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Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series Pedodontics PDF
Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series Pedodontics PDF
Pedodontics
Jaypee Gold Standard Mini Atlas Series®
Pedodontics
Co-author
Vijaya Prabha K
Postgraduate Student
Department of Pedodontics
Govt. Dental College, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Samir Dutta
Senior Professor and Head
Department of Pedodontics
Government Dental College
Rohtak
Preface
Nikhil Marwah
Contents
1 Craniofacial Growth
and Development
Lymphoid Tissue
It increases rapidly in late childhood and reaches almost 200
percent of its adult size. By 18 years the lymphoid tissue
undergoes involution to reach adult size.
8 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
Neural Tissue
This grows very rapidly and reaches adult size by 6-7 years.
Very little growth occurs after that.
Genital Tissue
This shows negligible growth until puberty. But, grows rapidly
reaching puberty till adult level is achieved.
General Tissue
This consists of bones, muscles and other organ systems.
These exhibit an ‘S’ shaped curve with rapid growth up to
2-3 years of age followed by a slow phase till about 10 years.
Then the growth again enters rapid phase in the 10th year
and continues till terminating about 18-20 years.
Craniofacial Growth and Development 9
GROWTH PREDICTION
CHAPTER
2 Developmental
Anomalies of Teeth
MICRODONTIA
MACRODONTIA
OLIGODONTIA
HYPODONTIA
HYPERDONTIA
FUSION
GEMINATION
CONCRESCENCE
DILACERATIONS
DENS IN DENTE
DENS EVAGINATUS
TALON CUSP
SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH
SUPERNUMERARY ROOTS
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
INTERNAL RESORPTION
ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
CHAPTER
3 Eruption and
Shedding
CHRONOLOGY OF ERUPTION
Primary Dentition:
Tooth Hard tissue Crown Eruption Root
formation completed completed
begins
Maxillary
Central Incisor 4 months 4 months 7½ months 1½ year
in utero
Lateral Incisor 4½ months 5 months 9 months 2 years
in utero
Canine 5 months 9 months 18 months 3 ¼ years
in utero
1st Molar 5 months 6 months 14 months 2½ years
in utero
2nd Molar 6 months 11 months 24 months 3 years
in utero
Mandibular
Central Incisor 4½ months 3½ months 6 months 1½ year
in utero
Lateral Incisor 4½ months 4 months 7 months 1½ year
in utero
Canine 5 months 9 months 16 months 3 years
in utero
1st Molar 5 months 5½ months 12 months 2¼ years
in utero
2nd Molar 6 months 10 months 20 months 3 years
in utero Contd...
30 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
Contd...
Permanent Dentition:
Tooth Hard tissue Crown Eruption Root
formation completed completed
begins
Maxillary
Central Incisor 3-4 months 4-5 years 7-8 years 10 years
Lateral Incisor 10-12 months 4-5 years 8-9 years 11 years
Canine 4-5 months 6-7 years 11-12 years 13-15 years
1st Premolar 1½-1¾ year 5-6 years 10-11 years 12-13 years
2nd Premolar 2-2¼ years 6-7 years 10-12 years 12-14 years
1st Molar Birth 2½-3 years 6-7 years 9-10 years
2nd Molar 2½-3 years 7-8 years 12-15 years 14-16 years
3rd Molar 7-9 years 12-16 years 17-24 years 18-25 years
Mandibular
Central Incisor 3-4 months 4-5 years 6-7 years 9 years
Lateral Incisor 3-4 months 4-5 years 7-8 years 10 years
Canine 4-5 months 6-7 years 9-10 years 12-14 years
1st Premolar 1¾-2 years 5-6 years 10-11 years 12-13 years
2nd Premolar 2¼-2½ years 6-7 years 11-12 years 13-14 years
1st Molar Birth 2½-3 years 6-7 years 9-10 years
2nd Molar 2½-3 years 7-8 years 11-13 years 14-15 years
3rd Molar 8-10 years 12-16 years 17-21 years 18-25 years
Eruption and Shedding 31
DEVELOPMENT OF TEETH
GUBERNACULAR CORD
ERUPTION HEMATOMA
ERUPTION BULGE
NATAL TEETH
Natal teeth are the teeth that are present at birth; Neonatal
teeth are those that erupt within one month after birth. They
are mostly seen in mandibular incisor region and are attributed
to superficial positioning of the developing of the tooth germ,
which predisposes the tooth to erupt early. They may resemble
normal primary teeth, but in many instances they are poorly
developed with failure of the development of the roots.
Eruption and Shedding 41
RETAINED TEETH
The term, retained teeth refers to the teeth that are over
retained in the oral cavity even after their succedaneous tooth
has erupted. These have to be extracted as soon as possible
as they may cause crowding and malocclusion.
42 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
ECTOPIC ERUPTION
CHAPTER
4 Gingiva
GINGIVA
CHAPTER
5 Behavior
Management
TELL SHOW DO
Tell
Verbal explanations of procedures in phrases appropriate to
the developmental level of the child.
Behavior Management 49
Show
Demonstration for the patient of visual, auditory, olfactory
and tactile aspects of the procedure in a carefully defined,
non-threatening setting. The dentist can either demonstrate
on himself or on an inanimate object.
50 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
Do
Without deviating from the explanation and demonstration
the dentist proceeds directly to perform the previewed
operation.
Behavior Management 51
MODELING
It is based on the theory, which states that one’s learning or
behavior acquisition occurs through observation of suitable
model performing a specific behavior. The picture shows live
modeling by sibling.
PARENTAL PRESENCE
MOUTH PROP
PARENTAL RESTRAINT
Fig. 5.11: Seen is very young children suffering from material anxiety
56 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
CHAPTER
6 Development
of Occlusion
PHYSIOLOGIC SPACING
PRIMATE SPACING
TERMINAL PLANES
The mesio-distal relation between the distal surfaces of
maxillary and mandibular 2nd deciduous molars is called as
terminal plane.
FLUSH TERMINAL
MESIAL STEP
DISTAL STEP
INCISOR RELATION
UGLY DUCKLING
CHAPTER
7 Caries
KEYS CIRCLE
NEWBRUN CIRCLE
Occlusal Caries
Proximal Caries
CHAPTER
8 Plaque Control
MANUAL TOOTHBRUSH
ADA Specifications
• Length—1 to 1.25 inches
• Width—5/16 to 3/8 inches
• Surface area—2.54 to 3.2 cm
• No. of rows—2 to 4 rows of brushes
• No. of tufts—5 to 12 per row
• No. of bristles—80 to 85 per tuft.
Plaque Control 77
POWERED TOOTHBRUSH
CHAPTER
V – type (34%)
U – type (14%)
I – type (19%)
IK – type (26%)
Inverted Y – type (7%).
Step 7: Explore the sealed tooth surface for pits and voids
that may have not been sealed.
Step 8: Evaluate the occlusion—Evaluate occlusion of sealed
tooth surface with articulating paper to determine if any
excessive sealant is present and needs to be removed.
Step 9: Recall and re-evaluation—Recall and check the patient
at subsequent visits. It is necessary to re-evaluate sealed tooth
surface for loss of material, exposure of voids and caries
development especially in the first 6-month of placement.
Pediatric Operative Dentistry 89
CHAPTER
10 Pediatric
Operative Dentistry
FINN’S CLASSIFICATION OF
CAVITY PREPARATION
MODIFICATION TO INCLUDE
CARIOUS GROOVES
SIMON’S MODIFICATION
Restorations on the incisal edge of anterior teeth or the
occlusal cusp tips of posterior teeth.
RETAINERS
LUBRICANT
It facilitates passing of dam through posterior contacts and
also help the dam to pass over clamps. It is also applied over
patient’s tissues to prevent injury and dryness. Commonly
used lubricants are soap solution, petroleum jelly and cocoa
butter.
DENTAL FLOSS
To secure the rubber dam.
Now lubricate the punched hole in the sheet and also apply
lubricant on the gingival tissues and lips of the patient. Enlarge
the hole in the sheet with the help of retaining forceps and
gradually adapt it on the retainer.
106 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
Apply the frame and stretch the dam over it and cut if there is
any excess in nasal area.
QUICK DAM
ESTHETIC DENTISTRY
Strip Crowns
Bleaching
Composite Veneering
Composite Restoration
Postrestorative photograph.
Pediatric Operative Dentistry 111
Fragment Reattachment
CHAPTER
11 Pediatric
Endodontics
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES
AFTER PULP CAPPING
PULPOTOMY
Defined as the amputation of affected, infected coronal
portion of the dental pulp preserving the vitality and function
of the remaining part of radicular pulp.
Clean the pulp chamber with saline and remove all debris.
Place a cotton pellet over the pulp stumps to achieve
hemostasis.
Pediatric Endodontics 121
PULPECTOMY
Defined as the complete removal of the necrotic pulp from
the root canals of primary teeth and filling them with an inert
resorbable material so as to maintain the tooth in the dental
arch.
Coat the walls of canals with thin watery mix of cement with
the help of a reamer
Use thick mix and fill the canals using lentulospiral. Keep on
adding fresh mix till no further cement can be incorporated
in canals. Now seal the pulp chamber.
Pediatric Endodontics 127
APEXIFICATION
It is a method of inducing apical closure by formation of a
mineralized tissue in the apical region of a non-vital
permanent tooth with an incompletely formed root apex.
Access gained the pulp chamber and all debris and necrotic
pulp tissue is removed from the canal.
Pediatric Endodontics 129
CHAPTER
12ProceduresOralin Children
Surgical
PERIAPICAL SURGERY
ENUCLEATION
It is complete removal of cyst along with its cystic contents
and lining. This space is filled with a blood clot, which
reorganizes to form normal bone. Mostly indicated for cysts
that have a high recurrence rate.
MARSUPIALIZATION
This refers to creating a surgical window in the cyst so, as to
remove the cystic contents, promote shrinkage and enhance
bone fill. It is mostly indicated in young children when cyst
is close to developing tooth germ.
FRENECTOMY
Frenal attachment is a thin band of fibrous tissue and muscle
covered by mucous membrane. If the lingual frenum is
attached too near to mandibular incisors, this is called tongue-
tie and the procedure to relieve the attachment is called as
lingual frenectomy.
DENTOALVEOLAR FRACTURES
CHAPTER
13 Oral Habits
THUMB SUCKING
TONGUE THRUSTING
MOUTH BREATHING
LIP BITING
CHAPTER
14 Space
Management
TRANSPALATAL ARCH
CHAPTER
15 Pediatric
Orthodontics
Lingual Attachments
ORTHODONTIC BRACKETS
The Begg’s bracket has a narrow slot into which arc wire is
loosely fitted and held by a locking pin. These are used only
with round cross-section arch wires.
Pediatric Orthodontics 169
MYOFUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES
CHAPTER
16 Traumatology
E
C
Early childhood caries 71
Cephalocaudal gradient of growth Ectopic eruption 42
6 Ellis and Davey classification of
Chronology of eruption 29 trauma to anterior teeth
Concrescence 18 176
Cross bite correction using spring Enamel hypoplasia 28
170 Enucleation 138
Curing of pit and fissure sealant Eruption bulge 39
88 Eruption hematoma 38
Esthetic dentistry 107
D bleaching 108
composite restoration 110
Dens evaginatus 21 composite veneering 109
Dens in dente 20 fragment reattachment 111
190 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics
stainless steel crowns 112 Histopathogenesis of enamel
strip crowns 107 caries 66
Hyperdontia 15
F Hypodontia 14
Finn’s classification of cavity
preparation 89 I
Fixed orthodontic accessories 164 Incisor relation 61
Fixed space maintainer 156 Internal resorption 27
Fixed space regainer 161
Flush terminal 58 K
Food guide pyramid 68 Key circle 64
Frenectomy 143
Fusion 16 L
Leeway space of Nance 62
G
Lingual arch space maintainer 157
Gemination 17 Lip biting 155
Gingiva 43 Lubricant 102
Growth prediction 9
cranial base prediction 9 M
mandibular growth prediction
9 Macrodontia 12
condylar axis 9 Manual toothbrush 76
corpus axis 10 Marsupialization 141
Mesial step 59
maxillary growth prediction
Microdontia 11
10
Mouth breathing 154
Gubernacular cord 36
Myofunctional appliance 173
H N
Histopathogenesis of dentinal Natal teeth 40
caries 67 Newbrun circle 65
Index 191
O R
Oligodontia 13 Removable retention appliances
Orthondontic brackets 167 162
Removal of supernumerary teeth
P 145
Parental presence 54 Retained teeth 41
Parental restraint 55 Retainers 98
Periapical surgery 136 Rubber dam frame 101
Physiologic spacing 56 Rubber dam kit 96
Pit and fissure 81 Rubber dam napkin 101
types 81 Rubber dam punch 100
Post caries rehabilitation 74 Rubber dam retaining forcep 99
Postnatal growth of Rubber dam sheets 97
mandible 3 Rubber dam template 102
Postnatal growth of maxilla 1
Powered toothbrush 77 S
Pre-eruptive tooth movement 35
Scammon’s curves for growth 7
Primate spacing 57
general tissue 8
Procedure for placement of rubber
genital tissue 8
dam 103
lymphoid tissue 7
Pulp capping 114
direct 116 neural tissue 8
indirect 114 Simon’s modification 95
Pulpectomy 123 Site and type of local anesthesia
Pulpotomy 119 in children 131
Stages of tooth eruption 37
Q Steps of sealant application 82
application of etchant gel in
Quick dam 106 fissures 84
192 Mini Atlas—Pedodontics