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The velocity of particles moving in a fluid

• When a particle moves steadily through a fluid, there are two
principal forces acting upon it ,
• 1. The external force causing the motion
• 2. The drag force resisting motion which arises
from frictional action of the fluid .
gravitation Force = Bouyancy force + Drag force
F1 = F2 + F3 ͢ F1 – F2 = F3

Where :Ut : terminal falling velocity ( m/s),

ds: dia. of solid particle (m), CD : dreg coeff.
:density of solid (kg/m3), :density of fluid(kg/m3),
g :is the gravity acceleration (m/s2)
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Sub. CD and (Re)p in terminal velocity eq. gives :

Also

(is shape correction factor)

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• Streamline and turbulent flow

Equation (9) applies to streamline flow conditions ,
though Carman and others have extended the analogy
with pipe flow to cover both streamline and turbulent
flow conditions through packed beds.In this treatment
a modified friction factor R1/ρ u12 is plotted against
a modified Reynolds number Re1. This is analogous
to plotting R/ρ u12 against Re for flow through a pipe
.The modified Reynolds number Re1 is obtained by
taking the same velocity and characteristic linear
dimension d′m as were used in deriving equation(9)
Thus:
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------------- (13)
The friction factor, which is plotted against the
modified Reynolds number, is R1/ρu12, where R1
is the component of the drag force per unit area of
particle surface in the direction of motion. R1 can
be related to the properties of the bed and pressure
gradient as follows.
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-------------- (14)
Carman found that when R1/ρu12 was plotted
against Re1 using logarithmic coordinates,his data
for the flow through randomly packed beds of solid
particles could be correlated approximately by a
single curve (curve A, Figure 1), whose general
equation is:

------------ (15) Carman

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• From equation 15 it can be seen that for values of Re1
less than about 2, the second term is small and,
approximately:

------------ (16)
• Sawistowski compared the results obtained for flow
of fluids through beds of hollow packings and he
proposed the following correlation:

------ (17) Sawistowski

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• For flow through ring packings which are often used in
industrial packed columns, Ergun obtained a good semi-
empirical correlation for pressure drop as follows:

-- --(18)Ergun

------ (19) Ergun/spherical particles

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• Example (1)
A gas is flowing through a column packed with spheres of 5mm
in diameter .The gas velocity is (0.015)m/s .Find the pressure
drop across the packing using :
a) Carmen –kozenys equation , b) Carmen equation
c) Ergun equation. Take that :Porosity=0.33 , ρ=1.2 kg/m3 ,
μ=1.25x10-5 pa. , and hight of packing=3m
Solution:
 Re1 =(0.015x1.2)/[1200(1-0.33)x1.25x10-5]=1.8
a) Carman –kozenys equation :For spherical particles K′′=5

0.015=0.333xΔP/[5x(1200)2(1-.33)2x3x1.25x10-5]
ΔP=48.6Pa
b) Carman equation:
 3.155=(0.33)3ΔP/[1200x3(1-0.33)x1.2(0.015)2]
ΔP=55.2Pa

c) Ergun equation:

2.61=(0.33)3ΔP/[1200x3(1-0.33)x1.2(0.015)2]
ΔP=45.66Pa
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• Example (2)
A column 0.6 m diameter and 4 m high is , packed
with 25 mm ceramic Raschig rings and used in a gas
absorption process carried out at 101.3 kN/m2 and
293 K . If the liquid and gas flowrates are 2.5 and
0.6 kg/m2s respectively , what is the pressure drop
across the column? Take that :
ρgas=1.21 kg/m3 , μgas=0.032 mNs/m2 , and for 25 mm
Raschig rings e=0.71 , and SB=190 m2/m3