Ionic Equilibrium

LECTURE 1 Acids & Bases

Anupam Gupta
B.Tech & M.Tech - IIT Delhi

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Ionic Equilibrium
LECTURE 1 Acids & Bases
 Why are JEE Advanced problems of this chapter so tough?

Question What is the process of solving advanced level questions in this chapter?

STEP 1 Determine what are reactions happening in solutions, if any

Determine what are ions present in solutions at equilibrium has been achieved
STEP 2
among all the contributors

STEP 3 Determine the nature of contributors of the ions - Strong electrolyte or

Weak electrolyte
STEP 4 Determine the system of the equilibrium in solution

STEP 5 Use the formula for the determined equilibrium based on the ions present
pH scale
 Concept of Acids and Bases: Arrhenius

Acid Substance which gives H+ ion from its own

molecule on dissolving in an ionising solvent
Arrhenius

Base Substance which gives OH– ion from its own

molecule on dissolving in an ionising solvent
 H+ ions exists as highly hydrated ion

OH– ion also exists in hydrated form of H3O2–, H2O4– etc.

 Acidity and Basicity

Monoprotic or Monobasic Diprotic or Dibasic Triprotic or Tribasic

Monobasic Diacidic Triacidic

 Concept of Acids and Bases: Bronsted Lowry

Acid Species which donate H+ are Bronsted Lowry acids

(H+ donor).
Bronsted Lowry

Base Species which accept H+ are Bronsted Lowry bases

(H+ acceptor).
 Concept of Acids and Bases

Acid Species which can accept an electron pair with the

formation of coordinate bond.
Lewis

Base Species which has a lone pair of electrons available for

donation.
 Concept of Acids and Bases

Lewis

Acid Base

● Electron deficient molecules : ● Molecules with donatable lone pairs :

BF3, AlCl3, H3BO3 , BeCl2

● Cations : H+, Fe3+, Na+

● Molecules with vacant

orbitals : SiCl4, SO2
 Concept of Acids and Bases

Arrhenius Bronsted Lowry Lewis

Acid

Donates

Accepts

Base

Donates

Accepts
Example HCl + C6H5NH2 ⟶ C
Cl-

Arrhenius

Bronsted Lowry

Lewis
Example Ammonium ion is
A. Lewis acid
B. Lewis base
C. Bronsted acid
D. Bronsted base
 Extension of Bronsted Lowry concept:
Acid-Base as equilibrium in aqueous solutions

HI + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + I-

Recall from organic why I- is a strong nucleophile (kinetic phenomenon)

while weak base (equilibrium phenomenon)
Extension of Bronsted Lowry concept: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Conjugate Pair

Acid1 + Base2 ⇌ Acid2+ Base1

Conjugate Pair

Conjugate Pair

HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ +

Cl-
Conjugate Pair
Extension of Bronsted Lowry concept: Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

● Conjugate acid-base pair differ by only one proton (H+).

● Strong acid will have weak conjugate base. This can be explained as the strong
electrolyte will move the equilibrium where it is in dissociated form.
● Reaction will always proceed in a direction from stronger acid to weaker acid or
from stronger base to weak base.
Acid strength order based on conjugate pairs
Example
 Amphiprotic or Amphoteric ions

A species that has the potential to act both as an acid and as a base according to
Bronsted-Lowry Theory is said to be amphoteric.

HCO3-

HS-
Example
Example
Relation Between Acid Strength and Electronegativity
Relation Between Acid Strength and Bond Strength
 Properties of Water: Amphoteric Acid / Base Nature

Water acts as an acid as well as base according to Arrhenius & Bronsted -

Lowry theory, but according to Lewis concept it is a base, not an acid.

In pure water [H+] = [OH-], hence neutral

Properties of Water: Ionic product, Kw
 Kw is Temperature Dependent

The ionic product of water is the product T(0C) Kw(mol2/litre2)

of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion 0 0.114 x 10-14
concentration in 1 litre of water at 250C
10 0.293 x 10-14

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at 250C 20 0.681 x 10-14

25 1.008 x 10-14

30 1.471 x 10-14

40 2.916 x 10-14

50 5.476 x 10-14
 Classification of substance - electrolytes

● Dissociate into ions on dissolving in solvent like water

Electrolytic
● Conduct electricity in solution
Hydration of electrolytes - NaCl
 Classification of substance - nonelectrolytes

Nonelectrolytic ● Do not dissociate into ions

● Do not conduct electricity in water
 What happens after electrolytes start dissolving?

Question Do all electrolytes completely break down or ionize in aqueous solutions?

Answer No

Question How much do they break?

Answer Some break more - strong electrolytes

Some break less - weak electrolytes

Strong vs weak electrolytes
 Electrolytic equilibrium

All electrolytes attain equilibrium on dissolution

HCl H+ + Cl- CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

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