Session 3

Grade
SCIENCE 6
TOPIC II: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY
SUBTOPICS: -Gravitational and Frictional Forces
-Energy Transformation in Simple Machines

NAME: __________________________________________

 REVIEW ON FORCE

Review:
1. What is force?
2. What are the two classifi cati on of force?
3. What are the eff ects of force on objects?

 Forces (including gravity and fricti on) can aff ect the speed and directi on of an object.

Gravity

 Gravity is a force that always attracts or pulls objects toward each other without direct contact
or impact.
 It's like the Earth pulling on you and keeping you on the ground. That pull is gravity at work.
Every object in the universe that has mass exerts a gravitational pull, or force, on every other mass.
The size of the pull depends on the masses of the objects.
 Gravitational attraction depends on the mass of the two objects and the distance they are apart.
 Objects on Earth are pulled toward the center of Earth.
 The force of gravity, like all other forces, can cause changes in the speed of objects. As an object
falls, its speed will continually increase as Earth’s gravity continually pulls it downward. When
air resistance is ignored, all objects will speed up at the same rate as they fall.
 Gravity can also cause an object that is thrown into the air to change its upward motion, slow
down, and fall back toward Earth’s surface.
 The pull of Earth’s gravity keeps the Moon in orbit; the moon is constantly (centripetal force)
changing direction because of gravity.
 The force of gravity pulls objects to the center.

Friction
 Friction is a force that occurs when one object rubs against another object.  

FACTS ABOUT FRICTION

 Friction is the force that acts to resist sliding between two surfaces that are touching. It can
slow down or stop the motion of an object.
o The slowing force of friction always acts in the direction opposite to the force causing the
motion.
o For example, friction slows or stops the motion of moving parts of machines.
o Another example would be athletic shoes with tread grooves to increase friction have
better traction for starting or stopping motion than smooth-soled dress shoes.

 Friction can also be the force that makes it difficult to start an object moving. Enough force must
be applied to a non-moving object to overcome the friction between the touching surfaces.
 The smoother the two surfaces are, the less friction there is between them; therefore, the
moving object will not slow down as quickly.

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 o Friction between surfaces can be reduced, in order for objects to move more easily, by
smoothing the surfaces, using wheels or rollers between the surfaces, or
lubricating/oiling the surfaces.
o If friction could be removed, an object would continue to move.

 The greater the force pushing the two surfaces together, the stronger friction prevents the
surfaces from moving.
o As an object gets heavier, the force of friction between the surfaces becomes greater.
o To move a heavy object, a greater force must be applied to overcome the friction
between the surfaces.
 The force of  friction  always  slows down or stops  the motion of an object in
the  opposite  direction.

FRICTION- The force present between two objects in direct contact with one another . It is also called an opposing
force.
- The resistance between two surfaces when attempting to slide one object across the
other.

SOME PROPERTIES OF FRICTION:

1. Friction is due to interactions at molecular level where “rough edges” bond together:

PEAKS

VALLEYS

2. Friction is always opposite to the direction of motion.

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 3. It is directed parallel to the surface and opposite the motion.
4. Friction are both friend and foe of everyday, meaning it can be a necessity or a nuisance in life:
 start your car from rest, Slow down or stop the car down.
 Do cleaning activities (washing clothes, cleaning surfaces)
 Somewhat keeps the objects together.
 Can cause tires , rubber shoes, toothbrush, slippers among other materials wear
out and eventually become useless.
 It can produce heat and may start fire.
 Makes objects difficult to lift to a certain height.

TYPES OF FRICTION
 Starting Friction- the maximum frictional force needed for an object at rest to start its motion. Ex.,
frictional force needed for the car to start its motion
 Static Friction- the frictional force present between two objects that are at rest. Ex. a boulder on
top of the cliff, the friction between table and the floor.
 Rolling Friction- exist between objects with rollers. Ex., friction between tires of the car and the
road, rollers of a wheeler and the floor
 Sliding Friction- present between objects that are in direct contact with one another and are
moving in the absence of rollers. Ex. friction between mop pushed through the floor, a girl
going through a slide

WAYS TO REDUCE FRICTION

1. Using oil or lubricants.
2. Using rollers.
3. Using pulley.

Two factors that determine the amount of friction:

(1) the kinds of surfaces
(2) the force pressing the surfaces together.

GRAVITY AND FRICTION

FORCE is either a push or a pull which may cause objects/body to:

 Set in motion or stop in its motion.
 Change its shape or size.
 Attract or repel each other.
 Makes huge ships gloat on water.
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  Enables parachutist to descend at a safe speed.

TYPES OF FORCES:
 Contact Force- present in objects that in close and direct contact with one another. (Frictional force)
 Noncontact forces exist between objects that are distant or not even touching each other.
(gravitational, electromagnetic and magnetic force)

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE- is the natural force that tends to cause physical things to move towards each other.
Objects that exerts gravity are the Sun (3.5 x 1022 N on Earth), moon (1/6 that of the Earth) , our very own
planet Earth (9.8 m/s2 ).
 A stone that is tossed up must come down because of the gravity exerted by the Earth.
 Gravity exerted by the sun keep planets and other heavenly bodies on its respective orbits.
 Though we may not feel it, we exist because of the force that binds the atoms in our bodies together.
The same is true with other organisms.

WEIGHT AND MASS- although this is mistaken as the same concepts, remember that mass measures the
amount of materials (1kg of rice, 500mg paracetamol, 50 tons of water). On the other hand weight refers to
the product of gravity exerted on an object with respect to its mass (weight= mass x gravity). The amount of
gravity exerted by the Earth on objects including us is 9.8 m/s2 . For example if the person has a mass og 45kg,
his weight would be 441kg.m/s2 or 441 N (Newton). Our weight is dependent on our position with respect to
the planet Earth.

Sample Problem 2:
For example if the person has a mass og 45kg, his weight would be 441kg.m/s 2 or 441 N (Newton). What will
be its weight in the moon?

Sample Problem2: Calculate the mass of an object if its weight is 539N.

 Try solving this:

1. Find the weight of the box which has a mass of 73 kg. What will be its mass and weight in the
moon?

2. What will be the mass of a crane with total weight of 1420N?

ENERGY – the ability to do work. (Work is product of force and distance)

2 KINDS OF ENERGY
1. Potential Energy- present in objects at rest. It is also defined as an energy due to its porition. Ex.
Picture frame on the wall, firecrackers, food, batteries, rock on top of the mountain, parked bicycle
2. Kinetic Energy- present in objects in motion. Ex. moving car, jogging, rolling ball, spinning top

 Try answering this: Identify whether the following has potential energy (PE) or kinetic energy (KE).
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 _______1. Rotating windmill _______6. Dry cell
_______2. Using microwave _______7. Moving car
_______3. Wall clock hanging on the Wall _______8.Climbing a hill
_______4. Biking _______9. Hitting a baseball with a bat
_______5. Petroleum _______10. Energy drink

FORMS OF ENERGY
1. Heat or thermal energy is produced due to differences in temperature of the object from its
surroundings or environment. It is also called an energy in ‘transit’ (water heater, heat from the sun,
heat produced by gas stove
2. Light or radiant energy is produced by waves moving through space (sunlight, lamps, candles, bulbs)
3. Mechanical Energy is a kind of energy that is formed by moving bodies/objects such as blades and
turbines. (rotating windmill, moving turbines, rotating blades of electric fan)
4. Chemical energy It is a kind of energy that is stored in substances (firecrackers, food, batteries)
5. Electrical Energy is a kind of energy produced by moving electrons. (electrical appliances)
6. Nuclear energy is produced by/from the fission or fusion of atomic particles. (hydrogen bomb, nuclear
activity in the sun and stars, nuclear energy produced in the nuclear power plant)
7. Sound energy is produced by vibrating bodies or objects (plucking a guitar, playing piano, listening to
music)
8. Exercise: Identify the forms of energy
9. _______1. Flashlight _______6. Speaking on a phone
10. _______2. Solar panel _______7. Campfire
11. _______3. Atomic bomb _______8. Bread
12. _______4. Using blender _______9. Turning on a radio
13. _______5. Generator _______10.Using hair blower.

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
Most of the time, energy can become useful once it undergo certain transformation. A change from
one form of energy to another is called an energy transformation. Some energy changes involve single
transformations, while others involve many transformations.

Single Transformations- Sometimes, one form of energy needs to be transformed into another to get work
done. Example:
 a toaster transforms electrical energy to thermal energy to toast your bread
 A cell phone transforms electrical energy to electromagnetic energy that travels to other phones.
 Your body transforms the chemical energy in your food to mechanical energy you need to move your
muscles.
 Chemical energy in food is also transformed to the thermal energy your body uses to maintain its
temperature.

Multiple Transformations - Often, a series of energy transformations is needed to do work.

Example:
 the mechanical energy used to strike a match is transformed first to thermal energy and then into light
energy. The thermal energy causes the particles in the match to release stored chemical energy, which
is transformed to thermal energy and the electromagnetic energy you see as light.
 In a car engine, another series of energy conversions occurs. Electrical energy produces a spark. The
thermal energy of the spark releases chemical energy in the fuel. The fuel’s chemical energy in turn
becomes thermal energy. Thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy used to move the car, and
to electrical energy to produce more sparks.

Transformations Between Potential and Kinetic Energy

One of the most common energy transformations is the transformation between potential energy and
kinetic energy. In waterfalls, potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy. The water at the top of the
falls has gravitational potential energy. As the water plunges, its velocity increases. Its potential energy
becomes kinetic energy.

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Some Illustrations of Energy Transformation

Other
Examples
of Energy

Transformation:

 Gasoline (chemical) is put into our cars, and with the help of electrical energy from a battery, provides
mechanical (kinetic) energy.
 Purchased electricity is fed into our TVs and is converted to light and sound.
 Similarly, purchased electricity goes into an electric bulb and is converted to visible light and heat
energy.
 The image below shows examples of more conversions.

Ex. plants utilize energy from the sun (light energy) to produce food (chemical energy). The animals that eat
the plant and use this in running, walking or doing other tasks (mechanical energy and heat).

Exercise: Trace the transformation of energy by identifying the types of energy in the following situation.
Ex. Diesel used by car (chemical mechanical

1. Electricity and bulb _______________________________________________

2. Battery and radio _______________________________________________
3. Windmill turbines and television _____________________________________
4. Generator and electric fan __________________________________________
5. Band members playing musical instruments for a concert__________________________________
6. Firecrackers _____________________________________________________
7. Ironing clothes ___________________________________________________
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8. The use of oven to bake cakes and breads______________________________
9. Coal used to cook foods. ___________________________________________
10. Lighting of candle ________________________________________________

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy states that when one form of energy is transformed to another, no
energy is destroyed in the process. According to this law, energy cannot be created or destroyed. So the total
amount of energy is the same before and after any transformation. • If you add up all the new forms of energy
after a transformation, all of the original energy will be accounted for.

Grade
SCIENCE 6
TOPIC III: FORCES AND MOTION
SUBTOPIC: Simple Machines

Machines are tools that help people do work more easily. In physics, you do work anytime you use force to
move an object. Skateboards, cars, bikes, shovels, boats, doors, light switches, and stairs are all machines.
Simple machines are the most simple tools. There are six of them:

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SIMPLE MACHINES are tools to make work easier. Machines can
 Multiply force (Use the idea of spreading force over distance: if you push further, you can use less
force)
 Multiply distance (You move an object a greater distance to accomplish the same amount of work.)
Change direction of force (give us an advantage by changing the amount, speed, or direction of forces)
 allow us to use a smaller force to overcome a larger force (use of gears)

TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINES

1. Inclined planes
• Ramp
• Wedge
• Screw
2. Levers
• Lever
• Wheel & Axle
• Pulley

RAMP OR INCLINED PLANE A flat surface that is higher on one end - slanting surface connecting a
lower level to a higher level.

 You can use this machine to move an object to a lower or higher place.
 Inclined planes make the work of moving things easier - allows us to raise an object with less effort
than if we lifted it directly upward.

 Trade-off: The way an inclined plane works is that to save effort, you must move things a greater
distance
 The longer the distance of the ramp, the easier it is to do the work
 It will take a much longer time to do the work
 The shallower the ramp, the easier it is to move the object
 The trade-off is that you must move the object farther to lift it to the same height
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Examples of Inclined Planes:
 Ramp
 Slanted Road
 Path up a Hill
 Slide

WEDGE a simple machine used to push two objects apart

 A wedge is usually made up of two inclined planes
 These planes meet and form a sharp edge. This edge can split or push objects apart. The narrower the
wedge (or the sharper the point of a wedge), the easier it is drive it in and push things apart
 Can also be round, like the tip of a nail

Trade-off: To split something apart really wide, you have to push the wedge a long distance. Generally it can
be anything that splits, cuts, or divides another objects.

Examples of Wedges:

 Knife, Axe, Teeth, Forks, Nails

SCREW An inclined plane that winds around itself a with wedge at the tip. A screw has ridges and is not
smooth like a nail
 Some screws are used to lower and raise things
 They are also used to hold objects together
 A screw is like the ramp —the width of the thread is like the angle of an
 inclined plane
 The wider the thread of a screw, the harder it is to turn it.

Trade-off: The distance between the threads depends on the slope of the inclined plane - the steeper the
slope, the wider the thread. Screws with less distance between the threads are easier to turn
Examples of Screws:
 Jar Lids, light Bulbs, Stools, Clamps, Jacks, Wrenches, Spiral Staircase

LEVER is a board or bar that rests on a turning point. This turning point is called the fulcrum. An object that a
lever moves is called the load ( a force or object which must be overcome by the lever). The applied force or
effort or input force is the force you use to move the lever. Levers are used to lift or move loads.
Examples Levers:
 See-saw, Scissors, Pliers, Wheelbarrow, Nutcracker

Three Types or Classes of Levers,
1. First Class or Class 1 Lever-has the fulcrum placed between the effort and load

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 2. Second Class or Class 2 Lever- has the load in-between the effort and the fulcrum.
3. Third Class or Class 3 Lever- has the effort between the load and the fulcrum.

WHEEL AND AXLE A wheel with a rod,

called an axle, through its center lifts or moves loads. The axle is a rod that goes through the wheel. This lets
the wheel turn. The wheel & axle can be used as a tool to multiply the force you apply Pr to multiply the
distance traveled. It is also considered a lever that is able to rotate through a complete circle (360° ). The circle
turned by the wheel is much larger than the circle turned by the axle. The increased distance over which the
force is applied as the wheel turns results in a more powerful force on the axle, which moves a shorter
distance

Trade-off: The larger the diameter of the wheel, the less effort you need to turn it, but you have to move the
wheel a greater distance to get the same work done.

Examples of Wheels and Axles:

 Cars, Roller skates, Door knobs, Gears

PULLEYS Instead of an axle, the wheel could also rotate a rope or cord. This variation of the wheel and axle is
the pulley. In a pulley, a cord wraps around a wheel. As the wheel rotates, the cord moves in either direction
When a hook is attached to the rope you can use the wheel's rotation to raise and lower objects. The rope fits
on the groove of the wheel. One part of the rope is attached to the load. When you pull on one side of the
pulley, the wheel turns and the load will move. Pulleys let you move loads up, down, or sideways. These are
are good for moving objects to hard to reach places. It also makes work seem easier because it changes the
direction of motion to work with gravity. A pulley saves the most effort when you have more than one pulley
working together

Trade-off: as you increase the number of pulleys, you also increase the distance you have to pull the rope. In
other words, if you use two pulleys, it takes half the effort to lift something, but you have to pull the rope
twice as far.

Types of Pulleys:

Fixed pulleys Movable pulleys

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Single Pulleys Combination pulleys

Fill in the blank: Write the correct word from the box on the line.

Matching Type: Draw a line from the item in column A that matches the item in column B.

Column A Column B

A screw is two inclined planes that come to a point to

make lifting or splitting easier.

A wheel and axle is a bar that pivots around a fulcrum.

A pulley is an inclined plane wrapped around a pole.

An inclined plane is a plane that has one end higher than the other.

A wedge is a wheel with an axle around its center to move loads.

A lever is a wheel with a groove for a rope that is used for

lifting.

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True or False: Write T beside each true statement and F beside each false statement.

1. Machines make a job easier.

2. A light bulb is a kind of lever.
3. A screwdriver is kind of wheel and axle.
4. An inclined plane makes work harder.
5. A nail is an example of a wedge.
6. A hammer is a kind of lever.
7. A pencil sharpener is a kind of pulley.
8. A car is an example of an inclined plane.
9. The flag is raised and lowered with a pulley.
10. Some objects are more than one kind of simple machine.

Answer each question:

1. Name two things that reduce friction. _________________________ 2. _________________________

2. What two simple machines are in a pair of scissors? 1. _____________________ 2.____________________
3. Name two things that have gears in them. 1. _________________________ 2.________________________
4. What simple machine would you use to get up on a slide? ___________________________
5. What simple machine would you use to chop down a tree?__________________________
6. What simple machine would you use to open a door?_____________________________
7. What simple machine would you use to take the flag down?___________________________
8. What simple machine would you use to get a big rock off the bike path?__________________
9. What simple machine would you use to hold two boards together?_____________________
10. What simple machine would you use to keep a door from shutting?____________________

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