Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CE 412 Geotechnical Engineering 1: Soil Mechanics: Group 6
CE 412 Geotechnical Engineering 1: Soil Mechanics: Group 6
GROUP 6
MEMBERS: ARABE, MARINELLE B.
LAYOSA, ERWIN U.
Grain size analysis is extensively used for classification of soils for specifications of
soil for airfields, roads, earth dams, and other soil embankment construction. The hydrometer
analysis expresses the relative proportions of fine sand, silt and clay contained in a given soil
sample.
Sieves have equal-size and shape openings where these sieves allow soil particles of
smaller sizes to pass through while retaining particles that are bigger. Note that as the sieve
number increases the size of the openings decreases.
After sieving the specimen, we calculate the retained mass in each sieve and a table is
made and the grade curve is drawn. The table should contain the following columns: Sieve
size, Mass retained, Percentage retained, Cumulative mass retained on each sieve, Percentage
retained and the Percent finer. The percentage retained can be gained by the following
formula:
Using the percentages of weights retained in each sieve, a graph, called a grain size
distribution curve, is drawn by plotting the log of the opening size on the x-axis and
the percentage of particles, by weight, coarser than or finer than the particular sieve on the y
axis. A uniform shape, like an escalator, shows uniform gradation. A horizontal or near-
horizontal shift, like a landing, shows that some intermediate particle sizes, corresponding to
the top of the landing, are missing. When a large part of the aggregate is made up of particles
of one size, it is reflected in the graph as a near vertical drop.
Hydrometer analysis is based on Stokes law. According to this law, the velocity at
which grains settles out of suspension, all other factors being equal, is dependent upon the
shape, weight and size of the grain.
In case of soil, it is assumed that the soil particles are spherical and have the same
specific gravity. Therefore we can say that in a soil water suspension the coarser particles will
settle more quicjly than the finer ones. If V is the terminal velocity of sinking of a spherical
particle, it is given by;
V = 1/18 [(Gs-Gw)/n)]*D2
Where,
1. Set of Sieves
2. Mortar and Pestle
3. Pans
4. Weighing Scale or Balance
5. Plastic Bags
6. Brush
For Hydrometer Test
1. Hydrometer
2. Deflocculating agent (sodium Hexa metaphosphate solution prepared by dissolving
33g of sodium Hexa metaphosphate and 7g of sodium carbonate in distilled water to
make one litre solution)
3. Stop watch
4. Thermometer
5. Scale
6. Graduated cylinder
7. Beaker
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh the dry sample accurately. Also, weigh each empty sieve and the pan.
2. Nest the suitable sieves in order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom. Place
4. Place the lid, and agitate the sieves in the mechanical shaker for about 10 minutes, or
6. Determine the weight retained in each sieve. The total weight of the material after
sieving should check closely with the original weight of the sample.
7. Tabulate the data. Calculate the cumulative mass retained on each sieve, percent retained
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
10
2.00
216
348
43.11
30.54
20
0.85
93
441
18.56
11.98
40
0.425
27
468
5.39
6.59
60
0.25
12
480
2.40
4.19
100
0.15
8
488
1.6
2.59
200
0.075
8
496
1.6
1
Pan
5
501 1
0
Σ=
501
g
Table
Computations:
Percent of Mass
Retained on each
sieve.
Sieve no. 4
Sieve no. 60
Sieve no. 10
Sieve no. 100
Sieve no. 20
Sieve no. 200
Sieve no. 40
Pan
Percent Finer:
Sieve no. 40
100
90
80
PERCENT FINER
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
𝐷60 𝐷30 𝐷10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01
PARTICLE DIAMETER
Cc = 1.10
( ) 𝐷 √
200
100
Where:
L= length t= time
For Length
Formula: ( )
Rcp = 60 Rcp = 56
( ) ( )
Rcp =59 Rcp = 55
( ) ( )
Rcp = 58 Rcp = 53
( ) ( )
Rcp = 57
( )
For Diameter
Formula: 𝐷 √
Rcp = 60 Rcp = 56
6 58 7 23
𝐷 √ 3 3
15 𝐷 √ 60
Rcp = 59 Rcp = 55
6 74 7 39
𝐷 √ 3 3
15 𝐷 √ 60
Rcp = 58 Rcp = 53
7 07 7 71
𝐷 √ 3 3
15 𝐷 √ 1260
Rcp = 57
7 066 3
𝐷 √ 15
For Percent finer in suspension Formula:
Rcp = 60 Rcp = 56
1 60 1 56
50 50
Rcp = 59 Rcp = 55
1 59 1 55
50 50
Rcp = 58 Rcp = 53
1 58 1 53
50 50
Rcp = 57
1 57
50
Note: % passing on No.200 can be seen in Lab Report No.2: Sieve Analysis of
Rcp = 60 Rcp = 56
4 112
100
Rcp = 59 Rcp = 55
4 118 4 110
100 100
Rcp = 58 Rcp = 53
4 116 4 106
100 100
Rcp = 57
4 114
100
Figure 6.2 Grain size Distribution Curve
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
𝐷60 𝐷30
0
10 𝐷10
0.1 0.01
1 Grain Size (mm)
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
Table 6.1 shows the results from a sieve analysis performed on a sample that was
measured to be 501 g. After the sample was passed through a stack of sieves the mass
retained was found and recorded in the table. Using these measurements the percent mass
retained and the cumulative percent passing were then calculated and recorded. The percent
finer was then calculated by subtracting each respective cumulative percent passing for each
sieve from 100.
Figure 6.1 exemplifies the distribution of the grain sizes of the different particles in
the original oven-dry sample. The data used to plot this figure is from Table
6.1. According to Figure, from the lab manual the grain-size distribution above is an example
of a poorly graded sample.
Hydrometer method has been tested for determination of total silt and clay. It’s
specifications were used to calculate and plot hydrometer readings versus particle diameter at
different time intervals after initiation of sedimentation. The soil particles that passed through
the sieve number 200 were in suspension in a sodium hexametaphosphate solution at a given
time. The soil particles weighed 40 grams in total. A hydrometer analysis gives result from
which the percent of soil finer than 0.002 mm in diameter can be estimated. It is generally
accepted that the percent finer than 0.002 mm in size is clay or clay-size fractions. The
presence of clay in a soil contributes to its plasticity.
DOCUMENTATION
The sieves were weighed as well as the soil that remains and recorded
for the particle size distribution data
The soil was mixed in a solution of distilled water and sodium
metaphosphate in a beaker
There are many sources of error in this experiment for sieve analysis.
Small discrepancy in total soil mass can be noticed after the laboratory procedure is done.
This may be negligible, but for increased accuracy in results it is recommended that all
equipment to be used are clean and are in a good state. One must also be careful in
transferring the soil samples from the sieves to their storage so that no grains will fall off.
Without mechanical shakers, the sieve set must be shaken properly and effectively to ensure
that particle sizes are well distributed.
REFERENCES:
https://www.scribd.com/document/325622483/Sieve-Analysis-Lab-Report-docx
www.csun.edu/~rdconner/220L/Lab%20Instruction/Sieve%20Analysis%20S10.doc
https://d32ogoqmyaldw8.cloudfront.net
https://civilblog.org/2015/11/18/hydrometer-analysis-of-soil-what-why-how/