Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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a
William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 456021, Las Vegas, NV 89154-6021, USA b School
of Travel Industry Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, 2560 Campus Road, George Hall 219, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
highlights
The multi-stage multi-step method was used to develop the new co-created value scale.
The co-created value scale is multi-dimensional construct with 5 dimensions and 25 items. The co-created value
measure positively correlates with customer loyalty.
The positive predictors of co-created value are openness and brand authenticity.The significant outcomes of co-
created value are wellbeing, service advantage and trust.
articleinfo abstract
Article history: Although, increasing interest is given to value co-creation in service industries, including tourism and hospitality, there is a lack
Received 10 March 2017 of a valid and reliable instrument that measures value from the co-created perspective. Study addresses a research gap by
Received in revised form developing conceptually grounded and psychometrically sound scale of co-created value. Derived from service-dominant logic
14 September 2017 and theory of value, cocreated value is conceptualized as a personal appraisal of the meaningfulness of a service based on what
Accepted 17 September 2017 Available is contributed and what is realized through collaboration. The scale development and validation followed multi-step multi-stage
online 6 October 2017
methodology and verified the measure in different tourism and hospitality contexts. The analyses resulted in 25-item 5-
dimension original scale representing: meaningfulness, contribution, collaboration, recognition and emotional response. The co-
created value scale was tested for concurrent validity using consumer loyalty as a part of the nomological network, with
Keywords:
antecedents operationalized as openness and authenticity and consequences as well-being, competitive advantage, commitment,
Co-created value
and trust.
Scale development
Service-dominant logic © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wellbeing
Service advantage
Trust
1. Introduction network. Marriott has since stimulated sharing “ideas for healthier travel” and
offered opportunities to
Hospitality and tourism service providers are engaging customers in co-
creation activities with the aim of reciprocally achieving positive outcomes.
Marriott launched the website travelbrilliantly.com in 2013 centered on
collaboration with its many customers. Marriott used a contest on the website * Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: james.busser@unlv.edu (J.A. Busser), shulga@hawaii.edu (L.V. Shulga).
to encourage customers to submit “ideas” and “co-create with us”
(https://travel-brilliantly.marriott.com). Grand prize contest winners were http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.014
announced and their ideas implemented across the complex Marriott business 0261-5177/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
explore a “virtual travel experience” through the virtual travel teleporter (Shayon, & Lusch, 2016). Consequently, we position co-created value as a value construct
2014). In 2014, TripAdvisor announced videoadvertisement contests open to its defined as a personal appraisal of the meaningfulness of a target (product or
fan base to submit best and worst travel experiences (www.tripadvisor.com). service, further referred to as service) based on what is contributed and what is
Recent AirBnB commercials include customers and hosts in the creation of travel realized through the process of cocreation. Researchers and practitioners have
destination promotions (www.aribnb.com). called for a better understanding of the co-created value construct, what it means
Despite increasing interest in co-creation between consumers and service for consumers and service providers, and how it fits into consumer value systems
providers, how consumers appraise such co-creation activities and the outcomes (i.e., Gronroos, 2012; Karababa & Kjeldgaard, 2014; Verleye, 2015).
of value co-creation remain unclear. However, understanding how value is Therefore, the overarching aim of this study is to address the limitations
created and how it should be offered are imperative strategic issues for achieving of current measures by developing a psychometrically sound multi-
superior service advantage (O'Cass & Ngo, 2011). Researchers suggest a growing dimensional scale of co-created value following the method used by Churchill
need for a conceptually grounded understanding of value as an appraisal of (1979) and DeVellis (2012). The objectives of the study are to examine co-
collaborative creation between a service provider and consumer (Karababa & created value (CCV) as a construct in various tourism and hospitality contexts,
Kjeldgaard, 2014). Although scales have been developed measuring value co- explore aspects of CCV appraisal, define the dimensions of CCV, identify
creation as a process (e.g. dependent variables to verify the validity of the CCV scale, and test the scale's
70 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
Jamilena, Pena,~ & Molina, 2016), customer and employee participation in co- nomological network, including potential antecedents and outcomes. This
creation (e.g. Mathis, Kim, Uysal, Sirgy, & Prebensen, 2016), and customer co- research contributes to the literature by expanding the application of SDL and
creation behavior (e.g. Yi & Gong, 2013), there is a dearth of psychometrically theory of value to consumer perceived value justification.
sound measures focused on value as the main construct reflecting the nature of
co-creation. 2. Theoretical framework
The process of co-creation adds an imperative aspect to understanding
contemporary tourism (Suntikul & Jachna, 2016). Fundamentally, tourists need 2.1. Theory of value
to be personally and actively involved in the creation of their experiences to
subsequently evaluate the service positively (Binkhorst & Dekker, 2009), which Theory of value (TOV) serves as the foundation and conceptualization of
influences perceived value (Prebensen & Xie, 2017). Co-creation assists in the CCV as a value construct. TOV, also referred to as axiology, is a philosophical
construction of memorable and unique experiences (Shaw, Bailey, & Williams, and moral theory concerned with the predominant question of what is of value
(Hartman, 1967). The axiological process of justifying the importance of the
2011), and helps shape future travel planning and purchase behaviors through
target to an individual, established TOV as the most broadly applied theory to
online travel communities and consumer-centric designs (Grissemann &
conceptualize various types of consumer value (i.e., Holbrook, 1999). TOV
Stokburger-Sauer, 2012; Hsiao, Lee, & Chen, 2015). Tourists in particular are
philosophers differentiate instrumental and intrinsic value (Bradley, 2006).
eager to consume experiences and take an active role in producing and mastering
When an individual, or an agent in TOV terms, judges a service, he or she
psychological co-creation (Prebensen & Xie, 2017). Overall, for a tourism service
starts with instrumental value, drawing a conclusion that the service is only
provider, value co-creation offers a potentially new and indispensable outlet to
good to the degree that it leads to something of greater value. Money is only
ensure organizational vitality and sustainability (Hsiao et al., 2015). However, good for buying, for example, an airplane ticket. Intrinsic value is just good
researchers note the lack of research on value co-creation specifically focused on for its own sake (non-instrumental). Therefore, an airplane ticket is good for
tourism and hospitality (e.g., Grissemann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2012; Shaw et al., traveling to a vacation resort, which is good for relaxation and pleasure, which
2011; Prebensen & Xie, 2017). is good for well-being and happiness. Axiologists argue that happiness might
Historically, perceived value has been defined as the overall utility of a be that single, monistic, intrinsic value (i.e., Fletcher, 2008). According to
product or service based on the difference between what is received and what is TOV, agents evaluate the value of a service higher when the connection
provided (Zeithaml, 1988). Research has shown negative consequences, between instrumental and intrinsic value is strong, thus requiring less time and
damaging effects, and decreases in value when consumers spend too much time, effort to achieve. Following TOV's and SDL's understanding of the nature of
money, and effort in the purchasing process (Petrick, 2002; Sweeney & Soutar, value, CCV supports intrinsic and instrumental value cocreation, linking it
2001). Based on these findings, businesses actively integrated practices to reduce with well-being, which is often measured as agent's state of life satisfaction
consumers’ resources needed in the process, such as online booking, single-click and happiness (Diener, Scollon, & Lucas, 2003), as well as the vitality of
purchase systems, and self-check-in kiosks. However, with the emergence of social and personal networks (Lusch & Vargo, 2014).
service-dominant logic (SDL) (Vargo & Lusch, 2004) and the collaborative TOV also addresses the tenet of incomparability of constructs in value
economy, increasing evidence suggests that when consumers invest their appraisal. Researchers have compared constructs to appraise what is of more
resources they feel more compelled to purchase and repurchase and express or equal value, keeping the order of accrual as a moderator (Chang, 2002;
loyalty to the brand and provider (Jamilena et al., 2016; Lala & Chakraborty, Schroeder, 2016). For example, what is of more value, a vacation at a
2015). The more time and effort consumers invest, the greater their willingness destination resort or a service from a
to buy and pay a higher price (Lala & Chakraborty, 2015). Norton, Mochon, and professional accountant? Consequentialism can be utilized to resolve
Ariely (2011, pp. 11e91) studied the “Ikea effect” and found that consumers place some of the issues of incomparability. In TOV, consequentialism assists with
significantly higher value on products they partially create. This suggests that understanding what action is best to perform first (Sen, 1982). Based on this
consumer consideration of value has evolved and, therefore, how value is viewpoint, one should always do what is most meaningful. For example, by
currently appraised should be examined. evaluating what is most imperative, going on vacation or filing taxes, an
Value as a construct, has been defined as “an interactive relativistic individual can act accordingly. However, this axiology is possible only from
preference experience” (Holbrook, 1999, p. 5), and the combination of physical the standpoint of the agent who is making such an appraisal. Thus,
and service attributes, experience, social rewards, competence, and technical consequentialism links the action with one's axiology, leading to agent-
support (Petrick, 2002). In today's collaborative economy, along with the centered understanding of value (Wedgwood, 2009).
growing importance of social media, value reflects social, collaborative, and Based on consequentialism and agent-centric understanding of value, the
shared perspectives. Grounded in SDL, value co-creation as a process is defined agent should always do what will bring forward the result that is of most value
as a joint, collaborative, concurrent, peer-like process of producing new value, relative to him or her as a beneficiary. Therefore, grounded in TOV and SDL
both materially and symbolically, through the voluntary contributions of multiple the agent is always a cocreator, a beneficiary of value, as value is always
actors resulting in reciprocal well-being (Galvagno, Dalli, & Mele, 2014; Vargo agent-relative or agent-centered (Schroeder, 2016; Vargo & Lusch, 2016). The
Hsieh, 2015 Customer value cocreation SDL, resourceadvantage General consumers, Co-innovation Multidimensional: - Process of value creation Scale measures experience
scale theory participants of online brand experience - (values are cocreated by the during participation in
communities interpersonal interactions, experiences, online brand community,
interaction and relationships of exchange of information
customers, experts, a and receiving the response,
- social relationship
company and its actors, and personal integration and
other related parties) social integration in online
brand community
Jamilena et al., 2016 Value-creation for the SDL, brand equity Tourists-participants Co-creation of experience Multidimensional: Process of value creation Scale measures the process
experience of the tourist value-creation in: - of value creation through
destination pre-visit phase exchange of information,
- during the visit exchange of feedback
- post-visit
Jamilena et al., 2016 Overall value-creation for SDL, brand equity Tourists-participants Co-creation of experience Unidimensional Process of value creation Scale measures
the experience of the tourist interactions, time and effort
destination devoted, invested and
shared before, during and
after the trip
Lazarus, Krishna, & Co-creation willingness matrix SDL, co-creation continuum Students-consumers Co-innovation Multidimensional: - Willingness-to-cocreate Scale measures the
Dhaka, 2014 framework firm's willingness to co- behavioral intention of the
create - consumer's consumer to cocreate with
willingness to co-create - the company based on
type of service firm's co-creation offer,
- level of interaction customer's motivation,
- extent of co-creation interaction, and level of
involvement in
collaboration.
Mathis et al., 2016 Co-creation of experience SDL, bottom-up slipover Tourists-participants Co-creation of experience Unidimensional Process of co-creation of Scale measures the
theory experience with travel perceptions of
professional collaboration between
tourist and employee
during co-creation of travel
experience.
O'Cass and Sok, 2015 Customer's perceived value-in- SDL, value-based competition Customers participants Co-innovation Multidimensional: - Evaluation of the firm as a Scale measures the role of
use theory, transformational service quality co-creation partner the firm in the creation and
leadership theory - service support delivery of the value via
- service delivery coinnovation process.
- supplier know-how
- time-to-market
- personal interaction
- relationship value
Pena et al., 2014 Value co-creation SDL Tourists-participants Co-production Unidimensional B2C interactions during value Scale measures the
co-creation effectiveness of
interactions between
tourism firm and customers
based on information, time,
transaction and value
exchange.
Ranjan & Read, 2016 Co-production
Value co-creation SDL, consumer culture Respondents (students) Multidimensional: Process of coproduction, Scale measures
measurement index theory involved in value cocreation - co-production experience value, coproduction through
process with the brand - value-in-use personalization, relationship knowledge exchange,
(scenarios describing co- equity through access to
creation) information, alignment,
power sharing, and
interaction. Value-inuse is
measured through co-
experience, use value,
empathy, benefits,
consumer orientation of
service, customization,
consumer involvement,
attachment, engagement,
positive word of mouth in
social networks.
Verleye, 2015 Co-creation experience scale SDL, social-exchange theory, Students-participants based Co-creation of experience, Multidimensional: Benefits in return for co- Scale measures customer
selfdetermination theory, role on experiment Coinnovation - hedonic creation experience experience through
theory experience participation in the new
- cognitive product development task.
experience - social/personal
experience
-pragmatic/economic
experience
- overall
experience
Yi & Gong, 2013 Customer value cocreation SDL, in-role/extra-role Students-participants in Co-production Multidimensional: - Consumer behavior during Scale measures consumer
behavior scale performance domain service encounter based on customer participation value cocreation process: behavior through
framework recall behavior - customer inrole and extra-role participation consisting of
citizenship behavior information seeking,
information sharing,
responsible behavior,
personal interaction;
citizenship behavior
consisting of feedback,
advocacy, helping, and
tolerance.
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 75
4.2.2. Collaboration In the final step of construct explication, other constructs related to CCV were
Collaboration is a sense of open alliance, cooperation for mutual gain examined with the goal of establishing the nomological network, a
between two or more actors involved in co-creation. It is having a mutual comprehensive description of relationships between the main construct and the
understanding, common vision, and functional interdependence bringing related constructs (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955; Murphy & Davidshofer, 2005). The
together two or more actors to achieve shared objectives that are not nomological network was derived from the combination of TOV and SDL
achievable by one actor alone. Linked to value creation, the process and conceptualization of CCV. Both, TOV and SDL postulate agentcentric
outcome become more valuable when all actors collaborate for mutual benefit, understanding of value. Therefore, the nomological network should include
positive sum gain, system vitality, and strong reciprocal relationships (Lusch agent-specific traits and agents' perceptions of value co-creating partners. Based
& Vargo, 2014). When perceived positively, collaboration creates value, on TOV's consequentialism principle, potential outcomes of CCV should explore
reduces negative evaluation of service failures, and influences firm instrumentality and intrinsic understanding of what is of value. Furthermore,
performance (Roggeveen, Tsiros, & Grewal, 2012). Therefore, based on SDL SDL is focused on mutuality, reciprocity, relational and networked nature of
collaboration, reflecting the joint input of all actors involved, is considered an CCV. Thus, the nomological network should reflect mutual, relational, positive
imperative dimension of CCV. sum outcomes that improve agents' vitality and overall viability of service
systems.
4.2.3. Contribution First, to determine the criterion-related validity of the CCV measure (Murphy
In CCV, contribution is a belief regarding the extent to which a beneficiary & Davidshofer, 2005), the known dependent variables of perceived consumer
shares his or her own resources, both tangible and intangible, operand and value were reviewed along with the potential consequences of co-creation. The
operant, to achieve desired outcomes. In TOV terms, the more important the value literature points to a number of potential measures that can serve as
resources are to the agent, the more valuable the outcome will be. In SDL, as concurrent criteria, such as behavioral intention, satisfaction, loyalty, word-of-
consumption and production are becoming increasingly intertwined, for mouth, and repurchase intention (Zauner et al., 2015). Value is a driver and a
positive value justification, consumer integration of both operand and operant mediator of loyalty in various service industry studies (e.g., Gallarza & Saura,
resources is imperative for participants’ appraisal of the ultimate value 2006). Loyalty is a behavioral and attitudinal intention to repatronize a service
(Ordanini, Miceli, Pizzetti, & Parasuraman, 2011). For example, consumers provider in the future despite any material, psychological, or normative obstacles
participating in crowd-sourcing integrate their financial resources with the that might prompt customers' switching behavior (Oliver, 1997). The value-
ideas and talents of others, skill, and available technology to promote invested loyalty chain has been successfully tested in coinnovation (Carlson, O'Cass, &
projects, thus creating value for all (Ordanini et al., 2011). The value co- Ahrholdt, 2015). In the study of cocreation of experience between customers and
creation literature points to a degree or level of operant resources contributed a travel agency, loyalty was identified as a positive outcome co-creation
to the project as indicating a higher CCV appraisal. (Grissemann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2012). Therefore, loyalty was chosen as a
dependent criterion variable.
4.2.4. Recognition Second, to examine the CCV nomological network, both potential
Recognition is a beneficiaries' acknowledgment, both intrinsic and antecedents and consequences were explored and the relationships predicted.
extrinsic, of their inherent worth. In SDL, recognition normalizes value co- Previous studies suggest co-creation initiation, cultural differences, company
creation practices. In other words, recognition contributes to the positive support as antecedents of co-creation; and customer expenditures, satisfaction,
appraisal of value co-creation outcomes. For example, in the context of justice perceptions, repurchase intention, customer empowerment, trust, and
participation in co-creation contests, some consumers are extrinsically commitment as outcomes of value co-creation (Brodie, Ilic, Juric, & Hollebeek,
motivated and require compensation for their ideas and feedback, while others 2013; Grissemann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2012; Xu, Marshall, Edvardsson, &
may be attentionor fame-seeking, looking for public recognition (Kumar et Tronvoll, 2014). Overall, both antecedents and outcomes of value co-creation are
al., 2010). Researchers found that intrinsic recognition, in a non-economic an under-researched area in need of study (FitzPatrick, Varey, Gronroos,€ &
manner, enhanced the evaluation of co-innovation, as well as workers’ Davey, 2015; Grissemann & Stokburger-Sauer, 2012; Zauner et al., 2015). The
investment of time and effort in the process (Montes, Moreno, & Molina, following antecedents and consequences of CCV are reviewed and proposed for
2004). Recognition is an important dimension of CCV that reflects the CCV nomological network inclusion.
relational and consumer-centered nature of the construct and is vital to the
consumer appraisal system. 5.1. Co-created value antecedents
4.2.5. Affective response Based on TOV's and SDL's agent-centricity, customers justify the fit between
Affective response is defined as “a feeling state that occurs in response to individual values and business practices of potential partners in co-creation
a specific stimulus, based on feelings, with a potential range of cognitive (Gronroos & Helle, 2010). They determine the fit based on their understanding
effort” (Compeau, Grewal, & Monroe, 1998, p. 296). In this study, affective of practices and their willingness to personally match such practices. Therefore,
response is defined as one's overall emotional reaction to co-creation. customers' perceptions of brand authenticity have been operationalized as
Affective response consists of such components as interest, joy, happiness, individuals' understanding of service provider's business practices, and openness
and fun (Compeau et al., 1998), which are linked with TOV's was chosen as the personality match for such practices.
conceptualization of intrinsic value. Affective response is related to emotional 5.1.1. Openness
and hedonic value, which customarily serves as sub-dimensions of perceived
value (i.e., Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). Higher levels of hedonic value increase If value is phenomologically determined by the consumer (Vargo & Lusch,
the emotional worth of shopping experiences (Jones et al., 2006). In tourism 2008, 2016), then personality traits play an important role in the appraisal
where value and experience merge, emotional value has been identified as a process. Openness was named as an antecedent of value as it assists with the
sub-dimension of perceived value (Sanchez, Callarisa, Rodriguez, & Moliner, determination of outcomes and the process of mutual and reciprocal experiences
2006). of interacting with new objects (Gordon et al., 2013). Personalities that are high
Thus, affective response represents an emotional component of CCV appraisal on openness are often described as broad-minded, imaginative, curious,
and an essential dimension of the construct. adaptable, and enjoying new things, knowledge, and experiences (Wang & Yang,
2007). Openness is defined as the degree of one's willingness to consider, accept,
and integrate new and creative ideas through co-creation. In collaborative
76 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
projects, especially where face-to-face communications are critical, openness is approaches to well-being: hedonic and eudaemonic. Hedonic well-being
a key facilitating factor of new product development success (Jahn & Kunz, addresses feeling good, and eudeamonic well-being focuses on functioning
2012). Proven to be imperative for innovation, openness assists with knowledge well (Ryan & Huta, 2009). Under hedonic well-being, subjective wellbeing is
integration and knowledge sharing in projects where contributors have access to among the most researched constructs addressing one's affective and cognitive
the inputs and outputs of all involved (Wang & Yang, 2007). Openness is evaluation of life (Diener et al., 2003). The eudaemonic approach defines
important for collaborative processes and teamwork as it helps in resolving well-being as an ongoing and dynamic process of living by engaging in
dissimilarities, improves joint actions, and brings together values (Homan, meaningful activities (Ryan & Deci, 2001). Participating in joint activities
Hollenbeck, Humphrey, Van Knippenberg, Ilgen, & Kleef, 2008). Thus, we such as co-creation and shared decision-making is believed to lead to
propose the following: improved psychological well-being (McColl-Kennedy, Vargo, Dagger, &
Sweeney, 2009). Moreover, the net value of service experiences emerges
H1. Customers' openness positively influences CCV justification.
through co-creating value-in-use, leading to well-being for all actors involved
(Ballantyne & Varey, 2006). Thus, in the context of value co-creation, well-
being can be subdivided into two dimensions: overall affective evaluation of
5.1.2. Brand authenticity
life and co-created wellbeing as a direct result of participation in value co-
Consumers seek to validate brands' co-creation claims based on openness,
creation activities. Therefore:
transparency, and brand authenticity (Dijk, Antonides, & Schillewaert, 2014).
Therefore, the role of the brand is to establish authenticity to facilitate value H3. Customers' appraisal of CCV significantly influences their subjective well-
creation and enhance brand identity and brand meaning (i.e., Dijk et al., 2014). being.
Building on the psychological understanding of authenticity as being true to
H3a. Customers' positive appraisal of CCV leads to a positive appraisal of co-
oneself, brand authenticity is consumers’ appraisal of brand genuineness
created well-being that positively influences consumers' subjective well-
(Moulard, Raggio, & Folse, 2016). Two factors of brand authenticity have been
being.
defined: rarity, measured by uniqueness and scarcity, and stability, measured by
longevity and longitudinal consistency (Moulard, Raggio, Folse, & Garretson,
2016). As a perception, brand authenticity is subjective, not solely related to 5.2.2. Service advantage
attributes of the brand, and thus is derived (Bruhn, Schoenmüller, Schafer,€ & Service advantage, as an organizational outcome of CCV, is defined as the
Heinrich, 2012). In addition, brand authenticity serves as an antecedent of level of the firm's customer leadership in service, experience, and solutions in
expected quality appraisal, trust, satisfaction, and overall image of the brand, comparison to comparable competitors. Researchers suggest that to build and
affecting attitudes toward the brand and behavioral intention (Bruhn et al., 2012; maintain service advantage through co-creation, providers should
Moulard et al., 2016). Thus, we posit that: strategically focus on specific segments of consumers who are potentially
open to cocreation (Edvardsson, Gustafsson, & Enquist, 2007). Furthermore,
H2. Customers' perception of brand authenticity positively influences their the integration of relationship-based resources assists in creating an advantage
appraisal of CCV. through co-production of value with and for consumers (Richey, Tokman, &
Dalela, 2010).
Service advantage plays an increasingly significant role in the economy
5.2. Co-created value outcomes driven by innovation. Accordingly, close collaboration with consumers has a
positive impact on service advantage (Carbonell & Rodriguez-Escudero,
In the context of co-creation, three spheres of value co-creation were 2014), and service advantage resulting from new product/service development
identified: the service provider, consumer, and joint spheres (Gronroos & Voima, leads to better firm market performance (Kaleka, 2011). From the consumer
2013). In the provider sphere, the firm is responsible for value creation, perspective, gaining a service advantage is the prime reason for most
producing resources and processes that potentially can be integrated with innovation initiatives (Kaleka, 2011). Creating and maintaining a competitive
consumer resources for successful value co-creation. In this sphere, the firm takes service advantage by could be accomplished through developing capabilities,
the role of value facilitator (Gronroos, 2011). The consumer sphere is a personal processes, and integrating resources leading to improved company
space to create value independently of the provider and integrate resources into performance (Richey et al., 2010). Therefore:
consumers' social networks to create intrinsic consumer-specific value. This
H4. Customers' positive appraisal of CCV leads to their positive perception of
sphere is closed to the provider and does not allow for direct interactions
the competitive service advantage.
(Gronroos & Voima, 2013). In the joint sphere, the service provider has an
opportunity to assume the role of value co-creator and connect with consumers H4a. Customers' positive perception of the service advantage mediates the
through direct interactions, while consumers take the role of coproducers of the relationship-based co-created value outcomes.
resources and processes (Gronroos & Voima, 2013). As a result of value co-
creation, all parties involved within these three spheres should become better off,
thus leading to three areas of potentially positive outcomes: organizational, 5.2.3. Co-created value outcomes: commitment and trust
personal, and collaborative or co-created value outcomes. The proposed spheres Based on SDL's proposition of the relational nature of value cocreation,
of value co-creation and related outcomes correspond with TOV's principle of success of value co-creation depends on the strength of the relationships
consequentialism and are based on SDL's practices of value co-creation. For the among participants (FitzPatrick et al., 2015; Ryssel, Ritter, & Gemünden,
purposes of this study, consumer well-being as a personal outcome, service 2004). Trust and commitment are known as building blocks of such long-term
advantage as an organizational outcome, and commitment and trust as relationships (Morgan & Hunt, 1994; Wang, Ngamsiriudom, & Hsieh, 2015),
collaborative outcomes were examined as a part of the CCV nomological including value creation among various parties involved (Ryssel et al., 2004).
network. Trust is defined as one's confidence that the service provider will keep
promises regarding its business practices, service quality, and reliability.
5.2.1. Well-being Trust acts as a subjective guarantee, confidence benefit, and risk mediator in
Lusch and Vargo (2006) reported that value co-creation drives the process dealings with the service provider, thus serving as an important component in
that increases consumers' well-being. It also could be linked to TOV's intrinsic the process of building and maintaining relationships (Gwinner, Gremler, &
consequences of value. Well-being, as a personal outcome, is defined as Bitner, 1998).
thriving across multiple domains of life (Diener et al., 2003). There are two
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 77
Commitment is viewed as a mediator for trust because it promotes representativeness, clarity, and level of vocabulary (DeVellis, 2012). Feedback
efficiency, productivity, and performance (Mathieu & Zajac, 1990). was solicited on the definitions of the dimensions and suggestions regarding the
Commitment is the “enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship” items. Subsequently, 65 items that received positive ratings of 70.00% or higher
(Moorman, Zaltman, & Deshpande, 1992, p. 316). Consumers are committed were retained for further examination, including 11 items that were revised based
to a service provider when they are internally motivated to be psychologically on wording and vocabulary. Next, an expert panel, which included six tourism,
consistent, have stable and durable relationships in different situations, and hospitality, services management, and marketing faculty members evaluated the
the emotional and material costs of terminating the relationship are high definition of the measure and sub-scales, appraised each item's
(Moorman et al., 1992; Morgan & Hunt, 1994). representativeness, clarity, and precision, and offered suggestions on the
In value co-creation research, commitment, trust, customer goals, and scenarios and any other aspects of the constructs. For example, original item
resource integration are tied to value perceptions (Van Doorn et al., 2010). “This was really important to me” was replaced with “This was important to me”.
Customer-to-customer interactions in brand communities are a source of In another instance, based on the panel suggestions, two items “It was valuable
value for the firm and participants, also tied to trust and commitment toward to me” and “It feels valuable to me” were combined into one item “It was valuable
the community and its members (Schau, Muniz, & Arnould, 2009). to me”. As a result, 54 items that met a 75.00% or higher representativeness
Furthermore, customer engagement in value co-creation activities has been criterion were retained: meaningfulness 8 items, collaboration 9 items,
linked to positive outcomes such as satisfaction, trust, commitment, and contribution 13 items, recognition 17 items, and affective response 7 items.
expectations of value outcomes (Jaakkola & Alexander, 2014). In addition,
through sharing and collaboration, service providers create mutual 6.3. Stage 2: scale purification
commitment and trust that facilitates future resource integration, especially
intangible, operant resources (Jaakkola & Hakanen, 2013). Thus: 6.3.1. Study 1
The goal of the second stage was to evaluate empirically the developed
H5. Customers' positive appraisal of CCV leads to a positive impact on co-
measure using consumer responses to a destination resort vignette. Two different
created value outcomes, such as commitment and trust.
value co-creation instances, cocreation of experience and co-creation of
H5a. In value co-creation, commitment serves the role of mediator, an a priori innovation, were randomly offered to each respondent. The scenario-based
familiarity condition, to develop stronger trust between customers and service approach is well accepted in value co-creation studies because it provides an
provider. opportunity to offer a close approximation of a real co-creation service encounter
without leading respondents with terms and definitions (i.e., Verleye, 2015). The
respondents were asked to assume the role of tourist at a destination resort. For
6. Methodology example, in the scenario depicting the co-creation of experience, the tourist, in
collaboration with the resort customer relations representative, was able to co-
create the entire stay at the destination, including the accommodations, dining,
entertainment, excursions, and wellness services. After respondents read the
scenario, a manipulation check was conducted. Both scenarios represented
collaboration between the service provider and consumers (M > 8.30 on a 10-
point bi-polar scale). Respondents were also asked to evaluate the co-creation
depicted in the scenario using a 7-point Likert scale, from strongly agree to
strongly disagree.
The online panel managed by Qualtrics Inc. was utilized for this stage of scale
development. Only US residents aged 18 years old and older with a hotel stay
within the last 12 months participated in the study. There were no missing data.
Out of 202 respondents, 25.20% was male and 74.80% was female. Most of the
respondents were married (63.40%), with children (66.30%), white (85.10%),
and fulltime employees (36.10%) with incomes below $50,000 (49.00%).
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to assess CCV scale
reliability and validity. After inspecting the 54 inter-item correlations using a
benchmark of < 0.40 (Thompson, 2004), all were retained. Principal component
analysis with PROMAX(4) rotation and Kaiser normalization showed (Kaiser-
Meyer-Olkin [KMO] ¼ 0.958; Bartlett's test of sphericity ¼ 13704.552; df ¼
1653; p ¼ 0.00), a seven-factor solution, explaining 76.18% of the variance; 12
items with loadings below 0.50 and cross-loadings for more than one factor were
removed (Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2010). Consequently, another round
of EFA with PROMAX rotation was performed on the remaining 42 items (KMO
¼ 0.956; Bartlett's test of sphericity ¼ 9232.625; df ¼ 861, p ¼ 0.00) resulting in
a sixfactor solution accounting for 76.48% of the observed variance, all
Cronbach's alpha scores were >0.70, demonstrating satisfactory reliability (Table
2). The six factors included: meaningfulness (6 items), collaboration (8 items),
recognition (5 items), affective response (13 items) and interestingly,
contribution split into operant-resource contribution (6 items) and operand-
resource contribution (4 items).
The use of operant and operand resources emerged from SDLs
understanding of resource characteristics in value co-creation processes
(Vargo & Lusch, 2016). Overall, the results of this stage of CCV scale
purification showed suitable validity and reliability of the sub-scales.
However, another round of scale purification with the goal of achieving a
more parsimonious scale was deemed necessary (DeVellis, 2012).
80 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
Table 3
CCV Scale: EFA 2 Five-factor solution.
Meaningfulness It was
meaningful It was valuable to me 0.868
0.926 0.949 0.788
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 81
My effort was worthwhile 0.797 explaining 85.26% of the variance. Nine items with cross-loadings on more than
one factor were removed (Hair et al., 2010). However, one item with a loading
Collaboration below 0.50 was retained based on theory to ensure full representation of the
We were a team 0.960 0.974 0.881 recognition sub-scale (Table 3). The results consisted of 33 items and five factors
We created it together 0.936 (KMO ¼ 0.964; Bartlett's test of sphericity ¼ 11623.756; df ¼ 528, p ¼ 0.00):
contribution,
We were working together 0.968
Contribution
I shared my knowledge 0.896 0.968 0.858
I contributed my skills to this 0.911
Recognition
I received credit for this 0.893 0.960 0.827
Our results were recognized 0.910
Affective response
This was fun 0.884 0.972 0.874
This was entertaining 0.903
Note. SFL - standardized factor loadings; CR - composite reliability, AVE - average variance
extracted.
Model fit indices: c2 ¼ 574.705; df ¼ 264; RMSEA ¼ 0.072; CFI ¼ 0.963; PNFI ¼ 0.822.
6.3.2. Study 2
A total of 460 responses were collected, utilizing a Qualtrics online panel of
respondents. A different context was chosen: cocreation of marketing for a well-
known fast-food restaurant. Customers and non-customers of a popular coffee
shop brand were invited to participate in a contest to co-create a commercial
promoting a new summer coffee drink. A brief scenario explaining the role of
the respondent was provided followed by a video commercial. The terms of the
co-creation contest were adapted from an actual contest conducted in 2014, and
a video contest entry published on YouTube by a team of four coffee brand
customers was used to inform the respondents. The manipulation check showed
that respondents perceived the scenario and video as an example of collaboration
between consumers and a service provider (M ¼ 7.44). The sample was randomly
split into two sub-samples (232 respondents for EFA, 228 for confirmatory factor
analysis CFA). No missing data were detected. Only US residents,18 years old
or older, who patronized a restaurant within the last six months participated in
the study. The majority of the respondents was female (58.50%), married
(54.30%), with children (60.70%), white (84.30%), and employed full-time
(53.30%) with income below $50,000 (53.10%).
EFA was conducted with the 42 items utilizing principal component analysis,
PROMAX(4) rotation, and Kaiser normalization (KMO ¼ 0.967; Bartlett's test
of sphericity ¼ 15206.938; df ¼ 861; p ¼ 0.000), revealing a five-factor solution
82 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
Table 4.2
Discriminant validity and correlations of CCV scale dimensions.
Variable Recognition Meaningfulness Collaboration Contribution Affective response
Recognition 0.910
Fig. 1. Test of concurrent validity of CCV's measure and CCV's impact on loyalty. **p < 0.001.
both operand and operant resources explained 66.79% of the variance (seven reliability of the scale (Hair et al., 2010). Convergent validity was confirmed
items), affective response 7.96% of the variance (9 items), 6 collaboration items based on factor loadings (r > 0.40) and average variance extracted (AVE > 0.50)
5.12% of the variance, meaningfulness 3.50% of the variance (5 items) and (Hair et al., 2010). Discriminant validity of the scale was also assessed and
recognition 3.04% of the variance (6 items). The solution explained 86.40% of verified (Table 4.2), where average variance extracted (AVE) was higher than
the total variance. The second EFA achieved a more parsimonious scale. squared correlations for all CCV sub-scales. Therefore, the CCV scale consisting
However, the two sub-scales grounded in the operand and operant resource of five dimensions, each with five items, was deemed acceptable for further
contribution, converged into a single resource-contribution scale. examination.
6.4.1. Step 1
To further validate the latent structure, CFA was conducted with the 228-case
sample using AMOS 17.0. The model was statistically evaluated by a number of
goodness-of-fit statistics: chi-squared to the degrees of freedom ratio (1<c2/df <
3), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA < 0.08), comparative fit
index (CFI > 0.90), and parsimony normed fit index (PNFI > 0.50) (Hair et al.,
2010). In the first CFA iteration, the model represented a marginal fit (c2/df ¼
2.802; RMSEA ¼ 0.089; CFI ¼ 0.932; PNFI ¼ 0.819). After close examination
of the standardized regression weights and modification indices, seven items
were deleted, resulting in a refined parsimonious 25-item five-factor model
(Table 4.1) with acceptable fit (c2/df ¼ 2.177; RMSEA ¼ 0.072; CFI ¼ 0.963;
PNFI ¼ 0.822). The factor loadings for all 25 items were between 0.797 and 0.978
and the composite reliability was between 0.949 and 0.974, showing satisfactory
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 83
6.4.2. Step 2
84 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
scale was examined with an established value-related outcome variable: also employed. The full sample of 460 cases was used for this scale validation
loyalty (i.e., Gallarza & Saura, 2006). The well accepted four-item loyalty step. First, CFA was conducted on the proposed measures.
scale by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1994), adapted into service The CFA solution showed an adequate model fit (c2/df ¼ 2.255; RMSEA ¼
research by Wong (2004) was included in the questionnaire and the responses
measured on a 7point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. 0.052; CFI ¼ 0.944; PNFI ¼ 0.821). Reliability of the scales and convergent and
CFA was conducted to verify the convergent and discriminant validity of the discriminant validity were examined and verified (Table 5). Furthermore, SEM
CCV scale against the loyalty measure. The solution displayed an acceptable
was performed and the model displayed an acceptable fit (c2/df ¼ 2.778; RMSEA
model fit (c2/df ¼ 2.253; RMSEA ¼ 0.074; CFI ¼ 0.952; PNFI ¼ 0.813). The
¼ 0.062; CFI ¼ 0.917; PNFI ¼ 0.833). All regression weights among the CCV
composite reliability scores were 0.912 e 0.972, with AVE between 0.723 and
0.881 and greater than corresponding squared correlations for all CCV sub-scales, CCV construct, antecedents, and consequences were statistically
dimensions and loyalty, thus confirming reliability, as well as convergent and significant (Table 6). The structural model is shown in Fig. 2.
discriminant validity. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to
establish the CCV impact on loyalty. The model displayed a marginal model 7. Discussion
fit (c2/df ¼ 4.907; RMSEA ¼ 0.131; CFI ¼ 0.845; PNFI ¼ 0.746). The
modification indices suggested a second-order reflective CCV latent construct Value co-created between actors in the service system is a central premise of
for the five sub-scales. The resulting solution displayed an adequate model fit SDL (Vargo & Lusch, 2008, Lusch & Vargo, 2014). Indeed, the role of value co-
(c2/df ¼ 2.358; RMSEA ¼ 0.077; CFI ¼ 0.947; PNFI ¼ 0.828). The structural creation has received considerable conceptual and empirical research attention in
model is shown in Fig.1. All regression weights among the CCV sub-scales, recent services literature (i.e., Karababa & Kjeldgaard, 2014) and tourism
CCV construct, and loyalty were statistically significant (p ¼ 0.000). research in particular (e.g., Chathoth, Altinay, Harrington, Okumus, & Chan,
2013; Jamilena et al., 2016; Mathis et al., 2016; Shaw et al., 2011). However,
little attention has been given to co-created value as a
6.5. Stage 4: Co-created value ‒ nomological network validity
construct measuring consumer value appraisal of co-creation. Although steps
have been taken to measure some aspects of value co-creation, research lacks an
With the goal of verifying the nomological validity of the CCV scale in the understanding of what constitutes CCV as a construct and its role in the value co-
value co-creation process network (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001), the created CCV creation process.
was examined with the co-creation antecedents of openness and brand We defined co-created value as one's appraisal of the meaningfulness of a
authenticity and the co-creation outcomes of personal well-being, service
service based on what is contributed and what is realized through collaboration.
advantage, commitment, and trust. The five-item openness scale was adapted CCV is also understood as meaningfulness consumers attribute to the value co-
from Yoo and Gretzel (2011). Brand authenticity was adapted from Bruhn et al.’s creation process of collaborative effort, resource integration or contribution,
(2012) scale; two dimensions of brand authenticity emerged: continuity (four recognition, and affective response. All five dimensions of CCV were found to
items) and uniqueness (five items). Wellbeing was adapted from Kim, Lee, be conceptually and empirically reliable; the nomological, convergent, and
Uysal, Kim, and Ahn (2015) and sub-divided into two dimensions: global well- discriminant validity of the dimensions was also confirmed. The measure was
being (two items) and well-being as a result of the value co-creation process (two examined in various tourism and hospitality contexts. Therefore, the
items). The three-item service advantage scale was adapted from Carbonell and psychometrically sound measure of CCV was developed, tested, and verified.
Rodriguez-Escudero (2014). Verma, Jahn, and Kunz's (2012) commitment scale
Furthermore, the
and a four-item trust scale by Tax, Brown, and Chandrashekaran (1998) were
Table 6
CCV: Nomological network.
Second-order factor model Standardized coefficient t-value
Fig. 2. Test of co-created value nomological network. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.001.
CCV construct was found to be related to but empirically different from loyalty, recognition and affective response to co-creation comprise the components of
commitment, and trust. Data showed that CCV was positively and significantly cocreated value (Lusch & Vargo, 2014). Co-created well-being as a direct
outcome of CCV leads to TOV's intrinsic nature of value, operationalized as
correlated with loyalty (R2 ¼ 0.511; tvalue ¼ 7.454, p < 0.001). Our analysis also
personal well-being. The findings also displayed a link between CCV and
suggests that CCV can be used as a second-order construct as a part of consumer positive sum collaborative relationships through positive impact on loyalty,
value systems research (Karababa & Kjeldgaard, 2014). trust and commitment as proposed in SDL (Lusch & Vargo, 2014).
Furthermore, positive CCV appraisal may lead to improved viability of the
The CCV measure was also tested within the value co-creation network
service system through improved relationships between co-creating actors
consisting of both antecedents and consequences of value co-creation processes.
and enhanced service advantage of the service provider. Largely, the study
CCV was verified as a reliable, convergent, and discriminant measure in the value
findings deepened the understanding of the networked nature of CCV.
co-created process nomological network. Value co-creation antecedents of
consumer's personality trait of openness and perceptions of brand authenticity
8. Implications
had significant and positive effects on CCV. Openness contributes to the positive
appraisal of CCV. However, brand authenticity as evaluated by consumers has a
8.1. Theoretical contribution
greater influence on CCV justification. Of the two dimensions of brand
authenticity, brand uniqueness had a larger impact on CCV justification.
The theoretical contribution of this study is in bringing forward a new and
Moreover, CCV significantly affected all three spheres of value cocreation
innovative psychometrically sound measure of CCV. Supporting SDL with
outcomes: personal, organizational, and collaborative. Interestingly, personal
TOV allowed to conceptually underpin the CCV measure with solid
well-being was negatively affected by CCV; however, the direction changed to understanding of agent's appraisal of value co-created through direct
a positive appraisal as a result of value co-creation (overall well-being R2 ¼ interactions. The combination of TOV and SDL led to an agent-centric,
0.271). The negative impact on personal well-being may indicate the theorized consequential, instrumental, meaningladen, participative, contributive and
adverse consequences of value co-creation or value co-destruction connected to affective definition of CCV.
interactional and resource-integration failures, which requires further
The CCV measure assists with identifying the impact of value cocreation
examination (e.g., Ple & Caceres, 2010; Smith, 2013). Organizational value co- interactions between customers and service providers on personal,
creation outcomes were operationalized through consumers' service advantage organizational, and collaborative outcomes. Overall, the results of the study
appraisal. CCV has a significant, positive, and noteworthy impact on service contribute to a conceptual and empirical understanding of value co-creation
advantage (R 2 ¼ 0.328). Additionally, it serves as a mediator for collaborative within the tourism and hospitality industry by examining the axiological
value co-creation outcomes of commitment and trust. Remarkably, service effects of instrumentality, consequentialism, and agent-centricity (Schroeder,
advantage had a higher impact on trust than commitment. Furthermore, the 2016) of CCV on the outcomes of the value co-creation process. This study
results show a direct and significant impact on CCV appraisal of commitment (R2 supports the premise that the value construct as a whole is multidimensional
¼ 0.666) and trust (R2 ¼ 0.565). (i.e., Zauner et al., 2015). TOV expands the understanding of CCV's
Therefore, the study results revealed that CCV integrates TOV and SDL instrumental axiology, antecedents, and consequences (Ranjan & Read,
perspectives and is an agent-centric, instrumental, experiential, contextual, 2016). Furthermore, the measure extends TOVs instrumental and intrinsic
and meaning-laden construct that leads to beneficiary-specific and mutual goodness appraisal into the domain of meaningfulness. This
consequences (Schroeder, 2016; Vargo & Lusch, 2016). SDL's beneficiary- conceptualization of CCV offers a new perspective on personal value
specific meaning making, understanding of collaboration, resource justification. Specifically, the more one contributes to the process, the more
integration appraisal or contribution, job performance evaluation or the outcome is valued. By conceptualizing and measuring CCV from the
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 87
consumer perspective, this study bridges SDL and TOV with social context-specific and agent-centric, and thus, susceptible to multiple
psychology and service marketing literature (Ostrom et al., 2015). Although interpretations and various approaches to its operationalization (Karababa &
resource integration and collaboration are widely discussed in connection Kjeldgaard, 2014). Nonetheless, this study aimed to conceptualize and develop
with value co-creation and SDL, our conceptualization and the formalized a measure for a particular segment of value-related research, specifically for
measure is the first to provide the means to appraise CCV as an extension of value co-creation studies based on SDL and TOV conceptual frameworks. The
TOV, applied specifically in tourism and hospitality service encounters in the new CCV measure adds to understanding how individuals appraise value
emerging collaborative economy. Thus, it provides a unique understanding of through co-creation rather than adopting existing value scales.
consumers' approach to service providers' co-creation initiatives and those Furthermore, the study predominantly explored customercompany
initiatives that elicit more advantageous consumer evaluations. interactions in value co-creation, leading to the customer-focused measure. From
8.2. Practical contribution the conceptual standpoint, value co-creation process involves multiple agents-
actors extended with their social networks that jointly participate in direct and
This research is one of the first empirical investigations into how CCV is indirect activities that lead to mutual benefits and improved service systems
evaluated by consumers in services marketing in general and tourism in vitality (Lusch & Vargo, 2014). Therefore, the newly introduced CCV measure
particular. The new measure will greatly assist tourism professionals in should be examined from the companycollaborators, company-intermediaries,
appraising the effectiveness of consumer-service provider collaborative company-society, organizational co-creation, as well as customer-to-customer,
processes and measure the progress toward identifying and creating powerful and customer-social networks interactions.
value propositions. Furthermore, the study results also offer insights into the In addition, a limited number of antecedents and consequences were tested in
positive impact of CCV on loyalty, service advantage, commitment, and trust. the nomological network of CCV, and only loyalty was examined for concurrent
The findings reveal that co-creation interactions, when valued positively, affect validity. Other individual psychological factors and actors’ motivations should
provider service advantage over the competition. Thus, industry professionals be included with CCV to study how such value impacts personal self-worth, self-
should consider actively engaging customers in co-creation projects. For image, status, social roles and power (i.e., Balboni & Terho, 2016; Sparks,
example, to develop new product or services, co-create social media campaigns, Bradley, & Jennings, 2011). Accordingly, other value co-creation constructs
co-create personalized travel experiences, and find meaningful ways to recover should be studied in connection with CCV. For example, how levels of customer
service failures. Moreover, special training for employees involved in customer engagement influence CCV and outcomes of value co-creation (i.e., So et al.,
collaboration could ensure positive collaboration, recognition and affective 2014).
response for all parties, to achieve win-win instances of co-creation. In addition, Moreover, the current measure was tested in the hospitality and tourism
resource integration is crucial for enhanced co-creation value appraisal. context, utilizing the scenario-based approach, and was cross-sectional in design.
Therefore, professionals should focus on opportunities that allow for such To increase generalizability the CCV measure should be examined in the other
integration of operant resources (e.g., user-friendly social platforms). service industry environments, preferably using value co-creation instances
Regarding the meaningfulness dimension of CCV, tourism service providers between existing companies and customers in a quasi-experimental design.
should establish a connection to consumers' personal well-being through value Longitudinal studies exploring pre-, during- and after-co-creation time periods
co-creation. Specifically stimulating meaningfulness of the co-creation processes (Jamilena et al., 2016) and agents’ CCV appraisal could potentially increase an
and outcomes to encourage customer engagement and promote projects. For understanding of relational and developmental processes through collaboration.
example, offering authentic interviews with co-creation participants, both Overall, the multidimensional CCV measure provides compelling research
employees and customers that focus on how important, meaningful and opportunities to advance the field of consumer and organizational behavior
worthwhile co-creation was for them personally. Further, when involved in co- grounded in service-dominant logic and service industries.
creation, marketers may position the company based on brand authenticity
perceptions, emphasizing brand uniqueness first, followed by brand consistency
Acknowledgements
and continuity. Moreover, consumers’ CCV appraisal, on one hand, reflects their
justification of collaboration, resource contribution, recognition, and positive The authors gratefully acknowledge funding for this study from the Caesars
affective response of co-creation. On the other hand, openness of the individual Foundation.
involved in value co-creation leads to positive evaluation of the process. Thus,
industry professionals might choose both customers and employees, who have
Appendix A. Supplementary data
openness as their personality trait, to invite into co-creation interactions.
Overall, all the dimensions of co-creation must be considered in every co-
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
creation process with the service provider. Consequently, the service provider
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.014.
should enable the conditions for successful collaboration and resource
integration. However, that alone might not be sufficient because consumers also
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Resumen
2016 ). Fundamentalmente, los turistas deben entre lo que se recibe y lo que se proporciona
participar de manera personal y activa en la ( Zeithaml, 1988 ). La investigación ha
creación de sus experiencias para evaluar demostrado consecuencias negativas, efectos
posteriormente el servicio de manera positiva dañinos y una disminución en el valor cuando
( Binkhorst & Dekker, 2009 ), lo que influye los consumidores gastan demasiado tiempo,
en el valor percibido ( Prebensen & Xie, dinero y esfuerzo en el proceso de compra
2017 ). La co-creación asiste en la ( Petrick, 2002 , Sweeney y Soutar,
construcción de experiencias memorables y 2001 ). Sobre la base de estos hallazgos,
únicas ( Shaw, Bailey y Williams, 2011 ), y las empresas integraron activamente las
ayuda a configurar la planificación de viajes prácticas para reducir los recursos de los
futuros y los comportamientos de compra a consumidores necesarios en el proceso, como
través de comunidades de viajes en línea y las reservas en línea, los sistemas de compra
diseños centrados en el consumidor con un solo clic y los quioscos de auto check-
( Grissemann y Stokburger-Sauer, in. Sin embargo, con la aparición de la lógica
2012 , Hsiao et al., 2015). Los turistas, en dominante del servicio (SDL) ( Vargo y Lusch,
particular, están ansiosos por consumir 2004) y la economía colaborativa, la creciente
experiencias y desempeñan un papel activo en evidencia sugiere que cuando los
la producción y el dominio de la co-creación consumidores invierten sus recursos se sienten
psicológica ( Prebensen y Xie, 2017 ). En más obligados a comprar y recomprar y
general, para un proveedor de servicios expresar lealtad a la marca y al proveedor
turísticos, la creación conjunta de valor ofrece ( Jamilena et al., 2016 , Lala y Chakraborty,
una salida potencialmente nueva e 2015 ). Cuanto más tiempo y esfuerzo
indispensable para garantizar la vitalidad y la inviertan los consumidores, mayor será
sostenibilidad de la organización ( Hsiao et al., su disposición a comprar y pagar un precio
2015). Sin embargo, los investigadores notan más alto ( Lala y Chakraborty, 2015 ). Norton,
la falta de investigación sobre la creación Mochon y Ariely (2011, pp. 11–91) estudiaron
conjunta de valor centrada específicamente en el "efecto Ikea" y encontraron que los
el turismo y la hospitalidad (por consumidores asignan un valor
ejemplo, Grissemann y Stokburger-Sauer, significativamente mayor a los productos que
2012 , Shaw et al., 2011 , Prebensen y Xie, crean parcialmente. Esto sugiere que la
2017 ). consideración del valor por parte del
Históricamente, el valor percibido se ha consumidor ha evolucionado y, por lo tanto, se
definido como la utilidad general de un debe examinar cómo se valora actualmente el
producto o servicio en función de la diferencia valor.
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 93
El valor como construcción se ha definido Por lo tanto, el objetivo general de este estudio
como "una experiencia interactiva de es abordar las limitaciones de las medidas
preferencia relativista" ( Holbrook, 1999 , p. actuales mediante el desarrollo de una escala
5), y la combinación de atributos físicos y de multidimensional de valor co-creado
servicio, experiencia, recompensas psicométricamente siguiendo el método
sociales, competenciay apoyo técnico utilizado por Churchill (1979) y DeVellis
( Petrick, 2002 ) . En la economía colaborativa (2012) . Los objetivos del estudio son
de hoy, junto con la creciente importancia de examinar el valor co-creado (CCV) como un
las redes sociales, el valor refleja las constructo en diversos contextos de turismo y
perspectivas sociales, de colaboración y hospitalidad, explorar aspectos de la
compartidas. Fundada en SDL, la co-creación evaluación de CCV, definir las dimensiones de
de valor como un proceso se define como un CCV, identificar variables dependientes para
proceso conjunto, colaborativo, concurrente, verificar la validez de la escala de CCV, y
similar a un compañero, de producir nuevo pruebe la red nomológica de la escala,
valor, tanto material como simbólicamente, a incluidos los antecedentes y los resultados
través de las contribuciones voluntarias de potenciales. Esta investigación contribuye a la
múltiples actores que resultan en un bienestar literatura al expandir la aplicación de SDL y la
recíproco ( Galvagno et al., 2014 ,Vargo y teoría del valor a la justificación del valor
Lusch, 2016 ). En consecuencia, posicionamos percibido por el consumidor.
el valor co-creado como una construcción de 2 . Marco teórico
valor definida como una valoración personal 2.1 . Teoria del valor
del significado de un objetivo (producto o La teoría del valor (TOV) sirve como base y
servicio, más adelante denominado servicio) conceptualización de CCV como una
en función de lo que se aporta y lo que se construcción de valor. TOV, también conocida
realiza a través del proceso de co-creación. como axiología, es una teoría filosófica y
. Los investigadores y los profesionales han moral relacionada con la pregunta
pedido una mejor comprensión de la predominante de lo que tiene valor ( Hartman,
construcción de valor co-creada, lo que 1967 ). El proceso axiológico de justificar la
significa para los consumidores y proveedores importancia del objetivo para un individuo,
de servicios, y cómo se ajusta a lossistemas estableció el TOV como la teoría más
de valor del consumidor (es decir, Grönroos, ampliamente aplicada para conceptualizar
2012 , Karababa y Kjeldgaard, 2014 , Verleye, varios tipos de valor del consumidor (es
2015 ). decir, Holbrook, 1999 ). Los filósofos de TOV
diferencian valor instrumental e intrínseco
94 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
( Bradley, 2006). Cuando un individuo, o un 2002 , Schroeder, 2016 ). Por ejemplo, ¿qué
agente en términos de TOV, juzga un servicio, tiene más valor, unas vacaciones en un centro
comienza con un valor instrumental, llegando turístico de destino o un servicio de un
a la conclusión de que el servicio solo es contador profesional? Se puede utilizar el
bueno en la medida en que conduzca a algo de consecuencialismo para resolver algunos de
mayor valor. El dinero solo sirve para los problemas de incomparabilidad. En TOV,
comprar, por ejemplo, un boleto de avión. El el consecuencialismo ayuda a entender qué
valor intrínseco es bueno por sí mismo (no acción es mejor realizar primero ( Sen,
instrumental). Por lo tanto, un boleto de avión 1982). Basado en este punto de vista, uno
es bueno para viajar a un lugar de vacaciones , siempre debe hacer lo que es más
que es bueno para la relajación y el placer, que significativo. Por ejemplo, al evaluar lo que es
es bueno para el bienestar y la felicidad. Los más imperativo, irse de vacaciones o presentar
axiólogos argumentan que la felicidad podría impuestos, una persona puede actuar en
ser ese valor único, monista e intrínseco (es consecuencia. Sin embargo, esta axiología solo
decir, Fletcher, 2008).). Según TOV, los es posible desde el punto de vista del agente
agentes evalúan el valor de un servicio más que realiza dicha evaluación. Por lo tanto, el
alto cuando la conexión entre el valor consecuencialismo vincula la acción con la
instrumental e intrínseco es fuerte, lo que axiología de uno, lo que lleva a una
requiere menos tiempo y esfuerzo para comprensión del valor centrada en el agente
lograrlo. Siguiendo la comprensión de TOV y ( Wedgwood, 2009 ).
SDL de la naturaleza del valor, el CCV apoya Con base en el consecuencialismo y la
la creación conjunta de valor intrínseco e comprensión del valor centrada en el agente, el
instrumental , vinculándolo con el bienestar, agente siempre debe hacer lo que le permita
que a menudo se mide como estado de obtener el resultado que sea más valioso en
satisfacción y felicidad del agente ( Diener, relación con él o ella como beneficiario. Por lo
Scollon y Lucas, 2003 ). , así como la vitalidad tanto, basado en TOV y SDL, el agente
de las redes sociales y personales ( Lusch & siempre es un co-creador, un beneficiario de
Vargo, 2014 ). valor, ya que el valor es siempre relativo al
TOV también aborda el principio de agente o centrado en el agente ( Schroeder,
incomparabilidad de las construcciones en la 2016 , Vargo y Lusch, 2016 ). La evaluación
valoración de valor. Los investigadores han de la importancia de un esfuerzo u objetivo co-
comparado constructos para evaluar lo que es creado se ve como el punto focal del
de mayor o igual valor, manteniendo el orden constructo de valor co-creado. El estudio
de devengo como moderador ( Chang, actual utiliza la instrumentalidad, el
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 95
del oferente ... el cliente y otros socios de Lusch, 2004 ). SDL postula que
creación de valor" ( Lusch, Vargo, y O'Brien, principalmente los recursos operativos afectan
2007 , p. 11). La colaboración, en el contexto la vitalidad de un proveedor de servicios
de la creación conjunta de valor, se conoce ( Lusch & Vargo, 2014 ).
como marketing con, en lugar de marketing Como un proveedor de servicios contribuye al
para, clientes ( Lusch & Vargo, 2014 ). Como hacer una propuesta de valor, los clientes
resultado, la colaboración facilita la actualizan el valor utilizando los recursos del
eliminación de barreras, abre el accesoa proveedor, invirtiendo recursos personales y
nuevas oportunidades y recursos, aumenta la recursos de otros disponibles en su red social
comprensión de cómo integrar los recursos de ( Aarikka-Stenroos y Jaakkola, 2012 , Jaakkola
manera efectiva, crea nuevos recursos, mejora y Hakanen, 2013 ). Sin embargo, los clientes
la calidad del servicio y disminuye los errores desempeñan un papel central en el proceso de
en la prestación de servicios ( Lusch & Vargo, co-creación de valor al integrar recursos más
2014 ). allá del intercambio empresa-cliente, incluidas
SDL sugiere que el valor se co-crea a través de las actividades autogeneradas por los
la integración de recursos de todos los actores clientes ( Edvardsson et al., 2011 ). Además,
involucrados, siempre incluyendo al cliente los investigadores señalan que si las partes no
( Vargo y Lusch, 2016 ). El supuesto clave de invierten recursos ni los integran en un proceso
SDL es que los recursos no tienen "valor"; más de colaboración, el potencial de valor no se
bien, el valor es co-creado por los clientes materializa e incluso se puede evaluar
cuando se utilizan los recursos (valor en uso) y negativamente ( Aarikka-Stenroos & Jaakkola,
luego los clientes evalúan su experiencia con 2012). En contraste, la suma positiva de la
bienes y servicios como valor en contexto contribución de recursos produce ventajas para
( Vargo y Lusch, 2008 ). Además, SDL se todos los actores ( Lusch y Vargo, 2014 ), lo
ocupa de los recursos operantes y que debería llevar a una valoración positiva del
operandos. Los recursos operantes son valor co-creado. .
invisibles e intangibles (por ejemplo, Aunque los clientes son inversionistas de sus
habilidades, ideas, conocimiento); Producen recursos operantes y operandos, la realización
efectos y agregan valor a los recursos naturales del valor depende de su participación en el
u operandos. Los recursos de operandos son proceso de servicio. Las prácticas de
recursos tangibles en los que se realiza una normalización de SDL incluyen normas y
operación o acto para producir un efecto (por pautas para intercambios
ejemplo, dinero, tierra, vida animal)., sociales, evaluaciones de trabajo y
minerales, otros recursos naturales) ( Vargo & coordinación de esfuerzos que facilitan la
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 97
valoración del valor de los clientes como una instrumentalidad y la naturaleza centrada en el
construcción multidimensional, en lugar del agente de CCV como una construcción que
proceso de creación conjunta de valores. La conduce al bien. -el ser y la felicidad. En
nueva medida busca lograr una mayor general, nos centramos en la valoración de
generalización y profundizar la comprensión la co-creación.como una actividad que
de la justificación del valor de los clientes contribuye a la comprensión del valor según lo
cuando se aplica a varios casos de creación fundamentalmente propuesto por TOV.
conjunta de valor, que incluyen, entre otros, la Basado en el enfoque multidimensional para
innovación conjunta, la creación conjunta de medir el valor y seguir
experiencia, la recuperación conjunta y la el enfoque psicométrico de la explicación del
colaboración conjunta. Creación de marketing constructo para el desarrollo de
y branding. Finalmente, sobre la base de TOV escalas ( Murphy y Davidshofer, 2005 ), nos
y SDL, la nueva medida de CCV se probó con centramos en los nuevos aspectos del CCV que
antecedentes y consecuencias que se reflejan las características únicas de la co-
relacionan con ambas partes en la creación creación presentadas en la definición
conjunta: proveedores de servicios y clientes, operacional . La explicación de la construcción
para introducir y explorar la red nomológica juega un papel clave en el establecimiento de
CCV. la validez de la escala ( Murphy &
4 . Conceptualización del valor co-creado. Davidshofer, 2005 ). Primero, se identifican
4.1 . Valor co-creado: especificando dominio de construcción los comportamientos observables que se
Basado en SDL y TOV, el CCV debe verse relacionan con la medida. A continuación, se
como centrado en el agente, consecuente, exploran las variables relacionadas con la
instrumental, experiencial, contextual y escala en cuestión. Finalmente, se examinan
cargado de significado ( Schroeder, los comportamientos relacionados con cada
2016 , Vargo y Lusch, 2008 ). Por lo tanto, variable para determinar las relaciones entre
definimos CCV como la evaluación que hacen ellos ( Murphy y Davidshofer, 2005). Basado
los actores de la importancia de un servicio al en el enfoque de la explicación del constructo
evaluar qué se contribuye y qué se realiza a y basado en una revisión exhaustiva de la
través de la colaboración. La delineación literatura centrada en SDL y TOV, y
propuesta de CCV toma en consideración su aplicaciones en las industrias de servicios,
naturaleza colaborativa y recíproca, los incluido el turismo y la hospitalidad, surgieron
consumidores como actores, las interacciones cinco comportamientos observables que actúan
de actor a actor, el papel del actor como como subdimensiones del CCV: significado,
beneficiario e integrador de recursos, y la colaboración, contribución, reconocimiento y
102 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
respuesta afectiva Además, se examinó cada solo actor. Vinculado a la creación de valor, el
dimensión de CCV para establecer las proceso y el resultado se vuelven más valiosos
relaciones entre las subdimensiones y su cuando todos los actores colaboran para
relevancia para CCV. obtener beneficios mutuos, sumas positivas,
4.2 . Dimensiones de valor co-creadas vitalidad del sistema y relaciones recíprocas
4.2.1 . Significado
sólidas ( Lusch y Vargo, 2014 ). Cuando se
Combinando TOV y SDL, el significado es la
percibe positivamente, la colaboración crea
creencia de un individuo (agente o
valor, reduce la evaluación negativa de las
beneficiario) en la importancia, importancia y
fallas del servicio e influye en el rendimiento
valor de los servicios. Por lo tanto, cuando uno
de la empresa ( Roggeveen, Tsiros y Grewal,
cree que el proceso de co-creación de valor es
2012). Por lo tanto, sobre la base de la
significativo, el resultado resultante tiene más
colaboración de SDL, que refleja el aporte
valor. Tenga en cuenta que la creación
conjunto de todos los actores involucrados, se
conjunta de valor tiene un significado social,
considera una dimensión imperativa del CCV.
características de contenido específicas y, 4.2.3 . Contribución
de evaluación. La apertura fue nombrada como Los consumidores buscan validar los reclamos
un antecedente de valor ya que ayuda con la de co-creación de marcas basados en la
determinación de resultados y el proceso de apertura, la transparencia y la autenticidad de
experiencias recíprocas y recíprocas de la marca ( Dijk, Antonides, & Schillewaert,
interacción con nuevos objetos ( Gordon et al., 2014 ). Por lo tanto, el papel de la marca es
2013 ). Las personalidades que tienen una gran establecer la autenticidad para facilitar la
apertura a menudo se describen como de creación de valor y mejorar la identidad y el
mentalidad amplia, imaginativas, curiosas, significado de la marca (es decir, Dijk et al.,
adaptables y que disfrutan de nuevas cosas, 2014 ). Sobre la base de que la autenticidad de
conocimientos y experiencias ( Wang y Yang, la autenticidad de la autenticidad es verdadera
2007). La apertura se define como el grado de para uno mismo, la autenticidad de la marca es
106 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
actividades de creación conjunta de valor se ha CCV. La Etapa II probó los supuestos de que
vinculado a resultados positivos como los elementos identificados sirven como
satisfacción, confianza, compromiso y indicadores de CCV y tienen una confiabilidad
expectativas de resultados de valor ( Jaakkola aceptable. La etapa III determinó qué tan bien
y Alexander, 2014). Además, a través del las variables medidas representan el constructo
intercambio y la colaboración, los proveedores de CCV y la confiabilidad confirmada, la
de servicios crean un compromiso y una validez convergente y discriminante de las
confianza mutuos que facilitan la integración dimensiones de CCV, y la validez y
futura de recursos, especialmente los recursos confiabilidad concurrente y nomológica de la
operantes e intangibles ( Jaakkola y Hakanen, medida de CCV.
2013 ). Así: 6.2 . Etapa 1: generación de ítems y validez de contenido
Compartí 0.909Fuimos
mis reconocidos por
conocimientos nuestro logro.
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 113
Artículos Cargasoperantes
El uso de recursos factoriales y operandos
Artículos Cargas
Artículos
factoriales
Colaboración
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 117
de Kim, Lee, Uysal, Kim y Ahn (2015)y Br.autenticidad- 0.929 0.726 0.552
unicidad
subdividido en dos dimensiones: bienestar
Br. autenticidad 0.914 0.727 0.536
global (dos ítems) y bienestar como resultado - continuidad
del proceso de co-creación de valor (dos
Significado 0.954 0.806 0.676
ítems). La escala de ventaja de servicio de tres
Colaboración 0.972 0.873 0.567
elementos se adaptó de Carbonell y Rodríguez
Contribución 0.968 0.857 0.556
Escudero (2014) . También se emplearon
Reconocimiento 0.952 0.799 0.646
la escala de compromiso de Verma, Jahn y
Kunz (2012) y una escala de confianza de Respuesta 0.968 0.859 0.656
afectiva
cuatro ítems de Tax, Brown y
Bienestar 0.888 0.799 0.290
Chandrashekaran (1998) . La muestra
Co-creado 0.856 0.749 0.774
completa de 460 casos se utilizó para este paso bienestar
de validación de escala. Primero, se llevó a
Ventaja de 0.919 0.791 0.729
cabo el CFA sobre las medidas propuestas. servicio
J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86 119
CR - confiabilidad compuesta, AVE - varianza promedio Índices de ajuste del modelo: χ 2 = 3778.042; df =
extraída; Ajuste del modelo χ2 = 2929.033; df = 1360; RMSEA = 0,062; CFI = 0,917; PNFI = 0,833.
Por lo tanto, los resultados del estudio El aporte teórico de este estudio es en la
revelaron que CCV integra las perspectivas presentación de un nuevo e innovador
TOV y SDL y es un constructo centrado en el psicométrico sonido medida de CCV. El
agente, instrumental, experiencial, contextual y soporte de SDL con TOV permitió respaldar
cargado de significado que conduce a conceptualmente la medida CCV con una
consecuencias mutuas y específicas del comprensión sólida de la valoración del valor
122 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
del agente co-creada a través de interacciones desde la perspectiva del consumidor, este
directas. La combinación de TOV y SDL llevó estudio une SDL y TOV con la literatura
a una definición de CCV centrada en el agente, de psicología social y mercadotecnia
consecuente, instrumental, cargada de de servicios ( Ostrom et al., 2015). Si bien la
significado, participativa, contributiva y integración de recursos y la colaboración se
afectiva. discuten ampliamente en relación con la
La medida CCV ayuda a identificar el impacto creación conjunta de valores y SDL, nuestra
de las interacciones de creación conjunta de conceptualización y la medida formalizada son
valor entre los clientes y los proveedores de las primeras en proporcionar los medios para
servicios en los resultados personales, evaluar a CCV como una extensión de TOV,
organizativos y de colaboración. En general, aplicada específicamente en los encuentros de
los resultados del estudio contribuyen a una servicios de turismo y hospitalidad en el
comprensión conceptual y empírica de la Economía colaborativa emergente. Por lo
creación conjunta de valor dentro de la tanto, proporciona una comprensión única del
industria del turismo y la hospitalidad enfoque de los consumidores con respecto a
mediante el examen de los efectos axiológicos las iniciativas de creación conjunta de
de la instrumentalidad, el consecuencialismo y proveedores de servicios y aquellas iniciativas
la centralidad del agente ( Schroeder, 2016 ) que generan evaluaciones de consumidores
del CCV en los resultados de El proceso de más ventajosas.
creación de valor. Este estudio apoya la 8.2 . Contribución práctica
confianza. Los hallazgos revelan que las tanto empleados como clientes, que se centren
interacciones de creación conjunta, cuando se en la importancia, la importancia y la
valoran positivamente, afectan la ventaja del importancia de la co-creación para ellos
servicio del proveedor sobre la personalmente. Además, cuando participan en
competencia. Por lo tanto, los profesionales de la creación conjunta, los profesionales de
la industria deberían considerar involucrar marketing pueden posicionar a la empresa
activamente a los clientes en proyectos de co- según la autenticidad de
creación. Por ejemplo, para desarrollar nuevos la marca.percepciones, enfatizando la
productos o servicios, co-crear campañas de singularidad de la marca primero, seguido por
redes sociales, co-crear experiencias de viaje la consistencia y continuidad de la
personalizadas y encontrar formas marca. Además, la evaluación de CCV de los
significativas de recuperar fallas en el consumidores, por un lado, refleja su
servicio. Además, la capacitación especial para justificación de colaboración, contribución de
los empleados involucrados en la colaboración recursos, reconocimiento y respuesta afectiva
con el cliente podría asegurar una colaboración positiva de co-creación. Por otro lado, la
positiva, reconocimiento y respuesta afectiva apertura de la persona involucrada en la
para todas las partes, Para lograr instancias creación conjunta de valor conduce a una
ganar-ganar de co-creación. Además, la evaluación positiva del proceso. Por lo tanto,
integración de recursos es crucial para mejorar los profesionales de la industria pueden elegir
la evaluación del valor de co-creación. Por lo tanto a clientes como a empleados, que tienen
tanto, los profesionales deben centrarse en las la apertura como su rasgo de personalidad,
oportunidades que permitan tal integración de para invitar a las interacciones de creación
recursos operantes (por ejemplo, plataformas conjunta.
sociales fáciles de usar). En general, todas las dimensiones de la
Con respecto a la dimensión de significado del creación conjunta deben considerarse en cada
CCV, los proveedores de servicios turísticos proceso de creación conjunta con el proveedor
deben establecer una conexión con el bienestar del servicio. En consecuencia, el proveedor de
personal de los consumidores a través de la servicios debe habilitar las condiciones para la
creación conjunta de valor. Estimular colaboración exitosa y la integración de
específicamente el significado de los procesos recursos. Sin embargo, eso solo podría no ser
de co-creación y los resultados para fomentar suficiente porque los consumidores también
el compromiso del cliente y promover dependen del reconocimiento de los resultados
proyectos. Por ejemplo, ofrecer entrevistas y los mecanismos emocionales de la co-
auténticas con participantes de la co-creación, creación. Con estos factores en mente, los
124 J.A. Busser, L.V. Shulga / Tourism Management 65 (2018) 69e86
de los actores con CCV para estudiar cómo tal Expresiones de gratitud
2016 , Sparks et al., 2011 ) . En consecuencia, Los siguientes son los datos complementarios
otras construcciones de co-creación de valor relacionados con este artículo:
deben estudiarse en relación con el CCV. Por Descargar el documento de Word (30KB)Ayuda con archivos docx
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