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9 Ckoptei
35
47
59 1
6
61 BASIC CONCEPTS
62
62
65
76 Formula of mass spectrograph:
2
H r2
(The formula for mass charge ratio for mass spectrograph is m/e = , where ‘H’
4 ^
is the strength of magnetic field, E is strength of electrical field and r is the radius of
77 curvature of positive ion.
79
30 EQUATIONS TO SOLVE THE NUMERICALS
35 (1) Empirical and Molecular Formula
34
(i) Average atomic mass of an element
_ Sum of multiplication of isotopic mass and relative abundance
0 100
35 (ii) % composition of a element in a compound
36 Mass of element x 100
37
Mass of the compound
19 (ill) The % of C, H and O in an organic compound is determined by combustion
30 (Faisalabad 2013)
analysis. The formulas are as follows:
Mass of CO2 12 x 100
% of carbon x
7 Mass of organic compound 44
31 Mass of H2O — — 2 x 100
40 % of hydrogen Mass of organic compou nd ^ 18
47 % of oxygen = 100 - (% of C + % of H)
(iv) Molecular formula = n(empirical formula)
7 Molar mass
n - Empirical formula mass
49
50 (2) Concept of Mole and Avogadro’s Number
30
37 Mass of element
(i) 1 gram atom of an element = Atomic mass
39
U Mass of the compound
(ii) 1 gram molecular mass of a compound = Molar mass
36 Mass of the ionic compoOnd
>0 (iii) 1 gram formula mass = Formula mass
<
*.* 1 .
.v b V .

Ml
 — 1 fa —
7 r IL J

2
IImi Objective Chemistry
Part-1 fChapter 1 ] Basic Conce pts
(iv)
Mass of the ion
1 gram ion =
Ionic mass In case of molecular compounds, the mass of the substance is divided by molar
(v) Number of atoms of an element = Number of gram atoms x mass to get the numb er of mole s of the compound.
NA
(Vi)
(vii)
NUMBER of molecules of a compound = Number of gram mole
Number of formula units in an ionic compound =
x NA
Es Calculation of number of atoms HI
To calculate the number of atoms jpfcan element, divide the mass of the element by
Number of gram formula x NA
atomic mass and multiply with NA.
(viii) Number of ions 3 Number of gram ions x NA
Mas s (7)
— «
— - '
Stoichiometric calculation the number of molecules
" »
'

(ix) Number of atoms of an element = of elem ent x NA j.

Atomic mass To calculate the number of molecules of a compound divide mass of the
( x) Mas s of comp ound x NA compound by molar mass an&Fiultiply with NA.
Number of molecules of a compound =
Molar mass Stoichiometric calculations |
(xi) Number of formula units in an ionic compound (8)
Mass of the ionic compound In stoichiometric calculations, the mass of the given substance is converted into
Formula mass x NA number of moles. These moles are compared with the moles of that substance whose
Mass of the ions amount is required. For the purpose of comparison, we take the help of balanced chemical
(xii) Number of ions = x NA equation.
Ionic mass
(xiii) Number of atoms of an element in a molecule (9) Calculation oMimiting reagent
= Number of molecules x number of atoms of that element in molecule.
( xiv) Volume of a gas at S.T.P. = Number of moles of gas x 22.414 dm3 To calculate the limiting reagent, we first of all calculate the number of moles of all
Actual yield the reactants whose masses are given. These number of moles are compared with number
( XV) % yield = X 100 of moles of the required substance. That substance among the reactants, which gives
Theoretical yield
METHODS TO SOLVE THE NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
lesser number of moles of the required product is the limiting reagent. The less number of
moles of the requited product is multiplied by molar mass to get its.mass. II
(1) Determination of average atomic mass of an element from the % relative (10) Calculation of % yield |
abundance and isotopic masses — In order to calculate the % yield of a chemical reaction we need the actual yield.
The % relative abundance of each isotope is multiplied with isotopic mass These This is mostly given in the numerical. The theoretical yield is calculated from the balanced
factors are added up for all the isotopes and divided by 100. chemical equation according to the disciplines of stoichiometry.
(2) Determination of % of an element in a compound TABLES
The mass of that element in the compound is divided by the molar mass of the Natural abundance of some common isotopes
compound and multiplied by 100. Element Relative abundances in %
(3) Determination of empirical formula 1 Hydrogen 1H = 99.985 *H = 0.015
The % of each element is divided by the atomic mass to get the mole ratios. The Carbon 162
C = 98.893 163 C = 1.107
,
mole ratios are divided by the smallest value to get the atomic ratios. If the atomic ra os Nitrogen 174 99.63 175N = 0.36 6

^
N = 4
whole numbers, then well and good, otherwise multiply with a suitable digit to get e w
numbers. These whole numbers give the empirical formula
Oxygen 18
e O = 99.75 9
1
/0 = 0.037 , \ 0 B
= 0.204
3
3 gS = 0.014
IE ] Sulphur = 95.0 gS = 0.76, = 4.22,
Determination of molecular formula from empirical formula
-
i

Fluorine
*
For this purpose, we should know the molar mass of the compound. Molar mass is 100
divided by empirical formula mass to get the 'n' factor. Chlorine »CI = 75.53 j*CI = 24.47
n is multiplied with empirical formula to get the molecular formula. jBr = 49.49
Nomine 7®
Br = 50.54

-
3
m Calculation of mole of a substance
Iodine U <«
Number of moles of elements are obtained by dividing the mass of the element
with atomic mass. V

: .
v»
 TV**
4 llmi Objective Chemistry parU
—— [ Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
Atomic masses and abundances of several naturail7occmri y
Isotope
Mass
isotopes
% natural Relative
^
Average atomic
mass of
Formula
Average
applied:
At. mass

Putting the values

_ (mass of Ne ?0 x % abundance) + (mass of Ne?1 x % abundance) + (mass of Nea x % abundance)
100
A.
numbe r abund ance atomic mass Sfox
90.92 + 21 x 0.26 + 22 x 8.82
elements Average atomic mass of Neon 100
H -1 1 99.985 1.007825
H-2 2 0.015 ^ 18.194 + 5.46 + 194.04
Vg

2.0140 1.00794 100

C - 12
C — 13
12
13
98.893
1.10
12 (by definition)
13.003355 12.011 =
2017:9
20.18 a.m.u Ans.
“
111
100# ^
0 - 16
0 - 17
16
17
99.759
0.038
15.994915
16.999131
^
Therefore the averagti atomic mass of neon is 20.18 a.m.u
t

0 - 18 18 0.200 17.999160 15.9994 7 . Branch es of chemisl

Cu - 63 63 69.17 62.939598 Some important branches of chemistry are as follows:
Cu - 65 65 30.83 64.927793 63.546 (i) Physical chemistry (ii) Inorganic chemistry
Cs - 133 133 100 132.905329 132.905 (iii) Organic chemistry (iv) Analytical chemistry
Ur - 235 235 0.720 235.043924 (v) Bio-Chemistry
Ur - 238 238 99.280 238.050784 238.0289 ( vi) Applied chemistry or Industrial chemistry
DEFINITIONS The average atomic mass of three isotopes of Ne is as follows. ssS
8. Chemis try:
( May be used in short questions with examples) deals with the structure of matter , compos ition of
That branch of science which
1. % yield:
That yield which is obtained by dividing the actual yield with theoretical yield and
multiplying with 100 is called % age. It is calculated for knowing the efficiency of a chemical
matter

9.
,
chemistry.
changes of matter

Empirical formula:
and laws and principle s which govern these changes

Lahore
is

(
called

2007 )
*I
Actual yield That formula of a substance which gives the simple ratio of the element s present in
reaction. Formula; % yield = X 100
Theoretical yield the molecule of a substance . The empiric al formula of H 202 is HO , of Na 202 is NaO and of
2. Actual yield: CgH 2Og is C Ov
The actual amount of the product which is obtained in a chemical reaction is called
actual yield. It is an experimental quantity and is mostly less than the theoretical yield.
10.
^ ^
Gram atom:
express ed in grams is called the gram atom of an
The atomic mass of an element
Theoretical yield is calculated from the balanced chemical reaction. We take the help of of U are gram atoms of carbon , iron and
element. 12 g of carbon, 56 g of Fe and 238 g
stoichiometry for calculating theoretical yield.
uranium respectively.
3. Atom: (Rwp 2011)
11. ( Gujranw ala 2009 )
is Gram formula:
The smallest particle of an element which may or may not exist indepen dently express ed in grams is called as gram
The formula mass of an ionic substan ce
called an atom. The atoms of O, Cu and Au are made up of protons, neutrons and formula of the substance. 58.5 g of NaCI is gram formula of NaCI . It is not its molecu lar
electrons. No doubt, other fundamental particles are also there. formula. NaCI does not have molecules.
4. -
Atomic mass unit:- 12. Gram ion:
It is the mass of 1/12th of one atom of carbon with lightest isotope C - 12. Its value The ionic mass of an ionic substance expressed in grams is called as gram ion . 17
is 1.661 x 10 kg. It is calculated with help of Avogadro’s number.
~24
®
, 5. Average atomic mass:
13.
0
9 is gram ion of OH . Similarly 96 g is g ion of S04 .
: (Bahawa lpur 2008 , Gujranw ala 2009 )

.-
It is the average of atomic masses of all the isotopes of an element. Every isotope Gram molar mass
express ed in grams is called gram molar mas .
has its own at mass. The average atomic mass is a fractional quantity. The molar mass of a substan ce
6. 2014 ) 342 g is gram molar mass of glucose. 98 g is gram molar mass of H 2 S 04 .
Avogadro’s number : (Lahore 2014, Sahiwal .
I
I
It is the number of atoms, molecules , formula units or ions present in one mole of
3 comPounc or an onic substance is called Avogadro's numbei . its value is
14 . Heteronuclear diatomic molecule:
dlheren aloms, o to »
*
IP -G

'
' ' A molecule having
diatomic molecule. H - Cl, H - Br, H - I, CO
molecules.
 6
HHli Obj ecti ve Chomistn, P,
~ ~
,^ ~ [ Cha

27.
pter 1] Basic Concepts

Mo lec ula r for mu la :

7
15. Homonuclear diatomic molecule: ( D G Kh RwDf 2012i
That formula of a substance which gives us the kinds and total number of atoms
ft 'a 2, B l2 etc a
“ diS
om on cc te l present in
managanate.
the mo lecu le of a substance. KMn04 is molecular formula of potassium per

16. Ion: 28. Mo lec ula r ion : (Sahiwal 2014)

17.
A positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms is called
®
Isobars:
® 0
32
example H , SO , OH , CCf etc. are various ions.
bn. or
^^ MnO
29.
©
4
,
Mo
Any molecular species having positive or neg •e charge is called molecular ion.
Cr20
lec
0
•
?
ule
are
:
mo lec ule s ion
Bah
s. CH
aw
4^

alp
is
ur
a
(
mo l
200 8 ), Rw p ( 201 1), (D.G. Khan 2014)
ose atoms which have the same mass numbers but different atomic numbers. The smallest particle of ubstance which can exist independently is called a
x H sho v of the ffi
. molecule 02 3 20
C , NH , oi .
Ar iso bar s eac h oth er
^
S and are of .
16 18
18. Isoelectronic species : 30. Polyatomic molecule:
Those species i.e., atoms, ions or molecules which have the same number of A molecule having more than two atoms is called polyatomic molecule. C12H22011
® ® ® ©
electrons are called isoelectronic spe . Na , Mg , Al , Si are isoelectronic
cies is polyatomic molecule of sugar.
3 2 ~1 31. Relative abundance of an isotope:
species. Similarly C \ N , O and F are isoelectric to each other.
~ “ '

The percentage .of an isotope of an element relative to other isotope of the same
19. Isotones:
Atoms of the element having same number of neutrons are called isotones. gC
1 element is called
nature .
rela tive abu nda nce of isot ope. 35 CI is 75. 53 % and
“Cl is 24. 47% in

15 1 32. Relativ e atom ic ma ss : D .G . Kha n ( 201 3 )

and 7 N have both 8 neutrons and are isotones to each other. of an ele me nt com par ed with the ma ss of one atom of
It ip the mass of one ato m
20. Isotopes: carbon taken as 12. The rela tive ato mic ma ss of H, 0 , and U are 1.0 794 , 15. 999 4 and
The atoms of an element which have same atomic number, but different mass 238.024 amu respectively.
16 17 18
numbers are called isotopes. eO , 6 Of 80 are isotopes of oxygen. 33. Stoichiometric am oun ts : ( B .Pur 201 5 )
The amoun ts of rea cta nts and pro duc ts in a bal anc ed che mic al equ atio n are cal led
21. Limiting reactant: are sto ichi om etri c am oun ts in
That reactant which is pre sen t in less er am oun t and con trol s the am oun t of the stoichiometric amounts. 12 g of C, 32 g of 02 and 44 g of C 02
products formed is called limiting reactant. It is finished earlier. the reaction C + 02 -> C02.
22. Macromolecule: 34. Stoichiometric calculations: Fai sala bad ( 200 8 ), ( B. Pur 201 5 )
Molecules of high molar masses usu ally mo re tha n 10 ,000 are cal led stoi chio met ry are call ed sto ichi om etic
Those calculations which are bas ed on
macromolecules. The molecules of PVC , sta rch, and cell ulo se are ma cro mo lec ule s.
on the bas is of mo le-mo le , mo le- wt. mo le-
calculations. These calculation can be done
23. Mass spectrometry: % v volume etc.
It is a technique in which gas molecules are converted to gas eou s ion s, wh ^
ich
nt
are
or 35. Stoichiometry: D. G. Kha n ( 201 3), ( B. Pur 201 5)
separated on the basis of their mass to change ratio. It may be for isot ope s of an ele me rela tion ship bet wee n
by it. That branch of chemistry which deals with the qua ntit ativ e
to see the fragmentation pattern of a molecule. The isotopes of f ie can be sep ara ted stoi chio met ry.
Sar g 2014). reactants and products in a balanced chemical equatio n is cal led
24. Mass spectrum: (
rela tive abu nda nce s of 36. Structural formula:
It is a graphical representation of the masses and the s us the rela tive pos ition of ato ms and
it by the ele ctro n Tha t form ula of a sub sta nce whi ch give
molecular ions. The positively charged fragments are formed from
d len gth s and bon d ang les is call ed
bombardment. It shows peaks. The % of fragments is calculated from the bas e pea k . Qroups in the molecule of a substance along with its bon leng ths
. hav ing cer tain bon d
25 . Molar volume: Rwp (2012), ( D. G. Kha n 201 4 , F . Aba d 201 5 ) structural formula. The structural formula of CH4 is tetrahedral
pre ssu re .
It is the volume of one mole of a i ideal gas at standard temperature and and six bond angles as 109.5°.
.
-
we tak e 2 g, 4 9
Its value is 22.414 dm . H2, He, CH4 has 22.4 dm of their volumes
3 whe n
I
3
and 16 g of them respectively at S.T.P.
,
Tte«1 of 'to product cal cul ate d ,
Iron bat oce d ctem icaj e qua te
»*
«
oM
I 26 . Mole: D.G. Khan (2013), (Lahore 2014 , F . Ab
ma
ad
ss
201
of
5 )
an
,
theoretical yield. It is calculated from the bal anc ed
,
che
1g
mic
ol H
al
, m
com
M
bin es
i b
16 g o! 0,
I , The atomic mass of an element, molar mass of a compound, form ula
one mo le o Principles of stoichiomeb . In 2H2 * 02 > 2H20
.
I l0n c substance and ionic mass oi jnic subs nee expressed in grams is called
'

to give 18 g of H . This 18 g of H20 is theoretical yie ld of H20

eac h . 20
L- ^ 0
stance. 2 g of H2, 12 g of C, 17 g of OH , 58.5 g of NaCI are one mole of
100 9 f diamond will be
° = 8.33 moles.
8 [Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
llmi Objective Chemistry Part-1 9
38. Yield: — (5) 27 g of Al will react completely with how 5- (d) (B.P. 2007 , B.P. 2008)
much mass of 02, to produce Al203- (Lahore 2012) (B. Pur 2014) (Lahore 2015) 0
The amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction is known as vield m 27 g Qf Al = 1 mole of Al v/
reaction or yield of the product. The yield is fif two types i.e., theoretical and actual (a) 8 g of oxygen Balanced equation is
Theoretical yield is calculated from balanced chemical equation but actual ks aa (b) 16 g of oxygen 4AI + 302 2AJ203
(c) 32 g of oxygen Mole ratio
experimental quantity. Al : O2
(d) 24 g of oxygen 4:3
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 3
(EXERCISE OF THE TEXTBOOK ) '3 ' 4
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 Sft
ANSWERS WITH REASONS Mass of O2 = x 32 =
.
[ 24 q l
~r
1. (a) •
' r 4
(1) Isotopes differ in: 2007), (Lahore 2012),
properties which depend upon mass Isotopes differ in number of neutrons and (6) The number of moles of C02 which contain 6( . . (a) (Multan
(a) Guj 2014, F. Abad 2014, Multan, 2014,
arrangement of electrons in orbitals
so, their masses are different. 8.0 g of oxygen: Sarg. 2014, B. Pur 2014, Lahore 2014, B. Pur
(b)
1 _
(c)
(d)
chemical properties
the extent to which they may be
(Faisalabad 2009, 2011),
Lahore (2012), (Rwp. 2015, Multan
2015, Sarg. 2015)
(a)
(b)
0.2
0.50^ ^ -
2fL15, Sahiwal 2015)
"1
^

Moles of oxygen = jj:

8 /

(2)
affected in electromagnetic field.
Which of the following statements is not true? 2. (c) ( Bahawalpur 2007)
1.0
1.50
^ /
For 2 moles of oxygei CO2 = 1 mole
1
For 1 mole of oxygen, CO2 = j mole
-
(Bahawalpur 2008)
(a) Isotopes with even atomic masses are Isotopes with even atomic masses and For 0.5 molps'of oxygen, CO2
comparatively abundant. even atomic numbers are comparatively 1
= x 0 = 0.25 moles
(b) Isotopes with odd atomic masses are abundant like aO16, uMg24, i4 Si28, 2oCa40 2
comparatively abundant. and 26Fe56 and make 50 % of the earth
crust .
(7) The largest number of molecules are present 7 . (a) RWP, (2005), Multan (2008),
Multan (2008 ), Sarg. (2011), Rwp (2011)
s
(c) Isotopes with even atomic masses in: B .Pur ( 2011 ), (Guj. 2014, F. Abad. 2014,
and even atomic numbers are (a) 3.6 g of H20 Lahore 2014, F. Abad 2015) 1
comparatively abundant. (b) 4.8 g of C2H5OH Calculate the number of moles of each
Mass of H?0 = 3.6 g
(d) Isotopes with even atomic masses (c) 2.8 g of CO
and odd atomic numbers are (d) 5.4 g of N205 Moles of H2O 18 g moP
Ml = m]
comparatively abundant. Mass of C 2H5OH = 4.6 g
Many elements have fractional atomic 3. d) <
The atomic mass depends upon number Moles of C2H5OH
masses. This is because: of isotopes and their relative %
= 2.8 g
Mass of CO
( a) the mass of the atom is itself abundance . It is obtained by multiplying
Ml
fractional. the isotopic mass by fraction of atoms Moles of CO ~ "
28 g mol '
= EM3
(b) atomic masses are average masses having that mass with percent abundance Mass of N2O5 = 54 g
and dividing by 100.
of isobars. Moles of N; 5 = = GH>5]
(c) atomic masses are average masses Greater °the number of moles of a
of isotopes. compound greater the number of
molecules. So largest number of
(d) atomic masses are average massed molecules are present in water .
of isotopes proportional to their Rawalpindi 2007 , Lahore 2013 ),
(8) 8. (c) (
relative abundance. One mole of S02 contains: (Lahore 2014 , Multan 2014 , B .Pur 2014 )
(Guj. 2010) of SO = 32 + 32 = 64 g .
The mass of one mole of electrons is: <- (b) ~ as (a) 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen Since one mole
SO
2
gives 2 moles of
Mass of electron = 9.1 x 10 31 kg, One mole of 2
(F -Abad- 2007 , Rwp- 2007-, Fd. Abad 2009 , F. Abad 2012, (b) 18.1 x 1023 molecules of S02 oxygen and one mole of sulphur
1023
Bahawalpur 2014, Lahore 2014, Sahiwal 2014, Rwp. 2010 1 kg = 10 ** mg Number of oxygen atoms = 2 x 6.02 x
Multan 2015, Guj 2015, Sahiwal 2015) So, mass of, one electron 25 mg
(c) 6.02 x 1023 atoms of sulphur Number of sulphur atoms = 6.02 x 1023
10
~

= 9.1x 10 3 x 10* mg = 9.1 x (d) 4 g of atoms Of SO2

(a) 1.008 mg Since, 1 mole of electrons (9) The volume occupied q
; 1.4 y
by of N2 at S.T.P 9- M RWP (20
(Lahore 2010), Sarg.
- (
5 ),
°
2011
GUJ
), (Lhr
(20 C
*'
2014
8
, ^
(b) 0.55 mg = 6.02 x 1D 23 electrons
K
2014 , Guj . 2014 , Lahore
is; D.G. Khan
(c) 0.184 mg Mass of 6.02 x 1023 electrons 3 (b) 22.4 dm 3 2015 , Guj. 2015 , Sarg 2015 .) V i

] (a) 2.24 dm and use the

1.673 mg = 9.1x 10 ix6.02 x 1023 - f
(d) ? ' 0 55 mg Get the moles of nitrogen
cm 3
(c) 1.12 dm3 (d) 112 idea of molar volume
10
llmi Objective Chemi
strV Part-i 1] Basic Concepts
Mass of N2= 1.4 g [Chapter

Moles of N2 = 1-4 g =
'
(16) Molecular ions are produced in mass 16.
spectrometer. Which type of molecular ions
28 g mol 1
1 mole of N2 at S.T.P. has
= 22.414 dm3
'

volume
'05
° are more abundant?
In the mass spectrometer , the vapours of
the substances are bombarded with fast
moving electrons which remove the
(a) Negatively charged A.
electrons from the outermost orbitals of
0.05 mole of N2 at S.T.P. has Positively charged atoms or molecules. So, positively
volume = (b)
22.414 x 0.05 = 11.12 dm31 ®
H ions
charged molecules or ions are produced.
(10) (c)
A limiting reactant is the one which: 10. (d) .
(F Abad 2012), (Gu).
2014) (d) Equal positive and negative ions '
i
(a) is taken in lesser quantity in grams as That reactant which gives the 17. (c) Isotopes of an element have
minimum (17) Isotopes are sister atoms of same element
compared to other reactants. amount of product is called different number of neutrons, but same
limiting
reactant. with similar chemical properties but different
number of protons and electrons. In other
(b) is taken in lesser quantity in volume (a) atomic number words, they differ from each other in mass
as compared to the other. (b) atomic volume number.
(c) carries the maximum amount of the (Sargodha 2005, Rwp. 2009)
(c) atomic weight
product which is required. (d) atomic structure
(d) gives the minimum amount of the The height of the peak in mass spectrum 18. (c) (Lahore 2008, Multan 2013)
(18)
product under consideration. Greater the relative abundance of a
shows particular isotope, greater the height of
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (a) Number of isotopes peak.
(b) Mass number
( ADDITIONAL ) (c) Relative abundance
(d) Number of protons
Atoms, Molecules, Ions and Isotopes During isotopic analysis, the pressure of the 19. (c) (Sarg. 2010)
(19)
(11 ) One amu is equal to:
(a) 1.661 x 1027kg
~ 27
11 . (b) Lahore (2011)
The value of one amu in Kg is
1.661 x 10 ~27
.
vapours of the ions maintained in the ionization
chamber of mass spectrometer is:
(a) 1 torr
Pressure of the vapours in the ionization
chamber of mass spectrometer is around
10 « - 10 7 torr. This very low pressure is
“ “

maintained so that the secondary ions

l!
(b) 1.661 10 kg
x may not be produced due to the collisions
- 24
(b) 10 2 torr
'

among themselves.
(c) 1.661 10 kg
x
(c) around 10 7 torr
“

(d) 1.661 x 10 27g

"

(d) around 10
'
3 torr
20. (c)
(20) The separation of the different isotopes in the
The different types of molecular ions in
12. (d)
mass spectrometer is done on the basis of : the mass spectromete r are separated on
(12) Point out the set of species which has same (a) different amounts of positive charge the basis of m/e values.
® ®
F , Na and Ne have 10 electrons
number of electrons.
0 0
°
each. Na loses one electron and makes
on each ion
(a) F CI , Br ten. Fluorine gains one electron and (b) different e/m value
(b) ®
O , O O° 0 makes ten. Ne has already ten electrons.
(c) different m/e value
(c) Ca * 2, Mg *2, At *3 (d) velocities of the ions
21. (b)
(21) Bromine has two isotopes having the relative
(13)
(d)
°
F , Na*, Ne°
Carbon has isotopes: 13. (d; (B .P 2005. , B.P. 2008) abundances as asBr 79 = 50.51 % and
atomic
^Br
mass
61 =
of
The relative
bromine of
abundance
atomic
of
masses
average
two
79
isotopes
and
atomic
81
of
are
mass
(a) (b) 4 Carbon has three isotopes. 49.49 %. The average 50 : 50 . So the
i.e., 80.
5 should be in between 79 and 81
bromine is:
(c) 2 (d) 3 (b) 8.0
14. (b) (Lahore 2005) (Lhr 2014) (a) 81
(14) Atomic masses of elements were determined to (d) 79 ,
able .
^
It was J. Berzelius who was (c) 79.5 "(Multan 2005 ), (Rwp 2011)
by : masses of a few 22.
determine the atomic (22) Tin has Isotopes: (D.G. ae 2014, Gu[ 2015 )
(a) John Dalton (b) Democritus elements. elements which
(a) 7 (b) 9 Tin I! ie of well known
(c) Avogadro's (d) J.Berzelius (d) 5 has eleven isotopes.
How many isotopes are present in Pd 15. (c). (Mirpure 2004) (c) 11
(a) four (b) five Pd has six isotopes.
(c) six (d) seven
 rts&tZiXM

12 llmi Objective Chemistry

Part-/ Basic Concepts 13
(23) Silver has isotopes (23) VfojfThere are nine, isotopes [Chapterjl
of Ag. compound contains 50 % sulphur and 50 % I 29. (c)
(a) 9 (b) 16 ^

(29) A
\P (Lahore 2010)
oxygen by mass . The empirical formula of the From the given set of compounds SO 2
(c) 17 (d) 18 has 32 g of sulphur and 32 g of O2 to give
compound is: | | 64 g of SO2. Hence the compound
Emperical jmd Molecular Formula (a ) S2O 3 (b) S 03 * contains
mass .
50% sulphur and 50% oxygen by
(c) S02 (d) SO
(24) Which of the following compounds has the 23. (d) formula and ] 30. (d)
highest % age of oxygen by weight?
(Lahore 2005)
Water has highest percentage of oxygen (30) The relationship of molecular
| '
Molecular formula is obtained by
because one
empirical formula is: multiplying the empirical formula with the
(a) CH3 - OH (b) C2H5OH atom of oxygen is bonded
with two lightest atoms of hydrogen. molecular formula simple integer.
(c) HCOOH (d) H2O (a) n Molecular formula
% of oxygen in water
n
16 = Empirical formula
jg x 100 — 88.88
(b) Empirical formuBbc .n 2 = Empirical formula
Molecular formula
(24 A) The % of nitrogen in NH3 is: 24. (b) (Multan 2007),
(Faisalabad 2011, Multan 2013)
= Molecular formula = n x empirical formula
(a) § x 100 (b) yj
14
X 100 Percentage of an element in a compound (c) Empirical formula x ^/n (Multan 2009)

is obtained by dividing the mass of the g Molecular formula

^ ^
element with the molar mass and Empirical formula
(c) x 100 (d) x 100 multiplying with hundred. (d) n
14
% of nitrogen in NH3 = yj x 100 = Molecular formula
~

A
(25) During combustion analysis of an organic 25. (a) (Faisalabad 2008)
In combustion analysis of an organic
Molar Volume
compound containing carbon, hydrogen and . (d)
oxygen the H20 is absorbed in: >
compound, H2O is absorbed in Mg(CI04
(31) 50 dm 3 of CO is burnt completely according 31
According to the balanced chemical
to the reaction equation two volumes of CO combine with
(a) Mg(CIO<)2 (b) cone. NaOH 3 of CO is
2C 02 one volume of O 2. So if 50 dm
2CO + 02 >
(c) 50 % KOH (d) Lime water dm3 of O2 will be required.
used then 25
(26) One of the substances is used to absorb CO2 26. (c) Choose the correct statement: 3.
gas in combustion analysis. Which is that The substance which is used to absorb in (a) Volume of O2 required is 25 dm
the combustion analysis is Cr2 50 % 3.
substance: (b) Volume of CO2 formed is 60 dm
KOH. is 50 dm 3.
(a) AI2O3 (b) Si02 (c) Volume of O2 required
25 dm 3.
(c) 50 % KOH (d) Mg(ClO«) 2 (d) Volume of CO formed is
S .T .P . is occupied 32. (d)
(32) 1 molar volume of a gas at
The volume of one mole of a gas at STP
(27) The % of oxygen in water is : 27. (b) contain Avogadro ’s
. by: is 22.4 dm . It
3 will
. One gram mole of
(a) 80% (b) 88.88% % of O2 = 7gX X 100 (a) 1 g of gas number of molecules
(c) 8.8% (d) 9.8% ^
U3 800
- 88.88% (b) 6 x 1023 gofgas
Ihe gas is also
mass of gas.
called Ihe gram molecular
-g x 100 - g
(c) 22.4 of gas
m 3
(Lahore 2009) molecular mass of gas
(b) 1 gram 33. (a)
N are taken in masses. So ,
(33) Equal volumes of CO and 2 CO and N2 have equal molar
same
correct relationship are equal al
Combustion analysis is performed for the 28. (c) laentical conditions, the when their volumes
pressure , then their
performed for the Detween masses of two gases is: temperature and
determination of: Combustion analysis is
of a CO < N masses are also .
equal
determination of empirical formula (a) CO = N2 (b ) 2
(a) molar mass of the compound compound, containing C , H 2 and O 2. (d ) CO < N 2
(b) (c) N2 < CO
structural formula of the substance Number
Avogadro's
(c)
(d)
empirical formula of the compound
mass of halogens present in organic
IP Concept of Mole and
be number of moles of C 02 which contains 34. ( b)
CO
(Multan 2004)
has mass of 44 g and 32 g
compounds
^ ^ 16 g of oxygen
/u\ nc5
1 mole
of 02.
or 0.5
of
So 16
moles
2
gof
of It
02 Willheln 22 gofC 02

°
(b) , Guj. 2009)
(a ) n 9 c * (Rwp. 2009
i( ) 1.00 (d) 1.50
°
 (35) One cm H? ga% at S.T.P. contains about:
* | 35, M) Cheptor 1 ] Oatlc Concept
*
.
[
(a) 0.53 x 10» atoms Since 22400 cm c4 H» at 8.T .P
,
(b) 1 / 10® atoms Avogadro' number * (4 *contain (40) Which of the following has the 40 10) < B. Pur 2015)

(c)
*
order to calculate the molecule
*
number
, «o in mass? LThe matte
(AAamd U*
of the
vjbttancM can t
jfft 9 4 nunim of mote$ ml *
6 / 10® atoms motaculo In 1 cm1 wu thould o | (a) 20 g of phosphorus '( *
(d ) 1,67 x 10 atoms *
Avogadn/inumber by 22400 To th« divkl
. * (b) 5 rnoles of H /O
wrttom M om»
*
” atoms, multiply with two,
2 * AQ2 10»
get the
(c) 12 / 10M atoms of H
5 mutator water
" 5 M 18 • 90 g
-
* " 0 03 * 1O% atoms
22400 *
(d) 2 molos of Na CO)
*
,
(U) [12 10» atom of hydrogen
*
(36) Which of tho following substances contains 1 •2 * 0 * 10»
30, (c) ^
mole of the stated particles:
(a) Hydrogen Ions In 1 dm3 of 1 rnolo
aqueous H2SO4,
dm 3
1 g of hydrogen Is approximately 1 g
of hydroyon. It hot AvogMdro‘8
*
alom
number of
.
atom or 1 rnolo of atoms Ono atom of
*
hydrogen hun 1 electron, so ono mole of
"
20 6 10»
*
20 molos.
*
.
20 rnolo ol hydrogen atom •20 g
*
(III) 2 mota (4 NajCOj
(b) Chlorine molecules In 35.5 grams
chlorine gas.
(c) Electrons In 1 gram of hydrogon gas.
of .
H atoms has 1 rnolo of electrons

141 ( a)
*
1
*
*
« 2 10 212 g

* mole
-
So, NajCOj ha tho maximum man .
of a *
substance
(d) Oxygen atoms In 22,4 dm3 of (41) Number of moleculos In one gm molecules of giam
has Avogadro's number of molecules I.e.,
02 at
. .
S T.P C02 Is 6.02 1023
*
(37) A ring contains 1.2 grams of diamond. Tho 37. (b) (a) 6.02 X 10« (GuJ. 2010)

numbor of carbon atoms in the diamond are: From 1.2 g of diamond, get the numbor of i) 6.023 x 1022
(a) 3.01 x 10® (b) 6.02 x 10« atoms of carbon:
Number of atoms of carbon
1 6.27 x 1027
(c) 6.02 X 10« (d) 3.01 X 10« 6.02 x 1024
(42) The Avogadro's number is a constant I 42. (c)
' is aconstantquantlty .
Avogadro s number
1.2 quantity and it is the number of:
= - j j x 6.02 x 10» © ©
39 g of K '"' Is one mote of Kw . It will
(a) atoms in 2.016 grams of H2 require one mole of electrons to be
= 0.1 x 6,02 x 10» = 6.02 x 10» (b) molecules in 35.5 grams of CI2 neutralized. One mote of electrons Is
(38) We have 4.6 grams of C2H5OH and 3 grams 38. (b)
.
of CpHs them 4.6 g of CJHSOH (c) number of electrons to deposit 39 g of |
Avogadro s numbei of electrons.
©
(a) number of molecules of both 4.6 K
= = 0. ” moles
compounds are unequal 46 (d) number of protons in one gram of
M the number of hydrogen atoms are 3 g of C 2H4 - = 0.1 mo.es carbon
equa . Both expounds ha,-3 equal number of (43) 18.02 g of H2O sample has:
43. (d) (Multan 2007)
18.02 g of water is one mole of water and
(C) re masses of cartoon in both moles and so both have equal number of (a) 1 mole of hydrogen atoms has Avogadro's number of molecules Le.,
c&rpcvrAs are different ndecules. c :e both molecules have six 1 6.02 x 10».
ic) 0.2 motes cf oxygen are present in hydregan atoms, so they will contain (b) mole O-atoms
ec „ai nuiber of hydrogen atoms. 2
C2H£)H
(c) 6.022 x 10« moles of HzO
» (39) Which of the foflowing substances will have 39 (d ) '

(d) 6.022 x 10« molecules of H2O

.
1.
greater number of negatively charged
ions AiC i is such an ionic compound that one
< « »
dispersed m aqueous solution, when
100 % molecule of it gives four ions Hence one (44) Which is the formula ol o«Me c toy
*j rttroger,
dissociation for one molar substar :e is
there?
(a) NaCI (b) Na2S
*
mole of AiCb after complete dissociation
in water generates four moles of ions.
2.8 g of nitrogen combines with 1.6 g of
oxygen.
(a) N20 (b) NO
^ ^
combines with 16
Is present in N20 *
g erf
28:
^
16
28 g cr
oxygen
or
.
2.8 :
This
1.6.
race

(c) ZnCI2 (dj MCb (c) N02 (d) N205

16
IImi Objective Ch
emistry Part./ 1] Basic Concepts
(45) The number of C-atom in 22 g of C at 45. (a) [ Cha pte r 17
02 (Lahore 2015)
S.T.P: 44 g of C02 has 12 g of C. 22
g of C (52) Which of the following will have same number 152. (a)
has 6 g of C. 6 g of C is 0.5 02 of molecules at S .T.P .? 280 cm 3 of
CO2 and 280 cm3 of N2O at
(a) 3.01 x 1023 (b) 6.02 x 1023 moles and
has 3.01 x 1023 atoms of carbon. S.T .P. should have same number of
(a) 280 cm of C02 and 280 cm of N20
3 3
(c) 3.01 x 1022 (d) 6.02 x 1022 mo lecu les because their volumes are
(b) 11.2 cm of 02 and 32 gm of 02
3
equal- at S.T .P. This is just according the
(46) How many gram atoms of oxygen are present 46. (c) (c) 44 g of C 02 and 11 .2 cm 3 of
CO ,
concept of molar volume.
in 0.16 moles of water? If we have 0.16 moles of water, then
it will (d) 28 g of N 2 an d 5.6 cm 3 of oxygen.
(a) 16 g atoms (b) 8 g atoms have 0.16 g atoms of oxygen.
(53) The number of atoms present in 0.5 moles of ] 53 . (d) 1 mole of Na should have 6.02
,

(c) 102 3 atom s of Na, so, half mole of Na

'
0.16 g atoms (d) 1.6 g of atoms Na is: *should have 3.09 x 10a atoms.
(47) Which of the following has highest mass at 47. (c) (B. Pur 2015)
(a) 1.0 x 1023 (b) 6.02 x 10

^ ^ (Multan 2009), (D.G. Khan 2014)

S.T.P.?
(a)
(b)
(c)
6.02 x 1022 molecules of CO2
0.1 g moleof N2O
22.4 dm3 of C02 A.T. S.T.P.
22.4 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P is 44 g which
the highest mass trom the given options.
Is
(54)
(c) 2.04 x 1023

number of atoms?
)
'
6 moles of S
^
(d) 3.( k1023
Which of the following contains maximum I 54 - (b)
| Two moles of sulphur has sulphur
molecules = 2 x 6.02 x 1023
Total atoms in 2 mole of Ss
2.0 moles of SB = 2 x 8 x 6.02 x 1023
(d) 2 moles of CH4. (c) 5.0 moles of S02 = 16 x 6.02 x 1023
(48) The approximate number of molecules 48. (b) 4.8 dm3 of C 02 at STP Total atoms in 5 moles of SO2 = 15 x 6.02
present in 3 cm3 of H2O is: 18 g of water = 18 cm3 of water (appxo.) x 1023 (each molecule has 3 atoms)
( a) 3 x 1023 3 1 44.8 dm3 of CO2 at S.T.P = 2 moles of
(b) 1 x 1023 3
So, 3 cm of water = = g moles of
(C) 3 x 6 x 1023 (d) 2 x 1023 ^
water. Hence the number of molecules of
CO2. Total atoms in 2 moles of CO2 = 2 x
3 x 6.02 x 1023
water is = 6 x 6 .02 x 1023
1 So the maximum number of atoms is in 2
= g x 6.02 x 1023 moles of Sa.
» 1 x 1023 The volume occupied by 1.6 g of 02 at STP 55. (c) (Lahore 2004)
(49) Mass of one mole of chlorine gas is: 49. (b) is
(Rwp. 2010), (Sarg 2010)
1 mole of CI2 gas is 71g 32 g of O2 at S.T.P. = 22.4 dm3
(a) 32 grams (b) 71 grams (a) 22.4 dm3 (b) 2.24 dm3 22.4
(c) (c) 1.12 dm3 (d) 112 dm3 1 g of O2 at S.T.P. =
35.5 grams (d) 46 grams ^
(50) A ring has 18 grams of diamond in it. What is 50. (c) 1.8 g of O at S.T.P.
2

^
the number of atoms in this diamond? 18 1.8 = 1.12 dm3
18 g of diamond = = 1.5 moles. So the = X

(a) 6.02 x 1023 ^

number of atoms in 1.5 moles of diamond (56) The mass of one molecule of O2 is: 56. (a) (Rwp 2010)
(b) 2 x 6.02 x 1023 is = 1.5 x 6.02 x 1023. 6.02 x 1023 molecules o( Oj = 32 g
32 6.02 x 1023
(a) x 1023 9 (b) 1 molecules of O2
(c)
(d)
1.5 x 6.02 x 1023
3 x 6.02 x 1023 (c) ^
0 Q2
32 g
32
(d) 0.32 g
32
= 6.02 x 1023 9

51. (b) (Faisalabad 2008) (57) The number of moles of C02 which contain 57. (d) (Gujranwala 2011)
Which of the following contains equal number
If the two gases at S.T.P. have equal 32 g of oxygen give CO2 = 1 moles
of molecules at S.T.P.? 8.0 g of oxygen are: 1
volumes, then the number of molecules 1 g of oxygen give CO2 = 32
(a) 11.22 cm3 of nitrogen and 1.105 g of are equal. So 22.4 dm3 of both NO and
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.50
NO CO: separately at S.T.P. will have 6.02 x (c) 0.50 (d) 0.25 8 g of oxygen give CO2
10;3 mo
lecules of each. 1 1
22.4 cm3 of nitrous oxide and 22.4 cm3 = 32 * 8 : 4 = 0.25 moles
;

of C02 (B. Pur 2015)

(58) 58. (d)
44 g CO2 and 14 g of nitrogen Which of the following has least mass? of car bon Is hal f mo le ol
3 x 1023 atoms
(a) 1 mole of S carbon wh ich is 6 g , and it is the sm alle st
16 g of O2 an': 2g of H . .
(b) 7.0 g of Ag mass from the give n opti ons
(c) 2 g atom of nitrogen
(d) 3 x 1023 atoms of C

.
18
llmi Objective Chemistry
(59) Part-f Chapter 1 ] Basic Concepts
One mole of CHjOH and one mole of 59. (b) [ 19
C2H5OH have: 1 mole of CH3OH and 1 mole (64) How many moles of AgCI are produced by 64. (a)
of C2 HsOH
(a) Equal number of atoms have individually Avogadro's
number of combination of 1.0 mole of AgN03 and 2.0 In this reaction, AgNOj is limiting reagent.
(b) Equal number of molecules molecules and so Iheir molecules mole of NaCI? It will control the number of moles of

(c)
(d)
Equal number of electrons
Equal number of protons
equal. are
(a) 1.0
(c) less than 1.00 mole
(b) 2.0 _
AgCI. Hence one mole of AgNCb gives 1
mole of AgCI. NaCI is excess reagent.
AgNOs + NaCI -> AgCI + NaNO
(d) more than mole and less lNtea .
1 '
) 1 *

In stoichiometric calculations:
Stoichiometry moles
^
Limiting Reagent
60. (d) •
(a) the reaction can be reversible According to law of definite proportions, a
(65) A limiting reactant is that one which; 65. (b)
(b) side products can be formed compound is made up ot elements in
a A limiting reactant Is consumed earlier
fixed ratio. Stoichiometric calculations can (a) gives greatest nun iber of moles of
and so it gives the least number of moles
(c) law of conservation of mass may not be only performed when we keep, this law products of products.
be obeyed in mind. (b) gives least number of moles of (Gujranwala 2009)
(d) law of definite proportions is definitely Products
obeyed (c) is left b :er the completion of
Haber’s reaction is given by the following 61. (b) reaction
reaction, it shows that: According to the balanced chemical (d) is ly a cheaper substance as
N2(g) + 3H2(fl) equation for the synthesis of NH3, four
^ - 2NH3(g) moles of NHj can be synthesized from 2
compared to other reactants
(a) 4 moles of NH3, requires 4 moles of N2 moles of N2. In e the incorrect statement from the 66. (b)
In some of the reactions the actual yield
(b) 4 moles of NH3, requires 2 moles of N2 following:
may be equal lo theoretical yield but it is
(c) 4 moles of NH3, requires 4 moles of H2 (a) f A limiting reactant is consumed at the not true always . Mostly actual yield is less
(d) 4 moles of NH3 requires 8 moles of H2
|
end of reaction than the theoretical.
NH3 bums in 02 according to the following 62. (a) (Model Paper-200607) (b) Actual yield is always greater than
reaction: In the balanced chemical equation, four theoretical yield
moles of NH3 give two moles of N? Hence (c) Stoichiometric calculation can be only
4NH3(3) + 302(g) > 2N2(a) + 6H20(gj one mole of NHo will produce half mole of done if no side reaction happens
(a) It shows that 1 mole of NH3 will N2.
(d) The empirical and molecular formulas
1
produce mol of N2 of some of the compound are same
(b)
^
1 mole of NH 3 will produce 6 moles of
N2
(c) For the complete reaction 2 moles of Yield
NH3 and 20 g of 02 are required 67. (b)
(67) Actual yield is mostly less than the theoretical
(d) For the complete reaction of 2 moles Actual yield becomes less than the
yield due to the reason that: theoretical yield due to the loss of the
of NH3, 40 g of 02 are required (a) rates of reactions are slow product during handling i.e., filtration,
handling drying, distillation and crystallizatio n etc.
(b) loss of the product during
27 g of Al reacts completely with Oi and is 63. (C ) (Rwp. 2010), (D.G Khan 2011)
AJ reacts with oxygen , it gives (c) reactions are never completed
equal to: 7 / hen
AI O . So , two moles of A1 react with 3 100 %
(a) eg 2 3
.
moles of oxygen atoms Hence one mole (d) law of conservation of mass is not true
(b) 16 g ot AJ i.o 27 g will react with 1.5 moles of
(c) 24 g oxygen atoms . 1.5 moles of oxygen atom
W 32 g
) are 24 g.
20 11mi Objective Chemistry
part, , [ Chap ter 1 ] Bas ic Conc epts
21
(68) The calculation of the efficiency of a chemical 68. (b)
reaction can be checked by knowing: The efficiency of chemical reaction (t/M ) on molecules of a compound in the vapour phase ( jt
^ Juf c). The
can ® ® ® ® ®
(a) the quantity of the limiting reactant checked by knowing the quantities be examples may be CO , N2 , C2 4 , 02 , CH4 .
H
of the
(b) the quantity of the product formed
products formed.
Q.4 The atomic masses may be in fractions. Why? (Lahore 2004, AJK 2005, Multan
2008, Lahore 2008, Multan 2008, Lahore 2008, Sarg. 2009, B.Pur 2009)
(c) the amount of the excess reagent
(d) the amount of the substance left -4
unused Ans: Most of the elements have isotopes (i C/ isotopes contributes its atomic
(69) The actual yield of a chemical reaction is 69. (a) masses. Hence, the average of atdi masses of isotopes will be definitely in Sj
mostly less than the theoretical yield. The
most probable reason is:
The actual yield of a chemical reaction
is
mostly less than the theoretical yield. This
J
fractions { >7. J/if ). Anyhow, the topic elements have also fractional

(a) is due to the mechanical loss as due atomic masses.

Mechanical loss due to filtration filtration or some other processes.
to
(b) Reaction is irreversible Isotopes and their Identification
(c) The rate of chemical reaction is very
Q.5 Why positively charged ions of isotopes are passed through magnetic field
slow
in the mass spectrometer?
(d) The mechanism of the reaction is
complicated
5 -
ANSWERS TO THE SHORT QUESTIONS Ans: The posi tivel y char ged ions ben d perp end icula r ( tfkh J ) to the join ing lines of the
two poles, when pass ed thro ugh the mag netic field ( K) \ JS if - >
1 *) . In this way ,
Atoms, Ions and Molecules magnetic field give s sem icirc ular path (> \J j/ IUJ T) to ions , scat ters (l t h e m
on the basis of m/ e valu es and com pels ( t / jyf - ) them to fall on the elec trom eter.
What is atomic mass unit?
Electrometer records them.
(
*
fj
(Multan Board 2005, Sargodha 2008, Fd.abad 2009, Sarg. 2009, Gujranwala 2011)
! • 1 Q.6 What is the func tion
spectrometer? (Gujranwala
of elec trom
200 8,
eter
Fd .Aba
in
d
sepa
2009
ratio
, M .
n
pure
of isoto
201 2,
pes
Mult
in
an
mas
2013
s
)
It is a unit of mass used for atoms and molecules 6-
_
and is equal to the 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon -12. It is obtained by
dividing the unity ( fi) by Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023).
Ans: When positively
(DU
Irt/ electrometer

@
^
charged ions of
Zl JI / ) , then ent
t curr
^
diffe rent
is
isoto
prod
pes
uced
fall
prop
upon the
ortio
elec
nal (w
trometer
^ £) to the
One a.m.u. = 1.6603 x 10 27 kg = 1.6603 * 10 » g.
‘ *
of
Whenever an electron is removed from the atom a cation is produced, and
the formation of the cation is an endothermic process. Comment.
^ number of ions falling upon that. In this
these isotopes can be recorded , in the
way
form
,
of
the relat
peak s
ive
on the
abu nda
grap h
nce
.
Q.7 What is mass spectrum ((/ £ o r mas s spe ctro grap h ?
-2
(Guj. 2013)
The number of electrons and protons in an atom are equal. When the electron is -7
removed from the atom, energy has to be supplied »
3< > ci . So, it is an
endothermic process ( J* ObL. / Jf^ ji / ). The ion develops the positive charge plot ted betw een m /e of the posi tive ions on x- is
axis and the

and is called cation ( J'UbA

^ ^ ns: It is a graph which
relative abundance
is
of the isoto pes (% age ) on y- axis . This grap h is

^
What do you mean by molecular ions?
).
plotted with the electrometer and syst em is com pute rize d.
us to
3 - Q.8 How does the change of eithe r elec tric
spe
field
ctro
or
met
mag
rm
er ?
netic field
(Mul
help
tan 201 3 )
.
(Azad Jammu & Kashmir Board 2005, Sarg. 2009, Sarg 2010, DG Khan 2012, Multan. record the Isotopic sep arat ion by mas s
-
2012, B.pure 2012, B Pure 2013, Lahore 2014, Rwp. 2014, D.G. Khan 2014, ?/ >/ i/l %
8
. .
Guj 2015, B Pur 2015, Sahiwal 2015)
, radi us of cur vatu re
. m H 2r2
field H incre ases
Any molecular species ( <L S
called molecular ion
electrons
'
^
< vJ ifJ ) having positive or neg ative char
They are mostly produced when a beam of
>!/ ) , having energy between 10 to 15 eV is bombarded
ge is Ans: Since — = -zr, when the
c
e 2E *
r decreases
mag

and
neti
a
c
part icul ar ion falls at diffe rent pos ition on

'
. —
 1
r

22 llmi Objective Chemistry

pJrf f Chapter 1] Bas /c Concepts
( 23
electrometer. Similarly, the increase of electrical field E increases r. The
change of r Q 13
< What is the reason for two equally strong peaks in the mass spectrum for
means that we can do the separation of ions (< i
^ ff bromine; while for iodine only one peak at 127 a.m u is indicated? .
Q.9 Why the isotopes have the same chemical properties? (Lahore 2015)
(Bahawalpur Board 2007, B.P. 2008)

•9
Ans. Bromine has two isotopes, which arp, almost ually abundant (t
*
.
(Rwp-2007, Rwp 2009, Lahore
2012) Therefore, mass spectrometer gives two equ; istrong peaks. Iodine is mono-
'

Ans: The isotopes of an element have same the number of electrons in different
They have the same number of unpaired electrons
orbitals isotopic (<
^vW~ {fi), so only one peak isd ned in the mass spectrum.
jn Q 14 No individual neon atom in the sample of the element has a mass of 20.18
the outermost { L-\> / \ orbitals. The number of unpaired electrons in the
t a m U. Why? (Mirpur-2006, Model Paper-200W>7, F.Ab»d 2007, B.P. 2008, Multan 2012,
Bahawalpur 2012, F. Abad 2012, B. Pure 2013, Guj. 2013, Lhr 2014, Guj. 2014, Sahiwal 2015)
outermost orbitals determine (ivO 5) the chemical properties of elements.
*

SCj Qfbacsr
Q.10 One hundred ions of NO30 and fifty ions of SO
^
have equal numoer of
charges, but they have unequal masses and unequal number of atoms in
them individually. Justify it.
Ans .
The relative
20> 21 and 22
*
mass of neon, comes out to be 20.18 a.m.u. So 20.18 a.m.u. is
“
AjJ
^ NO30 ^ WTI -10 the -
atomic mass /tf \ \*>\ ) of all the three isotopes and there is no
of Ne with this atomic mass.
/i/I / }y,
Ans: 100 NO30 ®
ions have 100 negative charges. 50 SO4 have 100 negative
Empirical And Molecular Formula
charges. Their ionic masses are respectively 62 and 96 g/mole. So everUf Q.15 Define empirical formula and how it is related to molecular formula? When
they are same for a molecule?
the number of ions are same, then they have unequal masses (l\ 1/1/ of ).
* - - (Faisslabad Board 2004 , Lahore 2007, Multan 2008 , Multan 2008 , B.Pur 2009, Multan 2011, F. Abad 2012, Guj. 2013
,
Eachjon has different number of toms in them, so there will be 400 atoms in 100 D.G. Khan 2013, Multan 2013, D.G. Khan 2014, Rwp. 2014, Multan 2014, Guj. 2014, F. Abad 2014, B. Pur 2014,

Q.11
0 -
NCb " ^ and 250 atoms in 50 SO4 ^.
^
In the mass spectrum of isotopes of oxygen, the highest peak is due to 60,
the second highest is of 8018 while 8017 has the smallest peak. Why?
,
Ans: The simplest formula of a substance which tells us the ratio of atoms
Lahore 2015, Multan 2015)

(^r if A1 ) in the molecule

1 of a substance is called empirical formula .
4

^ ^tTsO
w 17
<
_
L /'WI/8018 -11 M.F. = n(E.F.).
E.F. of benzene is CH, but M.F is C8H6. Therefore M.F. = 6(E.F.)
H20, C02, H2SC>4, KMnC>4 have same molecular are empirical formulas and their n
Ans.
peak (( jL OiJj
^
-
The relative abundance of various ( & ) isotope is determined by the height of the
?) in mass spectrometer. 8016 has 99.759 % of relative abundanc e.
Q.16
value is one.
One mole of H2SO4 should completel y react with two moles of NaOH . How
eO18 has
0.204 % while 8017 has 0.037 % of relative abundan ce. So , (he height of the
does Avogadro’ s number help to explain it ? ( Fed - 2006 , F .D - 2006)
peak due to 80 will be smallest [ «
7
’ SFJ '
BM-
, but in
16 -
U'12 The ratl of heights of the peaks for the isotopes of chlorine is 3:1
°
case of bromine two peaks of equal heights are obtained. Why? H SO and NaOH .
; 1ULAifpeaksJjiyAf /1 Cl -12 ^ ns - The balanced chemical equation
H2SO4 + 2NaOH
between
> Na 2S
2
04 +
4
2 H 2O
+ in the solution. It needs two
The height of the peak depends upon the relative abundance of isotopes One mole of H2 4
SO releases (t / jtff ) two moles of H
SjisAr ) of that element. Chlorine has two isotopes 17CI = 75.53 % moles of OH ions for complete neutralization .
35
NaCI has 58.5 amu as formula mass and not the molecula r mass . Justify it
and 17CP = 24.47 % The intensities of these two peaks are
(Rwp 2005 , .
Rwp . 2007 , Multan 2009 , Sarg . 2009 )
in the ratio of 3:1
% t 1Aamu - i/ UWlWaC I 17 -
49.46
lnrthRrtiSTK 0f br the relalive abundance are 50.54 % for
tor 35BP . These ?two percentages are almost 50:50.
mine and
Ans: NaCI is a ionic compoun d, it has no molecules

So, 58.5 amu cannot be

in
called
the
as its
crystal
molecula
structure
r mass .
24
,
llmi Objective Chemistry pa„
[ Chapter 1] Basic Concepts
25
Its formula is NaCI because for one Na ® , there is one Cl ® in the crystaiTteT "

e Ans: The molar masj of H3PO4 is 98 amu 9.8 g of H3PO4 is O.l moles. 1 molecule of
58.5 amu is its formula mass. ' H3PO4 has 3H . Hence the number of H* ions in 0.1 moles of H3PO4 is 1/10th of
Q.18 Molecular formula is multiple of empirical formula. Give an Avogadro's number multiplied with 3 i.e., 3 x 02 x 1022 = 1.806 x 10«.
\
(Lahore Board 2005, Lahore 2012, MultaS?} Q.23 What is the mass and number of molecules of C02 in 0 224 dm3 of C02 at
S.T.P ? m
18 ^
S.T.P i 0.224 dm3Zl4^l/rJij i( - 23
Ans: The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of
different Ans:
’ ^
0.224 is 1/100th of one molar volume at S.T.P. Hence the number of molecules will
sgS
.«< SSL
*
elements present in a compound. Molecular formula tells us the actual number of

formula.
_.
atoms of each element in a molecule. Hence the empirical formula has to be
multiplied (fcj ,/>) with a suitable digit (c c
^
_ -
ly ) to get the
* molecu lar Q.24
44/100 = 0.44 g. .

Define Avogadro's number? H

substances ?
^
be 1/100th {^ uiy ) of Avogadro's nuti r i.e., 6.02 C x 102 \ and mass will be

oes it relate to the masses of chemical

Benzene, C6H6 = 6(CH) Ethane, C2H5 = 2(CHJ) (Gujranwala 2005,Rwp.2009, B.P 2012, D.G. Khan 2013, B. Pur 2014, Multan 2014, Lahore 2015)
<;
•

Concept of Mole and Avogadro's Number

24 -
Ans: It is the number of atoms, molecules or ions in one gram mole of an element,
Q.19 Calculate the mass in grams of 1(P moles of water. compound and ion. One gram mole of the substance is the
(Rawalpindi Board 2005), (D.G. Khan 2011), (Rwp. 2011), (Guj. 2015)

I
atomic mass, molar mass or ionic mass taken in grams. It means that the number
IfOtA'10 - 3
-19 of the species ( j >£ ) is related with the masses (a> ) of the species. 23 g of Na
Ans: Mass of water No. of moles x molar mass 2 and 238 g of U have equal number of atoms in them.
~3 ~2 Q.25 What is the number of covalent bonds in 8 g of CH4? (B.P. 2008)
10 x 18 g = 1.8 x 10 g
0.018 g CH4 f l/8 25 -
Q.20 Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon atom. How ? Ans: 8 g of CH4 is 0.5 moles of CH4. It has 3.01 x 1023 molecules of CH 4. Each molecule
(Rawalpindi 2005, Lahore 2007, Rawalpindi 2008, Rwp. 2008, Rwp. 2010), (Lahore 2011, Gujranwala 2011, has four bonds, so the total number of bonds is 4 x 3.01 x 1023 = 12.04 x 1023 =
Rwp. 2013, Sarg. 2014, Lhr, 2014, Guj. 2014, B. Pur 2015)
Q.26
1.204 x 1024. )
* 20 Two grams of H2, 1 6g of CH4 and 44g of CO2 occupy separately the volumes -••5
'

of 22.414 dm3 at STP although the sizes and masses of molecules of three
Ans: The atomic mass of Mg is 24 g mol~1 which is twice (l i n mass as compared to gases are very different from each other. Give reason.
the atomic mass of C i.e. 12 g mol-1. So Mg atom is twice heavier ( ksnjM ) than (Model Paper-2006 -07, Lahore 2012)
that of carbon. -U? LK^ .
kxUjj i22.414 / S.T.P J'C (*l/44 CH4 'l/l6 H2('i/2 / - 4 /
> 02 . -26
Q.21 180 grams of glucose and 342 grams of sucrose have same number of t f
^jlJt^ !
molecules, but different number of atoms present in them. Justify it.
(Lahore- 2006, Faisalabad 2008, Bahawalpur 2008, Guj 2012, F. Abad 2014, Lhr 2014 )
Ans: . a volume
,/ i J? ) of 22.414
)<

dm 3.
-
One mole of an ideal gas at S.T.P occupies
Sizes and masses of molecules of different gases^ do not affect the volume
the
.
Normally it is known that in the gaseous state , the distance between
of sucrose ( C H O ) are one
Ans: 180 grams of glucose ( CbH ^Oe), and 342 grams
mole of each. One mole of various & ) substances contain
12 22
equal
11
number of molecules is 300 times greater than
16g of CH4 and 44g of C02 (1 mole of
their diameter
each gas
(/
)
).^Therefor
separate ly
e
(Ji
two
J
grams
)
of
occupy
H 2
a
,

molecules i.e. 6.02 x 1023

in volume of 22.4 dm3. This is called molar volume ( Vm).
One molecule of CeH Oe has 24 atoms. The total number of atoms of glucose Q. 27 water have equal number of
^• 4.9 g of H2 SO 4, when completely ionized in
one mole is 24 x 6.02 10 . One molecule of C 12H22O11 has 45 atoms . The total positivel y charged ions are
positive and negative charges, but number of
”
number of atoms of iucrose in one mole of sucrose is 45 x 6.02 x 1023. It means twice the number of negatively charged ions . Give reason .
that one mole of both glucose and sucrose will have different number of atoms.
2009 ) ^^ ^
H S fl/4 9
^27
Q.22
^ ^
0 . Abad
What is the number of H ions in 9.8 g of H3P04?

'
(Fd
v tWjH V H3P04 9.8 g * 22
l 2
°
4 ' '

^
26
Hmi Objective Chemistry
Ans: Part-/ 1] Basic Concepts
When one molecule of H2SO4 ionizes ( frfcs T), ( Chapter

SO 4 ion. Hydrogen ion contains +1 charge while

/ ^ it produces two H ® and
one
27
sulphate ion has -2 charge. e^VcO, N, 31
ions produced by complete ionization (ij - The
water will have equal +ve and -ve charges but the
> ) of 4.9 grams of HjSCh in Ans: No. of electrons in N2 = 7 + 7 = 14, number of protons In
Na = 7 7 = 14 and 00
number of H® ions is twice than number of neutrons (14 - 7) = 7 + 7 = 14
number of negatively charged sulphate ions.
! In C = 6 niJrri
- ^*
^ ^
of electrons in 0 = 8, total number of
Similarly 1 mg of K2Cr04 will have thrice the number e ectrons
of ions (2K+ + Cr04 ® ). If the

.
Q 28
number of formula units is X then ions will be 3X.
2
96 gm of SO has Avogadro’s number of SO~2
’

ions, twice the Avogadro s

’
Number of protons in C = 6, num Wr>r
6 + 8 = 14 . ^s .in 0 = 8, total number of protons =

Number of neutrons in C# 6, jrr T of neutrons in 0 = 8, total number of

’

numbers of negative charges, 4NA as oxygen atoms neutrons = 6 + 8 = 14.

and 5 NA as total number
of atoms. How ?
.
Q 31A One mg of K2Cr04 has thrice t e number of ions than the number of formula
^J> '

^^
/
4lJf 5NA^lu? l u/5: T4NAu? Utr’2NA-ajS ®
^ 04 NA - 28
units, when ionized in water ?
® ©
Ans: K2Cr04 = 2 K + CrQ
* *
One molecule of K2Cr04 gives three ions after dissociation. So any mass of
Ans: The ionic mass of SO ® is 96 a.m.u. So, in 96 gms of SO ® , there K 2Cr04 will give thrice the number of ions.
4 is one mole of
4
SO ® and one mole of the species have Avogadro's number of particles Q.32 Calculate the mass in kg of 2.6 x 1023 molecules of S02. (Faisalabad 2010)
4 i.e.,
6.02 x 1023. x 1023 £SO2 32
®
Each SO ion has two negative charges, so Alte; 6.02 x 1023 molecules of S02 have mass = 64 gm
4 total negative charges are 2NA.
1 molecule of S02 has mass = 64 gm
®
Each SO ions has four oxygen atoms, so, 64
there are total 4 NA oxygen atoms in 6.02 x 1023 molecules of S02 have mass = g Q 2 io» ~

0
96 gms of SO " . Each SO ® has five atoms. So, ® 64 x 2.6 x 1023
one mole of SO has total 5NA i
4 4 4
P 2.6 x 1023 molecules of S02 have mass = 6.02 x 1023
Q.29
atoms.
One mole of H20 has two moles of bonds, three moles of atoms, ten moles
or electrons and twenty- eight moles of the total fundamental particles
present in it. Justify . Q.33
64 x 2.6
6.02
= 27.641g
One mole of H2S04 should completely react with 2 moles of NaOH. Justify it .
>
. J Jyjpl (Rwp. 2009)
Ans:
jJjliJy)
f -utc (‘
The molecule of H - O - H has two bonds in it. Therefore, one mole of H2O
&
contains two moles of bonds and three moles of atoms. Similarly, there are eight
-29
Ans:
-c/ /^f T-a?s!-/iAi(J
^ ^ rc ^J> 4iX'Na0Hjr'2 . )iH2S04Jy1
04 give 2NA H ions. So 2 moles of
®
-33
I
electrons in oxygen and one electron in each of the two H atoms. One molecule of , According to balanced equation mole of H
.1 2S

.
H2O has 10 electrons So one mole of water contains 10 moles of electrons. There NaOH are needed to give 2NA AH
®
.
are 28 moles of all fundamental particles in one mole of water 10 moles Stoichiometry, Limiting Reagent and Yield
of electrons, 10 moles of protons, 8 moles of neutrons.
Q.30 Prove that one mole of each N2, C02 and H2 contain equal number of Q 34. HOW can the efficiency of a chemical reaction be expressed ?
2014)
molecules. (Multan 2004, Sargodha 2008, Lahore 2008, Lahore 2009, Multan 2009) (Gujranwala Board 2005, Lahore 2007, Lahore

MiC 02 , -30
Ans: This is according to Avogadro's law that one mole of a substance has 6.02 x 1023 reaction can be expressed (t / IF) by the
M
Ans: The efficiency (JJVCK) of a chemical ^ depends

Q.31
molecules in ea h '
28 9 f Hz 44 9 f C 2 and 2 9 of H2 have 6 - 02 x 1
° °
’ ° ° ° percentage yield (JBIM7%) of the chemical
uJ
upon the ratio of actual yield (M- 'i) and theoretical
reaction.
yield (^ -
W s
Percentage
iT)
yield

sar e numbar of electrons, protons and neutrons. Justify.

HaVe " actual yield ..
.
2012" VT S
plrSi! 1M'
° '
BPur
Khan
,
’2007
2012
G
-
Gui
B- Pur 2014, Guj. 2014, B. Pur 2014, 'Guj
J-“
-
2008,
2013
Faisalabad
.
Faisalabad
. 2015, F. Abad
2010 ,
2013
Sarg
, D.
.
G
2011
.
,
Khan
)
2015, Sahiwal 2015
M. Pure
2013 ,
0
.|
y eid
,, _
theoretical yield
x

•1 >!
 28
Umi Objective Chemistry pan.
Q.35 11 g of carbon iis reacted with 32 /
] Basic Concepts
g of oxygen to give C 02. Which [ Chapter 1
limiting reactant. i the
is 29
(Multan Board 2005, Multan 2008, B. Pur
2009, F. Abad 2013)
C + 02 > C02
_ _-
V
^^
UmitingU / l/j <f t lrl/7L/cr iJ
Ans: According to the balanced chemical ^ ^c - ^
/32/ , i/l1
equation, 12 g of carbon should
^rrfi ^ ^ 35 -
Ans: Experimental yield is mostly less than theoretical yield due
reasons
(1)
:
Mechanical loss of products due to:
to the following

completely
react
^
J ) with 32 g of oxygen to gives 44 grams of C02. So 32 (a) filtration (bL separation by distillation
grams of oxygen will be in excess (txA) in
comparison (fcltt ) to 11 grams of
carbon. So carbon is the limiting [ tiht jf) reactant.
. (c)
(d)
separating by separating
washing
ft )
Q.36 Concept of limiting reactant is -
not applicable to the reversible (2) Side reaction.
(e) drying
(3) Reversibility qfreaction.
(f) crystallization

Explain it. reactions .

(Lahore Board 2005, Faisalabad 2007, Fd.
Abad 2009) Q.40 -
Law of conservation of mass («1£ %& )$ ) has to be obeyed in stiochiometric i
calculations. (Lahore 2013)
Ans: In the case of reversible reactions (oiltf
certain amounts of the
reactants are left behind at the equilibrium stage . In the case Ans: Total mass of reactants must be equal to total mass of products in a chemical
of reactions having
one of the substance as limiting one of the substance reaction. So, the calculation (tl!5vU>) can be done for relative amounts of reactants
has to be consumed
completely. So, the reversible reactions donot help us to and products in a chemical reaction.
understand (P«f ) the
concept ( J'bji ) of limiting reactant /.Wii-fJ Q.41 Define storchiometry. What are its basic assumptions?
Q.37 Distinguish between actual and theoretical yield. Calculate * (Faisalabad 2010, Guj. 2014, Lahore 2014, Lahore 2014, Lahore 2015)
efficiency of a
reaction. (B.Pur Board 2005, Multan-2006, Mirpur-2006, Multan 2007, Rwp. 2009,
Lahore 2010 ,
B. Pure 2013, Multan 2014, B. Pur 2014, F. Abad 2015, Sarg. 2015
, Multan 2015)
Ans: The branch of chemistry which deals with quantitative relationships ( l
^
between reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation
Ans: The amount ( yi ) of the product that is actually (S?) obtained in a chemical
^
reaction is called actual yield. The amount of product calculated from balanced
-
^ ) is called stoichiometry.
bU
To perform stoichiometric calculations following assumptions are necessary:
chemical equation is called theoretical yield. (i) All the reactants are completely converted into products.
(ii) No side reaction is taking place.
The efficiency (JJXV ) of the chemical reaction is calculated from the percentage (iii) Law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions are obeyed.
yield -
Q 42 The reaction of combustion in atmosphere consumes 02, which is in excess .
What is limiting reactant ?
% yield =
Actual yield
(D. G. Khan 2012, Sarg. 2014, B. Pur 2014, B. Pur 2014, D.G. Khan 2014, Rwp. 2014 )
x 100
Theoretical yield
Q.38 What is limiting reagent ? How it helps to control the
reaction ?
(Lah 2005, Guj. 2006, B. Pur- 2006 , Rwp- 2007, F. Abad 2007,
- Guj. 2009 , Multan 2009, Sarg. 2010, Gu). Limiting reactantJjt
2010, Rwp. 2010, Faisalabad 2011, Rwp. 2013, Sarg. 2014, F. Abad, 2014, Guj. 2014)
Ans: ^
Since 02 is always excess and is left over in the atmosphere. A small part of total
Ans: ^ -
v t /Jj/
A limiting reactant is that one
> //ct >
Jyjr (

^ -
^which is^in lesser quantity and it is consumed earlier
t> ftr^ JjAimiting -38 02 can burn the whole material. So burning material is limiting reactant . This is one

<
_
( j i W h e n e v e r, it consumed then the further formation of the product
is
of the best example of a reaction which is frequent in our surrounding in which one
.
substance is limiting One of the reactants should be taken in large excess to
stops, although the excess reagent is lying in the vessel. If the limiting reagent is consume other material completely.
not available [ c. Jf s ) io the excess reagent then product cannot be formed U’43 23 g of Na and 238 g of U have equal number of atoms in them . How ?
further. * Ans: 23 g of Na is 1 mole of Na, 238 g of U is 1 mole of U . One mole of element has
Q.39 Why the experimen, I yield is mostly less than the theoretical yield? 6.02 x 1023 atoms in that.
(Mirpur 2004, Sargodha 2005, Mou -> aper 2 < ; j6-
- ' 07, B.P-2007, Guj. 2008, B.P. 2008, Rwp. 2010, Multan
2011, Bahawalpur 2011, Multan 2011, F. abad 2012, Guj. 2012, Rwp.
2012, Guj. 2013 , Multan 2013,
D.G. Khan 2014, B. Pur 2014, Sahlwal 2015, Lahoro 2015)
^
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