Dictionary/Glossary

“Pulp and Paper”

Word Meaning
A
A4 (size) A common ISO A-size of about 8 ¼ by 11 ¾ inches or 210 x 297mm.
Abaca A fiber also known as manila hemp or manila fiber, prepared from the outer
sheath of the stems of manila.
ABCD Scheme An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of Recycled
Fiber in a paper product. The scheme grades four types of waste used in
paper manufacturing, as follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill. i.e.
mill broke) .
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached
the consumer, typically from the printer or converter).
C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes,
offices etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of
the total fiber from any combination of the above sources, with the
percentages given for each..
Abhesive A material that resists adhesion. Abhesive coatings are applied to surfaces
to prevent sticking, etc.
Abrasion Resistance The extent to which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.
Abrasive Papers Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder, e.g. emery,
sandpaper etc.

Absolute Humidity The actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit weight of air,
expressed in grams per cubic meter in metric system and pounds per cubic
feet in English system.
Absolute Viscosity A characteristic of one-component liquids which have a constant ratio of
shear stress over shear rate (constant viscosity)
Absolute White In theory a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every visible
wavelength; in practice a solid white with known spectral data that is used
as the "reference white" for all measurements of absolute reflectance.
(When calibrating a spectrophotometer, often a white ceramic plaque is
measured and used as the absolute white reference).

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Absorbency The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.
Absorbent Core The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products.
Absorbent cores usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose fibers
(fluff pulps) and super-absorbent polymers composed of polyacrylates.
Advanced cores can contain very specialized absorbent cellulose fibers,
synthetic fibers and super-absorbent polymers as well as fluff pulps.
Absorbent Paper Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as water
and ink. These papers are soft, loosely felted, unsized and bulky e.g.
blotting paper.
Accept Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening operation.
Acetate Fiber A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is cellulose
acetate (US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) definition). Acetate fibers are
derived by treating pure cellulose, which has been extracted from
vegetable matter and generally wood pulp or cotton linters, with acetic
anhydride. The resulting product is dissolved in acetone and extruded into
filaments and the acetone evaporated. Acetate fibers are moderately
strong, generally soft and lustrous like rayon. Acetate staple and filament
fibers are more commonly used in weaving operations supplying end-
markets such as lingerie, blouses, dresses, men’s ties and other apparel.
Acetate Pulp A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be dissolved
in acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and
acetate fiber.
Accelerated Aging Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110o C in an oven or on a
hot plate. The purpose of accelerated aging is to simulate the effect of
aging in the laboratory.
Accordion Fold A term for two or more parallel folds that result in the sheet opening like a
fan. Accordion folds are used on products such as brochures and maps.

Achromatic Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.
Acid Detergent Fiber Organic matter that is not solubilized after 1 hour of refluxing in an acid
(ADF) detergent of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N (Normal) sulfuric
acid. ADF includes cellulose and lignin.
Acid Free Paper A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic substance that may
affect acid sensitive material. Acid free paper is anti rust and is used for
metal wrapping.
Acid Hydrolysis The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using acid
solutions (usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides to
simple sugars..
Acid Migration The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic or neutral-pH
material. Occurs when neutral materials are exposed to atmospheric
pollutants or when two paper materials come in contact. Acid can also
migrate from adhesives, boards, endpapers, protective tissues, paper
covers, acidic art supplies, and memorabilia.

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Acid Proof Paper A paper that is not affected by acid physically or chemically. This paper is
used with substance containing acid.
Acid Sizing Internal sizing carried out in acidic pH range (0-7). Rosin and alum sizing is
acid sizing.
Activated Carbon A highly absorbent powdered or granular carbon used for purification by
adsorption.
Activated Sludge The biomass produced by rapid oxygenation of effluent.
Active Alkali (AA) Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.
Additives Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to pulp to give the
paper greater smoothness, color, fibered appearance or other desirable
attributes.
Adsorbable Organic A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically bound to the
Halogen (AOX) soluble organic matter in the effluent.
Aerated Lagoon A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen) fed into an
aeration basin reduces the effluent load.

Against the Grain Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the grain or machine
direction of the paper.
Agglomeration A cluster of particles or fibers.
Aging Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of paper in
course of time. Aging also causes reduction in brightness and yellowing
effect.
Agitator Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well
mixed.

Air Brush Coater A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture and
spray it on the paper.

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Air Dry (AD) Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Though the amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the
atmospheric condition of humidity and temperature but as a convention
10% moisture is assumed in air dry pulp/paper.
Air Drying Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.
Air Filter Paper A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles. (car
air filter, vacuum bag etc.)
Air Knife Coater A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the
surplus by impinging a flat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a
smooth, metered film on the paper.
Air Laying or Air Laid A nonwoven web forming process that disperses fibers into a fast moving
Process air stream and condenses them onto a moving screen by means of pressure
or vacuum.
Air Laid Nonwoven An air laid web that has been bonded by one or more techniques to provide
fabric integrity.
Air Laid Web A web of fiber produced by the air laid process.
Air Laid Pulp An air laid nonwoven that is produced with fluff, wood pulp. The web can
be bonded with resin and/or thermal plastic resins dispersed within the
pulp.
Air Mail Paper It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper used
for letters, flyers and other printed matter to be transported by airlines.
Air Permeability Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease with which pressurized air
can flow through a paper's thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley or
the Sheffield porosity tests, which measure the volumetric flow of air
through the paper thickness.
Air Pollution The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases,
vapors and particulate material in the atmosphere.
Albumin Paper A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg
whites) and ammonium chloride.
Algae Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.
Alkali Lignin Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.
Alkali Resistance Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to
undergo a color change when brought in contact with alkaline products
such as soap and adhesives.
Alkaline Extraction Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal before or between
bleaching stages; the stage is often enhanced with an oxidizing agent,
oxygen (Eo stage), hydrogen peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop stage).
Alkaline Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic fillers
Papermaking like calcium carbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties in alkaline
paper make it a logical choice for documents where permanence is
essential.
Alkaline Pulping Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium
sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium
sulfide it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.
Alkenyl Succinic ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water penetration in
Anhydride (ASA) the case of paper formed under neutral or alkaline conditions. ASA is
especially used in cases where full cure is desired before the size press and
where it is important to maintain a high frictional coefficient in the paper
product. ASA can improve paper machine runnability and preserve paper's
dimensional stability by limiting penetration of size-press solution into the
sheet.

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Alpha Cellulose The portion of the pulp or other cellulosic material that will not dissolve in
17.5% NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution at 20 oC.
Alpha Pulp A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also
called dissolving pulp.

Alternative Fibers Common name for non-wood or tree free fibers.

Alum The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al 2(SO4)3}. It is used
to adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination
with rosin size.
Aluminium Foil The combination of thin Aluminium foil with a paper backing used as a
Lamination positive moisture barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with
Aluminium foil laminated to the kraft by means of asphalt, adhesive, or
polyethylene. The Aluminum foil can also be coated with polyethylene.
Annual Vegetable A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example, wheat
Fiber or Agricultural or rice straw or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.
Residue Fiber
Anaerobic Reactor An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen
System to break down effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide.
Anthra Quinone A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to
(AQ) improve pulp yield and to increase the rate of delignification.
Anti-foam or Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate tendencies of
Defoamer the machine white water to foam.
Anti-Oxidant Board Boxboard chemically treated to increase the shelf life of foods containing
fats and oils by retarding rancidity of such products when packaged in
cartons made of it. The treatment does not change the appearance of the
board and is non-toxic and odorless.
Antiquarian The largest available handmade paper (53 x 31 inches or 134.6x78.7 cm).
Anti Rust Paper Paper containing added substances which give it the property of protecting
the surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting.
Antique Finish A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that have
a natural rough finish.
Applicator Means of applying the aqueous coating, sizing or coloring to the paper web.
Apparent Density Weight (mass) per unit volume of a sheet of paper obtained by dividing the
basis weight by the Caliper (thickness).
Apparent Viscosity A characteristic of multi-component liquids that have a variable ratio of
shear stress over shear rate (variable viscosity depending on conditions).
Approach Flow The stock flow system from fan pump to headbox slice. The term approach
System flow system refers specifically to the fan pump loop where in the pulp
mixture is measured, diluted, mixed with necessary additives, and finally
screened and cleaned before being discharged on to paper machine wire.

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Aqueous Coating A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is still
on press ("in line"), or after it's off press. An aqueous coating usually gives a
gloss, dull, or matte finish and helps prevent the underlying ink from
rubbing off. Unlike a UV coating or a varnish, an aqueous coating will accept
ink-jet printing, making it a natural choice for jobs that require printing
addresses for mass mailings.
Archival Paper A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting records.
Art Paper High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth
surface. The reproduction of fine screen single- and multicolor pictures
("art on paper") requires a paper that has an even, well closed surface and
a uniform ink absorption.
Artificial Parchment Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain
chemical pulps and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of the
"smeary" grinding, the fiber structure closes homogeneously. It is used e.g.
for wrapping meat and sausages or as corrugating medium for biscuit
packaging
Ash Content The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature. It
is generally expressed as percent of original test sample and represents
filler content in the paper.
Aseptic Packaging Extends the shelf life of non-refrigerated beverages and foods. Laminates
and extruded coatings applied by the customer ensure an appropriate
liquid barrier. Aseptic grade board is clay-coated on one side and is suitable
for gravure, offset, and flexographic printing.
Asphalt Laminated Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single ply by means of
Paper asphalt. This is used as a moisture barrier; also to resist action of weak acids
and alkalis.
Automatic Term applicable to any one of several available systems for open mouth
Packaging System and valve bag packaging where bags are automatically applied to filler
spout, filled, weighed, closed (if open mouth), palletized, and shrink
wrapped.
Azure The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove"
papers.

B
Back Liner The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made
out of inferior grade pulp compared to top liner.
Backbone The back of a bound book; also called the spine.
Backing Roll Rubber covered roll against which the metering device such as rod or blade
can press.
Backing up Printing the reverse or back side of a sheet that has already been printed on
one side.

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Back Water [see White Water]
Baffle A device which obstructs the flow of fluid, whether to aid mixing or restrict
the flow rate.
Bag House An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Bag Paper Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.

Bagasse Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.

Baggy Roll Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or basis
weight across the width. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas by
striking with a baton and listening for variations in audible pitch.
Bale A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp
etc. Bale dimensions and weight varies widely depending on the baling
material and handling capabilities.

Baling Compressing and wrapping a material with wire, twine, string to form a unit
which is more readily handled, stored and transported.

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Bamboo A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking
fibers.

Banknote or Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high
Currency Paper folding endurance, permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour
printing, with watermark and other falsification safeguards such as
embedded metal strip. Often contains cotton fibers.
Bark The outer protective layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the
inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark that
separates the outer bark from the cambium and in a living tree is generally
soft and moist. The outer bark is a layer of dead bark that forms the
exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer bark is frequently dry and corky
Barker or Debarker An equipment used to remove bark from wood.

Barking or de- Removing bark from wood.

barking
Barograph Paper Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of
the barograph make a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils and
to suit the type of barograph.
Base Paper or Base Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated in
Stock other ways.

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Basic Dye Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong
affinity for the surfaces of high-yield fibers. Basic dyes are economical, have
high color strength but very poor lightfastness.
Basis Weight In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream
(500 sheets) of paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from category to
category of the paper. Basic size for Bond and Ledger is 20"x26", book,
offset and text paper have basic size of 25"x38"). In metric system of units,
basis weight is the weight in grams of a single sheet of area one square
meter. Basis weight is also called as substance and grammage in metric
system of units.
Bast Fibers Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such as flax, gampi,
hemp, jute, kozo and mitsumata etc. Main characteristic of these fiber is
long length.

Bastard Size The non-standard sheet size of a given grade.

Batch Cooking A chemical
Batt A collection of fibers assembled into a sheet suitable for needle punching.
The term is synonymous with web.
Beater An equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.

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Beater Dye Dye added to the beater to color the pulp.
Beater Loading Addition of a filler to the pulp in the beater.
Beating or Refining The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area,
flexibility and promote bonding when dried. One of the unintended effect
of beating is fiber length reduction.
Belt Washer Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.
Bending Corrugated board's ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush
Resistance/Flexural resistance, relates to the top-to-bottom compression strength and general
Stiffness performance of corrugated containers.
Bible Paper Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable for
pen and ink, because of its absorbency.
Binder Chemicals which facilitate fiber bonding.
Binder (Coating) A natural or synthetic compound used to adhere coating to the paper
surface.
Biocide A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in
papermaking.
Biodegradable Capable of destruction by biological action.
Biochemical Oxygen When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a
Demand (BOD) receiving water, the biodegradation of the organic matter consumes
dissolved oxygen from the water. The BOD of an effluent is an estimate of
the amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days following its release
into a receiving water; assuming a temperature of 20°C.
Biological Waste A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as
Water Treatment bacteria
Biomass Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a
sustainable basis includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural
food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes
and residues, aquatic plants, and other waste materials including some
municipal wastes. Biomass is a very heterogeneous and chemically complex
renewable resource..
Biomass Boiler or Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and
Hogged Fuel Boiler other solid waste, and other wood-related scrap not usable in product
production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam
and heat for mill use.
Bio-sludge Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water
treatment or other biological treatment process.
Bitokoshi Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and writing paper unique to Japan. It
is a very lightly coated paper, occupying a niche market between LWC and
coated woodfree papers. The furnish includes both chemical and
mechanical pulp in variable proportions, thus the Japan Paper Association
(JPA) recognises both woodfree bitokoshi and mechanical bitokoshi
depending on the proportion of mechanical pulp in the furnish.
Black Liquor The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the
Kraft cook is called "black" liquor.
Blackening Defect associated with calendered paper occurring as unintended local
areas of apparently darker or grayer color due, for example, to the paper
being too damp when passed through the calender.
Blank or Black Box A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted and
scored so that, when folded along the score lines and joined, it will take the
form of a box.
Blade Coater A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove extra

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 color after evenly leveling by means of a flexible steel blade.

Bleach Plant Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached

Bleaching A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds
to the sheet's strength and durability.
Bleaching Sequences Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by abbreviation
such as CEHH (Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite, Hypochlorite .
Bleed The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized paper.

Bleed (corrugation) The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt, through the kraft
plies making up the combination.
Bleed Fastness The ability of a dye to remain attached to fibers in paper even when
exposed to fluids or to sweaty hands.
Bleed Through When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows through to the other
side.
Blending or Mixing Blending of different pulps in a chest to achieve quality of the final product.
Blind Drilled Roll A matrix of small holes drilled into the soft press roll which aid the water
removal capability of that roll.

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Blind Embossing A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward without
foil or ink.
Blister Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to de-
lamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking either surface.
Blister Pack This term describes a packaging system that is a combination of board and
plastics. The board, usually made from lower grades of waste paper, can be
lined in whole or in part on one or both sides, to carry a printed message or
advertising. The product is sealed to the board by a transparent plastic film.
This system is often used for small products with difficult shapes and sizes.

Blister Resistance Resistance of paper to developing blister during printing and print drying.
Blotting Paper An un-sized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written
manuscripts, letters and signatures.
Blow It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to blow
tank.
Blow Heat Recovery The system used to recover heat from the flash steam generated while
System digester is blown in to blow tank.
Blow Tank The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown from digester at
the end of the cooking cycle.
Blue Angel It is label defined by the German Federal Environmental Agency. The Blue
Angel label is awarded to papers which do little damage to the
environment. The paper is controlled in detail: its composition, its
production process and its conversion. Only papers made from 100 % post
consumer waste paper are certified..
Board Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for
packaging or box making purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than
150 g/m2 or thickness is more than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).
Boil Out The occasional cleaning of a paper machine system, during a shut-down, by
filling the system with a hot solution the usually contains detergent and
either NaOH, an acid, or an enzyme.
Bond Paper The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for
printing bonds and stock certificates. It is now used in referring to paper
used for letterheads and many printing purposes. Important characteristics
are finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.
Bonding Strength The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper to
hold to one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper to
hold together on the printing press or other converting processing
machines. Good bonding strength prevents fibers from coming loose
("picking"). Bonding strength of fiber is improved by beating/refining
and/or adding bonding agent.

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Bone Dry Moisture free or zero moisture.
Book Paper A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common
A paperboard used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.
Bow Roll Bow Rolls are also known as Banana Rolls, Spreader Rolls, Curve rubber
expander. Bow rolls are useful for removing of wrinkles, slack edges,
spreading and slit separation. Most of the Expander Rolls are driven by web
tension itself without any extra drive. Bowed Rolls are key component to
making wrinkle free paper as well as keeping clothing in top working
condition on some Paper Machines.

Box A rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its contents.
Boxboard A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good folding
properties and used for making box and cartons.
Breaking Length The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break
under its own weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in
meters.
Breaks Rupture of paper on the paper machine during paper making. It the paper
on couch roll, it is termed couch break. If the paper breaks in paper section,
it is termed as press break. If the paper breaks in dryer section, it is dryer
breaks and so on.
Breast Roll A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered roll located at
the headbox side of the paper machine to support the wire.

Brightness The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially
calibrated blue light. Not necessarily related to color or whiteness.
Brightness is expressed in %.
CIE Brightness: An internationally-recognised standard of paper brightness
developed in Europe by the Centre Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE).
Bristol Board A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the
middle sheets usually of inferior grade.
Brittleness Property of paper causing it to break while bending.

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Brocade A heavily embossed paper.

Broke Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the

specifications. It is put back in to the pulping system.
Broke Pit A pit below the machine in to which broke is disposed from the machine
floor.
Broke Pulper A broke pulper is used to break down the broke into a stock that can be
pumped and treated. This term can cover a wide range of machines and is
often used to refer to both stand alone broke pulpers and under the
machine (or UTM) pulpers which receive paper directly from the machine
including any trim. A stand alone broke pulper is used to process finished
reels that have been rejected or for broke that for any reason has been
baled or collected away from the UTM pulpers.

Brown Pulp A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The
color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the
pulp. The pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
Brown Stock The unbleached chemical pulp.
Brush Coating A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated
and smoothed by means of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating,
before drying.
Buffering The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline substance (usually
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate) into the paper pulp. The
buffer acts as a protection from the acid in the paper or from pollution in
the environment.
Bulk Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.
Burnout The loss of color during drying.
Burnt Paper Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.

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Burst An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package.
Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll
producing rupture of the web along the machine direction.
Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that generally
occurs between an area or relatively high and low caliper extending
for some distance in the machine direction; due to non uniform nip
velocities between hard and soft sections of the roll.
Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the key
way, which terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often
seen on core-supported unwinds and winders.
Burst Factor The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and the substance
of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods
of test.
Burst Index The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and the
substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by
standard methods of test.
Burst Ratio The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and the substance
of paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined by standard
methods of test.
Bursting Strength The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure
required to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure is
applied to one of its side.
C
C1S Coated on one side of the paper.
C2S Coated on both sides of the paper.
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources,
including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard
water. Used as a filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium
carbonate improves several important paper characteristics, like
smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also reduces paper
acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings.
Calender A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines
that smoothes and shines the paper surface as sheets pass through.

Calender Blackening Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent spots due to
excessive calender roll heat, calender pressure, poor and/or excessive and
uneven moisture.

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Calender Cut Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused by
wrinkles going through the calender stack of the paper machine.
Calender Spots Paper defect usually indicated as a transparent spot in the sheet; caused by
foreign material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into the
sheet with each revolution.
Calendering Passing paper web through a stack of calender rolls.
The main object of calendering is to impart the desired finish to
paper.
 Machine Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips
formed by a set of iron rolls.
 Super-Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips
formed by steel roll and a fiber roll made of compressed fibrous
material.
 Gloss Calendering: Paper passes through one or more nips
formed by soft roll (e.g. rubber covered) and highly smooth
mirror like finish steel roll at high temperature.
 Matt Calendering: Any calendering technique used to produce a
smooth surface without a considerable increase in gloss.
 Friction Calendering: The calendering is achieved by speed
differential between rolls. The paper passes through one nip (2
steel rolls) or 2 nips (2 steel rolls separated by a fiber roll) in
which rolls are driven independently and speed variation may be
from 10 to 30%.
 Brush Calendering: The paper is pressed against a cylindrical
brush by a backing roll or by web tension. The circumferential
speed of the brush is several times higher than the web speed.
Caliper The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in
English system of units and in millimetres in Metric system of units.
Camber Larger diameter in the centre of a papermaking rolls (press & calender etc),
compared to the ends, to compensates the deflection of roll due to its own
weight.

Canadian Standard It is a measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is ml CSF.

Freeness (CSF)
Capacity Utilization The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to design
Rate capacity. Also in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a plant
or machine is operating.

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Carbohydrate Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and having
approximately the formula (CH2O) n; includes cellulosics, starches, and
sugars.
Carbon Dioxide Effective greenhouse gas emissions expressed as equivalent tonnes of
Equivalency/CO2e carbon dioxide. Some greenhouse gases have a stronger warming effect
than others; the CO2e measure provides an appropriate comparison of the
warming effects of every greenhouse gas.
Carbon Footprint The total set of Green House Gases (GHS) emissions caused directly and
indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product by UK Carbon
Trust.
Carbon Paper A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability, free
of pin holes and with a waxy coating, that is used to produce carbon copies
on typewriters or other office equipment.
Carbon Offset An emissions reduction credit relating to another organization’s project
that results in less greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than would
otherwise occur.
Carbonless Paper A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting
coatings to transfer image when pressure is applied.
Cardboard A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper
pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc.
Carton A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer quantities of
product. A carton is not recognized as a shipping container
Cartridge paper Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety of purposes such as
envelopes; the name comes from the original use for the paper which
formed the tube section of a shotgun shell.
Casein Protein derived from skim milk and used in the sizing of paper and as an
adhesive in the manufacture of coated papers.
Cast Coater A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it contacts a
heated drum having a highly polished surface, which cast the coating in to
an image of the smooth, mirror-like drum surface.
Causticizing It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor.
Technically speaking it is the process of converting sodium carbonate in to
sodium hydroxide.

Cellulose It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of repeating

beta-D-glucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief structural
element and major constituents of the cell wall of trees and plants.

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Cellulose Fiber An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main
structural component of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented
together by lignin. In British English Fiber is spelled as Fibre. Thermal
conductivity of cellilose fiber varies from 0.034 to 0.05W/m K, making it a
good insulator.
Chain of Custody The process of tracking materials used within a manufacturing facility so
that the source of raw materials used to make specific end products can be
identified. Commonly applied in the context of use of certified fibre
supplies.
Chalking Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the
paper leaving a dry, weak pigment layer which dusts easily.
Check or Cheque A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.
Paper
Chelating Agent An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with
metals in solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA
and DTPA.
Chelation A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations
(such as iron) with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene
diamine tetracetic acid); a reaction between a metallic ion and an organic
compound that removes the metallic ion from solution.
Chemical Ghosting A light duplication of a printed image on the other side of the same sheet,
created by chemical reaction by the ink during the drying stages; also
referred to as "gas ghosting.".
Chemical Oxygen The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter
Demand (COD) present in waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic
matter present. COD is easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological
Oxygen Demand).
Chemical Pulp Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other
plant material.
Chemical Recovery It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.
Chemo-Thermo- Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually
Mechanical Pulp sodium sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration.
(CTMP)
Chest Vessel equipped with an agitating device for storing, collecting, mixing,
blending and/or chemical treatment of pulp suspension. Chest can be
horizontal and or vertical. Tower are special type of chest generally used in
bleached plant to provide retention time and to provide down/upward flow
out of pulp.
China Clay Natural mineral, consisting essentially of hydrated silicate of alumina, used
as a filler or as a component in a coating color.

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Chip Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and
particle board, and also as fuel.

Chipboard A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded
writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.
Chipper The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.

Chlorine Number A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates
the number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified
conditions.
Chromo A term used to describe both papers and boards used for subsequent brush
coating. The various qualities are determined both by the actual grade of
base material used and the quality of the coating, which may be gummed.
Coating may be applied to one or both sides, depending on end use.
Cigarette Paper This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to
improve glowing. It normally has approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler to
control the burning rate and match it with tobacco burning rate. Very long
fiber such as jute, cotton etc is used to achieve high strength and porosity.
Clarifier Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.

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Clay A natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to improve
a paper's smoothness, brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for ink.

Clay Coated A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or both sides to
Boxboard obtain whiteness and smoothness. It is characterized by brightness,
resistance to fading, and excellence of printing surface. Colored coatings
may also be used and the body stock for coating may be any variety of
paperboard.
Cleaners A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to
remove grit from thin-stock furnish by the centrifugal action of rotating
liquid.

Closed Loop When a used product is recycled in to a similar product; a recycling system
Recycling in which a particular mass of material is remanufactured into same product.
Closed System Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated and not
discharged as effluent.
Clot Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is harmful
to the production process and needs to be eliminated.
Clump A knot of fibers resulting from improper separation of the fibers.
Coarse Paper (also Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter etc.)
Industrial Paper) rather than cultural purposes (writing, printing etc.)
Coat Weight The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of air-
dried coating on the surface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter square.

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Coated Paper Term that applies to paper which has a special coating applied to its
surface. Material such as clay, casein, bentonite, talc, applied by means of
roller or brush applicators; or plastics applied by means of roll or extrusion
coaters.
Coated White Top White liner that is coated to produce superior printability.
Liner
Coating Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its
brightness and/or printing properties.
Coating Color Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special
additives and water.
Coating Color Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed
Kitchen
Cobb Test Measures paper's water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of
water pick-up per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The
test duration must be specified to properly know the absorption rate.
United Nations (UN) and Code of Federal Regulations require the 30-minute
pick-up must be 155 grams per square meter or less for containerboard
used in hazardous material transport.
Cockle Finish Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface is
available in bond papers.
Cockling When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.
Cogeneration It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and using
low and/or medium pressure steam in the mill process.
Coir Fiber derived from the outer husks of the coconut.
Cold Blow Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters after
the pulp has been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage
to the fibers.
Color-fast papers Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under bright light.
Colored Kraft Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment has been added.
Colored Pigments These are water insoluble colored materials. They belongs in the category
of fillers and loading material but are colored and used in small quantity.
Pigments has no affinity to fiber and must be used in conjunction with alum
or a cationic retention aid in order to retain them.
Combined Deinking Deinking process combining flotation and washing.
Compression Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount of force
Strength (CD or MD) needed to crush paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold and
support the paper specimen so as to emulate its position and orientation in
the walls of a corrugated container. Due to the corrugated board making
process, paper must support compressive loads orthogonal to their grain (a
CD orientation). The test is unidirectional so the paper orientation during
testing must be known.

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Coniferous Trees Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g.
pine, spruce etc.

Consistency The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.

Consistency A device or instrument used to regulate the consistency of the pulp on-line.
Regulator Regulator works only in reducing the consistency i.e. add water, but can't
remove water or thicken.
Construction Paper Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing,
industrial, pipe covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.
Containerboard The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating material and
chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard. The raw
materials used to make containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber,
recycled fiber or a combination of both.
Continuous Pulping Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.

Contraries Unsuitable material found in wastepaper which must be removed from the
pulp before making it into paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.
Contrast The degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme
lights and darks give an image high contrast. An image with a narrow tonal
range has lower contrast.
Converting The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the
finished paper and paperboard so that it can be made into end-user
products.

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Cooking Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and
temperature to soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.
Cooking Liquor Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g.
cooking liquor in kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.
Cooling Cylinders or Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after dryers
Cooling Drums is passed to cool the paper before calendering..
Copier Paper or Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used
Laser Paper for copying correspondence and documents.
Copper Number It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper in
grams reduced to cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.
Cord Pulpwood volume measurement indicating a pile measuring 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft,
equaling 128 ft³ (3.62 in³). A long cord measure 4ft x 5ft x 8ft equaling 160
ft3.

Core Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.

Core Plug Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which are driven into
the ends of the paper core of finished roll to prevent crushing of the core.
Corona Treatment An electrostatic treatment that reduces the surface tension of a substrate
(e.g., a polycoated substrate) to ensure adhesion of ink and glue.
The Corona treatment involves high voltage, high frequency electricity
discharged from an electrode when it pours through the polycoated board
increases the surface energy of the board to better receive inks or glue.
Corrugated Board Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating
machine. When this corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of
board, it becomes single-faced corrugated board; if pasted on both sides, it
becomes double-faced corrugated board or corrugated (shipping)
containerboard.
Corrugated Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.
Container

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Corrugated Medium The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated container, which cushions the
or Media product from shock during shipment. Media can contain up to 100% post-
consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the
product.
Corrugator Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to the medium and
affixes sheets of linerboard to form corrugated board.

Cotton Fiber Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable fibers
known to man. Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer and
hold up better under repeated handling and variant environmental
conditions than paper made from wood pulp. Generally, given reasonable
care, one can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of cotton
contained in the sheet. Typically cotton fiber papers are made of either all
cotton fiber (100% cotton) or a blend of cotton and wood pulp.

Cotton "fibers" are made from unicellular hairs that grow out from the
surface of the seed immediately after fertilization. The hairs are twisted
into usable thread which is tough and strong. Cotton hairs (lint) of
tetraploid (4n) species may be up to 50 mm long. In the cotton gin, fine
brushes pull the lint off the seed by drawing it through holes too fine for
the seeds to pass. Cotton thread is spun from countless billions of
microscopic hairs covering the surface of cotton seeds, each hair up to 50
mm (2 inches) in length. The total length of hairs in a single cotton boll (one
seed capsule) may exceed 300 miles. Imagine how many miles of cotton
hairs are in a standard 500 pound bale. Cotton is the textile produced in the
largest volume worldwide.

(From http://waynesword.palomar.edu/traug99.htm )

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Cotton Linter The cotton fibers that adhere to the cottonseed used to produce pulp for
cotton fiber papers.
Cotton Paper or Rag Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also
Paper called rag paper.
Couch Pit or Hog Pit This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water draining from this
section, wet wire trim and any wet broke generated due to the paper break
at the wire part. Couch pit has agitator (s).

Couch Roll Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive for the wire, 2)
Transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part and 3) Removes water
(if suction type couch roll). Couch roll can be solid or suction type.

Cover Paper Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are
converted into, covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc. Good
folding qualities, printability, and durability characterize it.
Crack 1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer
on the formation of fissures in the surface of the coating due to
printing or other converting process.
2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded along a
fold line. May be due to separation of coating or separation of fibers.
More prevalent when the paper has been over-dried. In boards it may
occur along score-folds even though the scoring has been done to
minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied when coatings
crack without fiber failure during a folding operation.
Crease 1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.
2. Cross direction wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a web in the cross
machine direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.
3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction devoid of
coating in the creased area.
4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through the

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 Calender of a crease or of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut
through when it is preferable to call it a Calender out.
5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the machine
direction. Can occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size
press, winder or sheeter.
Creping The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and
softness.

Crescent Former Sheet forming section in a tissue machine, with the pulp suspension jet-out
of the headbox flowing between a felt and a wire both moving at the same
speed.
Crinkles A defect in linerboards caused by the separation of the liner ply and/or the
formation of fissures (cracks) in the surface of the liner during creasing.
Cross-machine A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the paper
Direction machine.
Crystallization A condition of a dried ink film, which repels another ink printed on top of it.
Cunit A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid
wood, bark excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood.
Curl Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one of
its directions.

Customark A customark is a watermark made with a rubber printing plate treated with
a tranparentizing solution that leaves a mark in the paper. This process
produces a wire appearance in which the mark is lighter than the
surrounding paper. It can be produced in smaller quantities and at a lower
price than a genuine watermark, which requires a dandy roll.
Cut Sheet Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be used
in printer, photocopier, fax machines etc.

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Cutter A machine in the Finishing House of a paper mill, used for converting paper
from reel to specific sheet sizes.
Cutter Dust Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers
as it is cut by the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet cutter.
Cutting (Refining) A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more pieces.
Cylinder Mould or It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered cylinders are rotated
Cylinder Machine through a vat of pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the
cylinder. Cylinder machines are used primarily to manufacture paperboard.
Multi-cylinder machines produce multi-layered paperboard (one layer for
each cylinder).

D
Damp Streaks Streaks caused by uneven pressing or drying during paper manufacturing.
Dampening The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be ink
repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the
Dampening system.
Dandy Roll A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and
compacts the newly formed wet web to improve the formation and if
required to impart watermark or laid finish the paper.

Debossing Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or plastic
die to create a depressed (debossed) image.

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Deciduous Trees Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as birch,
maple etc.

Decker A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.

Deckle The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine.
Also defied as the wood frame resting on or hinged to the edges of the
mould that defines the edges of the sheet in handmade papermaking or
strap or board on the wet end of a paper machine that determines the
width of the paper web.
Deckle Edge The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows
against the deckle.
Deculator A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock furnish
by applying vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber, usually
at the outlet of cleaners.
Decurler A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.
Defibration Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.
Deflaker Deflaker mechanically treat the fiber flakes and bundles of fibers in the
stock in order that they are broken down into individual fibers in a
suspension if possible. This is done for a number of reasons and in a
number of positions within the system. It can be installed to reduce
remaining flakes after a pulper, in the broke system to reduce flakes going
back to the machine from the broke pulpers and can also be used in the
final stages of a screening system in a recycled fiber line to treat the
concentrated rejects and the flakes contained within it.

Degree of As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in each
Polymerization (DP) cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED
viscosity test.
Deinked Pulp (DIP) Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper
Deinking The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities
from waste paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.

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Deinking Cell A vessel or chest used to treat recycled paper with chemical to remove ink.

Delamination The separation of the layers of a multiplex paper/paperboard/corrugated

board.

Delignification The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during
the chemical pulping process.
Deliquescent Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture from the
surrounding atmosphere to revert it to a liquid form. Examples of
deliquescent include calcium chloride and ammonium nitrate.
Densitometer A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the density of
photographic images or of colors. Used in quality control to accurately
determine the consistency of color throughout the run.
Deresination Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by
storage or using bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.

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Digester The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are
cooked with chemical to separate fiber by dissolving lignin.

Digital Printing 1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital
data from pre-press systems.
2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other
images carriers that do not require intermediate films.
3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions
directly on the substrate without the need for intermediate films or
plates
A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or
single color, used for short-run variable information and on-
demand book publishing.
B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or
four color process printing, used for making one or several copies
of spot or four color process subjects.
C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic,
magnetographic, monographic, field effect, ink jet or thermal
transfers printing. For One-colour, four color process or up to six-
color printing. Used for some degree of variable information, on-
demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product
labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.
Dimensional The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance of
Stability paper to dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative
humidity. Dimensional stability is essential for keeping forms in registration
during printing and keeping sheets from jamming or wrinkling on press or in
laser printers.
Dioxin A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex
process, where chlorine combines with other additives during bleaching.
Direct Cooking Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam
directly into the digester.
Direct Dye Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to
remain on a fiber surface without need of a fixative. Direct dyes have
moderate lightfastness but duller shades
Directionality Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in
paper e.g. CD or MD.

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Dirt Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which
contrast in color to the remainder of the sheet.
Dirt Count The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both
virgin sheets and recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled paper
usually has a slightly higher dirt count than virgin paper. However, it rarely
affects recycled paper's quality and use.
Dispersion A distribution of small particles in a medium. It also describes the uniform
suspension of fibers in water for wet forming.

Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual ink particles are
dispersed into tiny bits that are usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching the
fibers helps to remove the last of the inks and improve paper brightness.
Dispersants Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided
particles to come apart and remain separate from each other in suspension.
Displacement An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor from
Washing a pulp bed in order to improve the washing; enables washing with reduced
amount of water.
Dissolving Pulp A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose
derivatives including rayon and acetate.
Doctor Blade Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length to
keep it clean. Blades are also used for creping.

Document Paper Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but
may also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents
that have to be preserved for a longer period.
Double Coating Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.
Down Cycling Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and
become contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the
original product which went to form the waste; the progressive
deterioration of fibers means that there is a limit to the number of times
they can be recycled, thus the term down cycling is used as a more accurate
description of recycling.
Drainage or Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.
Dewatering
Draw Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.
Dregs The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing process.
Drum Reel The reel drum (also called a "pope reel") is motor driven under sufficient
load to ensure adequate tension on the sheet coming from the calendars.
The web wraps around the reel drum and feeds into the nip formed
between the drum and the collecting reel.

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Drum Washer One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for
dewatering and displacement.
Dry Coating Coating method in which a binder is applied to the paper surface followed
by dry coating pigment.
Dry End That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized,
calendered and reeled.
Dry Line The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming section
where the appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly. Before
the dry line the furnish has a glossy, wet appearance. After the dry line the
wet web appears dull. The optical change is related to the effect of fibers
poking through the air-water interface. On a well-adjusted paper machine
the dry line ought to be straight. Increased refining and lower freeness of
the pulp tend to move the dry line in the direction of the couch. Chemicals
that promote drainage tend to move the dry line in the direction of the
slice.
Dry Offset Uses a rotary letterpress plate on an offset press. Because the image is
relief, the method requires no dampening. Image is transferred to a rubber
blanket, then to paper.
Dryer Felt A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section of a
paper machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web against
the surface of the dryer cylinder.

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Dryer Screen A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open area to
provide easy escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation. Dryer
screens are used in the later part of dryer section where paper is >60% dry
to avoid any screen impression.
Drying This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of the paper formed
on wire. After pressing the moisture content of the web is apprx. 40-45%.
The remaining water (up to 95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This
is done by moving the web around a series of steam heated iron drums in
the dry end of the paper machine.
Duplex Bag Two-ply bags.
Duplex Board Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed
and joined together at wire part.
Duplex Paper Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and
joined together at wire part.
Dust Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes
sticks to the printing blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper
surface.
Dye A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a
certain range of wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears
colored. Dye can be basic, acidic or direct.
E
Edge Crush The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined board is a
Resistance primary factor in predicting the compression strength of the completed
box. When using certain specifications in the carrier classifications,
minimum edge crush values must be certified.
Edge Cutter Device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the wire
and which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges
may be removed, generally at the couch. In this way they control the width
of the web going forward from the wire part and give it comparatively clean
edges.
Effective Alkali Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S) expressed as Na2O
in alkaline pulping liquor.
Effluent Waste backwater and rejects from which fiber is recovered prior to
discharge from the mill.
Electrical Grade Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins
Paper and made from unbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must
neither contain fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.) nor
salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used on rotor and stator to avoid any
metal contamination. Cable papers, that are wound around line wires in a
spiral-like fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a particularly high
strength in machine direction. Electrical grade papers include cable papers,
electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.
Electric Resistivity Resistivity characterizes how a sheet of paper accepts and holds a charge.
Since the electrostatic processes uses an electrical charge to form the print
image, the electrical properties of the sheet are important to the overall
imaging process.
Electronic Printing Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods that
create images using electrostatic charges rather than a printing plate.
Electro photography A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically charged
particles to create images - e.g., photocopiers and laser printers.

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Electrostatic Used to clean up flue and process gases. Removes 99.5-99.8% of dust
Precipitator (ESP) particles emitted from recovery boilers, lime kilns and bark-fired boilers.

Elemental Chlorine ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide rather
Free (ECF) than elemental chlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually eliminates
the discharge of detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp manufacturing
facilities.
Elongation A property of paper that allows it to stretch.
Embossing Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or plastic die, creating a
raised (embossed) image.
Emulsion Coating Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.
Enamel A general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight
than coated publication (magazine) paper but a lower basis weight and
caliper than coated cover paper.
Engine Sizing Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added in
Engine or Beater.
English Finish A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper. It is soft,
dull and pliable. Normally used for letterpress printed magazines.
Engraving A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates. Made from steel or
copper, engraved plates cost more than plates used in most other printing
processes, such as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate
while the printing press exerts force on the paper, pushing it into the wells
and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters and images on the
front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering effect
of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process called
thermography.
Entrained Air Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1 mm)
to move along with the fibers.
Envelop Paper The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on
high-speed envelop machine.
Environmentally EPP should have at least two of the following three characteristics:

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Preferable Paper 1. 30% or more Post Consumer Recycled Content
(EPP) 2. TCF Bleaching
3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin
fiber sources.
Enzyme A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.
Enzyme Bleaching Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp
is treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached
without chlorine chemicals.
Equilibrium The moisture content of a paper that has reached a balance with the
Moisture Content atmosphere surrounding it, i.e. in a condition in which it will neither give up
nor absorb moisture.
Equivalent Black Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white
Area background of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual
impression on its background as does the dirt speck on the particular
background in which it is embedded.
Esparto A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink receptive sheet.

Ethers Pulp Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in
sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or
chlorides like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic polymer
called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of
fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of
other applications.
Extended Cooking Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need
for bleaching chemicals.
Extensible Kraft Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately 6%) more in
MD and tears less easily than regular Kraft paper.
External Fibrillation A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer
layer of a fiber.
Extractives Any number of different compounds in biomass that are not an integral
part of the cellular structure. The compounds can be extracted from wood
by means of polar and non-polar solvents including hot or cold water, ether
, benzene, methanol, or other solvents that do not degrade the biomass
structure. The types of extractives found in biomass samples are entirely
dependent upon the sample itself.
Extruded Coating Coating applied to paper or board using an extruder.
F
Fabric Press Paper machine wet press that uses a special multiple weave fabric belt
sandwiched between the regular felt and the rubber covered roll,
increasing the capacity to receive and remove water from the nip between
the rolls.

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Falling Film A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a
Evaporator non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the
heat exchange surface by gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a
bundle of plates, lamellas or tubes; commonly used in pulp mills and
chemical recovery process.

Fan-out A dimensional change in paper associated with its passage through a

printing unit. In web offset printing it is the increase in web width after
each blanket impression.
Fan Pump A high flow rate, low head pump used to pump diluted stock to paper
machine headbox.

Fanfold Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which
is folded longitudinally.

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Feathering The tendency of liquid ink to spread along the paper fibers so that the
image produced does not have sharp, clean edges.

Felt A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls
on the paper machine.

Felt Filling Undesirable accumulation of particulate matter within the void spaces of
press felts.
Felt Finish Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper machine,
using woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to create a
similar texture in the finish sheets.
Felt Mark Imprint left on the paper by one or more of the felts used in making the
paper. The mark may be wanted or unwanted and special effects can be
introduced in this way.
Felt Side The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine.
The "top side" or felt side is preferred for printing because it retains more
fillers.
Fiber or Fibre The slender, thread-like cellulose structures that forms the main part of
tree trunk and from separated and suitably treated, cohere to form a sheet
of paper.

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Fiber Axis Ratio Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.
Fiber Coarseness Weight per unit length of fiber.
Fiber Cut A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge of the web, caused by
a fiber imbedded in the web of paper.
Fiber Debris Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the
fiber.
Fiber Floc Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor formation.
Fiber Orientation Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet.
Fiberboard Board made from defibrated wood chips, used as a building board.
Fibrillation A structural change occurring in the walls of chemical pulp fibers during
beating.
Fibrillae or Fibrils String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the
beating process. They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being
manufactured.
Filler Any inorganic substance added to the pulp during manufacturing of paper.
Most of fillers are cheaper than fibers and so fillers are added to reduce the
overall cost of paper. Fillers are also used to improve optical and other
printability related properties. Fillers improve opacity and brightness. Fillers
reduce strength properties of paper.
Filter Paper Unsized paper made from chemical pulp, in some cases also with an
admixture of rags, sometimes with a wet strength finish. Filtration rate and
selectivity, which are both dependent on the number and the size of the
pores, can be controlled by specific grinding of the pulps and creping.

Filtrate The effluent from the washing or filtering process.

Fines Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by classification.

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Fine Papers Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including offset, bond,
duplicating and photocopying.
Finish The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either on-machine or off-
machine papermaking processes. Popular text and cover finishes include
smooth, vellum, felt, laid, and linen.
Finishing The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper rolls or trimming,
cutting, counting and packing of paper sheets from parent roll.
Finishing Broke Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.
First Pass Retention First-pass retention gives a practical indication of the efficiency by which
fine materials are retained in a web of paper as it is being formed. First-pass
retention values can be calculated from just two consistency
measurements, the headbox consistency, and the white water consistency.
There is a very wide diversity of first-pass retention on different paper
machines, from less than 50% to almost 100%. The key rules that
papermakers follow are that (a) first-pass retention should have a steady
value, and (b) that value should be high enough to avoid operational
problems or an excessively two-sided sheet. Some operational problems
that can be caused by low values of first-pass retention are increased
frequency of deposit problems, filling of wet-press felts, poor drainage, and
unsteady drainage rates and sheet moistures.
Fish Eye A paper defect appearing as glazed, translucent spot caused by slime, fiber
bundles, and/or improperly prepared chemical additives in the stock.
Flag A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to
mark a splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.
Flame Resistant Treatment applied to kraft paper to make it resistant to catching on fire
(not fire proof—will char but not burst into flame).
Flat Crush of A laboratory test (Tappi T808 or T825) of a single wall combined board
Corrugated Board specimen to measure its resistance to crushing forces from conversion and
handling. Test can also be an indicator of flute formation and the presence
of crushed or leaning flutes.
Flashing Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the reduction of
pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Flashing occurs in blow
tank during blowing.
Fly Leaf/Shaving Trim scrap from printing operation.
Flexography A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or photopolymer plates.

Flexural Rigidity The measurement of a combined board resistance to flexing. Combined

with ECT box perimeter and flute type, it is key to predicting box
compression resistance or static load resistance (Tappi T566).
Flocculation A tendency for fibers to collect together in bunches in the presence of flow,
and especially in the presence of retention aids; the same word also refers
to the action of high-mass polymers in forming bridges between suspended
colloidal particles, causing strong, relatively irreversible agglomeration.

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Flotation Cell Main equipment of Flotation Deinking, Large number of tiny air bubbles
are injected into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach themselves
to these bubbles and float to the surface where it is skimmed off and
removed.

Flotation Deinking Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the de-inking
process.
Flotation Dryer Non contacting dryer used in pulp drying or coating applications, drying is
achieved by passing sheet between two dryer hoods where hot dry air is
impinged onto the sheet and the moisture is evaporated and removed by
an air system.
Flowspreader Front end of the paper machine whose objective is to distribute the
papermaking fiver uniformly across the machine from back to front.
Fluff Pulp A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp,
usually bleached, used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed
pads and hygienic personal products. Also known as "fluffing" or
"comminution" pulp.

Fluorescent Dye A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness of the paper. It
may give a slight blue or green cast to the sheet.
Fluorescent Inks Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally, they are brighter and
more opaque than traditional inks, but they are not color fast, so they will
fade in bright light over time. Their metallic content will also affect dot gain
and trapping.
Fluorescent Also referred to as an "optical brightener." A chemical compound when
Whitening Agent expose to a light containing an ultraviolet component will absorb and re-
emit light in the blue spectrum or in other words fluoresce. FWA's will
enhance brightness and blueness quality of white paper.
Flute One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. Flutes are
categorized by the size of the wave. A, B, C, E and F are common flute
types, along with a variety of much larger flutes and smaller flutes.

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Fluted Edge Crush Measures the edgewise compression strength of corrugating medium using
a fluted test specimen per Tappi T824.
Flute (A,B,C,E,F&G) These letters define the type of corrugated material in terms of the number
of corrugations per unit length and the height of the corrugations -
specifically these are:
Flute Corrugations per meter Height of corrugation (mm)
A 105 – 125 4.5 - 4.7
B 150 – 185 2.1 - 2.9
C 120 - 145 3.5 - 3.7
E 290 - 320 1.1 - 1.2
F 410 - 420 0.7 - 0.8
G 550 - 560 0.5 - 0.6
Fluting Waves or corrugation in heat-set web offset prints that runs in the press
direction.
Foamboard C1S paperboard designed for lamination to a foam backing for point-of-
purchase displays, posters, and signs.
Foil or Hydrafoil The flat strip used to support wire. Only the leading edge of the wire
touches the foil. Foil helps in removing water by creating gentle suction and
also doctor the water removed in previous section.

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Folding Doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another.
Folding stresses the paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold, heavy
papers like cover stocks and Bristol need to be scored before they're
folded.
Folding Boxboard Single or multi-layer paperboard made from primary and/or secondary
fibers, sometimes with a coated front, used to make consumer packaging
(cartons).
Folding Strength or Folding strength is most important in currency paper. Multiple fold strength
Folding Endurance is also important for paper used in books, maps, and pamphlets. It's far less
important in one-fold greeting cards or envelopes, where fold cracking is
the vital consideration. Folding endurance or strength is measured and
reported in numbers.
Formation The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more uniform and tightly
bound the fibers, the better the sheet will print and look. Close Formation -
Uniform distribution of fibers. Cloudy formation: A spotty, non-uniform
dispersion of fibers, the opposite of close formation.
Forming Board Forming Board is the leading forming unit under the fabric closest to the
slice. The stock jet velocity, the impingement angle and the position of the
impingement onto the forming board will determine the water removal and
the activity produced at this point. Modern Forming Boards are stepped to
create activity at high speeds – this greatly enhances the formation.

Fortified Rosin Size The roller on a printing machine which initiates the supply of moisture to
the damping system.
Fountain Roller The roller on a printing machine which initiates the supply of moisture to
the damping system.
Four-color Printing A printing method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and
Process black to simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a color
image. Reproducing a four-color image begins with separating the image
into four different halftones by using color filters of the opposite (or
negative) color. For instance, a red filter is used to capture the cyan
halftone, a blue filter is used to capture the yellow halftone, and a green
filter is used to capture the magenta halftone. Because a printing press
can't change the tone intensity of ink, four-color process relies on a trick of

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 the eye to mimic light and dark areas.

Each halftone separation is printed with its process color (cyan, magenta,
yellow, and black). When we look at the final result, our eyes blend the dots
to recreate the continuous tones and variety of colors we see in a color
photograph, painting, or drawing.

Fourdrinier Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine is

structured on a continuously moving wire belt on to which a watery slurry
of pulp is spread. As the wire moves, the water is drained off and pressed
out, and the paper is then dried.

Free Stock Unrefined stock. Stock that, when drained under gravity, parts easily with
the water of suspension
Freeness A term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. The
opposite of freeness is slowness. Freeness or slowness is the function of
beating or refining. Freeness and slowness reported in ml CSF and degree
SR respectively are also the measurement of degree of refining or beating.
Freesheet Paper that is free of mechanical wood pulp, which is true of virtually all fine
printing papers.
French Fold A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then horizontally
to produce a four-page folder.

Fully Bleached Pulp Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 60 ISO).

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Furnish A blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other materials that are fed to
the wet end of the paper machine.
Fuzz Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper, caused by excessive
suction, insufficient beating or lack of surface sizing. Lint appears in much
the same manner but is not attached to the surface.
G
Gampi A bast fiber from the gampi tree used in Japanese papermaking to yield a
smooth, strong sheet.

Gatefold Two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the end flaps folding
inward.

Ghosting Variation in ink gloss, density or color that are not part of the original
design, but appear as a repeat or ghost image associated with another area
of the copy.

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Glassine Paper A translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp and
subsequently supercalendered.

Glazed Paper Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during the
process of manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various methods
such as friction glazing, calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee drier.

Gloss The property that's responsible for a paper's shiny or lustrous appearance;
also the measure of a sheet's surface reflectivity. Gloss is often associated
with quality: higher quality coated papers exhibit higher gloss.
Gloss Mottle Blotchiness or non-uniformity in the paper's gloss (unprinted or printed).
Typically only visible at certain viewing angles. Usually attributable to poor
formation and heavy calendering.
Grade Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade. Different grades
are distinguished from each other on the basis of their content,
appearance, manufacturing history, and/or their end use.
Grain The direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As the pulp slurry
moves forward on the papermaking machine's formation wires, the fibers
tend to align themselves in the direction of movement. Binding books
parallel to the grain allows for a smoother fold then working across the
grain. Grain direction of sheet fed papers is usually indicated by underlining
the number, e.g., 23" X -35". On a web press, the grain direction should run
along the length of the paper web.
Grain Long Grain running lengthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grain Short Grain running widthwise along a sheet of paper.
Grammage Weight in grams of one square meter of paper or board (g/m 2); also basis
weight.
Granting Uneven staining of fibers in pulp, usually due to a very high affinity of dye
for fiber, together with insufficient dilution and/or poor mixing.

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Gravure A printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image carriers. The image
carrier, which is flat or cylindrical, moves through an ink pool. A blade
scrapes excess ink off the plane of the plate, leaving ink in the recessed
wells. A second cylinder presses the paper onto the plates, where it picks
up ink from the wells. The high speed of gravure presses and the durability
of the metal intaglio plates make gravure an economical printing method
suitable for large print runs (more than two million copies).

Gravure Paper Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good
wettability of gravure inks.
Gray Board A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without
screenings and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in
thickness less then 1 mm.
Greaseproof Paper A protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps, which are
highly hydrated in order that the resulting paper may be resistant to oil and
grease.

Greenfield Mill Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.

Green House Gases Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere,
potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.
Green Liquor The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the recovery furnace
is dissolved in water is called "green" liquor.
Green Paper Immature paper which has not been conditioned or had the opportunity to
mature naturally.

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Grinder A machine in which logs are defibrated against a revolving grindstone.

Groundwood Papers A general term applied to a variety of papers made with substantial
proportions of mechanical wood pulp together with bleached or
unbleached chemical wood pulps (generally sulfite), or a combination of
these, and used mainly for printing and converting purposes.
Groundwood Pulps A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a rough surfaced
roll rotating at very high speed) coarse wood pulp used in newsprint and
other low cost book grades where it contributes bulk, opacity, and
compressibility. Groundwood pulp is economical since all the wood is used;
however, it contains impurities that can cause discoloration and weakening
of the paper.
Guar Gum A natural polymer that is used as a dry-strength additive, often as a cationic
derivative.
Guillotine A machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works the same way the
original French guillotine worked. A cutting blade moves between two
upright guides and slices the paper uniformly as it moves downward.

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Gurley Porosity A method to measure the air permeability of paper by TAPPI method T536.

H
H Factor It is the area under the curve when relative reaction rate is plotted against
cooking time.
Half Fold The half fold is commonly used for brochures and greeting cards. For cover
weight paper, a score is usually required to produce a smooth folded edge.
Half + Letter Fold This fold is perfect for newsletters. An 11" x 17" sheet folded this way has
only one open side and fits into a #10 envelope. The newsletter looks good
and is easy to handle.
Half Tone Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of varying sizes in one
color.

Handmade Paper A sheet of paper, made individually by hand, using a mould and deckle.

Hard Cook Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.

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Hard Pulp Chemical pulp with a high lignin content.
Hard Sized Paper Paper treated with high degree of internal sizing.
Hardwood Wood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad leaves. Trees
grown in tropical climates are generally hardwood. Hardwood grows faster
than softwood but have shorter fibers compared to softwood.
Head Box or Flow The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a
Box or Breast Box uniform dispersion of fibers in water at the proper speed through the slice
opening to the paper machine wire.

Heart Wood The dark colored , center of a tree trunk, consisting of dormant wood.

Heat Embossing / Heat embossing is done with embossing powder and a heat tool. The
Thermography powder becomes liquid when heated and then quickly dries hard when it
cools. The end result of heat embossing is a raised surface on the paper.
This process is actually called "thermography" in the printing world.

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Heat Set Web An offset printing process done on a web of paper supplied in a roll. The
term heat set originates from the inks used in the process. They contain
high amounts of solvent flashed off in ovens to dry at very high speeds.
Web presses perfect or print both sides of the sheet simultaneously.
Heat Transfer Paper The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).
Hemicellulose A constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a polysaccharide, but less
complex and easily hydrolysable.

Herbaceous Plants Non-woody species of vegetation, usually of low lignin content such as
grasses.
Hickey An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page. Hickeys are caused by
paper or pressroom dust, dirt, or pick out on the printing blanket, all of
which prevent the ink from adhering to the paper surface.
High Finish Smooth finish applied to paper to improve the printing surface.
Hog Fuel A mixture of bark and other wood waste usually produced by sawmills;
burned to produce energy and steam.
Hold Out Resistance of paper surfaces to the absorption of ink. High Hold Out offers
higher resistance to ink absorption. Regular Hold Out allows greater ink
absorption.
Holocellulose The total carbohydrate fraction of wood — cellulose plus hemicellulose.
Hologravure Printining process by which great continuous 3D depth is achieved using
textures and patterns.
Hood A hood covering the paper machine drying section and designed for moist
air removal.

Hot Melt A type of glue or adhesive applied while hot/warm.

Hot Groundwood Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with
Pulp steam.
Hydration The prolonged beating or refining of cellulose pulp in water to reduce it to a
semi-gelatinous mass.
Hydrogen Peroxide A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with
Bleaching hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The
method considerably reduces the need for chlorine-containing chemicals in
the final bleaching of chemical pulps.

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Hydrophilic Having strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic Lacking affinity for water.
Hydropulper An equipment used to slush broke/paper in to pulp.

Hygroscopic Having the property to absorb water vapor from the surrounding
atmosphere. Most of the papers (except glassine, greaseproof or wet
strength etc.) are hygroscopic in nature.
I
Imbibition The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a corresponding increase in
volume.
Impregnation Process of treating a sheet of paper with a chemical or wax so that the
treatment penetrates into the paper.
Impression Cylinder The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds paper while an inked
image from the blanket is pressed upon it.
Impression Semi-genuine watermark made in the paper machine press section using
Watermark engraved rolls while the web is still wet.
Index Paper A stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high bulk but low
weight of this paper makes it a popular choice for business reply cards.
Indirect Greenhouse Greenhouse gas emissions relating to an industrial process but not directly
Gases generated by it. Measurement of such emissions, as per the World
Resources Institute’s Scope 2 definition, is commonly limited to those
associated with purchased energy.
Industrial Papers A very general term, which is used to indicate papers manufactured for
industrial uses as opposed to cultural purposes. Thus, building papers,
insulating papers, wrapping papers, packaging papers, etc. would be
considered industrial papers.
Infra Red Drying Electric or gas infra red dryers used to initially achieve immobilization of the
fluid coating and commence the drying process.
Ink Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives
formulated to reduce smudging, picking and other printing problems
associated with ink. The choice of ink depends on the type of paper and
printing process.
Ink Absorption A paper's capacity to accept or absorb ink.
Ink Coverage The portion of the total surface area of the paper which is covered by ink.
The portion of the coverage usually is expressed in terms of percent of ink
coverage.
Ink Holdout The way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper. Strong ink
holdout results in a sharp, bright image.
Ink Jet Printing Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto
the paper surface.

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Ink Tack The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as the force required
to split an ink film.
Insect Resistant Paper treated with insecticide compounds to make it resistant to insect
attack.
Insider Liner The liner bonded to the medium at the single facer. Called inside liner
because it is the inside facing of a corrugated box. Also called the single
face liner.
Insulating Board A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other
vegetable fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such a
way as to contain a large quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It is made
either by cementing together several thin layers or forming a non-
laminated layer of the required thickness. It is used in plain or decorative
finishes for interior walls and ceilings in thickness of 0.5 and 1 inch (in some
cases up to 3 inches) and also as a water-repellent finish for house
sheathing. Desirable properties are low thermal conductivity, moisture
resistance, fire resistance, permanency, vermin and insect resistance, and
structural strength. No single material combines all these properties but all
should be permanent and should be treated to resist moisture absorption.
Intaglio A method of printing in which an image or letter is cut into the surface of
wood or metal, creating tiny wells. Printing ink sits in these wells, and the
paper is pressed onto the plate and into the wells, picking up the ink.

1. Gravure is considered an intaglio printing process.

2. In papermaking, watermarking from countersunk depressions in the
dandy roll to provide a whiter or denser design instead of increased
transparency.

Integrated mill A mill which starts with logs or wood chips and first produces wood pulp
which it then processes to make paper or board.
Intermittent Board A machine for producing sheets of thick board by winding the web formed
Machine on a Fourdrinier wire or cylinder mould (s) around a making roll to form a
sheet consisting of several layers. When the thickness is sufficient the layers
are cut, so forming a sheet which is removed from the machine for drying
and any further processing.
Internal Bonding Determines how strongly the coating is fused to the body stock. Caused by
Strength long periods of hydration, paper with high internal bonding strength resists
picking during the printing process.
Internal Fibrillation Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.
Internal Sizing Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water suspension of pulp
fibers in the papermaking process. Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.
International Paper Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric countries. ISO standards
and Board Sizes are based on a rectangle whose sides have a ratio of one to the square root
of 2 (1.414). No matter how many times a sheet of these proportions is
halved, each will retain the same constant proportions. There are three ISO
series A, B, and C.

The A Series: The A series is for general printed matter including stationary
and publications.

SIZE Millimeters
4A0 1682 x 2378

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2A0 1189 x 1682
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74

The B series: The B series is about half way between two A sizes. It is
intended as an alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters and
wall charts.

SIZE Millimeter
B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500
B4 250 X 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 44
B10 31 x 44

The C series: The C series is used for folders, post cards and envelopes. C
series envelope is suitable to insert A series sizes.

SIZE Millimeter
C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917
C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114
C8 57 x 81

RA Series Formats
RA0 860 x 1220
RA1 610 x 860
RA2 430 x 610
RA3 305 x 430
RA4 215 x 305

SRA Series Formats

SRA0 900 x 1280

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 SRA1 640 x 900
SRA2 450 x 640
SRA3 320 x 450
SRA4 225 x 320

Envelopes
DL 110 x 220
C6 114 x 162
C5 162 x 229
C4 229 x 458
C3 324 x 458
ISO Brightness The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457
nanometers under standard conditions.
Ivory Board High-quality board made in white or colors with a bright, clear appearance,
particularly used for visiting cards and similar high-class printed work.
Original Ivory Board was and still is made in Holland, although the grade is
made in many countries.
J
Jet to Wire Speed Papermakers adjust the jet-to-wire speed ratio to fine-tune the paper
Ratio structure. The "jet" is the narrow stream of dilute stock that comes out of
the headbox slice opening. The "wire" is the continuous belt of forming
fabric. Often it is possible to improve the uniformity of paper by running
jet-to-wire speed ratio as one. "Rushing the sheet" means that the jet
speed is higher than the wire speed. "Dragging the sheet" means that the
wire speed is higher than the jet speed. Especially in the case of dragging,
increasing values of jet-to-wire speed ratio tend to align fibers in the
machine direction. For square sheet (paper which has same strength
properties in CD and MD), jet to wire ratio should be kept as close to one as
possible.
Job Lot Out of specification, defective or discontinued types of paper made in small
quantities for special orders and sometimes sold at lower than regular
prices.
Jog To shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the
edges line up. Finisher jog the paper to remove any improperly cut sheet.
Printers jog the paper to get rid of any dust or particles and to ensure
proper feeding into the press.
Jumbo Roll A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine winder
spool as distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound on cores.

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 K
Kaolin White clay used as an additive and filler in paper and coating made up
chiefly of minerals of the kaolinite type.
Kappa Number A term used to define the degree of delignification. Modified
permanganate test value of pulp which has been corrected to 50 percent
consumption of the chemical. Kappa number has the advantage of a linear
relationship with lignin content over a wide range. Kappa Number x 0.15%
= % lignin in pulp
Kenaf An annual agricultural plant, native of India, which has along fiber in the
bark that, is suitable for papermaking.

Kiss Impression The lightest impression (anilox and plate to substrate) possible to properly
reproduce the image on paper.
Knotter Vibratory screens used for separating knots, uncooked chips and shives
from the pulp at the blow tank.
Knotter Pulp Pulp made from the rejects from chemical pulp screening.
Kozo The most common fiber used in Japanese papermaking, it comes from the
mulberry tree. It is a long, tough fiber that produces strong absorbent
sheets.

Kraft Bag Paper A paper made of sulfate pulp and used in the manufacture of paper bags. It
normally has a greater bulk and a rougher surface than the usual kraft
wrapping paper.

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Kraft Paper A paper of high strength made from sulfate pulp. Kraft papers vary from
unbleached Kraft used for wrapping purposes to fully bleached Kraft used
for strong Bond and Ledger papers.
Kraft Pulp Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood by the sulfate process
(q.v.). Originally a strong, unbleached coniferous pulp for packaging papers,
kraft pulp has now spread into the realms of bleached pulps from both
coniferous and deciduous woods for printing papers.
Kraftliner Paperboard of grammages of 120g and more, generally made from
bleached or unbleached sulfate pulp and used as an outer ply in corrugated
board.
L
Label A separate slip or sheet of paper affixed to a surface for identification or
description. For fiberboard boxes, includes: Full Label, Mailing or shipping
Label, Spot Label and UPC (Universal Product Code) Label.
Label Paper Mostly one-side coated papers which must be printable in 4-colour offset
and gravure printing. These papers are usually suitable for varnishing,
bronzing and punching and sometimes also feature wet strength and alkali
resistance (See "Wet strength and alkali resistant paper") in order to en-
sure the removal of the labels e.g. in the bottle rinsing machines of
breweries
Laid A finished produced with a dandy roll having closely spaced wires.

Laid Lines A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally
associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these.
Laminated Paper A paper built up to a desired thickness or a given desired surface by joining
together two or more webs or sheets. The papers thus joined may be alike
or different; a totally different material, such as foil, may be laminated with
paper.
Laminated Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased
Linerboard structural stability.
Laminator A machine that adheres multiple plies of paper or fiberboard. May be used
to adhere full labels to a facing, or, for enhanced structural properties,
multiple facings, corrugating mediums or sheets of combined board.
Lapping Machine A wet machine on which folded wet pulp sheets are produced from
screened pulp for storage and/or shipment.
Laser Printing Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a
photoconductive cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to
product the electrostatic latent image, which is developed with toners.
Latency The curl and spiral of individual pulp fiber created during refining specially
in thermomechanical pulping process

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Latency Chest A storage chest after the second stage refining in thermo-mechanical
pulping process in which pulp is agitated and stored at a specified
temperature for a predetermined time to remove latency.
Layboy A device at the end of cutter for jogging sheets in to a square pile.
Leachate Water that has as a component of dissolved matter accumulated as a result
of passing through material. e.g. rain water passing through waste dump.
Lead Dryer or Baby A small diameter dryer just after the press section.
Dryer
Leaf Fibers Papermaking fibers coming from the leaves of the plant such as hemp,
manila, flax, sisal etc.
Ledger Paper A strong paper usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to
Bond paper in its erasure and pen writing characteristics.
Letter Fold This common fold, used for mailings and brochures, is much like a letter
folded by hand for inserting in an envelope. The letter fold produces a self-
contained unit, easily handled by automated envelope inserters.
Letter Press A process of printing in which raised images are coated with ink and
pressed directly onto a paper or paperboard surface
Lick Coating A light form of mineral coating, achieved by supplying the surface sizing
press of the paper making machine with coating material instead of normal
surface sizing solution.
Light fastness The speed at which a pigment or colored paper fades in sunlight. or
How permanent a color is or how unaffected by light it is.
Light Weight Coating Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.
(LWC)
Light Weight Paper Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m 2.
Lignin A complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers
together. Lignin is brown in color. Lignin is largely responsible for the
strength and rigidity of plants, but its presence in paper is believed to
contribute to chemical degradation. To a large extent, lignin can be
removed during manufacturing.

Lignocellulose Refers to plant materials made up primarily of lignin, cellulose, and

hemicellulose.
Like-Sided Paper that has the same appearance and characteristics on both sides.

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Lime Sludge or Sludge of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed during preparation of white
Sludge liquor in the chemical recovery process.

Linen Finish A finished paper that has an overall embossed pattern on the surface
resembling the look and feel of linen cloth, and one manufactured with
engraved embossing rolls.

Liner A creased fiberboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in a container and covering

all side walls. Used to provide extra stacking strength or cushioning. Also
used as a short hand for "linerboard" or facing."
Linerboard The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated
board.
Lines Per Inch (LPI) The number of lines in an inch, as found on the screens that create
halftones and four-color process images (for example, "printed 175-line
screen"). The more lines per inch, the more detailed the printed image will
be. With the demand for computer-generated imagery, the term "dots per
inch" (which refers to the resolution of the output), is replacing the term
"lines per inch."
Lint Loosely bonded fibers at the paper surface that attached to the plate or
blanket of the printing machine.
Litho A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the
non-image area exist on the same plate and are separated by a chemical
repulsion. Usually oil based offset printing.
Loading Addition of fillers
Loft Dryer A heated room in which wet sheet of paper/paperboard are hang on poles.
This old method of drying is known as loft drying or pole drying.

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Log A piece of pulpwood length cut from trees to convenient size for storage,
transportation and handing.
Logging The operation of harvesting trees from woodlands, processing in to
barked/unbarked logs or chips.
Long Log A whole length pulpwood before cutting to shorter log.
Look Through The appearance of the paper when held up to transmitted light. It discloses
whether the formation is even and uniform or lumpy and ‘wild’. For book
publishing papers, a regular, even look through is desirable, indicating a
well made, uniform sheet.
Loose Winding A paper roll winding defect caused by insufficient sheet tension during
winding.
Lumen The center void portion of a cellulose fiber.

Lump An incomplete separation of fiber bundling or coming together of fibers and

other papermaking materials, causing raised, hard and localized spots in the
sheet.
M
M Weight The weight of one thousand sheets of paper, any size; or double the ream
weight.
M2 Yield/Ton A measure of the surface area of paper/paperboard which is obtained from
a ton of paper.
Machine Chest Usually the last large chest or tank that contains thick-stock pulp before it is
made into paper.
Machine Clothing or Fabrics of various types employed on the paper machine to carry the web
Paper Machine and perform other functions. It includes the machine wire, dandy roll cover,
Clothing press felts and dryer felts etc., which may be composed of natural or
synthetic materials.
Machine Crepe Crepe paper produced on the paper machine, and not as a secondary
option.
Machine Direction The direction of the web through the paper machine.
Machine Finish Finished produced on the paper as it leaves either the machine or the
calender stack. For increased printability, or smoothness when used as a
liner, etc.
Machine Glazed Machine glazed. Paper with a glossy finish on one side produced on the
paper machine by a Yankee cylinder.
Machine Speed The rate at which paper machine runs, expressed as m/min or ft/min.
Machine Width Width of the paper web in the paper machine.
Manifold Paper A light weight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for
airmail correspondence.
Manila A semi-bleached chemical sulfate paper. Not as strong as Kraft, but have
better printing qualities.

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Manufacturing Also known as making order. A quantity of paper manufactured to custom
Order specifications, such as a special weight, color, or size not available as a
standard stocking item.
Market Pulp Pulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper.
Usually dried to reduce freight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).
Marbling Addition of strongly stained fibers to the stock to give the paper a marbled
appearance.
Matte Finish A dull, clay-coated paper without gloss or luster.
Maximum Trimmed The greatest width of usable paper that is possible to make on a given
Width paper making machine, i.e. the full width less the necessary trim to give
clean edges. There is 3-10% width shrinkage (depending on freeness of
stock) in dryers. It is not possible to specify sizes which, in aggregate,
exceed this width.
Mechanical Paper This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or
chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The shares
of chemical and mechanical pulp vary depending on the application. Highly
mechanical papers such as newsprint tend to yellow more rapidly if
exposed to light and oxygen than woodfree papers so that they are mainly
used for short-lived products. In printing papers the mechanical pulp
improves opacity.
Mechanical Pulp Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used
mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade
printing papers.
Medium Density A composite panel made from wood fibers and resin and formed under
Fiberboard (MDF) pressure and heat. MDF has a smooth surface and good machinability, and
is used for furniture, cabinetry and millwork.
Mesh Count of wires per inch for metal and/or plastic screen used in paper mill.
Metamerism The tendency of color to appear different under different light sources such
as fluorescent or natural sunlight.
MG Machine A paper machine incorporating a Yankee or a MG drying cylinder in the
drying section to produce MG paper.

Micro Crystalline Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical
Cellulose Pulp applications, particularly in construction of tablets and other non-capsular
pills.
Mil One thousandth of an inch.
Mill The physical site where paper is manufactured; also refers to a company
that manufactures paper.

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Mill Broke Paper generated at the paper mill prior to completion of the manufacturing
process. Wet mill broke originates at the wet end of the papermaking
machine, while dry mill broke comes from the dry end of the papermaking
machine.
Millboard A thick, dense, homogeneous board, for book production, made generally
from wastepaper, on a special board making machine one sheet at a time.
Used in binding case bound books, ledgers etc. as binders’ boards.
Mineral Filler Materials such as chalk and china clay that are added to paper in order to
change its density or improve its surface and optical properties.
Mitsumata A bast fiber used in Japanese papermaking that yields a soft, absorbent and
lustrous quality.

Mixed Office Waste Wastepaper generated from offices, such as letters, memos, invoices, etc.
which are collected and sorted for paper qualities. This is the major source
of post consumer fiber.

Modified Starch Papermaking starch that has been processed generally by oxidation, to
achieve lower viscosity or chemical characteristics which are beneficial in
use as an additive in papermaking.
Moisture Content The amount of moisture or water in a sheet of paper, expressed in percent.
6 to 7% is desirable.
Moisture Resistant Paper Treated with asphalt, wax, plastic, etc. to control penetration of
moisture.
Molding Pulp Pulp, which is used for producing pulp-based or fibrous products by
pressing; example products: egg packages, trays and boxes for fruits and
vegetables.

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Mordant Chemical added to pulp to improve the fixation of dyes to the fiber.
Mottle A random non-uniformity in the visual density, color or gloss of a printed
area; also known as orange peel, back-trap mottle, wet-trap mottle,
pigment flocculation, striations, etc.
Mottling Fiber Heavily dyed fibers added to a different color stock furnish to produce
characteristic surface effects.
Mullen Measurement of the force required, in pounds per square inch, to rupture a
sheet of kraft paper. Also known as bursting strength.
Multi-stage Cooking Chemical pulping process in which the alkalinity of the cooking liquor is
varied by charging the alkali in several stages.
Multiply Board A machine in which a number of plies of paper can be combined together in
Machine the wet state to produce thick paperboard.
Multiply Paper A paper/board making process in which different layers of fibers are
Making Process deposited one over the other to form the sheet. The multiply process is
used to make the optimum use of various type of fibers available. It is also
used to make heavy basis weight papers.
N
Native Lignin The lignin as it exists in the lignocellulosic complex before separation.
Neutral Detergent Organic matter that is not solubilized after one hour of refluxing in a
Fiber (NDF) neutral detergent consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate and EDTA at pH 7. NDF
includes hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.
Newsprint A paper manufactured mostly from mechanical pulps specifically for the
printing of newspaper.
Nip Point where two rolls on the paper machine come in contact.

Nitration Pulps High purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of
chemical derivatives called cellulose nitrates. Cellulose nitrates are used in
applications ranging from solvents to smokeless (gunpowder) propellants.
Non Wood Fibers Papermaking fibers derived from plants other than trees such as cotton,
hemp, bagasse, jute, bamboo or straws.
Nonwoven Fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical,
mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.
O
Odd Lot Off standard paper. Also the term used for side rolls or sheet left after
cutting standard size/order.
Off-machine Coating Coating of paper on a separate coating machine.
Off-machine Creping A method whereby paper is creped in a separate operation rather than by
the paper machine's Yankee cylinder.

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Offset Paper Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily
suited for offset printing. Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by
strength, dimensional stability, lack of curl and freedom from foreign
surface material. Finish can be vellum or smooth.
Offset Printing Also know as web offset or lithography. Offers highest degree of precision,
clarity, and quality.
Old Corrugated Brown boxes that have been used for their intended purpose, then
Container (OCC) collected for recycling.

On Machine Coating Application of coating to the paper off the paper machine, or as a separate
operation to the papermaking.
Optical Brightener Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness; the dye
absorbs ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual spectrum.
Opacity That properties of paper which minimizes the "show-through" of printing
from the backside or the next sheet. The higher the opacity the less likely
that the printing on one side will be visible from the other side.
Open End Envelope An envelope that opens on the short dimension.
Optical Brightness Optical brighteners or fluorescent dyes are extensively used to make high,
bright blue - white papers. They absorb invisible ultraviolet light and
convert to visible light, falling into the blue to violet portion of the
spectrum, which is then reflected back to our eyes.
Optical Whitener A dye that is added to the fiber stock or applied to the paper surface at the
size press to enhance its brightness.
Orange Peel A type of sheet surface that looks like orange.
Organosolv Pulping Pulping method using organic solvent, e.g. organic acid or alcohol, as
delignification/cooking chemical.
Out of Square Paper which is trimmed improperly so the corners are not true 90 degrees.
This will result in difficulty when the presser does not have a good guide
edge to work from for accurate register.
Out Turn Sheet A sheet of paper, taken during manufacture, serving as a reference for the
mill or client.
Oven Dry Moisture The percentage loss in weight of a paper specimen when dried to constant
Content weight in an oven maintained at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.
Oxygen Bleaching A process in which pulp is initially treated with oxygen followed by 4-5
bleaching stages.
Oxygen A process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove
Delignification lignin from brown stock.
Ozone (O3) A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone Bleaching A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft
pulping and oxygen delignification processing.

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 P
Packaging Paper A paper or paperboard used for wrapping or packing good.
Pallet A platform with a slatted bottom, used to hold and ship cartons of paper
stacked on top of each other.

A standard amount of paper that fits on a wooden pallet. In cut-size sheets,

a pallet equals 40 cartons.

Paper A homogeneous sheet formed by irregularly intervening cellulose fibers.

Paperboard A heavy weight, thick, rigid and single or multi-layer sheet. What
differentiates paperboard from paper is the weight of the sheet. If
paperboard is very heavy it is called Board. Paper heavier than 150 gram
per meter square are normally called Paperboard and paperboard heavier
than 500 gram per meter square are called board.
Papermaking Invented in China by T'sai Lun some 2,000 years ago, papermaking still
follows the same basic procedures. Today wood chips are cooked with
chemicals to release cellulose fibers and dissolve lignin, then washed to
remove impurities. Most printing papers are then bleached to lighten the
color of the pulp. Pulp is mechanically and chemically treated to impart
certain desired characteristics such as strength, smoothness and sizing.
Large quantity of water is added to uniformly distribution of fibers and
additives. The resulting slurry, which is 99 to 99.5% water, is cascaded onto
the continuously moving forming fabric of the Fourdrinier paper machine.
Side-to-side shaking distributes the slurry, forming a tangled web of fiber as
the water drains off. A wire mesh roll called a dandy roll, moves over the
surface to modulate the turbulence and smooth the topside of the paper. A
felt blanket absorbs more water from the paper and sends the sheet on
through a channel of hot metal drums that dry and press the paper at the
same time to give it a more even-sided finish. At this point the paper is fully
dry and ready for off-machine processes such as coating, embossed finishes
and supercalendering.
Paper Cut The excruciating, often unforeseeable, and usually invisible-to-the-naked-
eye cut received when skin slides along the edge of a piece of paper at just
the wrong angle.
Paper-ink Affinity The tendency for paper and ink to attract and stay attracted to each other.
This keeps the ink on the paper and off the reader's hands or the next
sheet. An incompatibility between ink and paper can cause printing
problems.
Paper Surface Measure of the printability of a sheet of paper which is dependent upon
Efficiency (printing) the amount of ink the paper absorbs, the smoothness of its surface, and the
evenness of its caliper.

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Papeterie A paper used for greeting cards, stationery, etc…which is distinctive from
regular stock in that special watermarks and embossing may be used.
Papyrus The Egyptians used this aquatic plant to create a writing sheet by peeling
apart the plant's tissue-thin layers and stacking them in overlapping,
crosshatched pieces to form a sheet. Despite giving us the word "paper,"
papyrus is not a true paper.
Parchment Animal skins or linings stretched and prepared as writing/painting surfaces.
Produces a smooth, buttery surface.
Parchmentization Method of treating a paper sheet with sulfuric acid to make it greaseproof.
Parenchyma Method of treating a paper sheet with sulfuric acid to make it greaseproof.
Particulate Airborne solid impurities such as those present in gaseous emissions
(sodium sulfate, lime, calcium carbonate, soot).
Peel Strength The amount of normal force required to delaminate a multiply paper.
Strength measured by TAPPI useful method UM808 or other similar
methods.
Permeability Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous
substance such as paper or fabric.
Perfecting Press A printing press that simultaneously prints both sides of a sheet of paper as
it passes through the press. On other presses, printing both sides means
running the sheet through the press to print one side, allowing the ink to
dry, turning the paper over, and then running the sheet through the press
again to print the other side.
Permanent Paper A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over and
extended time (several hundred years). This paper is generally acid-free
with alkaline reserve and a reasonably high initial strength.
Permanence The degree to which paper resists deterioration over time. There is an
international norm which applies to woodfree papers. The ISO 9706
international norm defines the conditions for producing "permanent"
papers. A paper which fulfils these criteria can be stocked for many years
under archival conditions (temperate medium and protected from light).
Furthermore there is also the German DIN 6738 norm which can be applied
to all papers. Under the DIN 6738 norm, longevity is classified under the
following categories :
 CL 24-85 : these papers can be described as ageing-resistant,
 CL 12-80 : the lifespan of these papers is of several centuries,
 CL 6-70 : the lifespan of these papers is of at least 100 years,
 CL 6-40 : the lifespan of these papers is of at least 50 years.

However in the German introduction to the ISO 9706 norm, there is a clear
restriction concerning the DIN 6738 norm : "The task of archives, libraries,
museums and other collections is to conserve documents on a long lasting
basis". That is why printers and editors should take care to respect the
requirements of the ISO 9706 norm. DIN 6738 is valid for books which will
predictably be destroyed after use.
Permanganate Chemical test performed on pulp to determine the degree of
Number (K Number) delignification.
Permeability Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous
substance such as paper or fabric.
Pernicious Any material present in waste paper that is difficult to see or detect and
Contraries which might be detrimental to the paper being manufactured from the
wastepaper or which might either damage paper making equipment or

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 render repulping difficult
Peroxide Bleaching Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove lignin;
or Hydrogen reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.
Peroxide Bleaching
pH (Hydrogen Ion A measure of the acidity (or alkalinity) of a solution. Range from 0-14 with 7
Concentration) being neutral, less than 7 being acid; higher than 7 being alkaline.
Photodegradable A material which undergoes destruction of its chemical structure when
exposed to light. Typically, the materials become brittle with time and
fragment into small pieces or powder.
Photographic Paper The base paper used for the production of photographic papers is a
dimensionally stable, chemically neutral chemical pulp paper with wet
strength properties, that must be free from contaminants. Today papers
are coated on both sides with a thin polyethylene film. The cooking
prevents chemicals and water entering the paper during development. This
also permits shorter rinsing and drying cycles.
Pick Out A problem on press caused by unevenly sealed paper, or paper with low
bonding strength. The ink "picks" off weak areas of the paper, lifting
coating from a coated stock or lifting fibers from an uncoated stock, and
transferring them to the printing blanket.
These fibers will eventually be transferred back onto the sheets being
printed, causing inking and surface inconsistencies.
Pick Resistance The ability of paper fibers to hold together during the printing process.
Pick Up Roll Roll, which lifts the wet paper or paperboard off the wire to transfer to
press.
Picking To transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part. If the sheet moves
(Papermaking) unsupported is called "poor man pick up". If a solid/suction roll is used to
lick/pick the sheet, it is referred as closed transfer.
Picking (Printing) The problem of ink picking off paper fibers during printing. This may be an
indication of a paper with low bonding strength or the use of an ink with
too much tack for the paper it is printed on.
Pigment An ingredient added to pulp to increase the brightness and opacity of white
paper or dye the pulp to create a colored sheet. Pigments have very high
lightfastness and bleedfastness.
Pigmentizing Coating of paper with a chemical agent (pigment) to reduce surface
porosity and increase opacity.
Pin Holes Imperfections in paper which appear as minute holes upon looking through
the sheet. They originate from foreign particles, which are pressed through
the sheet.
Piping Defect in reels, consisting of ridges running around the circumference, due
to moisture take-up by the surface layers or uneven binding or hard and
soft spots.
Pitch Resinous material present in wood (mainly softwood) that carry over into
the pulping and papermaking system to form insoluble deposits.
Ply The separate webs, which make up the sheet formed on a multi-cylinder
machine. Each cylinder adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other,
the plies adhering firmly upon drying.
Point A unit of paper or paperboard thickness measuring one-thousandth of an
inch.
Polymer A chemical term for several classes of organic or carbon containing
chemicals where a monomer or single chemical molecule is connected to
itself in repeating units to form a chemical "chain." An example of a

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 polymer is cellulose, a repeating chain of glucose (sugar). Other examples
are polyesters, nylons, viscose, lyocell, polyolefins and polystyrenes.
Porosity The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important
factor in ink penetration.
Postcard Board Postcard board is either slightly mechanical or woodfree and calendered.
Post-Consumer Waste paper materials recovered after being used by consumers.
Waste Paper
Poster Paper Poster paper is a highly mechanical, highly filled, mostly coloured paper
that has been made weather resistant by sizing.
Precision Sheeting Converting rolls of paper into finished sheet sizes in a single operation.
Pre-Consumer Paper recovered after the papermaking process, but before used by a
Waste Paper consumer.
Press A combination of two or more rolls used to press out water from wet paper
web.

Following are some of the types of the press.

1. Plain Press or Solid Press

This is the simplest and the oldest type of press which is now a days
rarely used except on very slow speed machine. The solid press consist
of two solid rolls covered with rubber and or granite. The top roll is
somewhat offset for the squeezed out water to flow by gravity.
2. Suction Press
In this type of press, one roll is drilled and shell of the drilled roll rotates
over a suction box. The squeezed water is sucked out through the felt.
3. Grooved Press
In this type of press, one roll is grooved. The squeezed water is hold in
the groves and removed by doctoring or sucking out on the return run
of the roll.
4. Smoothing Press
A plain roll press just before the dryer section start, used to smoothen
the paper surface.
Press Part or Press The section of the paper machine which contains press (es). It is usually
Section located between wire part and dryer part.
Pressure Sensitive Paper coated with a self-adhesive material which in dry form (solvent free)
Coated Paper is permanently tacky at room temperature. A bond with the receiving
surface may be formed by the application of pressure (e.g. by the finger or
hand). A permanent adhesive is characterized by relatively high ultimate
adhesion and a removable adhesive by low ultimate adhesion. Until the
time of application, the adhesive surface should be covered by a suitable
release coated paper.
Pressurized Mechanical pulp produced by treating logs with steam before defibration
Groundwood Pulp against a grindstone under externally applied pressure.
(PGW)

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Printability The overall performance of the paper on press.
Printing The transfer of ink onto paper or other materials to reproduce words and
images.
Pulp A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.

Pulp Board Also known as Printers’ Board, this grade is made from a single web of pulp
on a paper making machine, and is produced in various substances. Used
for index cards and other general products, these boards may be white or
colored.
Pulper Unit for defibrating (slushing) pulps and paper machine broke, usually at
the wet end of the paper machine.
Pulping Pulping is the process by which plant material (wood, grass, straw etc.) is
reduced to a fibrous mass. It is achieved by rupturing bonds within plant
structure. It can be accomplished mechanically, thermally, chemically or
some combinations of these treatments.
Puncture Resistance The puncture resistance of combined board indicates the ability of the
finished container to withstand external and internal point pressure forces
and to protect the product during rough handling.
R
Rag The term “rag” is often used interchangeably with “cotton fiber content”
and harkens to a period of time when paper was actually made using cotton
rags which were cleaned and then broken down into fibers which were
then used to manufacture paper. In a sense it could be stated that the fine
paper business has been engaged in recycling materials for production
since its very beginning. Today paper is no longer made from rags and the
term “rag” is falling in disfavor by the industry in lieu of the phrase “cotton
fiber content”.

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Rag Paper Today rag paper is mostly made from vegetable fibers consisting of
cellulose, such as cotton, linen, hemp and ramie. Rags are the most
precious raw material for the papermaker. Rag papers and rag-containing
papers with admixtures of chemical pulp are used for banknotes, deeds,
documents, books of account, maps and copperplate engravings and as
elegant writing papers. They are also used for special technical applications.
Rag Pulp Papermaking pulp made from textile waste, cotton, hemp or flax.
Ragger Rope A rope used to remove contraries from the pulper.

Rattle That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which is

responsible for noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.
Ream 500 Sheets of paper.
Recovered Paper Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper
can be collected from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging,
unsold newspapers...) or from household collections (old newspapers and
magazines, household packaging).

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Recovered Paper Recovered paper sorted by types in order to be recycled by paper mills.
Grades Specific grades are used by paper mills, in order to produce different types
of paper and boards.
Recovery Boiler Boiler used to burn black liquor from chemical pulping for recovery of
inorganic chemicals as well as for energy production.

Recovery Rate Amount of paper recovered as a percentage of amount of paper consumed.

(Paper)
Recovery Rate Amount of chemical recovered in chemical recovery process as a
(Chemical) percentage of chemical used in pulping. Chemical loss is compensated my
make up chemicals.
Rectifier Roll or Hollow perforated roll in headbox used for even out the flow of fibers and
Holey Roll prevent settling of fibers in headbox by providing gentle agitation.
Recycled Fiber Fiber obtained from recovered paper; also secondary fiber (cf. virgin fiber).
Recycled Fiber Pulp Pulp produced from recovered paper to be used in papermaking.
Recycling Use of recovered waste paper and board by paper mills to produce paper
and boards.
Reed General name of various perennial plants; e.g. common reed, reed canary
grass, giant reed; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.

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Reel A continuous sheet of paper wound on a core.

Refiner An equipment used to give mechanical treatment to the fibers.

Refiner Mechanical Mechanical pulp produced by passing wood chips between the plates of a
Pulp (RMP) refiner.
Refiner Sawdust Mechanical pulp produced from sawmill dust.
Pulp
Refining [see Beating]
Reflectivity Ability of paper or board to reflect light; a measure of gloss.
Refractiveness A measure of how much a sheet of paper deflects the light that hits it. The
more light a sheet deflects, the greater its refractiveness, allowing a printed
image to be more brilliant and detailed.
Registration Putting two or more images together so that they are exactly aligned and
the resulting image is sharp.
Reinforcement Method for strengthening paper with an insert or surface layer of glass or
other synthetic fiber or metal .
Reinforcement Pulp Softwood chemical pulp added to give paper greater strength and to
improve runnability on the paper machine or printing press.
Reject Material removed and discarded during the cleaning and screening of
pulp/stock.

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Release Paper Release paper is used to prevent the sticking of glue, paste or other
adhesive substances. Coating paper with silicone yields papers with a
surface that prevents adhesion of most substances. Application: cover
material for self-adhesive papers or films, e.g. in label production.

Relief A method for printing ink on paper, using type or images that rise above
the surface of the printing plate. Ink sits on top of these raised surfaces,
and as the paper is pressed onto them it picks up ink. Letterpress,
flexography, and rubber stamps all use relief plates. In letterpress, intense
pressure can cause images to be slightly debossed or depressed below the
surface of the paper.
Residual Fibers Fibers derived from sawmills scraps, plywood plants and other timber
management activities.
Resilience A paper's ability to return to its original form after being stretched, bent or
compressed during the printing and bindery process.
Retention The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished paper
expressed as a percentage that added to the furnish before sheet
formation. Retention can occur by various mechanisms. The simplest of
these is mechanical sieving by the forming fabric. Once a fiber mat begins
to form, the mat itself usually can act as a much more effective and finer
sieve than the forming fabric. But even then, particles less than about 10
micrometers in size are not effectively retained by sieving. Rather,
retention of fine particles requires the action of colloidal forces, including
polymeric bridging or a charged patch mechanism. Retention aid chemicals
can be effective either by attaching fine particles to fiber fines or fibers or
by agglomerating them so that they can be sieved more effectively.
Retention Aid Chemical additives, especially high molecular weight copolymers of
acrylamide, designed to increase the retention efficiency of fine materials
during paper formation.
Rewinder Equipment which slits and rewinds paper webs into smaller rolls.

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Rice Paper A common misnomer applied to lightweight Oriental papers. Rice alone
cannot produce a sheet of paper. Rice or wheat straw is used occasionally
mixed with other fibers in paper making. The name may be derived from
the rice size (starch) once used in Japanese papermaking
Ridges Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around the
circumference of the roll.
Ring Crush Test A test method for measuring the edgewise crush resistance by forming the
(RCT) paper into a cylinder and applying a crushing force to the edge. (TAPPI
T818)
Rising Film A type of tubular heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution
Evaporator consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows
upward on the heat exchange surface; vaporization ' of the volatile solvent
reduces the density of the mixture and causes the vapour-liquid mixture to
rise; commonly used in pulp mills but less common in new installations.
Rod Coater In rod coater, the rod is the metering device, which controls how much wet
coating is allowed to leave the coating station. Typically thirty times more
will be applied compared to the actual target coat weight.
Roe Number Measure of the amount of chlorine required for bleaching pulp.
Roll Coating A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently
smoothed by means of reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated surface.
Roofing Paper Board that is impregnated with tar, bitumen and/or natural asphalt.
Rosin Rosin, a natural resin from pine trees in combination with alum, is used for
internal sizing of paper in acidic paper making. The chemical formula of
rosin is C19H29COOH.
Rosin Size Partially or completely saponified (neutralized) rosin. The chemical formula
of rosin is C19H29CONa.
Rotogravure The opposite of letterpress printing in that the design areas are recessed
into the plate instead of being a relief. It is web-fed and prints thin, quick
drying ink to produce multiple colors. Used in corrugated packaging.
Rough Heavily textured surfaces produced by minimal pressing after sheet
formation.
Rough Finish Paper having an exceptionally rough or coarse textured surface.
Runnability The ease with which a paper moves through a printing press or converting
machine. This is primarily determined by the paper's strength, tear
resistance, dimensional stability, bonding strength and water resistance
S
Sack The term is used interchangeably with the word "bag" applied to a non-
rigid container made from paper or other flexible material.
Safety Paper Papers with a special protection against abusive imitation. The safeguards
used during the production of the paper - some of them chemicals are
secret.
Salt Cake Or sodium sulfate added to the black liquor to compensate for the soda
loss.
Sanitary Papers The group of sanitary papers includes cellulose wadding, tissue and crepe
paper, made from waste paper and/or chemical pulp - also with admixtures
of mechanical pulp. As a consequence of the importance of tissue today,
this name is now used internationally as a collective term for sanitary
papers. These grades are used to make toilet paper and numerous other
sanitary products such as handkerchiefs, kitchen wipes, towels and
cosmetic tissues.

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Sanitary Tissue Tissue is a sanitary paper made from chemical or waste paper pulp,
Paper sometimes with the admixture of mechanical pulp. It has a closed structure
and is only slightly creped. It is so thin that it is hardly used in a single layer.
Depending on the requirements the number of layers is multiplied. Creping
is made at a dryness content of more than 90 %. The dry creping (unlike
with sanitary crepe papers) and the low grammage of a single tissue layer
result in a high softness of the tissue products. For consumer products it is
normally combined in two or more layers. The flexible and highly absorbent
product [is mainly produced from chemical pulp and/or DIP - sometimes
also with admixture of groundwood pulp] can also be provided with wet
strength. Applications: facial tissues, paper handkerchiefs, napkins, kitchen
rolls, paper towels, toilet paper.
Sap Wood The fluid part of the tree that moves up from the roots through the outer
portion of the trunk and branches and contributes to its growth.

Satin Finish A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.

Save-All Equipment used to reclaim fibers from white water.
Saw Dust Fine wood particles created when sawing wood; used as biofuel, pulping
raw material, panel board production, animal litter etc.

Scaling To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make
folding easier.
Score To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make
folding easier.
Scott Bond An internal bond test that measures the force needed to separate fibers
within a single ply by TAPPI method.

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Screen Device used to remove large solids particles such as fiber bundles and
flakes from stock. In good old days screen used to be open type and could
deal with thin stock only. Modern screen are closed (pressurized) and can
handle low, medium and even high consistency stock. Perforation in screen
basket can be circular, counter shrink or slotted. The screen used just
before headbox not only remove large particles but also align fibers in the
direction of stock flow.
Scuff Resistance Linerboard's ability to resist abrasion in the shipping environment may
affect external appearance.
Seam The means of joining the two ends of the fabric together.
Secondary Fibers Fibers recovered from waste paper and utilized in making paper or
paperboard.
Security paper Paper which includes identification features such as metallic strips and
watermarks to assist in detecting fraud and to prevent counterfeiting.
Self Adhesive paper Used essentially for labeling purposes, this grade has a self-adhesive
coating on one side and a surface suitable for printing on the other. The
adhesive is protected by a laminate which enables the sheet to be fed
through printers or printing machines, the laminate subsequently being
stripped when the label is applied
Semi-Alkaline Pulp Sulfite pulp cooked at slightly alkaline pH (normal sulfite pulp is cooked at
(SAP) acid pH). SAP is superior in strength to normal sulfite pulp. Used mainly in
printing papers.
Semi-Bleached Pulp Pulp bleached to a brightness somewhere between that of unbleached and
fully bleached pulp.
Semi-chemical Pulp Pulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.
Sett A number of units or bales picked up at the same time by crane or truck.
Shade The color depth and hue in comparison to papers that are the same color;
also used to describe the color achieved by adding dye to pulp slurry. There
is a wide shade variety in white papers, as well as in colored papers.
Shadow Mark A defect in paper appearance which looks like the drilling pattern in a
suction roll. It is due to opacity effects caused by areas of vacuum and
pressure as the wet web passes over a suction roll.
Shake The device to shake the wire at the breast roll end from side to side.
Sheffield Porosity A test used to measure the smoothness of paper by measuring the rate of
air flow over the surface of the sheet. The lower the number, the smoother
the sheet.
Sheeter or Cutter Machine for cutting the paper web into sheets.
Shives Small bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely during
pulping.

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Show Through The degree to which a printed film is visible through paper due to the low
opacity of the paper.

The undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a

sheet can be seen through the sheet under normal lighting conditions. The
more opaque a sheet, the less the show-through.
Showers Water jets or sprays used throughout the pulp and paper mills to wash wire
mesh screen, forming wires, press felts, pulp mat, to dilute pulp etc.

High Pressure Showers, a shower consisting of numerous needle jet nozzles

along its length at a pressure of up to 300 psi.

Lubrication Showers, a shower consisting of fan nozzles along its length to

provide full coverage of the felts surface with water. This lubricates the felt
as it passes over the suction boxes.

Oscillation Showers, the movement from side to side of the shower bar to
ensure full coverage of the felts surface by the water jets.
Side Run 1. A narrow reel removed from a web during processing, the width of
which is less than the size ordered, but is large enough to permit its use
for purposes other than re-pulping.
2. An additional part of an order placed in order to better utilize the
maximum trimmed machine width of the making machine.

Size Press Section of paper machine where surface treatments are applied to the
sheet of paper to give it special qualities. Normally comprised of a pair of
rolls towards the end of the dryer train between which the dry or partially
dry web is passed, and into the nip of which a liquid, usually starch, is
applied to impart strength to the sheet. Sometimes a chemical may be
added to produce a water-resistant sheet.
Sized Paper Sizing reduces the water absorbency of the paper and thus creates the
condition for the writability with ink. Sized paper is also used for many
other purposes (printing, coating, gluing, etc.), and the sizing agents must
fulfill a wide range of tasks. For instance, they control the water absorbency
and increase the ability to retain water and ink (pick resistance).
Sizing The treatment of paper which gives it resistance to the penetration of
liquids (particularly water) or vapors. Sizing improves ink holdout.
Slice Outlet from the head box through which the pulp suspension is fed into the
forming section.
Slide Resistance The ability of containers to resist sliding in unit loads can be predicted for
the coefficient of friction of the combined board. A low coefficient
demonstrates containers slipping from the load.
Slimes Fungus or other bacteriological growth. If not controlled in papermaking
system, may cause process and quality problems.
Slime Holes A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material around the
edges. Caused by a lump of slime which has formed in stock system from
the growth microorganisms, then becoming detached and flowing onto the
paper machine wire with the fiber to form a non-fibrous area.
Slitter Rotary knife used to slit or trim a paper web into specified width.
Slitting Dividing a web of paper in the lengthwise direction into two or more
narrower webs.

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Slowness Measure of pulp drainage. Has an inverse relationship to freeness.
Sludge The waste material left over after pulping and deinking. Although some
sludge is produced in the virgin papermaking process, far more is produced
in the deinking (recycling) process. Recycling breaks recovered paper down
into fibers, which are sent to the paper machine for new production, and
other materials, which drop into the sludge. These "other materials"
include clay coatings, fillers from the previous paper, paper clips and
staples, fibers too short to be made into paper, ink if it wasn't skimmed off
in the deinking process, and any "junk" that crept into the wastepaper
bales.
Smelt Inorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery furnace.
Smooth Finish A highly calendered or machine-finished sheet.
Smoothness The surface uniformity of paper. Sheets that are flat and even provide
better ink dot formation and sharper images.
Soda Pulping An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulfur- free sodium
hydroxide as cooking liquor.
Soft Cook Over-cooked pulp.
Soft Nip Calendar A machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition
rolls; it is designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender, with
much of the production advantage of being on machine, but without the
severe operating difficulties of an on-machine Supercalender.
Softwood Woods obtained from coniferous trees. Generally grown in cold climates.
Softwood grows slower than hardwood but have longer fibers compared to
hardwood.
Solid Fiberboard Collective term for all solid board grades.
Specialty Paper The group of specialty papers comprises numerous paper grades, each
characterized by particular properties. These properties often require
special raw materials.
Specialty Pulp Chemical pulps used for purposes other than ordinary papermaking (e.g. in
textile production)
Specific Energy Energy applied per unit weight on oven dry basis (KWH/MT) during refining.
(Refining)
Specific Surface Fiber surface area per unit weight (OD basis)
(Fiber)
Specific Surface Specific edge load divided by refiner bar width factor (Watt-Sec/m2)
Load (Refining)
Speck A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance to the
surrounding paper.
Spent Liquor Liquor recovered from cooked pulp.
Splice Formed by overlapping webs and joining with a strip of double-faced
adhesive tape. Used for lighter-weight grades of paper.
Spread Coating A method of coating a web of paper by means of a vertical plate restraining
a pond of viscous coating material, for example resins, plastics or adhesives,
which is drawn through an adjustable gap between the plate and the paper
by the forward movement of the web over a horizontal support
Stampers The wooden hammers used in a watermill to pulp rags in order to separate
the fibers.
Standard Test Atmospheric conditions of temperature and humidity in which laboratories
Conditions agree to conduct tests, eliminating those variables in comparing results.
Starch A natural product from corn, potatoes, tapioca, etc., and used for dry
strength. Cationic starch is added at the paper machine wet end.

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 Starch is a free flowing white powder. Typically, starch used in the paper
industry is extracted from maize kernels, wheat or potatoes; in rare cases,
tapioca or rice can be the source. Starches from the different plants each
have a characteristic granule size and shape.

Potato starch is often referred to as farina, and maize starch is sometimes

called corn. Native starch is sometimes called pearl starch.

Steam Finishing or A way of treating paper before calendering to improve its density and
Steam Calendering surface smoothness
Steaming Wood chips are often treated with steam prior to pulping; used in thermo-
mechanical pulping. Also injection of steam in direct or indirect cooking
digester for chip packing and or cooking.
Stencil A sheet of plastic, paper, or other material with letters or an image cut out
of it. When placed on a surface and inked, it reproduces the cut-away
images onto the material behind it.
Stickies Sticky materials in recycled papermaking pulp, often resulting from
pressure-sensitive labels.
Stiffness The ability of paper or paperboard to resist an applied bending force and to
support its own weight while being handled. A sheet that is too limp can
cause feeding and transport problems in copiers and printers. An adequate
degree of stiffness is important to avoid distortion of the paper due to the
pull of ink during offset printing. Stiffness is critical to many converting
operations for forms and envelope grades.
Stock A term used to define pulp after mechanical (refining or beating) and /or
chemical treatment (sizing, loading, dying etc.) in the paper making process.
A pulp ready to make paper.
Stock Preparation Collective term for all treatment necessary for the preparation of the stock
before it reaches the paper machine.
Straw Pulp Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is cooked by
soda process.
Strawboard Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture of
these.
Stretch The maximum tensile strain developed in paper before rupture. The stretch
or percentage elongation is expressed as a percentage.
Strike-through The penetration of ink through paper.

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Substrate The base material on which a substance (such as ink, adhesive, coating) is
applied.
Suction Box Device that removes water from the paper machine by a suction action
(Vacuum Box) located beneath the wire at the wet end.

Sulfate Pulping Alkaline process of cooking pulp.

Sulfite Pulping Acid process of cooking pulp
Supercalender A stack of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls at the end of the paper
machine which is used to increase a sheet's gloss and smoothness.
Supercalendering Treatment of paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve
smoothness and gloss.
Surface-Sized Paper that has been treated with starch or other sizing material at the size
press of the paper machine. This term is used interchangeably with the
term "tub-sized", although tub-size more properly refers to surface sizing
applied as a separate operation where the paper is immersed in a tub of
sizing (starch or glue), after which it passes between squeeze rolls and is air
dried.
Surface Roughness For coated boards, Parker Print Surf (PPS) roughness tester is used where
the test result is expressed as an average of the surface profiles in
micrometers (mm) low results show smooth surface while high results
indicate poor surface.
For coated board, Bendtsen method readings given as total leakage of air in
ml/min. Smoother surface has lower readings
Surface Smoothness The smoothness of the linerboard surface may affect printing quality
because slight depressions may not receive complete ink coverage. Surface
smoothness may also affect the coefficient of friction, gloss and coating
absorption.
Surface Strength The method consists of printing a strip of paper in a print tester at an
Test accelerating rate. The method is preferable to Wax Pick.
Swelling An increase in volume of fiber due to the absorption of liquid.
Synthetic Fiber Papers made from synthetic fibers such as polyamide and polyester, from
Paper viscose staple fiber or sometimes also with fillers. The fibers are mainly held
together by binders. The durable synthetic fiber papers are used for maps
and highly important documents such as driving licenses or vehicle
registration books.
T
T4S Abbreviation indicating that the paper has been guillotine trimmed on all
four sides. Literal translation: trimmed four sides.

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Table Roll The small diameter rolls used to support the wire.

Tack or Stickiness Tack is a critical property of the ink used in lithography. Because the ink sits
on a flat surface, it needs internal cohesion; in other words, it needs to stick
to itself so that it doesn't run all over the plate. However, too much tack
can cause it to pull the paper apart.

When printing two or more ink colors in line, the ink tack and sequence
must be adjusted in order for the inks to adhere to each other as well as to
the paper.
Tag Paper A heavy utility grade of paper used to print tags, such as the store tags on
clothing. Tag paper must be strong and durable, yet have good affinity for
printing inks.
Talc Mineral used in papermaking as a filler and coating pigment.
Tear Index Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight.
Tear Resistance The mean force required to continue the tearing of paper from an initial cut
under standardized conditions.
Tear Strength A measure of how likely a paper will continue to tear once started. Tear
strength will differ with and against the grain.
Tensile Energy It is the work done when a paper specimen is stressed to rupture in tension
Absorption (TEA) under prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of tensile strength
over the range of tensile strain from 0 to maximum.
Tensile Index Tensile index = tensile strength (N/m) /basis weight (g/m2).
Tensile Strength A measure of how likely a paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends.
This is very important when running through high-speed web presses.
Testliner Mainly produced from waste paper used as even facing for corrugated
board or as liner of solid board. They are often produced as duplex (two-
layer) paper. The grammage is higher than 125 gsm.
Text Paper Text papers are defined as fine, high quality uncoated papers. Typically,
they are made in various colors, with numerous textures and a variety of
surface finishes. Text papers are made from high-grade bleached wood
pulp, cotton fibers, or tree-free pulp such as bamboo. Recycled sheets
include high quality recycled waste paper and post-consumer waste pulp, in
addition to bleached wood pulp, tree-free pulp or cotton fibers.
Thermal Paper Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be
produced by the application of heat.
Thermal Transfer Printing whereby a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper
Printing using inks with sublimable dispersed dyes.
Thermo Mechanical Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood chips under pressure prior to and
Pulping (TMP) during refining, producing a higher yield and stronger pulp than regular
stone groundwood or regular refiner wood pulp.

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Thin Paper Includes carbonizing, cigarette, bible, air mail and similar papers.
Thinning A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow
the remaining trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at
an even rate.
Tint To vary a color by adding white. Also, a very light or delicate variation of a
color.
Tissue A low weights and thin sheet. Normally a paper sheet weighing less than 40
gram per meter square is called tissue.

At-Home products: Also known as Consumer Products, these are the tissue
products you purchase in the grocery store and convenience store for use
in your home and include toilet paper and facial tissue, napkins and paper
towels, and other special sanitary papers.

Away-from-Home products: Also known as Commercial & Industrial Tissue,

these are the products that serve markets such as hospitals, restaurants,
businesses, institutions, and janitorial supply firms.

Specialty: These types of tissue papers are often high-end, decorative

papers that are glazed, unglazed, or creped, and include wrapping tissue for
gifts and dry cleaning, as well as crepe paper for decorating.

Facial tissue: The class of soft, absorbent papers in the sanitary tissue
group. Originally used for removal of creams, oil, and so on, from the skin,
it is now used in large volume for packaged facial tissue, toilet paper, paper
napkins, professional towels, industrial wipes, and for hospital items. Most
facial tissue is made of bleached sulfite or sulfate pulp, sometimes mixed
with bleached and mechanical pulp, on a single-cylinder or Fourdrinier
machine. Desirable characteristics are softness, strength, and freedom from
lint.
Titanium Dioxide An opaque and expensive compound used as a white pigment and opacifier
in papermaking. Elemental titanium is a lustrous, lightweight, white metal
with exceptional strength.
Tolerance Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.
Ton on Tonne Metric ton or Metric Tonne is equal to 1000 Kgs. or 2240 lbs. English tons
are as defined. Long Ton = 2240 lbs is similar to metric ton. Standard English
ton is 2200 lbs. Short ton is 2000 lbs.
Top Side Side of the paper opposite to the wire side.
Total Alkali NaOH + Na2S + Na2CO3 + 0.5*Na2SO3 all expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.
Totally Chlorine Free Totally chlorine free applies to virgin fiber papers that are unbleached or
(TCF) processed with a sequence that includes no chlorine or chlorine derivatives.
Translucency The ability to transmit light without being transparent.
Translucent Drawing A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent for an image
Paper on it to be reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for a design
to be traced on it from an original placed beneath it. Such processes include
blueprint and diazo.
Transparency Ability of paper to allow light rays to pass through so that objects behind it
can be clearly seen.
Transparent Paper Extended and particularly careful grinding of high quality fibers (hard
chemical pulps, rags) yields a raw material permitting the production of

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 transparent paper.
Treated Paper Papers which have functional characteristics added through special
treatment. Among the most common are insect resistant, mold resistant,
clay coated, and flame retardant.
Trim To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in the web or
sheet.
Tub Sizing The operation of surface sizing paper by passing it through a bath of a
suitable solution such as gelatin.
Tube Digester Single or multi-tube continuous digester; used mainly in nonwood pulping
and sawdust pulping purposes; horizontal tubes.
Twin-wire Machine A papermaking machine with two continuous forming wires, rather than
just one. Twin-wires were designed to create a less two-sided paper than
paper manufactured on a Fourdrinier paper machine.

Other techniques for reducing two-sidedness have since been developed,

enabling paper manufacturers to create paper on single-wire machines with
little side-to-side variation.
Two Parallel Fold An excellent fold for legal size (or larger) pieces that are to be mailed. A
legal sheet (8.5" x 14") is folded to 3.5" x 8.5". A 9" x 16" sheet produces a
4" x 9", four panel brochure. Note: A perforation added at one of the folds
can create a three panel brochure with detachable reply card.
Two-Sidedness The property denoting a difference in appearance and printability between
its top (felt) and wire sides.
U
Union Kraft A packaging material comprising two layers of Kraft paper bonded together
by means of a laminate that is resistant to the transmission of water in
liquid or vapor form. E.g. bitumen or plastic.
Unglazed Paper Un-calendered paper.
Un-sized Paper A paper which has not been sized.
Urban Forest A description of towns and cities which are the source of wastepaper as
one of the raw materials used for paper making.
Urban Wood Used pallets, wooden shipping crates and clean construction wood diverted
from the waste stream and chipped for use in making particleboard and
medium density board.
UV Coating A very glossy, slick coating applied to the printed paper surface and dried
on press with ultraviolet (UV) light. UV coating can cause slight variations in
match colors, so consult an ink manufacturer or printer for best results.
UV Ink An ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet light while still on
press. Fast UV drying eliminates the need to wait for the first side to dry
before printing the second side.
V
V Fold V-fold has one fold which creates two panels.
Vacuum Box [see Suction Box]
Vacuum Pickup Transfer of paper from wire to press felt using a perforated vacuum roll.
Vapor Phase Pulping Cooking impregnated chips predominately in a vapor phase.
Vaporproof Paper Paper or paperboard that has been chemically treated or laminated with
vapor barrier so that it will resist the passage of gases or vapor through it. It
is typically used for food packaging.
Vat Machine A paper or board making machine comprising one open ended cylinder, or
more than one open ended cylinder in series, covered with fine mesh wire,

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 which revolves in a vat of stock. Water draining through the wire leaves a
mat of fibers on its surface and the ultimate thickness of the product may
be determined by the number of cylinders used. The resultant web is
removed from the last cylinder and then passed through conventional
pressing and drying sections.
Vat Paper Paper made, usually one sheet at a time by dipping special wire screen
molds in vats of pulp stock and allowing water to drain away by gravity.
Vehicle The liquid part of the ink, giving it the flow properties that enable it to be
applied to a surface.
Vegetable Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulfuric acid, a continuous texture.
Parchment It offers high resistance to disintegration by water and grease.
Veining Uneven coloring of pulp.
Vellum Paper 1. Paper finish that exhibits a toothy surface similar to eggshell or antique
and is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.
2. A high-grade paper made to resemble parchments originally made from
calf’s skin.
3. Social and personal stationery is often called vellum.
Vented Nip Press A radial groove bottom press roll whose purpose is to reduce the fluid
pressure gradient within the nip of the press by providing an area to escape
for the water pressed out of paper and felt. Blind drilled roll also used for
same purpose.
Verdol Paper A high strength rigid paperboard or pressboard made typically from jute
fibers. It is also known as jacquard board.
Virgin Fiber Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other
products.
Virgin forest Forest in its natural state, untouched by man.
Viscose Pulp Dissolving pulp intended for the manufacture of viscose.
Viscosity (ink) A measurement of the fluidity of ink. A higher viscosity is the thicker, and
the lower viscosity is thinner.
Vulcanizing A process to convert paper and paperboard in to a dense, hard, high
strength paper by treating it with Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Sulfuric Acid
(H2SO4) which gelatinizes the surface cellulose.
W
Wadding Single or multi-ply, loosely matted fiber sheet made from chemical pulp.
Used in packaging, thermal and acoustical applications and as a cushioning
medium.
Wall Paper A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.
Warp The machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen etc.)
Washing A process of separating spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp
fibers.
Wash Press One type of pulp washer; uses pressing action for dewatering and
displacement.
Washi Japanese handmade paper.
Washing Deinking Deinking in which solid particles are separated on the basis of their size by
washing.
Water-Color Paper A medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting
with water based colors.
Waste Paper All kind of used paper or paper discarded or not considered fit for a
particular use.

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Water Finished A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam
Paper during calendering.
Water Resistant Paper which has been impregnated, coated or laminated to resist the
Paper penetration of water.
Water Retention The water retention value test provides an indication of fibers' ability to
Value (WRV) take up water and swell. The WRV is also highly correlated to the bonding
ability of kraft fibers.
Water Vapor The rate of water vapor transmission through containerboard indicates the
Transmission ability of the finished container to protect its contents from undesirable
effects of high humidly or moisture loss of the product.
Waterleaf A paper with little or no sizing, like blotter, making it very absorbent If
dampening is desired, this paper can be sprayed with an atomizer.
Watermark The image impressed into the formation of paper by the dandy roll on the
wet end of the paper machine; can be seen by holding the watermarked
sheet up to the light. Can be either a wire mark or a shaded image.
Waviness A form of paper curl resulting when the sheet edges in the pile absorb
moisture that the center of the pile cannot absorb; or the sheet edges
surrendering moisture while the center remains moist.
Wavy Edges Warping effect in paper that is the result of the edges of the sheet having
picked up moisture and expanded. Will normally happen only in a pile that
prevents the center of the sheets from picking up the same amount of
moisture and leveling out or cockling. It is usually a warm weather problem
caused by improper balance between moisture content of the paper or too
high humidity in the air.
Wax Pick A process that measures the ability of inks to pick fibers or particles from
the surface of paper as a manner of testing the surface strength of paper
stocks.
Waxed Paper Nearly woodfree papers that are impregnated with paraffin, wax or
wax/paraffin/plastic mixtures. With the appropriate saturation agent and
process the product may be tailored for specific applications, e.g. packaging
of bread or sweets or wrapping razor blades.
Waxing Coating or impregnating of paper or board with paraffin or wax.
Web Term used for the full width of the paper sheet in the process of being
formed, pressed, dried, finished and/or converted.
Web Break A tear in a web during the printing process.
Weft The cross machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen
etc.).
Wet Break A paper break at the wet end (on wire or press) during papermaking
process.
Wet End First part of the paper machine consisting of wire part and press part.
Wet End Chemical Chemical additives added with the stock at the wet end.
Additives
Wet Lap Machine Paper machine consisting essentially of a wire covered cylinder rotating in a
vat of pulp stock on which a mat of varying thickness is formed by drainage.
These mats are removed either intermittently in thick sheets called laps, or
continuously.
Wet Strength Paper A chemically treated paper strong enough to withstand tear, rupture or
falling apart when saturated with water.
Wet Tensile The measure of the force necessary to break a one inch strip if paper after
Strength it has been immersed in water.
Wetting Agent Substance that increases the wettability of a surface for a liquid.

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White Liquor White liquor is the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfide
used as the cooking liquor in Kraft pulping.
White Pitch Deposits on papermaking equipment, a major component of which is latex
binder from coated paper or broke.
White Top Liner A two-ply sheet comprised of one bleached and one unbleached layer.
White Water The filtrate from the wet end of the paper machine.
White Water System Flow circuit for paper machine white water (includes pipes, storage tanks,
cleaning equipment, water from forming section and return feed).

Whiteness Whiteness of pulp and paper is generally indicated by its brightness, which
is the reflectance of a wavelength of blue light. So-called white papers have
a definite hue. Most are made with a blue white tint.
Whole Tree Chip Wood chips produced by chipping whole trees, usually in the forest. Thus
the chips contain both bark and wood. They are frequently produced from
the low-quality trees or from tops, limbs, and other logging residues.
Wicking The bleeding of ink from the ink jet printing process into unwanted areas of
the paper, causing a blurring effect of the printed character or image.
Winder, Rewinder Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs,
which are then wound to reels; also slitter-winder.

Winding Operation whereby a web of paper or board is wound into one or more
reels.

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Wire or Machine The moving "screen" at the wet end of a paper machine where the sheet is
Wire formed.

Wire Guide Roll The small diameter roll used for guiding (keeping on track) the wire. One
end of the roll is adjusted to compensate any misalignment.
Wire Return Roll (s) The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of
the wire.
Wire Mark On the bottom or wire side of the paper, these are impressed traces of the
machine wire.
Wire Side The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from the
felt or top side; usually not as smooth as the felt or topside.
Wire Tension Roll The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast roll) of
the wire to adjust the tension of the wire.
Wood-Free Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.
Wood Free Paper Paper made without mechanical wood pulp.
Wood Pulp Mechanical or chemical pulp made from wood (cf. Non-wood pulp).
Wove The Paper having a uniform surface and no discernible marks. Soft, smooth
finish, most widely used writing, printing, book and envelope paper.
Relatively low opacity, brightness and bulk.
Wrapper The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes with
treatment for moisture barrier properties, which are used to protect the
roll or pile form damage.
Wrinkle Blade Wrinkle: Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated surface,
essentially in the machine direction.

Winder Wrinkle: Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused by

hard sport in the reel.
Writing Paper Uncoated paper that is suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The
writing must neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always fully
sized and also suitable for printing. It can be woodfree or mechanical,
depending on the intended purpose. The admixture of fillers makes it less
translucent.
X
Xerography The printing process used by photocopying machines. Electric charge
creates the image on an eloctro-photographic surface that works as a plate.
This surface is cleared after each copy is made, and used over again for the
next copy.

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Xylan A type of hemi-cellulose in wood. Yellow, water-soluble, gummy
polysaccharide found in plant (e.g. hardwood or cereal straws) cell walls;
main structural components are xylose and other pentoses; yields xylose
and other pentoses upon hydrolysis.
Xylanase Enzyme used for hydrolysis of xylan in pulp bleaching.
Y
Yankee Machine A type of Fourdrinier paper machine employing a single dryer of large
circumference with highly polished surface.

Yellowing Or brightness reversion is the discoloration of white paper primarily due to

aging.
Yield Ratio of product output and raw material input, expressed in percentage.
Z
Z-Direction The direction perpendicular to the plane of a sheet of paper.
Z-Direction Tensile The tensile strength measured in Z-direction.
Strength
Zero (Effluent) No effluent discharge from pulp & papermaking plant.
Discharge
Z-Fold A paper fold represented by back and forth folds into three panels.

Zig Zag Folding Folding used with continuous forms with alternating position (head and
foot). Commonly used to convert roll paper to easily managed flat-back.

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Note:
Table provides pulp yield and relative strength achieved using various pulping methods.
Yield of Relative Relative
Classification Process
Pulp Strength (SW) Strength (HW)
Mechanical Stone Grounwood Pulping (SGW) 90-95% 5 3
Refiner Mechanical Pulping (RMP) 90-95% 5-6 3
Thermo Mechanical Pulping (TMP) 90% 6-7 **
Chemi-Mechanical Chemi-groundwood Pulping 85-90% * 5-6
Cold Soda Pulping 85-90% * 5-6
Semi-chemical Neutral Sulfite Semi Chemical Pulping (NSSC) 65-80% * 5-6
High Yield Sulfite Pulping 55-75% 7 6
High Yield Kraft Pulping 50-70% 7 6
Chemical Kraft Pulping 40-50% 10 7-8
Sulfite Pulping 45-55% 9 7
Soda Pulping 45-55% * 7-8
*Process not used for softwood. **Process not used for hardwood.

by. Andi Lukman Hakim

Student of Pulp and Paper Processing Technology
in Bandung Science and Technology Institute

Source http://paperonweb.com/dict.htm

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