IoT

15CS81
Module 1
Chapter- 1
 What is IoT
 Genesis of IoT
 IoT and Digitization
 IoT Impact
 Convergence of IT and IoT
 IoT Challenges
Chapter 2
 IoT Network Architecture and Design,
 Drivers Behind New Network Architectures
 Comparing IoT Architectures
 A Simplified IoT Architecture
 The Core IoT Functional Stack
 IoT Data Management and Compute Stack.
What is IoT
 Major Technological shift forward
 Drones delivering groceries to sensors
monitoring human health.
 Goal- Connect the unconnected to Internet by
using intelligent network.
 Network of physical objects (smarter objects)
 Physical world is controlled by objects
 Objects can be sensed and controlled remotely
Genesis of IoT

 In between 2008 and 2009

 Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of
Things”
 Today’s computers can sense input data for
themselves
Evolution of Internet: 4 phases
IoT and Digitization
No IoT Digitization
1 It is a network of physical It is the conversion of
things information into a digital
format
2 IoT connects “things” such It connects “things ” with
as objects and machines, to the data they generate and
Internet the business insights that
result
3 Iot term is used across the Digitization means different
industry as a whole things to different people.
4 IoT is a prime enabler of Smart objects and increased
digitization connectivity drives
digitization
In the context of IoT, digitization brings
together things, data, and business
process to make networked connections
more relevant and valuable.
Complete digitization
 1. Photography industry
 2. video rental industry
 3. Transportation industry
wifi location track in a shopping
mall
 Business benefits to the mall and shop
owners
 Where shoppers tend to congregate
 How much time they spend in different parts
of a mall or store
 Analysis of this data
 Change the location of product displays
 Advertising
 where to place shops
 How much to charge
 Where to station security guards
Home automation providing companies
like Nest. Sensors determine the
desired climate changes and tie in
other smart objects like smoke alarms,
video cameras etc.
IoT Impact
 Connected Roadways
 Connected Factory
 Smart Connected Buildings
 Smart Creatures
IoT Impact
 Number of “things” connected to internet
 Today – 14 billion
 By 2020 – 100 billion
 $19 trillion profits and cost savings
Connected Roadways
Current Roadways challenge
 Safety:5.6 million crashes only in 2012 –By US Dept. of
Transportation
 Mobility: Congestion causes 5.5 billion hours of travel
delay per year.
 Environment: Pollution level is increasing due to the
carbon dioxide emission of vehicles. IoT is expected to
give the travelers the real-time information needed to
make the “green” transportation choices
Other uses of IMA

 Automated Vehicle Tracking

 Cargo Management
 Road weather Communications
Connected Cars
How this data is used???
Example:
1. Tire Companies
2. Automobile manufacturers
3. Interact with GPS for rerouting
4. For entertainment

Gives rise to IOT Data broker

Connected Factory
Connected buildings
Digital ceiling
Smart creatures
Challenge Description IoT Architectural change Required

Scale IoT scale is very large when IT continues to use IPV4 with
compared to IT networks NAT(Network Address Translation). IoT
cannot use IPV4. It has to use IPV6
Security IoT devices on wireless sensor Firewalls perform well in securing IT but
networks(WSNs) are often in IoT Security is required at every level
physically exposed to the world of the IoT network
Constrained devices and Devices will have limited power, New last mile wireless technology is
network CPU, memory and link speed. Due needed to support constrained IoT devices
to larger scale, the networks are over long distances.
often lossy and supports minimal
data rate
Data The sensors generate massive Data analytics capability need to be
amount of data on daily basis distributed throughout the IoT network
causing network traffic and slow from the edge to the cloud
analytics in the cloud
Legacy Device support IoT comprises a collection of Digital transformation of non IP devices is
modern, IP capable endpoints as impossible. IoT network has to support
well legacy, non IP devices. protocol translation and tunneling
mechanism to support legacy protocols.

Real time data Analysis Traditional IT network performs Edge layer should contain analytics
batch processing of data, IoT data software that performs real time streaming
needs to be analyzed and responded analytics.
to in real time.
IoT Architectures
One M2M IoT Standardized Architecture
 Launched in 2012, by ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards Institute)
and other 13 founding members.
 Promotes efficient M2M communication
systems and IoT
Example: Automating HVAC system with
wireless temperature sensors that spreads
throughout the building
One M2M architecture divides IoT functions into
three major domains:
1. Application Layer: connectivity between devices
and their applications.
Includes application layer protocols
Applications are industry specific and have their
own sets of data models (vertical entities)
2. Service Layer: horizontal framework
Includes physical network on which IoT runs,
management protocols and hardware
Common service layer is in top which adds APIs
and middleware supporting services
3. Network Layer: It is a communication domain for
the IoT devices and endpoints.
Includes devices and communications network links
that links devices.
Includes protocols and APIs for both wireless and
wired communications
IoT World Forum Standardized Architecture
 In 2014, IoTWF architectural committee published a 7
layer IoT architectural reference model
Advantages:
 Decompose the IoT problem into smaller parts
 Identify different technologies at each layer and how
they relate to one another
 Define a system in which different parts can be
provided by different vendors
 Have a process of defining interfaces that leads to
interoperability
 Define a tired security model that is enforced at the
transition points between layers
Layer 1: Physical devices and
Controllers layer
 Houses “things” (i.e end point devices and
sensors)
 Things may be of any size ranging from
microscopic sensors to giant machines in
factories
 Generate data, they are controlled over a
network
Layer 2:Connectivity Layer
 Houses all networking elements
Functions:
 Reliable and timely transmission of data between
Layer 1 devices
 Reliable delivery of information Across the network
 Switching and routing
 Translation between Protocols
 Network Level security
Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer
 Referred as “fog” layer
 Information processing is done early and close to the
edge of the network.
Functions:
 Evaluate and Reformat data for processing at higher
levels
 Filter data to reduce traffic at higher level processing
 Assess data for alerting, notification or other actions
IT and OT responsibilities
Simplified IoT Architecture
The Core IoT Functional Stack
 “Things” layer: physical devices
 Communications network layer
 Access network sublayer
 Gateways and backhaul network sublayer
 Network transport sublayer
 IoT network management sublayer
 Application and Analytics layer
Layer 1: Things: Sensors and
Actuators Layer
Smart objects can be classified as
 Battery powered or Power- consumed
 Mobile or static
 Low or high frequency
 Simple or rich data
 Report range
 Object density per cell
 Battery Powered
 carries its own energy
 Moved easily from one place to another
 Limits the lifetime of objects
 Power connected
 receives continuous power from an external power
source
 Difficult to move from one place to another
 Mobile (that moves from one place to another)
 Sensors are moved from one object to another(Eg:
viscosity sensor)
 Attached to a moving object(location sensor on moving
goods)
 Frequency of movement (occasional/permanent)
 Range of mobility (from few inches to miles away)
 Static
 Stay at same location
Based on how often the object should report monitored
parameters
 Low reporting frequency
 A rust sensor (once in a month)
 High reporting frequency
 Motion senor reports acceleration several hundred times
per second
 Consumes more energy
 Limits the possible power source and transmission range
Based on quantity of data exchanged at each report cycle
 Simple
 Humidity sensor may report simple binary value (0-255)
 Rich
 Engine Sensor has to report more values like
temperature, pressure, gas velocity, compression speed,
carbon index etc.
 Rich data consumes more power
Medium Throughput object may send
Simple data at high frequency(continuous flow structure)
Rich data at low frequency (bursty flow structure)
 Report range
Based on the distance at which the gateway is located
For Fitness band to communicate with phone, both
should be located a few meters away at most.
Moisture sensor will report even from several kilometers
away
 Object density per cell
Based on number of smart objects over a given area,
connected to the same gateway.
An oil pipeline uses single sensor at key locations every
few miles
In Telescope, hundreds/thousands of mirror are deployed
over a small area, each with multiple gyroscopes, gravity
and vibration sensors
 Categories used to classify things can influence one
another
Example: a battery operated highly mobile object likely
has a small form factor. Small sensor is easy to move or
integrate to its environment(heart rate monitor
sensor)
Small and highly mobile smart object is unlikely to
require a large antenna and a powerful power source
 A missing monthly report from moisture sensor may
be an indicator to sensor (or battery)replacement
 A multi-gyroscope report missing for more than 100
ms may leave the entire system unstable.
Layer 2: Communications Network Layer

 Once the smart object is determined, next step is to

connect the object and communicate.
 Physical environment in which the devices are
deployed plays important role
 Operational differences must be understood in order
to apply the correct handling
 Temperature variations are different in
very hot and cold situations
 The control must handle these
fluctuations
 Humidity fluctuations of Niger river is
different from that of Arabian desert
Access Network Sublayer
 PAN- Personal Area Network
 HAN – Home Area Network
 NAN – Neighborhood Area Network
 FAN – Field Area Network
 LAN- Local Area Network
Longest Range and Highest Throughput→ not
feasible
Cost
 Point to point topologies
 Point to multiple topologies
 Star topology
 Mesh Topology
Gateways and Backhaul sublayer
Data collected from smart object needs to be forward to
a central station where data is processed.
Data has to be forwarded to another medium and
transported to the central station
Network Transport Sublayer
 Explains the practical implementation that contains
multiple traversal communication path.
 Example: Smart meter that reports the energy
consumption of houses to gateway.
 Several technologies (802.11ah, 802.15.4 or LPWA) can
be used
 Transport structure may be bidirectoinal
 To optimize the load
 A network protocol with specific characteristics needs
to be implemented
 The protocols needs to be open and standard based
 Scalability and security are must
 IP protocol matches all these requirements
 Transport layer protocol (UDP and TCP are built above
IP)
IoT Network Management Sublayer
 HTTP
 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
 XAMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
Applications and Analytics Layer
 Analytics versus Control applications

Analytics application: Applications collects data from

multiple smart objects, processes the collected data,
and displays information resulted from data

Control Application: controls the behavior of the smart

object
Data versus Network Analytics
Data Analytics: process the data collected by smart
objects and combines it to provide an intelligent view
related to IoT

Network analytics: smart objects are connected to

network. Loss or degradation in connectivity affects
the efficiency of the system.
 Data Analytics versus Business Benefits

 Smart services
IoT Data management and
Compute Stack
Requirements:
 Minimizing Latency
 Conserving network bandwidth
 Increasing local efficiency
The Traditional IT cloud Computing
Model
Fog Computing
Characteristics of fog computing
 Contextual location awareness and low latency
 Geographic distribution
 Deployment near IoT endpoints
 Wireless communication between the fog and the IoT
endpoints
 Use for real time applications
Edge computing
 Computing has been pushed further to the edge, in
some cases it resides directly in the sensors and
devices
 Example: edge compute capable smart meters
The hierarchy of edge, fog and
cloud
Sensors
 It senses
 Measures some physical quantity & converts the
measurement into digital representation
 They are not limited to human sensory data
 They can measure anything worth measuring
 Sensors can be readily embedded in any physical
objects
 They can be easily connected to internet by wire or
wireless networks
 Role of sensors in the world of IoT has lead to a new
paradigm of business Intelligence
Sensor categories ➢Produce energy output
➢Require external power supply
Active or Passive ➢Receive energy
➢Require NO external power supply

Invasive or noninvasive Part of measuring environment

External to it
Has physical contact with what they measure
Contact or no contact
No physical contact

Absolute or relative
Area of Application
How sensors measure
What sensors measure