 118°43′59″ Diorite PI + Bt + Hbl + Mag + Zrn
YSC-3/1 Dachengou (Juxian) N 35°38′10″; E 118°56′42″ Volcanic tuff PI + Bt + Mag + Zrn
YSC-3/2 Dachengou (Juxian) N 35°38′10″; E 118°56′42″ Agglomerate PI + Mag + Zrn
YSC-3/3 Dachengou (Juxian) N 35°38′10″; E 118°56′42″ Agglomerate PI + Mag + Zrn
YSC-4/1 Dachengou (Juxian) N 35°38′08″; E 118°57′17″ Siliceous tuff PI + Zrn
YSC-5/1 Zhangjialing (Juxian) N 35°37′14″; E 118°57′53″ Granite PI + Bt + Qtz + Zrn
YSC-16/1 Jinchang (Yishui) N 35°42′20″; E 118°44′17″ Basalt PI + Px + Mag + Zrn
YSC-26/1 Daxueshan (Juxian) N 35°32′18″; E 118°59′50″ Trachyte PI + Kfs + Hbl + Mgt + Zrn
YSC-26/2 Daxueshan (Juxian) N 35°32′18″; E 118°59′50″ Trachyte PI + Kfs + Hbl + Mgt + Zrn
YSC-27/1 Baiya (Juxian) N 35°32′49″; E 118°59′59″ Andesite PI + Hbl + Mgt + Zrn
YSC-27/2 Baiya (Juxian) N 35°32′49″; E 118°59′59″ Andesite PI + Hbl + Mgt + Zrn
YSC-29/1 Laogua (Juxian) N 35°38′01″; E 118°57′50″ Gabbro PI + Hbl + Cpx + Qtz + Zrn
YSC-29/2 Laogua (Juxian) N 35°38′01″; E 118°57′50″ Gabbro PI + Hbl + Cpx + Qtz + Zrn

Mineral abbreviations: Pl, plagioclase; Bt, biotite; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Qtz, quartz; Mgt, magnetite; Kfs, k-feldspar; Hbl, hornblende; Zrn, zircon.
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
Fig. 3. Geological map of the Yishui Domain in the eastern NCC showing the rock types and sampling locations.
(Modified after Shen et al., 2000)
(Figs. 1, 2). The major rocks in the Juxian Domain include intrusive and
volcanic phases (Fig. 4). Most of the intrusive phases are thin linear bod-
ies composed of monzonite, syenite porphyry, monzonitic granite, dio-
rite porphyry and diorite (Fig. 4). The volcanic rocks are distributed the
eastern part of the Juxian Domain across nearly north-south trending
segments, comprising tuff, agglomerate and trachyandesite (Fig. 4).
Sedimentary rocks including sandstone and minor marble are also ex-
posed (Fig. 4). A zircon SHRIMP U-Pb geochronological study of the dol-
erite and granite from the Juxian Domain reported 119.0 ± 1.7 Ma and
126.9 ± 1.9 Ma respectively (Liu et al., 2008).
Eleven representative samples of volcanic tuff, agglomerate, sili-
ceous tuff, granite, trachyte, andesite and gabbro from the Juxian Do-
main were analyzed in this study (Fig. 4, Table 1). The volcanic tuff
(YSC-3/1) and the agglomerates (YSC-3/2, YSC-3/3) were collected
from a hill cutting along the road, where interlayered tuff and agglom-
erate are exposed (Fig. 6c, d). The volcanic tuff (YSC-3/1) is light pink
colored and fine grained with euhedral to subhedral megacrysts of feld-
spar (Fig. 6c). The agglomerates (YSC-3/2, YSC-3/3) contain very coarse
(up to 5 cm) euhedral to subhedral megacrystic feldspars and sub-
rounded intermediate microgranular enclaves within medium to fine
grained matrix composed of plagioclase, deep brownish K-feldspar
and dark grayish quartz (Fig. 6d). The siliceous tuff (YSC-4/1) is light
pink colored and fine grained with granular texture, and occurs as a
thick band exposed for over 30 m (Fig. 6e). The granite (YSC-5/1) is ex-
posed at a hill side, and is pink colored and medium to coarse grained
(Fig. 5a). The trachytes (YSC-26/1, YSC-26/2) exposed are pink colored
and fine grained, with porphyritic texture (Fig. 6f). The andesites
(YSC-27/1, YSC-27/2) were collected from the Baiya village from a
river bed exposure, and are pink colored and fine grained with an as-
semblage of fine grained hornblende and plagioclase (Fig. 6b). The
gabbros (YSC-29/1, YSC-29/2) are dark and medium to fine grained
and exposed in a road cutting along a hillock in the Laogua village
(Fig. 5b).
157
3. Analytical techniques
3.1. Petrography
Fourteen samples collected in this study were used for the petro-
graphic and thin sections studies. Polished thin sections for petrographic
study were prepared at the School of Earth and Space Sciences of Peking
University and petrographic studies were conducted at the School of Sci-
entific Research of China University of Geosciences, Beijing, respectively.
3.2. Zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf analysis
Zircon grains were separated at the Yu'neng Geological and Mineral
Separation Survey Centre of Langfang, Hebei Province in China, using
gravimetric and magnetic separation from crushed rock samples,
followed by handpicking under a binocular microscope. Individual
grains were mounted onto epoxy resin disks and then polished to ex-
pose the crystals approximately halfway along with the standard
TEMORA1, with 206Pb/238U age of 417 Ma (Black et al., 2004). Transmit-
ted and reflected images, as well as cathodoluminescence (CL) images
for examining the internal structures of zircons and identifying poten-
tial target sites for zircon U-Pb analyses were made using a petrological
microscope and a scanning electron microscope (JSM510) equipped
with Gantan CL probe at the Beijing Geoanalysis Co., Ltd., respectively.
Zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses were performed at the
Tianjin Center, China Geological Survey.
Zircon U-Pb analyses were conducted by using a Neptune multi-
collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer equipped
with a New Wave 193 nm laser sampler, following the analytical proce-
dures described by H.K. Li et al. (2009) and H.Y. Li et al. (2009). The anal-
yses were conducted with a beam diameter of 35 μm and ablation depth
of about 20 μm. Zircon GJ-1 was used as an external standard for U, Th
and Pb concentrations, and the instrument was optimized by the silicate
158 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 4. Geological map of the Juxian Domain in the eastern NCC showing different lithological units, their relationships and sampling locations.
(Modified after BGMRSP, 1991)

glass NIST610. Common-Pb corrections were made following the
method reported by Anderson (2002), and the software of GLITTER
and ISOPLOT were used for processing the data (Ludwig, 2003).
Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analyses were conducted on the same spots or
in the adjacent domains where U-Pb dating was done by using a Nep-
tune MC-ICP-MS equipped with a 193 μm Geolas Q Plus Ar F exciplex
laser ablation and a spot size of 50 μm and a laser repetition rate of
10 Hz at 100 mJ, following analytical procedures described by Wu
et al. (2006). The zircon (GJ-1) with 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282000 ±
0.000030 (2σ, n = 200) and (Mud Tank) with 176Hf/177Hf ratio of
0.282500 ± 0.000030 (2σ, n = 200) were analyzed as an external
standard. The 176Hf/177Hf ratio of GJ-1 and Mud Tank are based on the
previous reports by Elhlou et al. (2006) and the long-term extensive
LA-MC-ICP-MS dataset (Griffin et al., 2006).
3.3. Whole-rock geochemistry
Thirteen representative samples were used for major, trace and
rare earth elements analyses after petrographic observation at the
National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geo-
logical Sciences, Beijing. The major elements analyses were deter-
mined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF model PW 4400), with an
analytical uncertainties ranging from 1 to 3%, whereas the trace
and rare earth element analyses were conducted by Agilent 7500ce
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with an
analytical uncertainties 10% for elements with abundances
b10 ppm, and approximately 5% for those N10 ppm (Zeng et al.,
2011). The detailed process for these elements analyses have been
outlined by Gao et al. (2008).
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 159

Fig. 5. Representative field photographs and photomicrographs of intrusive rocks in this study. Field photographs: (a) Pink and medium to coarse grained granite (YSC-5/1); (b) dark and
medium to fine grained gabbro within a quartz vein (YSC-29/1, YSC-29/2); (c) greenish and medium to coarse grained diorite with more felsic minerals (YSC-1/1, YSC-1/2).
Photomicrographs: (d) Granite (YSC-5/1); (e) gabbro (YSC-29/2); (f) diorite (YSC-1/1). Mineral abbreviations: Hbl, Hornblende; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Pl, plagioclase; Bt, biotite; Qtz,
quartz. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

4. Petrography
The fourteen samples include intrusive (granite, gabbro and diorite)
and extrusive phases (basalt, andesite, volcanic tuff, siliceous tuff, tra-
chyte). Their salient features, locations and representative photomicro-
graphs are presented in Table 1, Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively. A brief
description of the petrographic features is given below.
4.1. Intrusive rocks
4.1.1. Granite
The granite (sample YSC-5/1) dominantly comprises plagioclase
(60–70 vol%), quartz (10–20 vol%) and biotite (1–5 vol%) together
with minor zircon and magnetite as accessory, exhibiting medium
grained texture (Fig. 5d). In thin sections (Fig. 5d), plagioclase shows
subhedral to anhedral granular texture, with grain size of about 0.5 to
1.2 mm diameter and polysynthetic twinning. Quartz is fine grained
(0.1–0.3 mm) and commonly irregular shape, and displays typical
wavy extinction. Biotite is sporadically distributed within the plagio-
clase as well as in the interstices of plagioclase and quartz with grain
size of about 0.01 to 0.05 mm.
4.1.2. Gabbro
The gabbros (samples YSC-29/1, YSC-29/2) are medium to fine
grained and massive, and are composed of clinopyroxene (60–70 vol
%), hornblende (10–15 vol%), plagioclase (20–25 vol%) and minor sec-
ondary quartz (1–5 vol%) (Fig. 5e). In thin section (Fig. 5e),
clinopyroxene is brownish to light yellow colored and anhedral granu-
lar with grain size of about 0.1 to 0.2 mm. Hornblende is brownish
and fine grained, with typical cleavages at an angle of 120°. Plagioclase
is fine grained (0.1–0.4 mm) and anhedral showing polysynthetic twin-
ning. The grayish quartz (0.1–0.2 mm) is usually distributed these mar-
gins of hornblende, clinopyroxene and plagioclase.
160 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 6. Representative field photographs of volcanic rocks in this study. (a) Fine grained and gray dark colored basalt (YSC-16/1); (b) pink and fine grained andesite (YSC-27/1, YSC-27/2);
(c) light pink and fine grained volcanic tuff (YSC-3/1); (d) agglomerate with medium to fine grained matrix (YSC-3/2); (e) light pink and fine grained siliceous tuff with granular texture
(YSC-4/1); (f) pink colored and fine grained trachyte with porphyry texture (YSC-26/2). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web
version of this article.)

4.1.3. Diorite
The diorites (samples YSC-41/1, YSC-42/2) are characterized by an
assemblage of plagioclase (60–70 vol%), hornblende (30–35 vol%),
quartz (1–5 vol%) and biotite (1–2 vol%) (Fig. 5f). In thin sections
(Fig. 5f), plagioclase is medium to fine grained (0.2–2 mm), showing
subhedral to anhedral granular texture. Hornblende is greenish with
grain size of about 0.1 to 0.3 mm and exhibits partial alteration. Quartz
is fine grained and anhedral granular. Biotite is light green to brown in
color with strong pleochroism, and occurs generally as inclusions in
plagioclase.
4.2. Volcanic rocks
4.2.1. Basalt
The basalt (sample YSC-16/1) is mainly composed of plagioclase
(60–80 vol%), pyroxene (20–30 vol%) and volcanic glass (5–10 vol%)
together with zircon and magnetite as accessory, showing intersertal
texture characterized by filling into volcanic glass in irregular gap con-
stituted the lath-shaped Microcrystalline plagioclases (Fig. 7a). In thin
sections, plagioclase is euhedral and medium to fine grained
(0.05–0.25 mm), and shows alteration. Pyroxene is greenish and fine
grained with grain size of about 0.01 to 0.3 mm.
4.2.2. Andesite
The andesites (samples YSC-27/1, YSC-27/2) show typical porphy-
ritic texture with altered phenocryst of plagioclase and hornblende to-
gether as well as zircon and magnetite as accessory (Fig. 7b). In thin
sections (Fig. 7b), the plagioclase phenocryst is subhedral and medium
to fine grained (0.05–0.9 mm), and hornblende phenocryst is greenish
and rounded in shape with a grain size of about 0.01 to 0.2 mm. The ma-
trix mainly consists of aligned microcrystalline plagioclase as well as
minor pyroxene.
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 161

Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of volcanic rocks. (a) Basalt (YSC-16/1), (b) andesite (YSC-27/2), (c) volcanic tuff (YSC-3/1), (d) agglomerate (YSC-3/2), (e) siliceous tuff (YSC-4/1), (f) trachyte
(YSC-26/2). Mineral abbreviations: Hbl, Hornblende; Px, pyroxene; Pl, plagioclase; Kfs, k-feldspar; Bt, biotite; Qtz, quartz.

4.2.3. Volcanic tuff 4.2.5. Siliceous tuff

The volcanic tuff (sample YSC-3/1) is fine grained and shows tuffa-
ceous texture, composed of altered crystal pyroclast of plagioclase and
biotite as well as lithic pyroclasts and volcanic ash (Fig. 7c). In thin sec-
tions (Fig. 7c), the plagioclase and biotite occurring as crystal pyroclasts
are subhedral to anhedral and fine grained (0.05–0.2 mm).
The siliceous tuff (sample YSC-4/1) shows tuffaceous texture with
medium grained crystal pyroclast of plagioclase, lithic pyroclast and vol-
canic ash (Fig. 7e). In thin sections (Fig. 7e), plagioclase pyroclast is
anhedral and medium to fine grained with grain size of about 0.1 to
0.5 mm, and have undergone strong alteration.

4.2.4. Agglomerate 4.2.6. Trachyte

The agglomerates (samples YSC-3/2, YSC-3/3) display typical por-
phyritic texture, including coarse grained phenocryst of plagioclase, ma-
trix of plagioclase and volcanic glass together with zircon and magnetite
as accessory (Fig. 7d). In thin sections (Fig. 7d), the plagioclase pheno-
cryst is subhedral and coarse to medium grained with grain size of
about 0.2 to 3.5 mm, and display typical polysynthetic twinning. Matrix
is mainly composed of fine grained plagioclases and minor volcanic
glass.
The trachytes (samples YSC-26/1, YSC-26/2) display trachytic tex-
ture, and contain altered phenocrysts of plagioclase, K-feldspar and
hornblende within a matrix of fine grained plagioclase and volcanic
glass as well as zircon and magnetite as accessory (Fig. 7f). In thin sec-
tions (Fig. 7f), the phenocrysts of plagioclase, K-feldspar and horn-
blende are subhedral to anhedral and medium grained (0.3–1.5 mm),
and show moderate alteration. The matrix containing plagioclase and
volcanic glass display typical hyalopilitic texture.
162 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
5. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes
Zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotope data on nine representative
samples from southern Yishui and Juxian domains of the eastern NCC
are given in Supplementary Tables 1, and 2, respectively. Representative
cathodoluminescence (CL) images of the zircon grains and U-Pb
concordia diagrams are presented in Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11. The zircon
Lu-Hf isotopes data from concordat spot ages are plotted in the Fig. 12.
5.1. Zircon morphology and U-Pb dating
5.1.1. Granite
Zircon grains from the granite sample YSC-5/1 are colorless to dark
brownish, and subhedral to anhedral. They show prismatic to irregular
morphology with size of 50–200 μm and length to width ratios of 3:1
to 1:1. Under CL images, most zircons display oscillatory zoning, and
few are structureless or show core-rim texture with dark core and
light bright rim (Fig. 8a). A total of 35 spots from 35 grains from the
granite sample were analyzed. The data show concordant ages, and
can be divided into three groups. The first group includes three discrete
spot ages of 915 Ma, 718 Ma and 410 Ma. The second group comprise 28
spots yielding a 206Pb/238U weighted mean age of 771.5 ± 4.2 Ma
(MSWD = 1.9) with Th contents ranging from 4178.9 to 180.2 ppm
and U contents from 4494.1 to 801.9 ppm and Th/U values of
1.34–0.06 (Fig. 9a, b), and another four spots which display Th contents
of 1614.6–7119.5 ppm and U contents of 1801.6–6667.7 ppm with Th/U
ratio of 0.82–1.07. The third group yields 206Pb/238U weighted mean age
of 650.0 ± 13 Ma (MSWD = 1.4) (Fig. 9a, b) (Supplementary Table 1).
The ca. 915 Ma, 771 Ma, 650 Ma and 410 Ma peak ages are interpreted
to be inherited grains, especially the Neoproterozoic zircons which were
probably sourced from the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton.
5.1.2. Gabbro
Zircons from the gabbro sample YSC-29/1 are light brown to color-
less and transparent to translucent. They exhibit irregular morphology
with size between 150 μm and 50 μm and aspect ratios of 3:1 to 1:1.
Under CL images, most of zircons display oscillatory zoning with faintly
visible zoning patterns or are structureless (Fig. 8b). A total of 34 spots
from 34 zircons (Fig. 9c, d) display Th content, U content and Th/U
values varying from 33.5 to 3260.2 ppm, 247.5–2055.1 ppm, and
0.06–1.59 (Supplementary Table 1), respectively. All the spot ages de-
fine a single cluster along the concordia, and yield 206Pb/238U weighted
mean age of 773.4 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.24) (Fig. 9c, d). These
Neoproterozoic zircons are also represented as inherited grains in the
granite sample YSC-5/1.
5.1.3. Diorite
Zircon grains from the diorite sample YSC-1/1 are transparent to
translucent and light brown to colorless. They are prismatic to irregular
in morphology with length of 150–50 μm and aspect ratios of 3:1 to 1:1.
Under CL images, most grains show oscillatory zoning with faintly visi-
ble zoning patterns, and a few zircons display core-rim with texture
with dark cores and growth zoned rims (Fig. 8c). A total of 26 spots
from 26 zircons (Fig. 9e, f) define a single cluster along the concordia,
yielding 206Pb/238U mean age of 121.5 ± 1.2 Ma (MSWD = 2.6) with
Th contents of 114.7 to 505.7 ppm and U contents 59 to 169.9 ppm
with high Th/U ratio of 1.66–3.69 (Fig. 9e, f) (Supplementary Table 1).
We interpret the ca. 121 Ma age as the emplacement time of the
magma during the Early Cretaceous.
5.1.4. Basalt
Zircon grains from the basalt sample YSC-16/1 are dark brownish to
colorless and prismatic to irregular in morphology, with a size range of
50–150 μm × 50–100 μm and aspect ratios of 3:1 to 1:1. Under CL im-
ages, most grains show oscillatory zoning with the zones spanning a
much wider compositional range, and a few zircons display similar
core-rim texture with chaotically zoned cores as well as growth zoned
rims (Fig. 8d). A total of 26 spots were analyzed from 26 zircons
(Fig. 10a, b) and the results can be divided into two groups. One group
yields 207Pb/206Pb spot ages of 1940 Ma, 2136 Ma, 2350 Ma and
2457 Ma, with Th contents of 760to 3.6 ppm and U contents 497 to
8.4 ppm with high Th/U ratio 0.17–1.53 (Fig. 10a) (Supplementary
Table 1). The other group shows Th contents ranging from 29,874 to
5.9 ppm and U contents from 10,792.6 to 95.4 ppm with Th/U values
of 0.06–2.77. All the grains are concordant, yielding 206Pb/238U spot
ages or age range of 896 Ma, 749 Ma, 626 Ma, 559 Ma, 442 Ma,
380 Ma, and 204–122 Ma (Fig. 10b) (Supplementary Table 1). The
oldest Paleoproterozoic zircons are considered as xenocrysts captured
from the basement rocks of NCC. The 896 to 380 Ma ages are interpreted
to be inherited grains from various epochs of magmatism. The youngest
Mesozoic zircons (major age group ranging from 204 to 122 Ma) might
mark the eruption time of the basalt.
5.1.5. Andesite
Zircon grains from the andesite sample YSC-27/1 are light brown to
colorless, and near spherical to irregular in morphology. They are trans-
parent to translucent with size range from 150 μm to 50 μm, and length
to width ratios of 3:1 to 1:1. Under CL images, the grains show oscilla-
tory zoning with clear zoning patterns, whereas some grains do not
show any visible zoning (Fig. 8e). A total of 16 spots were analyzed on
16 zircons and their Th contents range from 65.6 to 782.4 ppm and U
contents from 61.1 to 324 ppm, with Th/U ratios in the range of
0.69–2.41 (Supplementary Table 1). All the zircons are concordat and
form a single cluster along the concordia, yielding 206Pb/238U weighted
mean age of 132.4 ± 1.4 Ma (MSWD = 2.8) (Fig. 10c, d). This Early Cre-
taceous age is considered the eruption age of the andesite.
5.1.6. Volcanic tuff
Zircon grains from the volcanic tuff sample YSC-3/1 are dark brown
to colorless, and show prismatic to irregular morphology with length
range between 150 μm and 50 μm and length to width ratios of 3:1 to
1:1. Under CL images, they exhibit clear oscillatory zoning, and a few
grains display core-rim texture with dark core and bright rim (Fig. 8f).
A total of 29 spots were analyzed on 29 zircons and the data show Th
contents range from 100 to 1010.4 ppm and U contents range from
54.8 to 941.8 ppm, with Th/U ratios in the range of 0.74–2.41 (Supple-
mentary Table 1). The 29 spot ages form a single cluster along the
concordia, and yield 206Pb/238U weighted mean age of 123.02 ±
0.71 Ma (MSWD = 1.7) (Fig. 10e, f). The Early Cretaceous age is
interpreted as the eruption time of the magma.
5.1.7. Agglomerate
Zircon grains from the agglomerate sample YSC-3/2 are transparent
to translucent, colorless and prismatic to irregular in morphology, with
size range of 50–150 μm × 50–100 μm and aspect ratios of 3:1 to 1:1.
Under CL images, they display oscillatory zoning with clear zoning pat-
terns, and few zircons showing sector zoning (Fig. 8g). A total of 34
spots from 34 zircons show concordat values and yield 206Pb/238U
weighted mean age of 122.97 ± 0.69 Ma (MSWD = 2.2), with Th con-
tents ranging from 7 to 633.5 ppm and U contents of 51.7 to 543.8 ppm
as well as high Th/U ratio 0.06–3.89 (Fig. 11a, b) (Supplementary
Table 1). The ca. 123 Ma age is interpreted as the eruption time of the
magma during the Early Cretaceous.
5.1.8. Siliceous tuff
Zircon grains from the siliceous tuff sample YSC-4/1 are light brown
to colorless, and transparent to translucent. They show prismatic or ir-
regular morphology with length range of 50–150 μm and aspect ratios
of 3:1 to 1:1. Under CL images, most of the grains show oscillatory zon-
ing, suggesting magmatic crystallization. A few zircons also display
core-rim texture with dark core and growth zoning rim (Fig. 8h). A
total of 39 spots were analyzed on 39 zircons and the results show Th
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
contents of 43 to 4599.9 ppm and U contents of 268.5 to 1241.5 ppm,
with Th/U ratios of 0.06–3.15 (Supplementary Table 1). The data yield
206
Pb/238U weighted mean age of 121.96 ± 0.49 Ma (MSWD = 1.5)
(Fig. 11c, d). The Early Cretaceous age is considered to be represented
the eruption time of the magma.
5.1.9. Trachyte
Zircons from the trachyte sample YSC-26/1 are colorless, and trans-
parent to translucent. Most of the grains show irregular morphology
with length range of 50–100 μm and length to width ratios of 2:1 to
1:1. Under CL images, most grains show oscillatory zoning and sector
zoning with faintly visible zoning patterns, few zircons exhibiting
core-rim texture (Fig. 8i). A total of 21 spots from 21 zircons yield con-
cordant ages and constitute a single cluster along the concordia with Th
contents ranging from 5.3 to 482.3 ppm and U contents of
75.8–138.3 ppm with Th/U ratio 0.06–3.49 (Supplementary Table 1)
(Fig. 11e, f). The data yield 206Pb/238U weighted mean age of 124.6 ±
1.1 Ma (MSWD = 2.4). We interpret the Early Cretaceous as the erup-
tion time of the magma, consistent with the ages from the other Early
Cretaceous volcanic rocks in this study.
5.2. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopes
5.2.1. Granite
Ten zircon grains from the granite sample YSC-5/1 were analyzed for
Lu-Hf isotopes, and the results show initial 176Hf/177Hf values of
0.282037 to 0.282164 and negative εHf(t) values ranging from −9.2
to −5.3 (Supplementary Table 2). These εHf(t) values can be divided
into two groups corresponding to their age data: one group yielding
206
Pb/238U weighted mean age of 771.5 ± 4.2 Ma display negative εHf
(t) values from −9.7 to −5.3, TDM of 1565–1708 Ma and TCDM from
2012 Ma to 2255 Ma (Fig. 12), and another group with 206Pb/238U
weighted mean age of 650.0 ± 13 Ma zircons also display negative
εHf(t) values range from −9.8 to −8.4, TDM of 1579–1666 Ma and
TCDM in the range of 2116–2191 Ma (Fig. 12). The negative εHf
(t) values suggest magma evolution from ancient reworked
Paleoproterozoic crustal components.
5.2.2. Gabbro
Ten zircon grains from the gabbro sample YSC-29/1 were analyzed
for Lu-Hf isotopes, and the results show initial 176Hf/177Hf values rang-
ing from 0.282058 to 0.282260 (Supplementary Table 2). The
Neoproterozoic zircons exhibit negative εHf(t) values ranging from
−10.0 to −3.1, TDM of 1523–1784 Ma and TCDM from 1873 Ma to
2298 Ma (Fig. 12), indicating magma sourced from Paleoproterozoic
components.
5.2.3. Diorite
Ten zircons from the diorite sample YSC-1/1 were analyzed for Lu-Hf
isotopes, and the results show initial 176Hf/177Hf values ranging from
0.281921 and 0.281975 (Supplementary Table 2) (Fig. 12). The Early
Cretaceous zircons 206Pb/238U weighted mean age of 121.5 ± 1.2 Ma
display negative εHf(t) values of −27.6 to −25.6, TDM of
1793–1860 Ma and TCDM between 2800 and 2908 Ma (Fig. 12), indicating
magma sourced from Mesoarchean components.
5.2.4. Basalt
Four zircons from the basalt sample YSC-16/1 were analyzed for Lu-
Hf isotopes, and show initial 176Hf/177Hf values ranging from 0.281429
to 0.282470 as well as negative εHf(t) values ranging from −36.8 to
−7.9 (Supplementary Table 2). The 509 Ma inherited zircon displays
the lowest negative εHf(t) value (−36.8), and oldest TDM of 2572 Ma
and TCDM of 3776 Ma (Fig. 12), whereas the Early Mesozoic
(122–146 Ma) zircons exhibit negative εHf(t) values ranging from
−10.6 to −7.9, TDM of 1105–1219 Ma and TCDM between 1690 and
163
1853 Ma (Fig. 12). The results indicate that the magma was sourced
from Paleoproterozoic components.
5.2.5. Andesite
Ten zircons from the andesite sample YSC-27/1 show initial
176
Hf/177Hf values of 0.281791 to 0.281960 and negative εHf(t) values
ranging from −31.9 to −25.9 (Supplementary Table 2) (Fig. 12). The
Hf depleted model ages (TDM) are between 1789 Ma and 2146 Ma,
and Hf crustal model ages (TCDM) show a range from 2826 Ma to
3193 Ma (Fig. 12), suggesting Mesoarchean components in the source.
5.2.6. Volcanic tuff
Ten zircons from the volcanic tuff sample YSC-3/1 exhibit initial
176
Hf/177Hf values between 0.281929 and 0.282237 (Supplementary
Table 2) (Fig. 12). The results show negative εHf(t) values ranging be-
tween −27.2 and −16.2, TDM of 1414–1851 Ma and TCDM in the range
of 2214–2900 Ma (Fig. 12), suggesting magma derived from
Paleoproterozoic source rocks with minor input of Archean
components.
5.2.7. Agglomerate
Ten zircons from the agglomerate sample YSC-3/2 show initial
176
Hf/177Hf values range from 0.282077 to 0.282261, with negative
εHf(t) values ranging from −22.0 to −15.7, TDM of 1438–1648 Ma
and TCDM from 2239 Ma to 2573 Ma (Supplementary Table 2) (Fig. 12),
indicating magma sourced from reworked Neoarchean and
Paleoproterozoic sources.
5.2.8. Siliceous tuff
Ten zircons from the siliceous tuff sample YSC-4/1 display initial
176
Hf/177Hf values of 0.282039 to 0.282217 (Supplementary Table 2).
The negative εHf(t) values ranging from −23.4 to −17.1 yield Hf de-
pleted model ages (TDM) ranging between 1481 Ma and 1740 Ma and
Hf crustal model ages (TCDM) of 2264 Ma to 2660 Ma (Fig. 12), suggesting
Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic components in the source.
5.2.9. Trachyte
Ten zircons were analyzed from the trachyte sample YSC-26/1 show
initial 176Hf/177Hf values between 0.281907 and 0.282005, with nega-
tive εHf(t) values ranging from −29.9 to −24.5, TDM of
1754–1961 Ma and TCDM between 2747 Ma and 3073 Ma (Supplemen-
tary Table 2) (Fig. 12), indicating magma derived from Meso- and
Neoarchean components.
6. Whole-rock geochemistry
Whole-rock geochemical data include major, trace and rare earth el-
ements of thirteen samples, and are given in Supplementary Table 3,
and plotted in Figs. 13 and 14. The salient geochemical features are
briefly summarized in the following sections.
6.1. Intrusive rocks
Major element data on the intrusive rocks including two diorites
(YSC-1/1, YSC-1/2), one granite (YSC-5/1) and two gabbros (YSC-29/1,
YSC-29/2) show wide variation in SiO2 contents (46.67–78.80 wt%),
Al2O3 (11.27–17.50 wt%), CaO (0.13–9.03 wt%), MgO (0.13–9.53 wt%),
FeO (0.27–7.81 wt%) and limited variation in TiO2 (0.11–0.94 wt%),
Fe2O3 (0.31–2.81 wt%). The rocks display moderate total alkali (Na2O
+ K2O) contents in the range of 3.29 to 7.82 wt%, and limited variation
in Mg# of 0.09 to 0.48 (Supplementary Table 3). The diorites show lim-
ited ranges in their major elements with 58.66–59.04 wt% for SiO2,
2.87–3.69 wt% for CaO, 1.39–1.79 wt% for Fe2O3, 2.76–3.36 wt% for
MgO, 3.11–3.39 wt% for FeO, 17.27–17.50 wt% for Al2O3 and
0.17–0.23 wt% for P2O5. The granite displays the highest SiO2 contents
(78.80 wt%), with low TiO2 (0.11 wt%), Fe2O3 (0.31 wt%), MgO
164 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
(0.13 wt%), FeO (0.27 wt%) and CaO (0.13 wt%) and moderate Al2O3
(11.27 wt%) and K2O (5.75 wt%) concentrations. The gabbros have the
lowest SiO2 contents (47.67–48.66 wt%), and limited variation in TiO2
(0.84–0.94 wt%), Fe2O3 (2.40–2.84 wt%), Al2O3 (13.84–15.97 wt%),
MgO (8.59–9.53 wt%), FeO (7.31–7.81 wt%) and CaO (8.76–9.03 wt%)
concentrations. On the diagram of total alkalis versus silica plot
(Fig. 13a), the diorites fall in the syeno-diorite field, the gabbros within
the gabbro field, and the granites slightly outside the granite field due to
their high silica content.
Trace element data of the intrusive rocks show ΣREE concentrations
ranging from 66.35 to 109.25 ppm, with relatively large variation in Ni
1.26–35.00 ppm, Cr 2.45–177.00 ppm and Co 0.72–48.20 ppm concen-
trations with respect to transitional trace element compositions (Sup-
plementary Table 3). On the Chondrite normalized REE patterns (after
McDonough and Sun, 1995) (Fig. 14a), these rocks are characterized
by high concentration of light rare elements (LREEs) and relatively
low contents of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), mostly exhibiting
weak negative Eu anomaly except for the granite with prominent Eu
anomaly. On the primitive mantle normalized patterns (after Sun and
Mc Donough, 1989) (Fig. 14b), the rocks are characterized by an overall
enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE; K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb) and
LREE with relative depletion in the high field strength elements (HFSE;
Nb, Y, Hf, Ta, Ti) with high concentration of Rb (36.80–155.00 wt%), Sr
(33.40–407.00 wt%), Ba (224.00–678.00 wt%), and low Nb
(2.31–4.45 wt%), Ta (0.19–0.39 wt%), Hf (2.29–5.02 wt%) (Supplemen-
tary Table 3), mostly displaying positive anomalies for K, La and Pb and
negative anomalies at U, Ta, Nb, P and Ti (Fig. 14b).
6.2. Volcanic rocks
Major element data of the volcanic rocks including one sample each
of volcanic tuff (YSC-3/1), agglomerate (YSC-3/2), siliceous tuff (YSC-4/
1), and basalt (YSC-16/1), two samples each of trachyte (YSC-26/1, YSC-
26/2) and andesite (YSC-27/1, YSC-27/2) show SiO2 in the range of
47.11 to 74.09 wt%, and wide variation in Al2O3 (13.19–16.54 wt%),
TiO2 (0.26–2.39 wt%), CaO (0.11–5.70 wt%), MgO (0.30–5.90 wt%),
and FeO (0.31–4.76 wt%) and Fe2O3 (0.71–8.49 wt%). The total alkali
(Na2O + K2O) contents range from 3.40 to 10.70 wt%, and Mg# varies
from 0.05 to 0.40 (Supplementary Table 3). The volcanic tuff exhibits
moderate SiO2 contents (60.93 wt%), with low TiO2 (0.75 wt%), FeO
(0.77 wt%) and moderate Al2O3 (10.90 wt%), Fe2O3 (5.79 wt%), MgO
(1.54 wt%) and CaO (4.52 wt%) concentrations. The agglomerate is char-
acterized by moderate SiO2 contents (56.34 wt%), and low TiO2 (1.01 wt
%), MgO (1.03 wt%), FeO (0.45 wt%) and moderate Al2O3 (15.29 wt%),
Fe2O3 (5.37 wt%) and CaO (5.54 wt%) concentrations. The siliceous
tuff shows the highest SiO2 content (74.09 wt%) among the volcanic
rocks, with low MnO (0.01 wt%), FeO (0.31 wt%), Fe2O3 (0.71 wt%),
TiO2 (0.26 wt%) and CaO (0.11 wt%), and moderate Al2O3 (14.98 wt%)
concentrations, whereas the basalt displays the lowest SiO2 contents
(47.11 wt%), as well as moderate TiO2 (2.39 wt%), Fe2O3 (8.49 wt%),
Al2O3 (13.19 wt%), MgO (5.90 wt%), FeO (4.76 wt%) and CaO (5.57 wt
%) concentrations. The trachytes have moderate SiO2 contents in the
range from 67.25 to 67.32 wt%, with limited variation in Al2O3
(16.41–16.54 wt%), TiO2 (0.43–0.44 wt%), CaO (0.61–0.67 wt%), MgO
(0.58–0.62 wt%), FeO (0.48–0.77 wt%) and Fe2O3 (1.52–1.85 wt%). The
andesites exhibit SiO2 in the range of 58.97–60.04 wt%, with limited var-
iation in TiO2 (0.77–0.87 wt%), MgO (2.73–2.83 wt%) and Fe2O3
(2.11–2.47 wt%), as well as moderate Al2O3 (14.36–15.81 wt%) and
CaO (3.21–5.70 wt%) concentrations. On the diagram of total alkalis ver-
sus silica (Fig. 13b), the basalt and trachytes fall in the basalt and tra-
chyte fields, the agglomerate and andesite plot within the trachy-
andesite field, and the volcanic tuff and siliceous tuff are plotted within
the andesite and rhyolite fields.
Trace element data of the volcanic rocks show high ΣREE concentra-
tions in the range from 123.64 to 454.40 ppm, with relatively large var-
iation in the range of 0.80–104.00 ppm Ni, 1.41–186.00 ppm Cr and
0.54–47.20 ppm Co for the transitional trace element compositions con-
centrations (Supplementary Table 3). On the chondrite normalized REE
plots (after McDonough and Sun, 1995) (Fig. 14c), the volcanic rocks
also exhibit high concentration of light rare elements (LREEs) and rela-
tively low contents of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with a weak
negative Eu anomaly. On the primitive mantle normalized patterns
(after Sun and Mc Donough, 1989) (Fig. 14d), most of the volcanic
rocks are selectively enriched in LILE (K, Rb, Ba and Pb), and show deple-
tion of HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti). From the plots shown in Fig. 14d, most of
the volcanic rocks have positive anomalies of U, La, Pb and Nd as well
as obvious negative anomalies for Ta, Nb, P and Ti, whereas the basalt
exhibits slight flat REE pattern with weak positive K, Pb, Nd and Ti
anomalies and evident negative Ba, U, Nb and P anomalies.
7. Discussion
7.1. Petrogenesis of intrusive and volcanic rocks
All magmatic rocks investigated in this study including intrusive
rocks (granite, gabbro and diorite) and volcanic rocks (basalt, andesite,
volcanic tuff, agglomerate, siliceous tuff and trachyte) were collected
from the southern Yishui and Juxian domains in the eastern margin of
NCC (Table 1) (Figs. 2, 3, 4), and are characterized by a wide variation
in SiO2 contents (46.67–78.80 wt%), Al2O3 (11.27–17.50 wt%), FeO
(0.27–7.81 wt%), MgO (0.13–9.53 wt%) and CaO (0.11–9.03 wt%) (Sup-
plementary Table 3). In the SiO2 versus K2O plot (after Peccerillo and
Taylor, 1976) (Fig. 15a), the majority of sample plots fall within the
high-K to shoshonitic field. In conjunction with the data from a previous
study in the adjacent region by Yang et al. (2017a), two gabbro samples
fall in the boundary between high-K and medium-K field, and one dio-
rite sample plots in the medium-K field. Except for the two gabbro plot-
ting within the calcic field and two trachytes in the alkalic field, all the
other rocks are calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic in the SiO2 versus K2O
+ Na2O-CaO plot (after Frost et al., 2001) (Fig. 15b). The rocks show
peraluminous to metaluminous affinity in the A/CNK versus A/NK dia-
grams (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989) (Fig. 15c). Similar feature is
also exhibited by the Early Cretaceous granodiorites in the northwest-
ern Jiaodong peninsula (Yang et al., 2012). In the NbN vs. ThN diagram
(after Saccani, 2015) (Fig. 15d), all the volcanic rocks in this study plot
in the field of alkaline basalts (AB), with typical alkalic magmatic affinity
consistent with the geochemical features displayed in the Fig. 15b.
The widely distributed Mesozoic magmatic suites in the NCC are cor-
related with cratonic destruction and lithospheric thinning (Zhang
et al., 2014; He et al., 2017a, 2017b; Yang et al., 2017a, 2017b) as imaged
from the changes in thickness, thermal state, rigidity and chemical sig-
nature (Zhang et al., 2014). Collectively, the intrusive and volcanic
rocks in our study show relative enrichment in LREE than HREE along
with negative Eu anomalies (Fig. 14a, c), as well as enrichment in LILE
(K, Rb, Ba and Pb) and depletion of HFSE (Nb, Ta and Ti) (Fig. 14b, d).
The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the magmatic suite also dis-
play prominent LREE enrichment over middle REES (MREEs) and
HREEs, with strongly fractionated LREE/HREE patterns [(La/Yb)n =
4.36–32.18] and moderate LREE/MREE and MREE/HREE fractionation
[(La/Sm)n = 2.50–7.79; (Gd/Yb)n = 1.54–3.27; (Dy/Yb)n =
1.04–1.60] (Supplementary Table 3) (Fig. 14a, c). The primitive
mantle-normalized incompatible trace element patterns are character-
ized by low (Nb/Th)pm (0.03–0.87), (Nb/La)pm (0.12–0.69) ratios, and
relatively higher (La/Nb)pm (1.44–8.67), (Th/Nb)pm (1.15–38.49) and
(Th/La)pm (0.48–4.44) ratios (Supplementary Table 3) (Fig. 14b, d),
also indicating enrichment in LILEs and LREEs. Enrichment in Th and de-
pletion in La and Nb are also seen. Generally, the LILEs are easily mobi-
lized from the slab and transferred to the mantle by metasomatizing
agents which are hydrous fluids, whereas the HFSEs have little mobility
resulting from their low compatibility in hydrous fluids during the
subduction-related enrichment process (Plank and Langmuir, 1998;
Mazzeo et al., 2014). The rocks in our study display distinct
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 165

incompatible element patterns with strong enrichment in LILE (K, Rb,
Ba and Pb) than HFSE (Markedly depletion of Nb, Ta and Ti), and are
also characterized by high Th/Ta (up to 40.77) and La/Nb (up to 8.35)
ratios (Supplementary Table 3). Usually, the high Th/Ta and La/Nb ra-
tios, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, as well as higher concentration of
LILEs with respect to HFSEs are in general typical features of magma de-
rived from sub-continental mantle source followed by different degrees
of enrichment with crustal material including older subduction-related
components (Santosh et al., 2016).
Mesozoic magmatic rocks, mainly represented by Triassic and Early
Jurassic igneous suites are generally restricted to the northern, southern
and eastern margins of the NCC whereas the Cretaceous magmatic rocks
are widely distributed in the whole eastern and central parts of the NCC.
The latter are correlated with the Triassic collision/subduction of the
NCC with the Yangtze Craton in the south (Zhang et al., 2002; Yang
et al., 2007a), and the Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous Paleo-Pacific plate
subduction from the east (Santosh, 2010; Zhou et al., 2010). We employ
the commonly used geochemical proxies to evaluate the tectonic set-
tings of the rocks in our study (Fig. 15e–h) which show that almost all
the felsic magmatic rocks have volcanic arc granite (VAG) and syn-
collisional granite (syn-COLG) affinity, excluding the siliceous tuff that
shows within-plate granite (WPG) feature in the Y-Nb diagram (after
Pearce et al., 1984) (Fig. 15e). Therefore, the geochemical features of
our rocks are consistent with subduction-related arc affinity. In the Zr-
Nb/Zr diagram (after Thieblemont and Tegyey, 1994) (Fig. 15f), all the
intrusive rocks plot in the subduction-related field, whereas almost all
the volcanic rocks fall into the collision-related field except the basalt
sample which falls within the subduction-related field, which is also
consistent with the distinct geochemical features of high Th/Ta and
La/Nb ratios, negative Nb–Ta anomalies, and higher concentration of
LILE than HFSE (Fig. 14). We further evaluate the tectonic settings in
Fig. 15f were also the rocks correspond collision/subduction settings,
which can be correlated with the NCC collision with Yangtze Craton to
the south since the Late Triassic, and Paleo-Pacific plate subduction
from the east during Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous. Except for the two
gabbro samples fall within the field of oceanic arc system, all the other
samples analyzed in this study indicate an active continental margin
setting in the Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb diagram (after Pearce, 2008) (Fig. 15g).

Fig. 8. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircon grains in sample YSC-5/1 (a), YSC-29/1 (b), YSC-1/1 (c), YSC-16/1 (d), YSC-27/1 (e), YSC-3/1 (f), YSC-3/2 (g), YSC-4/1
(h) and YSC-26/1 (i), showing analytical positions, spot numbers, 206Pb/238U ages and εHf(t) values.
166 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
Fig. 9. Zircon U-Pb concordia plots and relative probability diagrams of 206Pb/238U ages for intrusive samples YSC-5/1 granite (a–b), YSC-29/1 gabbro (c–d) and YSC-1/1 diorite (e–f).
Tectonic discrimination based on the NbN-ThN diagram (after Saccani,
2015) (Fig. 15h). It is evident that the rocks in our study were formed
from magmas generated within an ocean-continent transition zone
that can be correlated with an active continental margin volcanic arc
and polyphase continental arc signatures.
Several previous studies have focused on the Mesozoic magmatism
in the eastern NCC (Zhang et al., 2014; Zhai et al., 2016; Meng et al.,
2014; Zhai and Santosh, 2013; Wu et al., 2016; Dong et al., 2013; Li
et al., 2013; Li and Santosh, 2014, 2017; Liu et al., 2017), as these are
usually regarded as important markers of cratonic destruction and lith-
ospheric thinning (Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2005, 2014; He et al.,
2017a; Yang et al., 2017a). In the adjacent Junan area (Fig. 2), Yang et al.
(2017a) reported Mesozoic magmatic rocks including intrusive and vol-
canic suites that are characterized by similar features of arc magmatism
involving collision/subduction-related components resulting from par-
tial melting of lower to middle crust, and alkaline signature from melt-
ing induced by the emplacement of mantle-derived mafic magmas
(Goss et al., 2010). The Mesozoic volcanic rocks exposed in the NCC
mainly comprise Early Cretaceous basalt, rhyolite, rhyolitic tuff, trachyte
and trachyandesite (Zhang et al., 2014) which possess distinct geo-
chemical characteristics of enrichment in LILE and LREE and depletion
of HFSE (especially the depletion of Nb), interpreted to indicate deriva-
tion from an ancient enriched lithospheric mantle (Guo et al., 2001; Fan
et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2003).
In summary all the rocks belonging to volcanic suite in this study are
high-K alkalic-calcic to shoshonitic for volcanic rocks and the plutonic
suite shows calcic medium-K to alkalic-calcic nature (Fig. 15a, b). The
high Th/Ta and La/Nb ratios, negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, as well
as higher concentration of LILE than HFSE and relative high contents
of Th, U, and LREEs (Supplementary Table 3) (Fig. 14) suggest a similar
arc-related magmatic source related to active continental margin in a an
ocean-continent transition zone (Kelemen et al., 2003; He et al., 2017a).
Combining the collision/subduction-related geochemical affinity ob-
tained in this study with previous studies related to Mesozoic
magmatism in the NCC (Zhang et al., 2014; Zhai et al., 2016; Meng
et al., 2014; Zhai and Santosh, 2013; Wu et al., 2016; Dong et al.,
2013; Li et al., 2013; Li and Santosh, 2014; Yang et al., 2012; He et al.,
2017a, 2017b; Yang et al., 2017a; Miao et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2016),
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
206
Fig. 10. Zircon U-Pb concordia plots and relative probability diagrams of
volcanic tuff (e–f).
we correlate the magmatic pulses with the subduction and collision of
the NCC with the Yangtze Craton to the south in the late Triassic
(Zhang et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2007a, 2007b; Miao et al., 2011; Yang
et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017a; Tang et al., 2018),
and Paleo-Pacific plate subduction during Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous
from the east (Santosh, 2010; Zhou et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2017a,
2017b; Cope, 2017).
7.2. Implications of zircon U-Pb age data and Lu-Hf data
Zircon U-Pb age data (206Pb/238U age b 1000 Ma) obtained in this
study are compiled in Fig. 16a, which show distinct age peaks from
770 Ma to 123 Ma (Fig. 16a). Almost all zircon grains in the intrusive
and volcanic suites from Shandong Province in the eastern NCC show
magmatic features in their CL images, and have high Th/U ratios value
N0.1 except for minor zircon grains with Th/U values b0.1 (Figs. 8 and
16d). Zircon grains from the granite yield multiple age populations
with spot ages of 915 Ma, 718 Ma and 410 Ma, a major group with
167
Pb/238U ages for volcanic samples YSC-16/1 basalt (a–b), YSC-27/1 andesite (c–d) and YSC-3/1
weighted mean age of 771.5 ± 4.2 Ma, and a younger group with
weighted mean age of 650.0 ± 13 Ma (Fig. 9a, b). Zircon grains from
gabbro define emplacement age of 773.4 ± 2.6 Ma consistent with the
major age group in the granite (Fig. 9c, d). The basalt contains inherited
zircon grains of Paleoproterozoic (2457–1940 Ma), Neoproterozoic
(896–559 Ma), Paleozoic (442–380 Ma), as well as Mesozoic magmatic
zircons with an age range of 204 Ma to 122 Ma (Fig. 10a, b). The Meso-
zoic intrusive phase in our study is represented by the Early Cretaceous
diorite with 206Pb/238U mean age of 121.5 ± 1.2 Ma (Fig. 9e, f), whereas
the volcanic rocks are represented by andesite, volcanic tuff, agglomer-
ate, siliceous tuff and trachyte with 206Pb/238U mean ages of 132.4 ±
1.4 Ma, 123.02 ± 0.71 Ma, 122.97 ± 0.69 Ma, 121.96 ± 0.49 Ma, and
124.6 ± 1.1 Ma (Figs. 10, 11), respectively.
In general, the age data obtained in this study can be divided into
Paleoproterozoic (2457–1940 Ma), Neoproterozoic (915–559 Ma), Pa-
leozoic (509–286 Ma), Late Triassic to Jurassic (204–145 Ma), and the
major population of Early Cretaceous (136–116 Ma) (Supplementary
Table 1) (Figs. 9, 10, 11, 16a). The Paleoproterozoic (2457–1940 Ma)
168 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 11. Zircon U-Pb concordia plots and relative probability diagrams of 206Pb/238U ages for volcanic samples YSC-3/2 agglomerate (a–b), YSC-4/1 siliceous tuff (c–d) and YSC-26/1
trachyte (e–f).

zircon grains are usually correlated with the early Paleoproterozoic
magmatism and late Paleoproterozoic metamorphism widely repre-
sented in the NCC basement, and are therefore interpreted as xenocrysts
captured from the old basement rocks of NCC (Yang and Santosh,
2015a; Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Yang et al., 2017b). The Neoproterozoic
population (915–559 Ma) is also inherited grains representing
reworked Yangtze Craton basement accreted to the margin of the NCC
during the Triassic collision between NCC and Yangtze Craton (Zhou
et al., 2003), or components from the Yangtze Craton that were previ-
ously subducted underneath the NCC (Guo, 2005; Miao et al., 2011).
Previous studies on Paleozoic (509–286 Ma) suites with inherited
Neoproterozoic (915–559 Ma) zircon grains also correlated the source
with the Yangtze Craton (Li et al., 2002; Zheng, 2003; Zheng and
Zhang, 2007; Miao et al., 2011) and/or influenced by the late Paleozoic
southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean (Zhu et al., 2011;
Yang et al., 2017b; Li, 2006). The Late Triassic to Jurassic
(204–145 Ma) ages can be correlated to delamination of the thickened
continental crust during deep subduction of the Yangtze continental
crust and the continent-continent collision between NCC and the Yang-
tze Craton probably resulting in cratonic destruction and lithospheric
thinning in the eastern NCC (Yang et al., 2007a; Yang and Wu, 2009;
Yang et al., 2010). The major Early Cretaceous (136–116 Ma) group rep-
resents the emplacement age of intrusive rocks (diorite in this study)
and the eruption age of volcanic rocks (andesite, volcanic tuff, agglom-
erate, siliceous tuff and trachyte), associated with the Cretaceous sub-
duction of the Paleo-Pacific plate from the east with magmatism in an
extensional tectonic setting (Wu et al., 2005a, 2005b; Zheng, 2009;
Zhao and Zheng, 2009; Goss et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012; Yang et al.,
2017a, 2017b). A compilation of the age data in this study, and those
from the adjacent Junan area as well as from previous studies in the en-
tire eastern Shandong Province (Fig. 17a, b, c), show consistent feature
with major peak age at 125 Ma for the intrusive phase and peaks at
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
Fig. 12. ɛHf(t) versus age diagram of zircon grains for magmatic suite analyzed in this
study from eastern NCC.
126 Ma and 96 Ma for the extrusive phase. The inherited zircon grains
ranging in age from Early Mesozoic to Early Neoproterozoic are also
commonly recorded.
Zircon Lu-Hf data provide insights into the nature of magma source
from where the zircon crystallized, including tracking the heterogeneity
of mantle sources (C. Wang et al., 2016; H. Wang et al., 2016; Wang
et al., 2017; Santosh et al., 2018). Zircon grains from the granite with
the two mean age groups of 771.5 ± 4.2 Ma and 650.0 ± 13 Ma show
negative εHf(t) values from −9.8 to −5.3, corresponding to single
stage model ages (TDM) in the range of 1565 Ma and 1708 Ma, and
Fig. 13. Plots of SiO2 versus Na2O + K2O diagram for intrusive rocks (a) and volcanic rocks (b) in this study.
(After Wilson, 1989)
169
two stage Hf model ages (TCDM) of 2012–2255 Ma (Supplementary
Table 2) (Fig. 12). The data indicate magma that the Neoproterozoic
magmatic zircons were sourced from reworked Paleoproterozoic
crustal components. Zircons from gabbro with mean age of 773.4 ±
2.6 Ma also display negative εHf(t) values ranging from −10.0 to
−3.1, TDM of 1523–1784 Ma and TCDM from 1873 Ma to 2298 Ma (Sup-
plementary Table 2) (Fig. 12), indicating similar magma source with
the Neoproterozoic granite. Zircons from basalt show negative εHf
(t) values ranging from −10.6 to −7.9, with 206Pb/238U age of
122–146 Ma, TDM of 1105–1219 Ma and TCDM between 1690 and
1853 Ma, and one grain with 509 Ma age shows TDM of 2572 Ma and
TCDM of 3776 Ma (Supplementary Table 2) (Fig. 12), suggesting that the
magma was mainly sourced from Paleoproterozoic components with
minor input of Archean crustal components. Zircons from the Mesozoic
diorite also exhibit negative εHf(t) values of −27.6 to −25.6, TDM of
1793–1860 Ma and TCDM between 2800 and 2908 Ma (Supplementary
Table 2) (Fig. 12), indicating magma sourced from Mesoarchean com-
ponents. Zircons from Mesozoic volcanic rocks including andesite, vol-
canic tuff, agglomerate, siliceous tuff and trachyte display negative εHf
(t) values ranging from −31.9 to −15.7, with TDM of 1414–2146 Ma
and TCDM from 2214 Ma to 3193 Ma (Supplementary Table 2) (Fig. 12),
suggesting magma derived mostly from Paleoproterozoic components
with minor input of reworked Archean crust.
As shown in the Fig. 12, all zircon Lu-Hf data plot within the field
below CHUR line, with the main inherited Neoproterozoic zircons
showing εHf(t) values in the range of −20 to −1 falling into the field
between CHUR line and 2.5 Ga line. The major population of Mesozoic
zircons exhibit wide range of εHf(t) between −33 and −15 distributed
below the CHUR line (Figs. 12 and 16e). The compiled histograms of zir-
con Lu-Hf data (Fig. 16b, c, e f), show distinct peaks of TDM at 1600 Ma
(Fig. 16b), TCDM at 2850 Ma (Fig. 16c), and multiple εHf(t) peaks of
−23.5, −19.6, −9 and −5 (Fig. 16f). A comparison with data from the
adjacent Junan area (Fig. 17d, e) shows overlapping TCDM value in the
range of 1500–3500 Ma for the Early Cretaceous magmatic zircons,
and from 1500 Ma to 3000 Ma for the Neoproterozoic inherited zircons.
Accordingly, we conclude that the magma that generated these rocks
were mainly sourced from Paleoproterozoic components with minor
170 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 14. Chondrite normalized REE patterns (a and c) and primitive mantle normalized trace elements multi-element variation diagram (b and d) for these analyzed magmatic rocks in this
study. The chondrite normalized values are from McDonough and Sun (1995), and primitive mantle normalized values come from Sun and Mc Donough (1989).

input of reworked Archean crust with varying degrees of enrichment
through partial melting of lower to middle crust and minor input from
extension-related mantle melting.
7.3. Implications for craton destruction and lithospheric thinning
Cratons as stable tectonic units on the earth are characterized by
thick lithospheric mantle, cold geotherm, low density and high viscosity
(Rudnick and Fountain, 1995; Pearson, 1999; Zhu et al., 2011). Craton
destruction involves an overall loss in volume and the cratonic proper-
ties (R.X. Zhu et al., 2012; R. Zhu et al., 2012). The NCC cratonic destruc-
tion, accompanied by lithospheric thinning in an extensional setting,
was associated with mantle transformation, extensive intracrustal duc-
tile deformation, multiple magmatism and associated metallogeny (R.X.
Zhu et al., 2012; R. Zhu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017a,
2017b). Controversies surround the timing, mechanisms and tectonic
settings of lithospheric destruction in the NCC as addressed in numer-
ous previous studies (H.F. Zhang et al., 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007;
Wu et al., 2008; Chen, 2009; Zhang, 2009; Gao et al., 2009; Santosh,
2010; Zhu et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2013; Gao et al.,
2002; F.X. Lu et al., 2006; X.P. Lu et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2008; Xu et al.,
2000; Xu, 2001; Zhang, 2005; Tian et al., 2009; Tian and Zhao, 2011;
Deng et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2004, 2009; Xu and Zhao, 2009; Niu,
2005; H.F. Zhang et al., 2007; S.H. Zhang et al., 2007; Yang et al.,
2007a; Menzies et al., 1993; Meng, 2003; Sun et al., 2007; Xu et al.,
2009; Goss et al., 2010; Deng et al., 2004; Yang and Santosh, 2015b).
The craton destruction of the NCC is considered to have initiated along
its eastern margins resulting from post-collisional/post-orogenic litho-
spheric delamination of the thickened continental crust and has been
correlated with deep subduction of the Yangtze continental crust from
the south and the continent-continent collision between NCC and the
Yangtze Craton during the Middle-Late Triassic (Yang et al., 2007a,
2007b; Yang and Wu, 2009; Yang et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2009,
2012; Zhang et al., 2014; Han et al., 2004). Following this, extensive lith-
ospheric destruction of the eastern NCC occurred in the Mesozoic (Early
Cretaceous) with a peak at ca. 125 Ma linked to westward subduction of
the Paleo-Pacific plate beneath the NCC resulting from slab break-off
and roll back, back-arc spreading and asthenospheric upwelling leading
to lithospheric thinning and partial delamination (Han et al., 2004; Yang
et al., 2007b; Yang and Wu, 2009; Zhang et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2010;

Fig. 15. Geochemical diagrams for the suite analyzed in this study: (a) plots of SiO2 vs. K2O (after Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976), (b) SiO2 vs. K2O + Na2O-Ca (after Frost et al., 2001), (c) A/CNK
[molar ratio Al2O3/(K2O + Na2O + CaO)] vs. A/NK [molar ratio Al2O3/(K2O + Na2O)] (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989) and (d) NbN vs. ThN diagrams (after Saccani, 2015). Discrimination
diagrams. (e) Y vs. Nb diagram (after Pearce et al., 1984), (f) Zr vs. Nb/Zr diagram (after Thieblemont and Tegyey, 1994), (g) Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb diagram (after Pearce, 2008) and (h) NbN vs.
ThN diagrams (after Saccani, 2015). Abbreviations: syn-COLG, syn-collisional granite; post-COLG, post-collisional granite; VAG, volcanic arc granite; WPG, within-plate granite; ORG, ocean
ridge granite; MORB, mid-ocean-ridge basalt; E-MORB, enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt; OIB, oceanic-island basalt; SHO, shoshonitic; CA, calc-alkaline; TH, tholeiitic; SZE, subduction
zone enrichment; CC, crustal contamination; WPE, within-plate enrichment; FC, fractional crystallization; PM, primitive mantle; MORB, mid-oceanic ridge basalt; G-MORB, garnet-
influenced MORB; P-MORB, plume-type MORB; N-MORB, normal-type MORB; E-MORB, enriched-type MORB; D-MORB, depleted-type MORB; AB, alkaline ocean-island basalt; CAB,
calc-alkaline basalt; BABB, back-arc basin basalt; IAT, low-Ti, island-arc tholeiite; MTB, medium-Ti basalt; BON, very low-Ti boninitic basalt; SSZ-E, suprasubduction zone enrichment;
AFC, assimilation-fractional crystallization; OIB-CE, oceanic-island-type (plume-type) component enrichment; OCTZ, ocean-continent transition zone. NbN and ThN are normalized to
the N-MORB composition of Sun and Mc Donough (1989), Back-arc A indicates BABB characterized by input of subduction or crustal components, and Back-arc B indicates BABBs
displaying no input of subduction or crustal components.
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 171

Zhang et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2017a), and ultimately spreading to the
interior of the craton during the late Mesozoic (Zhang et al., 2009,
2012).
Our present study areas in southern Yishui and Juxian domains are
distributed along the two flanks of the Tanlu fault (Fig. 2). The Tanlu
fault zone in the eastern NCC was believed to have undergone sinistral
strike-slip motion initiated during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic as a re-
sult of collision between the NCC and Yangtze Craton (Wang et al.,
2000; Chen et al., 2000; Zhang and Dong, 2008; Zhu et al., 2009), thrust
faulting or sinistral transpression during the Middle-Late Jurassic(Wan
and Zhu, 1996; Zhang and Dong, 2008; Zhu et al., 2010), as well as nor-
mal faulting and extension during the Early Cretaceous with a uniquely
172 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178

Fig. 16. Age data histograms with probability curves (a), single stage Hf model ages (TDM) data histograms (b), two stage Hf model ages (TCDM) data histograms (c), plots of age (Ma) vs. Th/
U values (d), plots of εHf(t) vs. 206Pb/238U age (Ma) (e) and εHf(t) value data histograms (f) of zircons for magmatic samples analyzed in this study from eastern NCC.

homogeneous NW-SE extension widely correlated to the western Cre-
taceous Paleo-Pacific plate subduction (Zhang and Dong, 2008; Zhu
et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2005a, 2005b; Sun et al., 2007; Wang et al.,
2011; R.X. Zhu et al., 2012; R. Zhu et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014; Yang
et al., 2017a, 2017b). Rocks from the southern Yishui Domain (sinistral
Tanlu fault zone) comprise both intrusive and extrusive phases and
yield multiple age peaks of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, Middle-Late Ju-
rassic and Early Cretaceous corresponding to the evolution of the
Tanlu fault in the Mesozoic. They also contain inherited zircon grains
marking Neoproterozoic magmatic events induced by the subduction/
collision between the NCC and Yangtze Craton (Figs. 9, 10 and 16a)
(Table 1). Rocks from Juxian domain (dextral Tanlu fault zone), repre-
sented by the Neoproterozoic granite and gabbro and a suite of Early
Cretaceous volcanic rocks (andesite, volcanic tuff, agglomerate, siliceous
tuff and trachyte) (Table 1), carrying inherited zircon grains which pre-
serve records of the subduction/collision between NCC and Yangtze Cra-
ton and suggest that the suture between the NCC and the Yangtze
Craton should lies north of the Juxian domain (Figs. 10, 11 and 16a),
even north of the Wulian complex reported by Zhou et al. (2003). In
contrast, the Early Cretaceous volcanic suite formed in an active conti-
nental margin setting characterized by overprinting by the subduction
of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the NCC.
In summary, our study records the imprints of multiple tectonic
events including the Paleoproterozoic magmatism and metamorphism
widely represented in the NCC basement (Yang and Santosh, 2015a;
Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Yang et al., 2017b), the Neoproterozoic and Pa-
leozoic subduction-collision event and the Late Triassic to Jurassic
events (Zhou et al., 2003; Guo, 2005; Miao et al., 2011; Li et al., 2002;
Zheng, 2003; Zheng and Zhang, 2007; Yang et al., 2007a; Yang and
Wu, 2009; Yang et al., 2010). The Early Cretaceous marks the peak of
craton destruction and lithospheric thinning trigged by Paleo-Pacific
plate subduction (Wu et al., 2005a, 2005b; Zheng, 2009; Zhao and
Zheng, 2009; Goss et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2017a,
2017b; R.X. Zhu et al., 2012; R. Zhu et al., 2012). A combination of the
geochemical and isotopic data obtained in this study (Supplementary
Tables 2, 3) (Figs. 12, 15, 17), suggest magma derivation from reworked
 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178 173

Fig. 17. Ages data histograms of samples analyzed in this study: (a); age data for rock suites adjacent to Junan area (b), compilation of data on intrusive and volcanic suites from previous
studies in the Jiaodong region (c), plots of 206Pb/238U age (Ma) vs. two stage Hf model ages (TCDM) in this study (d); and plots of 206Pb/238U age (Ma) vs. two stage Hf model ages (TCDM) in the
adjacent Junan area (e).
Data sources: Hu et al. (1987, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010), Miao et al. (1999), Zhou et al. (2003), Li (2004), Liu et al. (2004, 2008), Yang et al. (2005), Yang et al. (2012), Guo et al. (2004), Guo
(2005), Huang et al. (2006), J.F. Tang et al. (2008), J. Tang et al. (2008), Xie et al. (2008), Goss et al. (2010), Deng et al. (2015), C. Wang et al. (2015), J. Wang et al. (2015), Kuang et al. (2012),
J.W. Li et al. (2006), S.Z. Li et al. (2006), Li et al. (2011), Luo and Wu (1987), Qiu et al. (2001a, 2001b, 2008, 2012), Tan et al. (2008), Yang and Zhou (2001), Yang et al. (2017a), Zhai et al.
(2004), Zhang et al. (2003), Yang et al. (2017a) and references therein.

Paleoproterozoic components with minor input of Archean crust to- In spite of the controversies surrounding the mechanisms of craton
gether with mantle components derived through extension-related destruction, it is generally accepted that the peak of lithospheric thin-
melting. ning in the NCC occurred during Mesozoic and Cenozoic (Griffin et al.,

Fig. 18. Schematic tectonic model illustrating cratonic destruction and lithospheric thinning of the eastern NCC. See text for discussion.
174 F. Yang et al. / Gondwana Research 60 (2018) 153–178
1998; Menzies et al., 2007), mostly influenced by Paleo-Pacific plate
subduction along the eastern margin of the NCC (Zhu et al., 2011,
2012; R. Zhu et al., 2012), accompanied by asthenosphere upwelling
(Gao et al., 2002, 2009). Guo et al. (2013) proposed during
130–110 Ma, dehydration of the underthrust crust and large scale man-
tle convection in the asthenosphere beneath the NCC resulting from the
Paleo-Pacific plate subduction, leading to ascend of the mantle materials
(fluid and melt) to the upper mantle and lower crust and heat input at
the bottom of the lithosphere. Furthermore, several previous studies
proposed that localized delamination of the lithosphere might have oc-
curred along the margins of the orogens and/or along deep lithospheric
faults (Huang et al., 2012, 2016; C. Wang et al., 2015; J. Wang et al.,
2015). The delamination process could have been episodic or occurred
several times during the Cretaceous in the eastern NCC (Jiang et al.,
2010; C. Wang et al., 2016; H. Wang et al., 2016). The occurrence of
adakitic intrusive rocks with deep-seated xenoliths in the western
Shandong is also taken as indicators of delamination of the lower crust
(Xu et al., 2006; C. Wang et al., 2016; H. Wang et al., 2016). Based on a
combination of our data with tectonic models in previous studies (Zhu
et al., 2011; Guo et al., 2013; Li et al., 2017), we propose that multiple
tectonic events surrounding the NCC mainly including the late Paleozoic
southward subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, the Triassic northward
subduction and collision of the Yangtze Craton with the NCC and the
Early Cretaceous westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate
which jointly contributed to the cratonic destruction of NCC. The dom-
inant contribution came from Paleo-Pacific plate subduction beneath
the NCC from the east with the slab rollback induced lithospheric exten-
sion and back-arc spreading, asthenospheric upwelling and interaction
with the lithospheric materials, resulting in the lithospheric thinning,
melting of the lithosphere mantle and modification of the mantle and
its underplating beneath the lower to middle crust during the Early Cre-
taceous (Fig. 18).
8. Conclusions
(1) Mesozoic magmatic rocks from the two flanks of the Tanlu fault
in the eastern NCC are investigated in this study. The diorite in-
trusion was emplaced in the Early Cretaceous (121 Ma), and
the volcanic suite comprising basalt, andesite, volcanic tuff, ag-
glomerate, siliceous tuff and trachyte were erupted during
121 Ma to 132 Ma. Multiple populations of inherited zircon
grains in the basalt with Paleoproterozoic (2457–1940 Ma),
Neoproterozoic (896–559 Ma), and Paleozoic (442–380 Ma) re-
cord the history of multiple magmatic events in the eastern NCC.
(2) The Neoproterozoic inherited zircon grains in the Juxian intru-
sive rocks (771–773 Ma) comprising granite and gabbro were
possibly derived from the Yangtze Craton margin. We place the
location of the suture between the NCC and the Yangtze Craton
to the north of the Juxian domain.
(3) Our geochemical data show arc magmatic affinity related to an
active continental margin in a complex ocean-continent transi-
tion zone, and possible input from extension-related mantle
melting is also identified.
(4) Zircon Lu-Hf data obtained in this study exhibit negative εHf
(t) range between −36.8 and −3.1 with peaks of −23.5,
−19.6, −9 and −5, TDM range from 1105 Ma to 2572 Ma with
peak of 1635 Ma, and TCDM range of 1785–3776 Ma with peak of
2855 Ma, indicating that the magma sources mainly involved
reworked Paleoproterozoic components with minor input of Ar-
chean crust. Different degrees of enrichment through extension-
related mantle melting are also indicated.
(5) Multiple tectonic events contributed to the craton destruction of
the NCC, among which the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction
beneath the NCC with the slab rollback induced lithospheric ex-
tension, back-arc spreading, asthenospheric upwelling and inter-
action with lithosphere was the major contributing mechanism
for lithospheric thinning and delamination, followed by the un-
derplating of modified mantle beneath the lower to middle
crust beneath the eastern NCC during Early Cretaceous.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.04.003.
Acknowledgments
We thank Associate Editor Prof. Sanghoon Kwon for handling our
paper and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive and helpful
comments which greatly helped in improving an earlier version of this
paper. This work forms part of the PhD research of Fan Yang at the
China University of Geosciences, Beijing (CUGB). Fan Yang is grateful
to Fei Xue, Qiongyan Yang, Li Tang, Xueming Teng and Shanshan Li for
their help in the field, and also thanks Prof. Hongying Zhou (Tianjin Cen-
ter, China Geological Survey), Zhiwei Shen and Zichen Zhao for their
help during the zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotope analyses. This re-
search was jointly supported through the Fundamental Research Funds
for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2652016066) to Fan Yang, the
China Scholarship Council (File No. 201706400016) to Fan Yang for joint
PhD research between CUGB and The University of Adelaide, the Basic
Research Project (GP2017-021; Development of integrated geological
information based on digital mapping) of the Korea Institute of Geosci-
ence and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), funded by the Ministry of Sci-
ence, ICT, and Future Planning, Korea to Sung Won Kim, KIGAM
project funding and Professorial support from the University of Ade-
laide, Australia to M. Santosh.
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