Introduction to

Software Engineering

History of the Computer

©2013 by Prof. John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
ISR – Carnegie Mellon University Email: vovanluong@dtu.edu.vn
Duy Tan University
 Course Objective
Upon completion of this course, students will have the ability
to:
Understand the discipline and principles of Software Engineering.
Understand the evolution of software in industry and global
competitive trends.
Understand software process, product and services.
Understand software modeling & techniques.
Demonstrate an appreciation for the breadth of software engineering.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Lecture Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lecture, students will be able to:
Understand basic computing terms and definitions.
Appreciate the evolution and history of the computer industry.
Outcomes:
Receive a broad view of the evolution of the computer and its
applications.
Demonstrate an understanding on how information technologies
improve business in the 21st century..

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 What Is A Computer?
An electronic device that has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data, and can be programmed with instructions
to perform tasks.
An electronic machine capable of performing calculations
and other manipulations of various types of data, under the
control of a stored set of instructions.
A machine that accepts data in digital format and
manipulates it for a specific result, based on a sequence of
instructions that describes how the data is to be
manipulated or processed.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Computer Hardware
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer,
which is distinguished from the computer software that
executes within the hardware.
Most computer hardware is not clearly visible. It is usually
embedded in machines or electronic devices.
The computer hardware familiar to most people is the
Personal Computer (PC).

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Computer Software
Computer software is a general term used to
describe a collection of computer programs that
perform tasks on a computer hardware system.
Computer software includes:
Application software such as word processors that
perform productive tasks for users,
System software such as operating systems, that
interface with hardware to provide the necessary
services for application software, and
Middleware which controls and co-ordinates
distributed systems.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Computer Network
A computer network is an interconnected
group of computers. Networks can be
classified by the network layer which
operates according to standard reference
models.
For example:
The four-layer Internet Protocol model.
The seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Computer Industry
Computer industry is a term used to
describe the whole range of businesses from
designing computer hardware, building
computer networking infrastructures,
manufacturing computer components,
developing computer software, and providing
of computer technology services.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Software Industry
Software industry is a collection of businesses involved
in the development, maintenance and publication of
computer software.
The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time
of the introduction of the personal computer. The industry
also includes software services, such as training and
consultancy.
The largest and most profitable software companies are
located in the United States. Since 1980, the software
industry is dominated by a few companies such as
Microsoft, Oracle, and IBM.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers
Who invented the computer?
The answer is that many people and inventors
contributed to the development of computers.
A computer is a complex piece of machinery
made up of many parts, each of which can be
considered a separate invention.

The ENIAC: First electronic computer

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: BC
Chinese inventors created the abacus around 500
BC.
The oldest computer probably is the abacus, a
mechanical device used to perform mathematical
calculations.
Similar devices are also found in Mesopotamia
around 200 BC.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 18th Century

Year The Computer

John Napier invented a system called "Napiers Bones,"
made from horn, bone and ivory to multiply by adding
1617 numbers and divide by subtracting.
The circular slide rule is invented by William Oughtred to
1622 perform arithmetic.
The first known workable mechanical calculating machine is
1623 invented by Wilhelm Schickard
Frances Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a machine that
1642 can add, subtract, and carry between digits.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz created a machine that could
1674 add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 18th Century Computers

Napiers Bones

Schickard Calculating Machine

A Modern Slide Rule

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 19th Century
Year The Computer
Frances Joseph-Marie Jacquard created his fully automated
1804 loom that is programmed by punch cards.
Thomas de Colmar created the first reliable, useful and
1820 commercially successful calculating machine.
Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine. Lady Ada
Byron, countess of Lovelace became the first computer
1821 analysts, founder of scientific computing.
American Thomas Edison discovered the Edison effect, in
1883 which an electric current flows through a vacuum.
Herman Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company,
the company later became the well-known International
1896 Business Machines (IBM).
Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
Duy Tan University
 19th Century Computers
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

Charles Babbage’s Difference Machine

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century
Year The Computer
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), the
first general-purpose electronic digital computer was built.
electronic computer. This computer is considered to be the
1943 first
The Von Neumann Architecture is introduced in John von
1945 Neumann's report of the EDVAC.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented
1947 the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories.
The Harvard-MARK III, the first computer to use an
internally stored program and indirect addressing, went
1949 into operations again under the direction of Howard Aiken.

1953 IBM introduced the first computer,

Professor : John Vu the IBM 701.
Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
Duy Tan University
 The Transistors
The IBM 1400 Series was the first large-scale computer
to utilize transistors, as well as take advantage of
development in magnetic core memory ware. These
computers also marked the onset of assembly language,
allowing short programming codes to replace the long
and tedious binary code. IBM introduced the first
transistorized computer in 1959 and quickly became a
commercial data-processing powerhouse.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Mainframe Computer
The IBM System 360 was a computer family that shared a similar
operating system and architecture that were compatible with each
other. This allowed users to upgrade their machines following the
IBM migration path without having to rewrite all of their software. A
side effect of this benefit was that users became increasingly
dependent on IBM for their data-processing needs. IBM became the
largest computer company in the industry, with sales exceeding
many multi-million dollars each year for more than 20 years.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Computer Family

The Paper Tape

The IBM 360 Series

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Early 20th Century Computers

The IBM Mainframe

IBM Computer Punch Card

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Early 20th Century Computer Industry

The acceptance of computers in business created a

computer industry with corporations like IBM, DEC, NCR,
NEC, and Wang, who competed against each other.
Each corporation developed their own computers with
their own system software and applications to run on
their systems, then sold to businesses.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Microchip

The next historical event in computer hardware

development was the invention of the integrated
circuit used to produce memory chips. The
Integrated Circuit, or chip, combined multiple
transistors onto a small silicon disc. The silicon
chip was the enabling technology behind the
development of smaller systems - the Personal
Computer.
Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
Duy Tan University
 Moore’s Law
The computer chip was a revolutionary device due to its
phenomenal rate of performance improvement over time.
Gordon Moore, Intel's co-founder, quantified this rate in
what is known today as Moore's Law: “The number of
components in a single chip doubles every two years”.
Later it was changed into: “The speed of a computer
doubles every two years and computing knowledge
changes every seven years”.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Mini-Computer
In 1974, Popular Electronics magazine published an article
describing the "World's First Minicomputer called Altair.” This story
excited two students – Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Bill Gates recalled:
"The event that started everything for us was when we found an
article about a small computer using Intel 8800 microprocessor. I told
Paul that this computer is going to get better and better - Now we
understand how Moore's Law really worked -- that each generation of
a microprocessor chip was basically twice as fast as the previous
one and that they got cheaper too. So Paul and I went out and
bought our own computer. We realized things were starting to
happen. We had a vision where this computer could go, what it could
mean and the industry was going to be big, so we started our own
company to build software for the computer industry…”

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Apple Computer
Two computer enthusiasts, Stephen Wozniak and Steve
Jobs joined the Homebrew Computer Club to learn about
building computers. Steve Wozniak recalled: "Everybody
was interested in computers so I started building a small
computer at home and let people type on the keyboard
and I would explain what's in it.” Steve Jobs saw that
people were interested in his computer and said, “Let's
start selling it and let's make this into a company. That is
why we started Apple Computer.”

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The First Personal Computer

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Application Software
Apple computers were viewed as toys until it developed
applications (software) that would make it useful.
The first application for Apple computer was VisiCalc, the
spreadsheet that could be used for accounting, where if
any value in the worksheet changed, all other effected
values would be automatically recalculated.
The VisiCalc concept was further enhanced and
developed into modern spreadsheet programs like Lotus
1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Personal Computer

The first IBM PC

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (commonly called the Web) is a
system of interlinked documents that can be accessed
via the Internet. Users can view these Web pages
containing text, images, videos, and other multimedia by
using a Web browser to navigate between them.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Dotcom Phenomenon
As the internet became popular and the use of home computers
grew, many people found that they could do business through the
internet and internet-based companies were called “dotcoms”.
As investors in stock markets saw their value increase rapidly in this
new sector, they pumped more money in and created an exuberant
environment in which many businesses dismissed standard
practices, focusing on increasing market share at the expense of the
profit margin.
The Federal Reserve began to increase interest rates to control the
runaway economy. The dot-com bubble burst and most companies
went bankrupt, marking the beginning of a relatively lengthy
recession in the developed world.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 History Of Computers: 20th Century

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Computer Industry - 1
The Industrial revolution that created significant economic changes in
the 19th and early 20th century, hit a saturation point in the mid 20th
century where profits and economic growth began to slow down.
Many businesses turned to information technology as a way to
reduce costs, improve productivity and create competitive
advantage. This fueled a new economic growth based on knowledge,
stemmed largely from the computer industry. The result was so
significant that two thirds of U.S. manufacturing productivity grew in
efficiency, by applying information technology.
The United States dominated the computer industry with 80 percent
of the industry's revenues worldwide. Most of these revenues were
produced by ten companies, with Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle as
leaders.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Computer Industry - 2
Business is about competition and striving for advantage. The
business that can sustain competitive advantage wins, those who do
not… lose.
Although some businesses began to use computers in the early 20th
century the cost was very high, and only large companies could
afford it.
The personal computer allows businesses, large and small, to use
computing technology at a fraction of the cost of large mainframe
computers.
The new computing technology enabled businesses to reduce costs,
expedite decision making, improve productivity and provide
significant competitive advantage. Thus, the information technology
market has grown into a 3 trillion dollar industry worldwide within a
very short time.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Information Technology
The effect of entrepreneurial ingenuity and creativity coupled with the
development of the microchip has fueled waves of innovation that
favored significant economic growth.
Beginning with the computer industry, the application of information
technology in business had a far reaching impact across the entire
U.S. economy.
Today, information technology has stimulated the overall U.S.
computer and electronics industry with total revenue exceeding the
combined revenue of all U.S. automobile, steel, and chemical
manufacturers that the industrial revolution brought.
The value of information technology has changed the entire
economic and market value of global business.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 Results
American Express reported that it reduced its annual cost by over $1
billion through process automation.
AT&T Communication Systems turned a billion dollar loss into a
billion dollar profit by using computers to automate its process for
manufacturing, services and order fulfillment.
Texas Instruments reported that it reduced cycle time of its order
fulfillment process for integrated circuits by 56% which achieved
record financial results.
Progressive Insurance reduced cycle time for claim processing from
several weeks to one day, reduced costs, fraud, and litigation and
increased revenue by 70%.

Professor : John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van

Duy Tan University
 The Software Industry
The invention of personal computers led to the creation
of fourteen thousand new software companies and
several hundred new computer hardware manufacturers
in the 1970s.
In the end, software was the dominant force, with millions
of people turning to the personal computer with all their
energy and ingenuity, completely changing the way
business is conducted.

Professor : John Vu Kondriatiev Waves ofLuong,

Instructor: Innovation
Vo Van
Duy Tan University
 Questions & Answers

History of the Computer

©2013 by Prof. John Vu Instructor: Luong, Vo Van
ISR – Carnegie Mellon University Email: vovanluong@dtu.edu.vn
Duy Tan University
Vo Van Luong
Vice Dean of International School
Head of Software Engineering Subject
Source : John Vu, Carnegie Mellon University