2-Design of RCC PDF

DESIGN OF RCC
STRUCTURES
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATTION:
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
• TYPES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
• ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURES
• DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTRES

INTRODUCTION:
WHAT’S RCC… REINFIRCED CEMENT CONCRETE
Reinforced Cement Concrete is a combination of

concrete and steel to build a structure instead of using only
concrete.
The SECOND most used material in the world
INTRODUCTION:
BRIEF HISTORY:
• François Coignet was a French industrialist of the nineteenth

century, a pioneer in the development of structural,
prefabricated and reinforced concrete.
• In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete

structure, a four story house in Paris.
• Ernest L. Ransome, was an innovator of the reinforced

concrete techniques in the end of the 19th century
INTRODUCTION:
USES OF RCC:
• It is used in the construction of Columns, Beams, Footings, Slabs

etc.
• It is used in storage structures like Dams, Water Tanks, Tunnels etc.
• Bridges, Walls, Towers, Under water structures.
• Chimneys, Cooling Towers, Shell Roofs, Folded Plates
• Tall structures and sky scrapers.
• Any shape, Robustness, Flexibility, Rigid Joints
• Ease in design
• Difficulty in detailing, Reinforcement Congestion, Shrinkage,
Creep, Corrosion
INTRODUCTION:
WHY IT IS ESSENTIAL?
• High relative strength

• High toleration of tensile strain
• Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar
factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response
to changing temperatures.
• Durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or
sustained stress for example.
INTRODUCTION:
MERITS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete

there is a very good development of bond between steel and
concrete.
Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel as
strong in tension so their combination give a strong stable
structure.
Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so chances of
buckling are much less.
Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not
required
Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting
are reduced.
INTRODUCTION:
Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)
Wind or
Dead, Live, earthquakes
etc.
Performance-Based Design: Control displacements within acceptable

limits during service loading, factored loaded, and varying intensities of
environmental loading
INTRODUCTION:
Key books: Purushottaman, Park and Paulay, SN Manohar, Timoshenkov
SP16, SP34, SP23, IS456, IS875, IS1893, IS2911, IS3370
K=Mu/bd^2, pt=k/3, Pu/fckbD,

Wl^2/8, Wl^2/2, 5/384 wl^4/EI
Mu/fckbD^2
Deflection control: Span/250, Span/350 after finishes

Long Term Deflection = 2.5 x Elastic Deflection
STRUCTURAL
SYTEMS
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM :
• The term structural system or structural frame in structural

engineering refers to load-resisting sub-system of a structure.
• The structural system transfers loads through interconnected
structural components or members.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM :
The choice of an appropriate structural system is important for
its economy and safety:
• Structural system is finalized after thorough Study of

architectural drawings.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM :
• Framing system that is selected is to be suited to the

architectural plan.
• The selection of structural system is to be finalized w.r.to cost

and functionality of the structure
• The selection of structural system should also be selected

according to the type of soil and type of foundation used
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM:
• Load bearing structures are structures where the load is
transferred to the foundations via load bearing internal and
external walls.
• They are generally characterized by having a small window to wall

ratio (i.e. more structural wall area than window openings) and
internal walls.
• Due to the large stresses within the brick or stone walls the
height of load bearing structures is limited.
FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM :
Plan Elevation
Slab-column frame system in two-

way bending
FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM:
Advantages:
• Simple construction
• Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
• Low story heights due to shallow floors
Typical Applications:
• Short-to-medium spans with light loading
• For LL=50 psi, 15’ - 30’ spans
• For LL=100 psi, 15’ – 25’ spans
FLAT PLATE W/SPANDREL BEAM SYSTEM:
Plan Elevation
FLAT PLATE W/SPANDREL BEAM SYSTEM:
Advantages:
Same as flat plate system, plus
• Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
• Increased torsional resistance
• Decreased slab edge displacements
Same as flat plate systems
FLAT PLATE W/BEAMS FLOOR SYSTEM:
Gravity and lateral load

frames
Two-way bending
FLAT PLATE W/BEAMS FLOOR SYSTEM:
Advantages:
• Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
• Simple construction
• Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
• Medium spans with light loading
• For LL=50 psi, 25’ - 30’ spans
• For LL=100 psi, 20’ – 30’ spans
• FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEM:
Plan Elevation
Flat plate with drop panels,shear capitals, and/or column capitals
FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEM:
Advantages:
• Reduced slab displacements
• Increased slab shear resistance
• Relatively flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
• Low story heights due to shallow floors
• Medium spans with moderate to heavy loading
• For LL=50 psi, 30’ – 35’ spans
• For LL=100 psi, 25’ – 35’ spans
ONE-WAY JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM:
Jack Arch Roofs, Madras Terrace, Reinforced Brick
Floor
2D gravity or lateral
frames
2D lateral frames
Floor joists, type
Rib (joist) slab : (One-way bending)

Lateral space frame
Floor joists, type
Rib (joist) slab with beams: (One-way bending)

Advantages:
• Longer spans with heavy loads
• Reduced dead load due to voids
• Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids
• Good vibration resistance
• Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
• For 30” modules, 35’ – 40’ spans
• For 53” & 66” modules, 35’ – 50’ spans
TWO-WAY JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM:
2D lateral frames
Waffle pans, type
Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)

TWO-WAY JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM:
Advantages:
• Longer spans with heavy loads
• Reduced dead load due to voids
• Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
• Good vibration resistance
• Attractive Ceiling
• Long spans with heavy loading
• For 3’, 4’, and 5’ modules, 40’ – 50’ spans and beyond
WAFFLE FLAT SLAB SYSTEM:
ONE WAY AND TWO WAY SLAB SYSTEM:
RIGID FRAMED
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
• A framed structure is composed

of beams and columns. With the
load being transferred into the
beams via the floor and then
down to foundations through the
columns.
• These types of structures can

have open internal spaces and
clad in glass (curtain walling) or
have large windows.
SHEAR WALL FRAMED SYSTEMS:
Shear deformations
Shear wall Edge column generally govern
Elevation
Interior gravity
frames
OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSS SYSTEMS:
Core Supported Outrigger System

FRAMED TUBE SYSTEMS:
BRACED-TUBE SYSTEM:
TOWER WITH DIAGONAL

BRACING
JOHN HANCOCK CENTER 344 M,

CHICAGO 1969
BACED TUBE SYSTEM TUBE –IN-TUBE SYSTEM

BUNDLED-TUBE SYSTEMS:
BUNDLED TUBES
120 STOREYS
SEARS TOWERS - 443 M

CHICAGO 1974
TRUSS SYSTEM:
TRUSS WITH CORNER

COLUMNS
130 STOREYS
LANDMARK TOWER,
YOKOHAMA, 1993 - 296 M
DIAGRID SYSTEMS:
BUTRESSED CORE SYSTEM:
Buttressed
Core
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
Space Truss Super Frame

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:
Exoskeleton System Shear Truss

STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS:
The components that comprise a structure are structural

components.
• BEAMS
• COLUMNS
• SLABS
• FOOTINGS
• STAIRS
BEAMS:
Members subject to bending and shear
L V
M M
V E,I,A d1,Q1 d2,Q2
TYPES OF BEAMS:
BASED ON SUPPORT CONDITIONS:
• Simply Supported Beam.

• Fixed Beam.
• Cantilever Beam.
• Continuous Beam.
• Overhanging Beam.
• Cantilever, Simply supported beam
TYPES OF BEAMS:
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM:
• It is a beam that is freely supported at

two ends on walls or columns.
• In actual practice no beam rests freely

on the supports ( columns or walls )
FIXED BEAM:
• In this beam both ends of the beam are
rigidly fixed into the supports.
• Main reinforcement bars and stirrups

are also provided.
TYPES OF BEAMS:
CONTINOUS BEAM:
• A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate multi

span beam on hinged support.
• The end spans may be cantilever, may be freely

supported or fixed supported. At least one of the
supports of a continuous beam must be able to develop
a reaction along the beam axis
TYPES OF BEAMS:
CANTILEVER BEAM:
• One end of the beam is fixed to wall or
column and the other end is free.
• It has tension on top and compression on
bottom.
OVERHANGING BEAM:
• In overhanging beam its end extends
beyond column or wall support.
• Overhanging of the beam is the
unsupported portion of the beam,
it may be on side or both the sides.
TYPES OF BEAMS:
BASED ON TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT:
SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:

• Singly reinforcement beam have steel provided only one side
tension an another side compression.
• Tension takes steel load or tensile load and compression takes
concrete or compressive load.
TYPES OF BEAMS:
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM:
• Doubly reinforced sections contain reinforcement both at the
tension and at the compression face, usually at the support
section only.
COLUMNS:
Members subject to bending, shear, and axial load
L V d3
F F
V E,I,A d1,Q1 d2,Q2
M M
52
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SHAPE:
• Square section.
• Rectangular section.
• Circular section.
• L-section.
• T-section
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
REINFORCEMENT:
• TIED COLUMNS: These columns have the bars braced or

tied at close intervals by close loops called ties.
• SPIRAL COLUMNS: These columns have the bars and the

core concrete wrapped with a closely spaced helix.
• COMPOSITE COLUMNS: These columns consists of a

structural steel or cast iron column encased in concrete
reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse
reinforcements.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
PIPE COLUMNS OR CONCRETE FILLED STEEL
TUBES:
• These columns are circular, rectangular or square
hollow sections filled with concrete without any additional
reinforcement.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF TYPE OF
LOADING:
• CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS: When the

resultant of the load coincides with the centroid of the cross-
section, the column is said to be concentrically loaded column.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
• ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS:
When the resultant of the load does not coincide with the
centroid of the Column cross-section, the column is said to be
eccentrically loaded column.
• Uni-axially eccentrically loaded columns.
• Bi-axially eccentrically loaded columns.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
BASED ON SLENDERNESS RATIO:
SHORT COLUMN:
• When the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimensions of the
column is less than 12, then it is called a short column.
TYPES OF COLUMNS:
LONG COLUMN:
• When the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimensions of the
column is greater than 12, then it is called a long column.
• The load carrying capacity of a long column is less than

a short column.
• The load carrying capacity of a long column depends upon

slenderness ratio (slenderness ratio increases then the capacity
of the column decreases)
SLAB/PLATE:
Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear
z
y
Mx, My, and Vz
x
Qx, Qy, and dz
TYPES OF SLABS:
ONE WAY SLAB :
slab which resists entire part of applied load only in one
direction
𝐿𝑂𝑁𝐺𝐸𝑅 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸
>2
𝑆𝐻𝑂𝑅𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸
S
L
Main reinforcement
one-way slab
TYPES OF SLABS:
TWO WAY SLAB:
slab which resists the entire applied load both in two
directions
𝐿𝑂𝑁𝐺𝐸𝑅 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸
<2
𝑆𝐻𝑂𝑅𝑇𝐸𝑅 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸
S
L
Main reinforcement
Two-way slab
TYPES OF SLABS:
FLAT SLAB:
• A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns
without the use of beams
TYPES OF FLAT SLAB:
FLAT SLAB:
TYPES OF FLAT SLAB:
TYPES OF FLAT SLAB:
FLAT SLAB:
BENEFITS:
• Flexibility in room layout
• Saving in building height
• Shorter construction time
• Ease of installation of M&E services
• Prefabricated welded mesh
• Buildable score
FOUNDATIONS:
• Foundation is a structural part of a building on which a

building stands.
• Foundation transmits and distributes its own load and imposed

loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity of
the “foundation bed” is not exceeded.
FOUNDATIONS:
TYPES OF FOOTING:
Foundations that are used for structures are of mainly two

categories.
• Shallow foundation.
• Deep foundation.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
SHALLOW FOUNDATION:
• Shallow foundation is a type of foundation that transfers load
to the very near the surface.
• Shallow foundations typically have a depth to width ratio of
less than 1.
Types shallow foundations :
• Pad footing or column footing
• Combined footing
• Cantilever or strap footings
• Mat/Raft footings
• Wall Footings
TYPES OF FOOTING:
PAD FOOTING OR COLUMN FOOTING:

• Isolated footing
• Combined footing.
ISOLATED FOOTING:
• These are most economical.
• They are usually in square or
rectangle size with the column
sitting in the middle of the
square.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
COMBINED FOOTING:
• A footing ,either rectangular or trapezoidal, that supports two
columns .
TYPES OF FOOTING:
CANTILEVER OR STRAP FOOTINGS:

• Consist of two single footings connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single columns.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
MAT/RAFT FOOTINGS:
• Consist of one footing usually placed
under the entire building area.
• They are used when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads are
heavy, single footing can’t be used,
piles are not used and differential
Settlement must be reduced.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
• WALL FOOTING:
Wall footings are used to support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors or to support nonstructural walls.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
• Deep foundations are those foundations that are too deep
below the finished ground surface for their base bearing
capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at
depths of 3 meter below finished ground level.
• Deep foundations can be used to transfer the load to a deeper,

more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present
near the surface.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
PILE FOUNDATIONS:
• Pile foundations are common type of deep foundation.
• These are relatively long, slender members that transmit
foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to
deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity.
TYPES OF FOOTING:
WELL FOUNDATION
• Well foundation is a box of timber, metal, reinforced
concrete or masonry which open both at the top and bottom,
and is used for bridge foundations.
TYPES OF WELL SHAPES:

• Circular
• Rectangular
• Double – D
• Twin circular etc..,
PIER
WELL CAP
TOP PLUG
STEINING
SAND FIILING
CURB
CUTTING EDGE
BOTTOM PLUG
WELL FOUNDATION
STAIRS:
A set of steps leading from surface of a building to
another surface, typically inside the building is termed as Stairs.”
STAIRS:
COMPONENTS OF STAIRS :
• Step :It is a portion of stair which permits ascent & descent.
• Tread :It is the upper horizontal portion of step upon which

the feet is placed.
• Riser :The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.
• Handrail :A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped

by the hand so as to provide stability or support.
• Baluster :It is vertical member of wood or metal supporting

the handrail.
STAIRS:
• Newel post :This is the

vertical member which is
placed at the ends of flights
to connect handrail .
• Run :It is the total length of
stairs in a horizontal plane,
including landings.
• Nosing :It is the projecting
part of the tread beyond the
face of the riser .It is
rounded to give good
architectural effect.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
BASED ON SHAPE OF PLAN:
“U” staircase
Straight staircase
TYPES OF STAIRS:
“C” Staircase
Adjustable Staircase “L” Staircase

TYPES OF STAIRS :
BASED ON STRUCTURE:
• Straight Stair
• Dog legged Stair
• Quarter turn Stair
• Open newel Stair
• Three quarter turn Stair
• Bifurcated Stair
• Geometrical Stair
• Circular Stair
TYPES OF STAIRS :
STRAIGHT STAIR :
• These are the stairs along which

there is no change in direction on
any flight.
• It is used where stair case hall is

long and narrow
TYPES OF STAIRS :
DOG LEGGED STAIR :
• It consists of two straight flights

of steps with abrupt turn between
them. A level landing is placed
across the two flights at the
change of direction.
• This type of stair is useful where

the width of the staircase hall is
just sufficient to accommodate
two width of stair.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
QUARTER TURN STAIR :
• A stair turning through one right

angle is known as quarter turn
stair.
• The change in direction can be
affected by either introducing a
landing or by providing winders.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
OPEN NEWEL STAIR :
• In these type of stair there is a well

or opening between the flights in
plan.
• This well may be rectangular or of

any geometrical shape and it can be
used for fixing lift.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
THREE QUARTER TURN

STAIR :
• A stair turning through right angles

(270 degree) is known as three
quarter turn stair.
• In this case an open well is formed.

TYPES OF STAIRS :
BIFURCATED STAIR :
• These stair are so arranged that there is
a wide flight at the start which is
further sub-divided into two narrow
flights at the mid-landing.
• The two narrow flight starts from

either side of the mid-landing.
• These stairs are suitable for modern

sub building.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
GEOMETRICAL STAIR :
• These stairs have no newel post and are of any geometrical
shape.
• The change in direction is achieved through winders.
• The stairs require more skill for its construction and are
weaker than open newel stair.
TYPES OF STAIRS :
SPIRAL OR CIRCULAR STAIR :
• It is known as spiral stair.

• When viewed from top it appears to
follow a circle with a single centre of
curvature.
• The spiral stairs are provided where
space available is limited and traffic is
low.
• These stairs can be constructed in
R.C.C., Steel or Stone
ANALYSIS OF RCC
STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURES
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE:
Analysis of a structure means determining the

unknown internal forces, reactions and displacements of the
structure that are caused due to the imposed loads.
ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURES
INTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON TYPICAL

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS:
• Cable : A cable or wire can carry axial tension only.
• Bar : A bar carries only axial forces – tension and compression

both. That is why it is also known as axially loaded bar .
• Beam : A beam's primary function is to transfer lateral loads

applied externally on the beam. These loads produce bending
moments and shear forces on beam a cross-section.
ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURES:
• Column : The predominant internal force in a column is axial
compression.
• Beam-Column : A beam-column, as the name suggests, carries

all kinds of internal forces that are produced in a beam or a
column, which include: bending moment, shear force and axial
force.
• Arch: An arch is a curved member which carries primarily

axial compression under lateral loads applied externally.
All the members discussed above are primarily one-

dimensional geometrically. Two-dimensional members are also
categorized similarly, such as: plates , shells ( thin & thick ), slabs
, etc.
Axial force, shear force and bending moment on a cross-

section of a two-dimensional component system:
Axial force, two shear forces and two bending moments for
three-dimensional component systems:
METHODS OF ANALYSIS:
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE

STRUCTURE:
• A structure in which the laws of statics are sufficient to

determine all the unknown forces or moments is said to be
statically determinate.
• Such structures are analyzed by writing the appropriate
equations of static equilibrium.
• Some examples of determinate structures are simply
supported beam, cantilever beam etc.
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURE:
• A structure in which the laws of statics are not sufficient to

determine all the unknown forces or moments is said to be
statically indeterminate.
• Such structures are analyzed by writing the appropriate
equations of static equilibrium and additional equations
pertaining to the deformation and constraints known as
compatibility condition.
• Some examples of indeterminate structures are fixed-fixed
beam, continuous beam, propped cantilever etc.
METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES:
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Matrix
Force Method
Force Method of Analysis
Three-Moment Equations-I
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the

Displacement Method
Slope-Deflection Method
Moment-Distribution Method
• Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Direct

Stiffness Method.
Stiffness method
Flexibility method
Kani's method
• Approximate Methods for Indeterminate Structural Analysis

Portal frame method
Cantilever method
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHODS (STATIC):
Non-linear static analysis
Linear static analysis

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHODS (DYNAMIC):
Non-linear time history analysis Modal superposition
Non-linear Dynamic analysis Linear Dynamic analysis
Linear elastic time history analysis

DESIGN OF RCC
STRUCTURES
DESIGN OF COMPONENTS:
AIM OF DESIGN:
The aim of design is to decide the size of member and
provide appropriate reinforcement so that the structure should
• sustain all loads
• sustain the deformations during an after construction
• should have adequate durability and
• should have adequate resistance to misuse and fire

PRELIMINARY DESIGN STEPS:
• To assess the dead loads and other external loads and forces
likely to be applied on the structure,
• To determine the design loads from different combinations of

loads,
• To estimate structural responses (bending moment, shear force,

axial thrust etc.) due to the design loads,
• To determine the cross-sectional areas of concrete sections and

amounts of reinforcement needed.
CHARACTERISTIC LOADS:
• Since data are not available to express loads in statistical
terms, for the purpose of this the standard loads are considered
as follows:
• Dead loads given in IS 875(part 1).

Imposed loads given in is 875 (part 2),
wind loads given in is 875 (part 3),
Snow load as given in IS 875 (part 4) and
seismic forces given in IS 1893
VARIOUS METHODS OF R.C.C. DESIGNS:
• LIMIT STATE METHOD

• WORKING STRESS METHOD
• LOAD FACTOR METHOD OR ULTIMATE LOAD
METHOD
LIMIT STATE DESIGN:
• This is a comprehensive method which takes care of the

structure not only for its safety but its fitness throughout the
period of service of the structure.
• The various limit states to be considered in design may be

grouped into the following 3 major categories:
1.Limit state of collapse
2.Limit state of serviceability
3.Limit state of durability
TYPES OF LIMIT STATES:

DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Design of beams is done in two types

𝑏
Deep beams ( ≤ 2)
𝑑
𝑏
Shallow beams ( ≥ 2)
𝑑
𝑏
• Deep beam ( ≤ 2) is governed by shear
𝑑
𝑏
• Shallow beam ( ≥ 2) is governed by moment
𝑑
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Calculation of moment and redistribution of support moment

and span moment
• Calculation of shear and checking for shear stresses

DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES IN RCC BEAM:

DESIGN OF BEAMS:
STRESSES IN BEAMS:
BENDING STRESS IN RCC BEAM:
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
STRESSE BLOCK IN BEAMS:

DESIGN OF BEAMS
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
CURVED BEAMS AT MAHNDRA PROJECT:

DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM:
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAM:
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER BEAM:
DESIGN OF BEAMS:
DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAMS:
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Columns have to be designed for both uniaxial and biaxial
bending
• Size of column is decided based on the optimum percentage of

steel considered
2% in India
6% in Singapore
4% according to IS code
• The size of the column can be decided by using tributary method

rather than trial and error method
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Based on size of column and effective length the column is

decided as short column or long column.
• In case of columns with peculiar shapes( L, plus, I,hollow) we

ignore the shape and the moment is calculated taking it as
normal shape.
• Check for axial load, eccentricity and biaxial bending should

be done for columns
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Chequered board loading should be checked for columns in

case of flat slabs and flat plates
• Maintaining of uniform column size and reducing the steel is

better for easy execution.
• Placement of steel in the column governs the neutral axis of

the moments formed.
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
• FORMWORK AND CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
• COLUMN CONSTRUCTION AND CURING:

DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN:
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF COLUMN:
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:
DESIGN OF COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF COLUMN:
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:
DESIGN COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF COLUMN:
TYPES OF TIE REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• The design should be done according to IS 456:2000
• YIELD LINE THEORY is the best concept for analysis & design
of slabs
• Check for long term deflection should be mandatory

𝐿
≤250
𝛿
𝐿
≤350
𝛿
• Overall deflection in the slab should not exceed more than 20mm
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• Camber should be provided to the slab to overcome the minor

deflections
• The concept of concealed beam should not be involved in the

design of slab
• Without the provision of stiffening cantilever slab should not

be provided
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES OF FLAT SLAB:
• Fixing of l/b ratio panel should be efficient
• Minimum number of spans should be checked
• Direct design method should be done carefully in considering

the moments
DESIGN OF SLABS:
REINFORCEMENT OF SLAB:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
CONCRETING OF SLAB:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
COMPOSITE SLAB AT IMJ PROJECT:

DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN OF SLABS:

DESIGN OF SLAB:
ONE WAY SLAB:
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF ONE WAY SLAB:
DESIGN OF SLAB:
• ONE WAY SLAB:

MOMENT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN OF SLAB:
TWO-WAY SLAB:
DESIGN OF SLAB:
TWO WAY SLAB:

DESIGN OF SLAB:
TWO WAY SLAB:

DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES OF FLAT SLAB:
• Equivalent frame method is better for design of flat slab.
• Plate beam analysis can be done for flat slabs
• Check for deflection and punching shear should be done

DESIGN OF SLABS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES OF FLAT PLATE:
• Uniform thickness should be maintained throughout the

structure
• Flat slabs are governed by two way shear
• Provision of column heads decreases the thickness of the

slab
DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB:
DIRECT DESIGN METHOD:
• DIVISION OF PANELS:
Slab with drops

TYPES OF FLAT SLABS:

WITH COLUMN HEAD AT COMMERCIAL
PROJECT:
WITH DROP DOWN:

WITH DROP DOWN:
WITH COLUMN HEAD:

WITH BOTH DROP DOWN AND COLUMN HEAD:
DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS:
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• The depth of foundation should be given based on the

probable occurrence of scouring due to flooding.
• The minimum depth of foundation should be from the

minimum of FORMED GROUND LEVEL (FGL) or
NATURAL GROUND LEVEL (NGL).
• The depth of water table should be considered to decide the

depth
DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS :
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• If the SBC of the soil is very less then a deep beam is provided
to the foundation.
• Protective layer should be provided to the foundation to prevent

seepage.
• The depth of foundation should be decided according to the soil

bearing capacity of the concerned site.
DESIGN GUIDELINES:
• The depth of foundation should be with reference to the depth

of available design strata (Stiffer Soil Bed).
• Water proofing should be necessarily done to all types of

footings.
CRITICAL SECTION & PUNCHING SHEAR:
CRITICAL SECTION PUNCHING SHEAR

ONE WAY & TWO WAY SHEAR:
ONE WAY SHEAR TWO WAY SHEAR

DESIGN GUIDELINES:
DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING:
• Size of footing is decided based on soil bearing capacity.
• The depth of the footing is decided by checking the punching

shear of the footing
• No shear reinforcement is to be provided
• Design for flexure should be done

• For square and circular footing check for punching shear is

sufficient.
• Check for one way shear should be done for rectangular,

stepped and sloped footings
• Check for one way shear should be done in in the case of

uniaxial bending.
• Shear reinforcement should be provided after one way shear

check.

REINFORCEMENT CONSTRUCTION

STEPPED FOOTINGS

SLOPED FOOTINGS
DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING:
• In the case of combined footing all 19 load combinations

should be analyzed to get the get the moments.
• This is to be done to decrease to tilting and differential

settlements in the footing.

STRAP FOOTING:
DESIGN OF RAFT/MAT FOOTING:
• For this type of foundation also all load combinations should

be considered for analysis.
• Thick plate analysis should be carried out.
• Thickness of raft is governed by punching shear.

• Chequered board loading should be checked for load

distribution over the raft.
• Check for punching shear and design for flexure should be

done
• Provision of chair in reinforcement should be 1 for 1𝑚2


DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS:
• Minimum of 0.4% of steel should be provided to the pile

reinforcement.
• Anchorage of pile and pile cap reinforcement is not necessary
• Because pile transfers only shear but not moment so anchorage

of reinforcement is not required
DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATIONS:
PLINTH BEAM:
• Plinth beam is provided above the ground level over the

foundation
• Plinth beam is provided when the depth of foundation is less
• In general the plinth height should be provided high to avoid

1.Reptile problem
2.Flooding
3.Seepage
4.Future probable rise in ground
PLINTH BEAM:
PEDESTAL:
• Pedestal is used when the depth of foundation is too large
• Pedestal is used to decrease the effective length of column to

decrease the punching in case of large SBC
GRADE BEAM:
• The grade beam is provided from foundation to ground level
• When the depth of foundation is very large from the ground

level we will go for grade beam
• It is provided when the SBC is less.

GRADE BEAM:
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES:
BEAM DESIGN ( SSB ).xlsx
RECT COLUMN TRIBUTARY LOAD (ICT).xlsx
RECT SHORT COLUMN.XLS

SLABS DESIGN, DEFLECTION.xlsx
ISOLATED FOOTING ( 4 SIDES WIND ).xlsx
COMBINED FOOTING.xlsx
STAIR CASE.xlsx
OPEN WELL STAIRCASE.xlsx

Thank You
For any Queries
Email : suryapp@yahoo.com
PH: 93933 48484
Smart Infr-Est
Fb:/smartinfrest
www.smartinfrest.in

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DESIGN OF RCC

• TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

• TYPES OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

• ANALYSIS OF RCC STRUCTURES

• DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTRES

WHAT’S RCC… REINFIRCED CEMENT CONCRETE

Reinforced Cement Concrete is a combination of

• François Coignet was a French industrialist of the nineteenth

• In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete

• Ernest L. Ransome, was an innovator of the reinforced

• It is used in the construction of Columns, Beams, Footings, Slabs

• High relative strength

Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete

Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)

Performance-Based Design: Control displacements within acceptable

Key books: Purushottaman, Park and Paulay, SN Manohar, Timoshenkov

SP16, SP34, SP23, IS456, IS875, IS1893, IS2911, IS3370

K=Mu/bd^2, pt=k/3, Pu/fckbD,

Deflection control: Span/250, Span/350 after finishes

• The term structural system or structural frame in structural

• Structural system is finalized after thorough Study of

• Framing system that is selected is to be suited to the

• The selection of structural system is to be finalized w.r.to cost

• The selection of structural system should also be selected

• They are generally characterized by having a small window to wall

Slab-column frame system in two-

FLAT PLATE W/SPANDREL BEAM SYSTEM:

FLAT PLATE W/BEAMS FLOOR SYSTEM:

Gravity and lateral load

• FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEM:

Floor joists, type

Rib (joist) slab : (One-way bending)

ONE-WAY JOIST FLOOR SYSTEM:

Lateral space frame

Floor joists, type

Rib (joist) slab with beams: (One-way bending)

Waffle pans, type

Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)

• A framed structure is composed

• These types of structures can

Core Supported Outrigger System

TOWER WITH DIAGONAL

JOHN HANCOCK CENTER 344 M,

BACED TUBE SYSTEM TUBE –IN-TUBE SYSTEM

SEARS TOWERS - 443 M

TRUSS WITH CORNER

Space Truss Super Frame

Exoskeleton System Shear Truss

The components that comprise a structure are structural

• Simply Supported Beam.

• It is a beam that is freely supported at

• In actual practice no beam rests freely

• Main reinforcement bars and stirrups

• A continuous beam is a statically indeterminate multi

• The end spans may be cantilever, may be freely

BASED ON TYPE OF REINFORCEMENT:

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM:

• TIED COLUMNS: These columns have the bars braced or

• SPIRAL COLUMNS: These columns have the bars and the

• COMPOSITE COLUMNS: These columns consists of a

• CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS: When the

• The load carrying capacity of a long column is less than

• The load carrying capacity of a long column depends upon