P324 08A Exam 01 Key

← One staple here.
Í Person on my left is: ____________________ Person on my right is: ____________________ Î
Your Name: __Key/TAB/DI/2008.03.27__

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Reservoir Performance
Exam 1 — Spring 2008
Wednesday 19 March 2008 (19:00-24:00+ in RICH 101 and 114)
Orientation:
● You are strictly forbidden to collaborate by any means. Collaboration/cheating → F course grade.
● The exam is open book/open notes.
● Rules:
— You must only write on the front of any particular page!
— Do not use pens!
— You must use your own straight-edge(s), triangle(s), pencils, eraser, calculator, etc.
— You must use "green engineering paper" for any work you insert into the exam (no exceptions).
— You must put your name and number the sheets (pages) you insert into the exam (no exceptions).
● You are permitted to go to the restrooms, take a break, have some food or drink — HOWEVER, you must
do this alone — students observed talking will be assumed to be collaborating, and this will be seen as an
act of scholastic dishonesty, and all those involved will be given an F grade for the exam.
● Scholastic dishonesty — don’t even think about it — you do not want to know that side of me.
Inventory of Problems:
(15 pts) 1. Pressure Distributions in a Multiwell System
(05 pts) 2. Skin Factor Derivation
(05 pts) 3. Analysis of Multipoint Well Test Data
(05 pts) 4. Derivation of Steady-State, Absolute-Open-Flow (AOF) Deliverability Equation
(25 pts) 5. Pressure Buildup Test Analysis
(15 pts) 6. Validation of the Infinite-Acting Linear Flow Solution
(10 pts) 7. Reservoir Pressure Distribution during Pressure Buildup
(05 pts) 8. Average Reservoir Pressure for an Infinite-Acting Radial Flow (IARF) System
(05 pts) 9. Darcy's Law — Units Conversion
(10 pts) 10. Specialized Analysis of Wellbore Storage Distorted Data
(100 pts) Total
Suggested Work Strategy:
● The lower point value problems are (or should be) "easier", but do not underestimate the work required.
● Problem 5 should be worked first — if you cannot achieve a perfect score on Problem 5, you are in trouble.
● Problems 1 and 7 require the use of the E1(x) function — a table of values is given with Problem 1.
● Problem 6 is actually straightforward (almost easy), but the associated calculus and algebra is tedious.
● Problem 3 requires some "thinking," but it is also straightforward.
The way it is (or will be):
● I plan to let you work for 3-4 hours then reassess — as to when we stop, I am the one who will make that call.
● Give me your best effort.
● Neatness counts — more than you think. Keep your work complete and NEAT.
Aggie Code of Honor: An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do.
Required Academic Integrity Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy on Academic Integrity)
"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."
________________________________________ (your signature)
2
Exam 1/Problem 1 (Pressure Distributions in a Multiwell System) — Spring 2008
(15 pts) 1. Pressure Distributions in a Multiwell System
Given:
You are given the following configuration of wells (note: roA=roB=roC=roD=1000 ft)
Required: (You must show all work for credit)

a. The pressure at the observation well for t = 100 hr.
b. The time at which the pressure drop in the observation well is −5.0 psi.
Reservoir properties:
φ=0.15 rw=0.1 ft pi=2000 psia
k=10 md h=150 ft
Oil properties:
Bo=1.2 RB/STB μo=1.0 cp ct=7.03x10-6 psia-1
Production parameters:
Well A: qA=−750 STB/D (injection) sA=0 roA=1000ft
Well B: qB=−500 STB/D (injection) sB=0 roB=1000ft
Well C: qC=−750 STB/D (injection) sC=0 roC=1000ft
Well D: qC=−500 STB/D (injection) sD=0 roD=1000ft
Hints:
1. You should assume infinite-acting homogeneous reservoir behavior (i.e., the radial flow solution).
2. You must use the exponential integral form of the solution (i.e., the E1(x) formulation) — do NOT use the
logarithmic approximation.
Results:
a. The pressure at the observation well for t = 100 hr: = 2029 psia
b. The time at which the pressure drop in the observation well is −5.0 psi: = 46.5 hr
___________________________________________________________________________________
Work Space: (You must use the prescribed "green engineering paper" for additional/insert pages — be sure to
number all insert pages and write your name on these pages).
Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Exam 1 — 19 March 2008
(Key/TAB/DI/2008.03.19) T.A. Blasingame — Spring 2008
3
1. Pressure Distributions in a Multiwell System (Continued)
-Ei(-x) Table from Lee Text (1982) [note that E1(x)=-Ei(-x)]

4
a. The pressure at the producer well for t = 100 hrs.
To begin, we define the total pressure change as the sum of the pressure changes in all of the wells:
Δp = ΔpoA + ΔpoB + ΔpoC + ΔpoD
Substituting the appropriate pressure change model (i.e., the E1(x) solution), we have:
Bμ ⎡ φμct roA ⎤⎥
2
Bμ ⎡ φμct roB ⎤⎥
2
pi − po = Δp = 70.6 q A E1 ⎢948 + 70.6 q B E1 ⎢948
kh ⎢ k t ⎥ kh ⎢ k t ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Bμ ⎡ φμct roC ⎤⎥
2
Bμ ⎡ φμct roD ⎤⎥
2
+ 70.6 qC E1 ⎢948 + 70.6 q D E1 ⎢948
kh ⎢ k t ⎥ kh ⎢ k t ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Collecting constant terms, we obtain:
⎡ 2 ⎤
roA ⎡ 2 ⎤
roB ⎡ 2 ⎤
roC ⎡ 2 ⎤
roD
Δp = c q A E1 ⎢α ⎥ + c q B E1 ⎢α ⎥ + c qC E1 ⎢α ⎥ + c q D E1 ⎢α ⎥
⎢ t ⎥ ⎢ t ⎥ ⎢ t ⎥ ⎢ t ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Where:
Bμ (1.2 RB/STB) (1.0 cp)
c = 70.6 = 70.6 = 5.648 x10 − 2
kh (10 md) (150 ft )
φμct (0.15) (1.0 cp) (7.03x10 -6 psi −1 )

α = 948 = 948 = 1.04 x10 − 4
k (10 md)
Substituting the values of c and a, we obtain:
⎡ (1000 ft ) 2 ⎤
Δp = (5.648 x10 − 2 ) (−750 STB/D) E1 ⎢(1.04 x10 − 4 ) ⎥
t
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎡ (1000 ft ) 2 ⎤
+ (5.648 x10 − 2 ) (−500 STB/D) E1 ⎢(1.04 x10 − 4 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦
⎡ (1000 ft ) 2 ⎤
+ (5.648 x10 − 2 ) (−750 STB/D) E1 ⎢(1.04 x10 − 4 ) ⎥
t
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎡ (1000 ft ) 2 ⎤
+ (5.648 x10 − 2 ) (−500 STB/D) E1 ⎢(1.04 x10 − 4 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦
Which reduces to the following general result (in time) for this case:
⎡104 ⎤ ⎡104 ⎤ ⎡104 ⎤ ⎡104 ⎤
Δp = − 42.36 E1 ⎢ ⎥ − 28.24 E1 ⎢ t ⎥ − 42.36 E1 ⎢ t ⎥ − 28.24 E1 ⎢ t ⎥
⎣ t ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡104 ⎤
Δp = − 141.2 E1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ t ⎦
Computing the pressure drop at the observation well at 100 hrs:
⎡104 ⎤ ⎡ 104 ⎤
Δp = − 141.2 E1 ⎢ ⎥ = − 141.2 E1 ⎢ (100 hr) ⎥
⎣ t ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Δp = − 141.2 E1[1.04]
Using the -Ei(-x) table (recall that E1(x)=-Ei(-x)), we have:
x = 1.04 → E1(x) = 0.205238
Δp = − (141.2) (0.205238) = − 29 psi
Therefore, the pressure at the observation well for t = 100 hr is
po = 2000 + 29 = 2029 psia (the required result)

5
b. The time at which the pressure drop in the observation well is −5.0 psi.
This is fairly straightforward, we use the result from part a, and "reverse calculate" the time for a given pressure
change. In this case, the pressure change is -5.0 psi — the (-) negative pressure change being due to injection.
Our previous result is given by:
⎡104 ⎤
Δp = − 141.2 E1 ⎢ ⎥ (result of part a.)
⎣ t ⎦
Setting the pressure change to -5.0 psi, we have:
⎡104 ⎤
Δp = − 141.2 E1 ⎢ ⎥ = −5.0 psi
⎣ t ⎦
Moving the numerical terms to the right-hand-side (RHS), gives us:
⎡104 ⎤ (−5.0)
E1 ⎢ ⎥= = 0.035411
⎣ t ⎦ (−141.2)
Which leaves use with a "root" solution — which can be expressed as:
⎡ 104 ⎤
y = E1 ⎢ x = = 0.035411
⎣ t ⎥⎦
In other words, we know y, but we want x — we will have to use reverse interpolation in the -Ei(-x) table
(recalling again that E1(x)=-Ei(-x)). Building our "reverse interpolation" table, we have:
x y
2.23 0.035713
? 0.035411
2.24 0.035234
Using linear interpolation, we obtain

104 (2.24 − 2.23)
x= = (0.035411 − 0.035713) + (2.23) = 2.236
t (0.035234 − 0.035713)
Or:
104 104
t= =
x 2.236
t = 46.5 hr (the required result)

6
Exam 1/Problem 2 (Skin Factor Derivation) — Spring 2008
(05 pts) 2. Skin Factor Derivation
Given:
You are given Darcy's Law in differential form for a finite (steady-state) radial reservoir system: (Darcy units)
2πh dp
q= k (r ) r (liquid case — B and μ are constants)
Bμ dr
k(r) indicates a radial distribution of permeability.

Specific to this case, we have:
for rw < r < rs: k(r) = ks (altered permeability)
for rs < r < re: k(r) = k (unaltered permeability)

a. Derive an expression for the skin factor as a performance/efficiency index for this radial reservoir system.
b. During drilling, an oil well in an undersaturated reservoir was damaged out to a radius of 4 ft from the wellbore
such that the permeability within the damaged zone was reduced to 1/2 (one-half) the original permeability.
After the well had been produced for a while, this damage condition was recognized and the well was
stimulated such that the permeability out to a distance of 4 ft from the wellbore is increased to 2 (two) times
that of the (original) undamaged permeability.
You are to calculate the increase in the Productivity Index of the well if the wellbore radius (rw) is 0.333 ft and
the drainage radius (re) is 1096 ft.
Step 1: Estimate the skin factors (s1 and s2) using the expression you have derived in part a.
Step 2: Use the equation below to estimate the increase in the PI.
⎡ r 1 ⎤ ⎡ re 1 ⎤
Increase in PI = ⎢ln e − + s 1 ⎥ ⎢ln − + s2 ⎥
⎣ rw 2 ⎦ ⎣ rw 2 ⎦
2πkh ⎡r ⎤⎡k ⎤
Results: s= Δps = ln ⎢ s ⎥ ⎢ s − 1⎥
a. Skin factor expression: = qBμ ⎣ rw ⎦ ⎣ k w ⎦ (dimensionless)
b. Increase in productivity index: = Increase in PI is 1.61 (dimensionless)

___________________________________________________________________________________

7
Exam 1/Problem 2 (Skin Factor Derivation) — Spring 2008
2. Skin Factor Derivation (Continued)
Part a. Skin factor expression Part b. Increase in productivity index

Starting: Skin factor for the damaged zone (s1) after drilling:
2πh dp .................................................(1) ⎡ k ⎤ ⎡ 4.333 ⎤
q= k (r ) r s1 = ⎢ − 1⎥ ln ⎢ ⎥ = 2.56
............................ (10)
Bμ dr ⎣ 0 .5k ⎦ ⎣ 0.333 ⎦
Rearranging: Skin factor for the altered zone (s2) after stimulation:
1 1 2πh ⎡k ⎤ ⎡ 4.333 ⎤
dr = dp ...............................................(2) s2 = ⎢ − 1⎥ ln ⎢ ............................ (11)
k (r ) r qBμ ⎥ = −1.28
⎣ 2k ⎦ ⎣ 0.333 ⎦
Recalling: Using the equation for the productivity index, we
k(r) = ks; for rw < r < rs have:
k(r) = k; for rs < r < re: ⎡ re 1 ⎤
Integrating across the "skin zone", we have: ⎢ln − + s1 ⎥
r 2
Increase in PI = ⎣ w ⎦
ps ⎡ re 1 ⎤
rs 1 2πkh ⎢ln − + s2 ⎥
∫ rw r
dr =
qBμ ∫
dp ..........................................(3) ⎣ w r 2 ⎦
p* w ⎡ 1096 1 ⎤
⎢ln 0.333 − 2 + 2.56⎥
Completing the integration yields: =⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1096 1 ⎤
⎡ r ⎤ 2πkh
ln ⎢ s ⎥ = ( p s − p*w ) ......................................(4) ⎢ln 0.333 − 2 − 1.28⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ rw ⎦ qBμ
Solving for the "baseline" wellbore flowing = 1.61
pressure, p*w , gives: .......................................................................... (12)
qBμ ⎡ rs ⎤ ........................................(5)
p*w = p s − ln ⎢ ⎥
2πkh ⎣ rw ⎦
Eq. 5 gives the pressure behavior as if no damage or
stimulation existed (i.e., ks=k). On the other hand, if
we substitute the permeability of the skin zone, ks, Eq.
5 becomes:
qBμ ⎡r ⎤
pw = ps − ln ⎢ s ⎥ .......................................(6)
2πk s h ⎣ rw ⎦
We note that pw is the wellbore flowing pressure that
exists because of damage or stimulation and would be
the pressure that we actually measure in the well. In
order to relate the damage/stimulation case (Eq. 6)
with the undamaged/unstimulated case (Eq. 5), we
define the "skin zone pressure drop" as
Δps = p*w − pw .....................................................(7)
Substituting Eqs. 5 and 6 into 7 gives
qBμ ⎡ rs ⎤ ⎡ k ⎤
Δps = ln ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 1⎥ ....................................(8)
2πkh ⎣ rw ⎦ ⎣ k s ⎦
As a performance/efficiency index, we define the
"skin factor" as
2πkh ⎡r ⎤⎡ k ⎤
s= Δps = ln ⎢ s ⎥ ⎢ − 1⎥ ..............................(9)
qBμ ⎣ rw ⎦ ⎣ k s ⎦

8
Exam 1/Problem 3 (Analysis of Multipoint Well Test Data) — Spring 2008
(05 pts) 3. Analysis of Multipoint Well Test Data
Given:
In this case you are given the well performance data (average reservoir pressure, flowing bottomhole pressure,
and oil flowrate) for a producing oil well. The objective is to establish an inflow performance relation (or IPR)
for these data using the model proposed in this problem.
Multipoint Well Test Data: SPE 04529 (Fetkovich) — Well 6, Field A
p pwf qo
Point (psia) (psia) (STB/D)
1 1345 1242 66
2 1345 1178 93
3 1345 1142 134
4 1345 1123 137
5 1345 921 229
6 1345 719 321
7 1345 638 341

a. IPR Analysis: Starting from the quadratic form of the IPR relation, you are to derive a plotting function where
you can estimate the absolute open flow potential (qo,max) of this well. For reference, the quadratic form of the
IPR equation is given as:
2
qo ⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
= 1 −ν o ⎢ ⎥ − (1 −ν o ) ⎢ ⎥
qo, max ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦
b. Use the attached plot to estimate the absolute open flow potential (qo,max) of this well.
Hints:
1. Start by multiplying each side of the quadratic IPR equation by qo,max and obtain an equation in the form of a
straight line.
2. Note that for some cases, the slope of the straight line can be (or may be) zero.
Results:
qo
y − axis =
2
⎡ p wf ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
a. y-axis plotting function variable: = ⎣⎢ p ⎥⎦
2
⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥
⎢ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ p ⎦⎥
x − axis = ⎣
2
⎡ p wf ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
x-axis plotting function variable: = ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥
b. α=qo,max (intercept) = 450 STB/D

___________________________________________________________________________________

9
3. Analysis of Multipoint Well Test Data (Continued)
a. Derivation of the plotting function for IPR analysis:
To begin, we recall the quadratic form of the IPR equation:
2
qo ⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
= 1 −ν o ⎢ ⎥ − (1 −ν o ) ⎢ ⎥ ..............................................................................................(1)
qo, max ⎣⎢ p ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥
Multiplying each side by the absolute open flow potential (qo,max), we have:
2
⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
qo = qo, max − qo, maxν o ⎢ ⎥ − qo, max (1 −ν o ) ⎢ ⎥ .......................................................................(2)
⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦
Expanding Eq. 2, we obtain:
2 2
⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
qo = qo, max − qo, maxν o ⎢ ⎥ − qo, max ⎢ ⎥ + qo, maxν o ⎢ ⎥ ...................................................(3)
⎣⎢ p ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥
Collecting terms,
⎡ ⎡p ⎤ ⎤⎥
2 ⎡⎡ p ⎤ ⎡ p ⎤ 2 ⎤
wf ⎢ wf ⎥ − ⎢ wf ⎥ ⎥ .................................................................(4)
qo = qo, max ⎢1 − ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ − (ν q )
o o, max ⎢ ⎢
⎢ ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥ ⎦ ⎢ p ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ p ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎣⎣ ⎦
If we define α=qo,max and β= (νo qo,max), Eq. 3 can be written as
⎡ ⎡p ⎤
2⎤ ⎡ p 2⎤
qo = α ⎢1 − ⎢
wf
⎥ ⎥ − β ⎢ ⎡⎢ wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf
⎥−⎢
⎤
⎥ ⎥ ........................................................................................(5)
⎢ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Dividing Eq.5 by 1−(pwf/pavg)2, we obtain an equation in the form of a straight line:
⎡⎡ p ⎤ ⎡ p ⎤ ⎤⎥
2
⎢ ⎢ wf ⎥ − ⎢ wf ⎥ ⎥
qo ⎢ ⎢ p ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥ ⎥ ..............................................................................................(6)
=α − β ⎢⎣
2 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1− ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎢⎣ p ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
Eq. 6 is a straight line equation and the required plotting function variables are:
qo
y − axis =
2
⎡ p wf ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ p ⎥⎦
2
⎡ p wf ⎤ ⎡ p wf ⎤
⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥
⎢ p ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ p ⎦⎥
x − axis = ⎣
2
⎡ p wf ⎤
1− ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ p ⎦⎥
qo,max can be estimated from the intercept of the data trend (i.e., recall that α=qo,max).

10
3. Analysis of Multipoint Well Test Data (Continued)
b. Solution Plot — Plot for Absolute-Open-Flow Potential (qo,max)
Plot for Absolute-Open-Flow Potential (qo,max)
a. β (slope) = ≈0 STB/D/dimensionless
b. α=qo,max (intercept) = 450 STB/D

11
Exam 1/Problem 4 (Absolute-Open-Flow (AOF) Deliverability Equation) — Spring 2008
(05 pts) 4. Derivation of Steady-State, Absolute-Open-Flow (AOF) Deliverability Equation
Given: (gas case)
You are given Darcy's Law in differential form for a finite (steady-state) radial reservoir system:
q g Bg k ⎡ dp ⎤ p T z
vr = =+ ⎢ ⎥ where Bg = sc and Ar = 2πrh
Ar μ g ⎣ dr ⎦ p Tsc z sc
Required:
You are to derive the steady-state, absolute-open-flow (AOF) deliverability equation, which is given as:
q g = C ( pe2 − p w
2
)
You MUST identify all assumptions and (of course) you MUST show all work.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Starting: ASSUMING ugz = (ugz)c = constant, we have:

q g Bg k ⎡ dp ⎤ pe 1
vr =
Ar
=+
μ g ⎢⎣ dr ⎥⎦ ∫ pw μ g Bg dp
Where: T z 1 pe
p T z
= sc sc
∫
T p sc ( μ g z ) c p
p dp
Bg = sc and Ar = 2πrh w
p Tsc z sc T z 1 1 2 2
= sc sc ( pe − p w )
Rearranging into the rate form: T p sc ( μ g z ) c 2
k ⎡ dp ⎤ Substituting results into the general form:
qg = (2πrh) ⎢ ⎥
μ g Bg ⎣ dr ⎦ qg re 1 pe 1
Separating: 2πkh r r∫
w
dr =
∫
p μ
w g g
B
dp
qg re 1 pe qg
∫ dr =
∫
1
dp [ln(re /rw )] = Tsc z sc 1 1 ( pe2 − pw2 )
2πkh r r p μ g Bg 2πkh T p sc ( μ g z ) c 2
w w
Solving the left-hand-side (LHS) integral: Solving for the flowrate (qg) gives us:
kh Tsc z sc 1 1 2 2
qg re 1 q g = 2π ( pe − pw )
2πkh ∫rw r
dr ln(re /rw ) T psc ( μ g z )c 2
Our required final form is:

q g ⎡ re 1 rw 1 ⎤
=
2πkh ⎢
⎢
⎣ 1
∫ r
dr −
1
r ⎥ ∫
dr ⎥
⎦
q g = C ( pe2 − pw
2
)
qg Therefore, the constant "C" is given by:

= [ln(re ) − ln(rw )] kh T sc z sc 1 1
2πkh C = 2π
qg ln( re / rw ) T p sc ( μ g z ) c 2
= [ln(re /rw )]
2πkh
Setting-up the right-hand-side:
pe 1
∫ pw μ g Bg dp
T z pe p
= sc sc
T p sc ∫ pw μ g z dp

12
Exam 1/Problem 5 (Pressure Buildup Test Analysis) — Spring 2008
(25 pts) 5. Pressure Buildup Test Analysis
Introduction: READ THIS FIRST!
This problem consists of a pressure buildup test performed on an oil well. There are no "tricks" involved — this
should be a straightforward analysis/interpretation. Be sure to perform all analyses and label each event — and
cross-check/double-check your work whenever possible.
Given:
These attached data were taken from a pressure buildup test performed on an oil reservoir — the reservoir is
assumed to be homogeneous.
φ=0.039 rw=0.198 ft ct=20x10-6 psia-1 pi=4600 psia
h=69 ft A=150 acres (square reservoir)
Oil properties:
Bo=1.136 RB/STB μo=0.80 cp co=17x10-6 psia-1
qo=250 STB/D tp=13,630 hr
Required: Pressure Buildup Analysis — you are to estimate the following parameters:
(10 pts) Part a — Early Time Analysis
Preliminary Log-log Analysis: (Use the Δp' data on the log-log plot)
Wellbore storage coefficient, Cs = 0.0122 RB/psia
Formation permeability, k = 7.65 md
Cartesian Analysis: (Early Time Data)
Pressure at the instant of shut-in, pwf(Δt=0) = 702 psia
(10 pts) Part b — Middle Time Analysis (Permeability and Skin Factor)
Semilog (Δt) Analysis: (IARF = Infinite-Acting Radial Flow)
Skin factor, s = 6.25 dimensionless
Semilog (Horner) Analysis: (IARF = Infinite-Acting Radial Flow)
(10 pts) Part c — Late Time Analysis (Average Reservoir Pressure)
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Muskat-Arps-Smith" Method)
Average reservoir pressure, p (if applicable) = 1577 psia
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data —Late Time Data — "Rectangular Hyperbola" Method)
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek" Method)
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Material Balance Relation")
Nuclear Holocaust Warning:
(You MUST show all work and clearly identify/label ALL features — NO EXCEPTIONS!)

(Key/TAB/DI/2008.03.19) T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk — Spring 2008
13
5. Pressure Buildup Test Analysis (Continued)
Data Functions: Pressure Buildup Case
Δt, hr pws, psia Δp, psi Δp', psi
0.01 711.8 9.59 9.48
0.02 721.3 19.03 18.72
0.03 730.5 28.32 27.67
0.04 739.7 37.48 36.36
0.05 748.7 46.51 44.80
0.06 757.6 55.42 53.03
0.07 766.4 64.20 61.04
0.08 775.1 72.87 68.84
0.09 783.6 81.42 76.40
0.10 792.9 90.69 84.51
0.11 803.1 100.92 93.28
0.13 814.4 112.21 102.82
0.14 826.9 124.64 113.02
0.16 840.5 138.29 123.98
0.18 855.5 153.25 135.64
0.20 871.8 169.59 147.92
0.23 889.6 187.39 160.86
0.25 908.9 206.69 174.11
0.28 929.8 227.56 187.63
0.32 952.2 249.97 200.96
0.36 976.2 273.95 214.17
0.40 1001.6 299.41 226.44
0.45 1028.5 326.30 238.46
0.51 1056.7 354.44 248.66
0.57 1085.9 383.69 257.10
0.64 1116.0 413.76 263.56
0.71 1146.6 444.41 266.76
0.80 1177.5 475.27 267.65
0.90 1208.2 506.02 264.92
1.01 1238.5 536.26 259.24
1.13 1267.8 565.62 250.16
1.27 1296.0 593.78 238.59
1.43 1322.6 620.36 224.03
1.60 1347.4 645.18 208.03
1.80 1370.2 667.97 190.06
2.01 1390.9 688.68 171.69
2.26 1409.4 707.22 154.06
2.54 1425.9 723.67 135.43
2.85 1440.3 738.09 119.43
3.19 1452.9 750.67 103.25
3.58 1463.8 761.56 89.58
4.02 1473.2 770.99 78.34
4.51 1481.4 779.18 68.17
5.06 1488.5 786.30 59.83
5.68 1494.8 792.59 53.62
6.37 1500.4 798.18 46.91
7.15 1505.5 803.24 43.03
8.02 1510.1 807.88 39.30
9.00 1514.4 812.20 36.87
10.10 1518.5 816.26 34.72
11.33 1522.4 820.14 33.29
12.71 1526.1 823.86 31.89
14.26 1529.7 827.46 30.84
16.00 1533.2 830.94 29.95
17.96 1536.6 834.34 29.10
20.15 1539.9 837.64 28.29
22.61 1543.1 840.85 27.48
25.37 1546.2 843.97 26.64
28.46 1549.2 846.99 25.79
31.93 1552.1 849.91 24.83
35.83 1555.0 852.73 23.82
40.20 1557.7 855.44 22.61
45.11 1560.2 857.98 21.34
50.61 1562.6 860.35 19.85
56.79 1564.8 862.56 18.32
63.72 1566.8 864.59 16.71
71.49 1568.6 866.42 15.04
80.21 1570.3 868.06 13.34
90.00 1571.7 869.49 11.63
100.98 1572.9 870.73 9.99
113.30 1574.0 871.77 8.36
127.13 1574.9 872.64 6.96
142.64 1575.6 873.34 6.05

14
Part a — Early Time Analysis
Preliminary Log-log Analysis: (Use the Δp' data on the log-log plot)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Wellbore Storage Coefficient, Cs:
qB (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB)
Cs = = = 0.0122 RB/psi
24mwbs 24 (970 psi/hr)
Permeability, k:
qBμ (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB) (0.8 cp)
k = 162.6 = = 7.65 md
msl h (70 psi/cycle) (69 ft)
(msl is calculated from the log-log plot msl =ln(10) x Δp'rf → Δp'rf=30 psi)

15
Part a — Early Time Analysis
Pressure at the instant of shut-in, pwf(Δt=0) = 702 psia
___________________________________________________________________________________
Wellbore Storage Coefficient, Cs:
qB (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB)
Cs = = = 0.0122 RB/psi
24mwbs 24 (970 psi/hr)
mwbs is forced from the log-log plot.
Pressure at the instant of shut-in, pwf(Δt=0)
p wf (Δt = 0) = 702 psia

16
Part b — Middle Time Analysis (Permeability and Skin Factor)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Note: msl is forced from the log-log plot.
Permeability, k:
qBμ (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB) (0.8 cp)
k = 162.6 = = 7.65 md
Skin Factor, s:
⎡ pws,1hr − pwf (Δt = 0) ⎡ k ⎤ ⎤
s = 1.1513 ⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢
⎣
msl ⎢⎣ φμct rw2 ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎦
⎡ (1451 psia) − (702 psia) ⎡ (7.65 md) ⎤ ⎤
s = 1.1513⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢⎣ (70 psi/cycle) ⎢⎣ (0.039) (0.8 cp) (20x10 − 6 psi −1 ) (0.1982 ft) 2 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
s = 6.25

17
Part b — Middle Time Analysis (Permeability and Skin Factor)
Semilog (Horner) Analysis: (IARF = Infinite-Acting Radial Flow)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Note: msl is forced from the log-log plot.
Permeability, k:
qBμ (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB) (0.8 cp)
k = 162.6 = = 7.65 md
Skin Factor, s:
⎡ p ws,1hr − p wf (Δt = 0) ⎡ tp ⎤ ⎡ k ⎤ ⎤
s = 1.1513 ⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥ − log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢ m sl ⎢⎣ t p + 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ φμc t rw2 ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ (1451 psia) − (702 psia) ⎡ (13630 hr) ⎤
s = 1.1513 ⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ (70 psi/cycle) ⎣ (13630 hr) + 1 ⎦
⎡ (7.65 md) ⎤ ⎤
+ log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢⎣ (0.039) (0.8 cp) (20x10 −6 psi −1 ) (0.198 2 ft) 2 ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎦
s = 6.25

18
Part c — Late Time Analysis (Average Reservoir Pressure)
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Muskat-Arps-Smith" Method)
Muskat-Arps-Smith Method: The "Muskat-Arps-Smith" method is a rigorous relation used to estimate the average
reservoir pressure during late-time pressure buildup (if the boundary effects are established). The fundamental
relation is:
pws = p − a exp(−bΔt )
In the case of the "Muskat-Arps-Smith" method, pws is plotted versus dpws/dΔt to estimate the average reservoir
pressure as the intercept of the straight line trend at dpws/dΔt =0.
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
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19
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Rectangular Hyperbola" Method)
Rectangular Hyperbola Pressure Method: The "Rectangular Hyperbola" method is an APPROXIMATE relation
used to estimate the average reservoir pressure during late-time pressure buildup (if the boundary effects are
established). The fundamental relation is:
a
pws = p −
b + Δt
In the case of the "Rectangular Hyperbola" method, pws is plotted versus (dpws/dΔt)0.5 to determine the average
reservoir pressure as the intercept of the straight line trend at (dpws/dΔt)0.5 =0.
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

20
Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek (MBH) Method: This approach was developed to "correct" the extrapolated pressure,
p*, from Horner analysis to yield the average reservoir pressure, p . The MBH method is derived as a correlation of
(p*− p ) versus a dimensionless producing time function. The MBH method consists of a series of "y" versus "x"
correlations, presented on different plots for various reservoir shapes and well configurations. The "x" and "y"
functions are:
k
x = t pDA = 0.0002637 t
φμct A p
2.303 *
y = p DMBH (t pDA ) = ( p − p)
m sl
For this problem you are to assume a square reservoir and use the plot provided on the attached page.
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Solving for the "x-value" of tpDA, yields:
k (7.65 md)
t pDA = 0.0002637 tp = (13630 hr) = 6.83
φμct A (0.039) (0.8 cp) (20x10 psi −1 ) [(150 acre) (43560 ft 2 /acre)]
− 6
Obtaining the "y-value" of pDMBH(tpDA) using the appropriate MBH figure, gives us:
2.303 *
p DMBH (t pDA ) = ( p − p ) = 5.4 (This value is obtained from the MBH plot)
msl
Solving for the average reservoir pressure, we have:

m (70 psi/cycle)
p = p * − sl p DMBH (t pDA ) = (1740 psia) − (5.4)
2.303 2.303
p = 1576 psia

21
"Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek" Method — Solution Figure for Square Reservoir Configurations

22
Cartesian Analysis: (Late Time Data — "Material Balance Relation")
In this problem you are to estimate the average reservoir pressure using the "material balance relation" for a slightly
compressible single-phase liquid (oil) above the bubble-point pressure. In order to find the average reservoir
pressure, you need to start with the definition of compressibility for the flowing fluid (i.e. oil for this case). The
definition of oil compressibility equation is given by:
1 ⎡ ΔV ⎤
co = − ⎢ ⎥
V ⎣ Δp ⎦ T
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Derivation of the black-oil material balance equation — starting from the compressibility equation
1 ⎡ ΔV ⎤
co = − ⎢ ⎥ ......................................................................................................................................(1)
V ⎣ Δp ⎦ T
Defining V=φAh and ΔV=BoNp (cumulative production), we have:
1 Bo N p
co = − ..................................................................................................................................(2)
φhA ( p − pi )
Rearranging Eq. 2 in terms of pressure, yields:
Bo
pi − p = N p .................................................................................................................................(3)
φhAco
Solving for the average reservoir pressure, gives us:
Bo
p = pi − N p .................................................................................................................................(4)
φhAco
Eq. 4 is valid for consistent system of units, for field units (working in bbls, not ft3), we have:
Bo
p = pi − 5.615 N p ........................................................................................................................(5)
φhAco
Assuming that the oil flowrate (qo) is constant throughout the production sequence (i.e., Np = (qot)/24, t in hours),
we obtain
qoBo
p = pi − 0.234 t ............................................................................................................................(6)
φhAco
Applying Eq. 6 at t=tp, the average reservoir pressure is:
(250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB) (13630 hr)
p = (4600 psia ) − 0.234 .............................(7)
(0.039) [(150 acre) (43560 ft 2 /acre)] (69 ft) (17x10 − 6 psi −1 )
p = 1570 psia

23
Exam 1/Problem 6 (Validation of the Infinite-Acting Linear Flow Solution) — Spring 2008
(15 pts) 6. Validation of the Infinite-Acting Linear Flow Solution
Given: (liquid case)
The dimensionless diffusivity equation and the infinite-acting reservoir solution for the case of a linear flow
system produced at a constant flowrate are given below:
Dimensionless Differential Equation: (Homogeneous Linear Flow System)
∂ 2 pD ∂pD
= ................................................................................................................................ (1)
2 ∂tD
∂x D
Solution for an Infinite-Acting Linear Flow System:
⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
pD ( x D , tD ) =
2
tD exp ⎢− D ⎥ − x D erfc ⎢ x D ⎥ .................................................................. (2)
π ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
You are to "validate" the solution (Eq. 2) by substitution — i.e., you are to substitute Eq. 2 into Eq. 1 (the
diffusivity identity) and resolve the calculus and algebra into the lowest possible form. You are to then comment
as to the "validity" of Eq. 2.
Hints:
erfc( z ) = 1 − erf ( z ) .............................................................................................................................. (3)
2 z
erf ( z ) =
π ∫0 exp(−t 2 ) dt ............................................................................................................... (4)
d 2
erf ( z ) = exp(− z 2 ) .................................................................................................................. (5)
dz π
d dz d
f ( z) = f ( z ) (chain rule) ..................................................................................................... (6)
dx dx dz
Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2
Taking the derivative of exp (− x D /4t D ) in terms of xD, yields:
d ⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ d ⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
⎢ exp ⎢− D ⎥⎥= ⎢ ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
d xD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 4tD ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ d xD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 4tD ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4tD ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
1 d ⎡ x2 ⎤
2
=− ( xD ) exp ⎢− D ⎥
4tD d xD ⎢⎣ 4tD ⎥⎦
x ⎡ x 2 ⎤
= − D exp ⎢− D ⎥
2 tD 4tD ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎦
............................................................................................................................................................. (7)

24
6. Validation of the Infinite-Acting Linear Flow Solution (Continued)
Taking the derivative of erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of xD, we obtain:
d ⎡ ⎡ xD ⎤⎤ d ⎡ xD ⎤ 2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
⎢ erf ⎢ ⎥⎥= ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
d xD ⎢ ⎢ 2 t D ⎥ d xD ⎣⎢ 2 t D ⎦⎥ π ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= exp ⎢− D ⎥
π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
............................................................................................................................................................. (8)
2
Taking the derivative of exp (− x D /4t D ) in terms of tD, gives us:
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
d ⎢ ⎥⎥= d ⎢ ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ exp ⎢− D
exp ⎢− D ⎥
dtD ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎥ dtD ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎦
x2 d ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
=− D ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢−
D ⎥
4 dtD ⎣ tD ⎦ ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
x2 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
= − D ⎢− ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
4 ⎢ t2 ⎥ ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ D⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2
xD ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤
xD
= ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢− ⎥
4tD ⎣ tD ⎦ ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
x2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= D exp ⎢− D ⎥
2
4t D ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
............................................................................................................................................................. (9)
Taking the derivative of erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of tD, we have:
d ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤⎤ d ⎡ x ⎤ 2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
⎢ erf ⎢ D ⎥⎥= ⎢ D ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
dtD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎦⎥ dtD ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ π ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦
x d ⎡ 1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= D ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
2 dtD ⎢⎣ t D ⎥⎦ π ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
x ⎡ 1 −3/2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
2
= D ⎢− t D ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
2 ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢ 4tD ⎥
π
⎣ ⎦
x ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= D ⎢− ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
2 ⎢ t D D ⎦⎥ π
2 t ⎢ 4 tD ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦
x ⎡ 1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ x2 ⎤
=− D ⎢ ⎥ exp ⎢− D ⎥
2 t D ⎣ 2 tD ⎦ π ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
xD ⎡ 2
xD ⎤
=− exp ⎢− ⎥
2 π tD3/2 ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (10)
The first derivative of pD in terms of xD is defined as:
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎤⎤
d
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ] = d ⎢⎢ 2 tD exp ⎢− D ⎥⎥ − d ⎢ xD ⎢1 − erf ⎢ D ⎥ ⎥⎥
⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎦⎥ ⎥⎦ ⎦
d xD d xD π d xD
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎣⎢ 2 t D
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤⎤
=
2
tD
d ⎢
exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ − d ⎢ x D − x D erf ⎢ x D ⎥ ⎥
π d xD ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ d xD ⎢ ⎢
⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎤⎤
=
2
tD
d ⎢
exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ − ⎢1 − d ⎢ x D erf ⎢ x D ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
π d xD ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ ⎢ d xD ⎢ ⎣⎢ 2 t D ⎦⎥ ⎥⎦ ⎦
⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎤⎤
=
2
tD
d ⎢
exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ x D ⎥ − xD
d
⎢ erf ⎢ D ⎥ ⎥⎥
π d xD ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ d xD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (11)

25
2
Substituting Eq. 7 (i.e., the derivative of exp ( x D /4t D ) in terms of xD) and Eq. 8 (i.e., the derivative of
erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of xD) into Eq. 11 yields:

d
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ]
d xD
⎡ ⎤⎤ ⎡
⎡ x2 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎤⎤
=
2
tD
d ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ x D ⎥ − x D d ⎢ erf ⎢ x D ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
exp ⎢− D
π d xD ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢ 4tD ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ d xD ⎢ ⎢ 2 t D ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎣
⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦
⎡ ⎡ 2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎤⎤
2 x x ⎡ x ⎤ 1 x2
= tD ⎢− D exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ D ⎥ − x D ⎢ exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥⎥
π ⎢ 2 tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎢ π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎥⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦⎥
⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤
xD ⎥ − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ x D ⎥ − xD ⎥⎥
= − exp ⎢− D exp ⎢− D
π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎢ π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎣⎢ 2 t D ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦⎦
⎡ ⎡ x ⎤⎤
= − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ D ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣
........................................................................................................................................................... (12)
The second derivative of pD in terms of xD is defined as:
d2 d ⎡ d ⎤
2
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ] = ⎢ [ pD ( x D , tD ) ]⎥
dx D d xD ⎣ d xD ⎦
d ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤⎤
= − ⎢1 − erf ⎢ D ⎥⎥
d xD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣
d ⎡ ⎡ xD ⎤⎤
= ⎢erf ⎢ ⎥⎥
d xD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣
........................................................................................................................................................... (13)
Substituting Eq. 8 (i.e., the derivative of erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of xD) into Eq. 13 yields:
d2 1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ] = exp ⎢− D ⎥
2
dx D π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (14)
The first derivative of pD in terms of tD is defined as:
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎤⎤
d
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ] = d ⎢⎢ 2 tD exp ⎢− D ⎥⎥ − d ⎢ xD ⎢1 − erf ⎢ D ⎥ ⎥⎥
d tD d tD π ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ d tD ⎢ ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤ d ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ⎡ ⎤ ⎤⎤
=
2 ⎢
exp ⎢− D ⎥ ( tD ) + tD
d
exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ − x D d ⎢ ⎢1 − erf ⎢ x D ⎥ ⎥ ⎥
π ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥ d tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ d tD ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦
d tD
⎣ ⎦⎦ ⎣ ⎣ ⎣⎢ 2 t D ⎦⎥ ⎦⎥ ⎦
⎡ ⎤⎤
2 ⎢ ⎡⎢ x D ⎤ 1 ⎡ x2
2 ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤⎤
1 d ⎥ ⎥ + xD d
= exp − ⎥ + tD exp ⎢− D ⎢ erf ⎢ D ⎥⎥
π ⎢ ⎢ 4tD ⎥ 2 tD d tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ d tD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D
⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (15)

26
2
Substituting Eq. 9 (i.e., the derivative of exp ( x D /4t D ) in terms of tD) and Eq. 10 (i.e., the derivative of
erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of tD) into Eq. 15 yields:
d
[ pD ( x D , tD ) ] =
d tD
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤⎤ ⎡ ⎡ x ⎤⎤
2 ⎢1 1 ⎥ + tD d exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥ + xD d
= exp ⎢− D ⎢ erf ⎢ D ⎥⎥
π ⎢2 tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ d tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥⎥ d tD ⎢ ⎢⎣ 2 t D
⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎦
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎡ x2 ⎤ ⎤⎤ ⎡ x2 ⎤
2 ⎢1 1 ⎢ D exp ⎢− D ⎥ ⎥⎥ − xD xD
= exp ⎢− D ⎥ + tD exp ⎢− D ⎥
π ⎢2 tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎢4t 2 ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ 3/2
2 π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ D ⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎡ x2 ⎤ x2⎤⎤ ⎡ x22
xD ⎡ x2 ⎤
2 ⎢1 1 ⎥⎥ −
= exp ⎢− D ⎥ + D exp ⎢− D exp ⎢− D ⎥
π ⎢2 tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ 2 π t 3/2
3/2
4t D ⎢ 4tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦ ⎣ D ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ x 2 ⎤ 2
xD ⎡ x 2 ⎤ 2
xD ⎡ x2 ⎤
= exp ⎢− D ⎥ + exp ⎢− D ⎥ − exp ⎢− D ⎥
π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ 2 π t 3/2 ⎢ 4tD ⎥ 2 π t 3/2 ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦ D ⎣ ⎦ D ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= exp ⎢− D ⎥
π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (16)
Substituting Eq. 14 (i.e., the second derivative in terms of xD) and Eq. 16 (i.e., the first derivative in terms of tD) into
Eq. 1 yields:
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
exp ⎢− D ⎥= exp ⎢− D ⎥
π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥ π tD ⎢ 4tD ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
As the left-hand-side (LHS) and the right-hand-side (RHS) are identical, we obtain by cancellation that:
1 = 1 .................................................................................................................................................... (17)
Where the condition given by Eq. 17 confirms that Eq. 2 is an exact solution to Eq. 1.

27
Exam 1/Problem 7 (Reservoir Pressure Distribution during Pressure Buildup) — Spring 2008
(10 pts) 7. Reservoir Pressure Distribution during Pressure Buildup
Given:
The E1(x) solution for dimensionless pressure for a homogeneous reservoir (radial flow) is given as:
1 ⎡⎢ rD ⎤⎥
2
pD = E1 .................................................................................................................................(1)
2 ⎢ 4t D ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where the definitions for the dimensionless variables are:
1 kh r r
pD = ( pi − pr ) ............ (2) rD = .......................(3) reD = e ..............................(4)
141.2 qBμ rw rw
k ⎡ k ⎤
t D = 0.0002637 t (for drawdown) ⎢= 0.0002637 Δt (for buildup)⎥ ..........................(5)
φμct rw2 ⎢⎣ φμct rw2 ⎥⎦

An oil (liquid) well is produced at a constant rate for 1000 hours and then shut-in. You are given the attached
plot with the reservoir pressure profile computed at the producing time (tp) of 1000 hours (i.e., the instant of shut-
in).
a. You are to calculate the following pressures at a shut-in time (Δt) of 10 hr:
r p(r,Δt=10 hr)
(ft) (psia)
1 1953.85
10 1953.86
100 1954.81
1000 1981.68
b. Plot these pressures (i.e., p(r,Δt=10 hr)) on the attached plot.
Hint:
Note that the production sequence consists of a drawdown and buildup. Therefore in order to find the
dimensionless pressure at the specified location, you need to calculate the dimensionless pressure; first at the total
elapsed dimensionless time (i.e., tpD+ΔtD) and second at the dimensionless shut-in time (i.e., ΔtD). In
dimensionless form, this result is given as:
p D = p D (rD , t pD + Δt D ) − p D (rD , Δt D )
In terms of the E1(x) solution, we have:
1 ⎡⎢ rD2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ r2 ⎤
⎥ − E1 ⎢ D ⎥ ..........................................................................................(6)
pD = E1
2 ⎢ 4(t pD + Δt D ) ⎥ 2 ⎢ 4Δt D ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
In field units, Eq. 6 becomes:
qBμ ⎡ ⎡ φμct r2 ⎤ ⎡ φμct r 2 ⎤ ⎤

pr = pi − 70.6 ⎢ E1 ⎢948 ⎥ − E1 ⎢948 ⎥ ⎥ ....................................................(7)
kh ⎢ ⎢ k (t p + Δt ) ⎥ ⎢⎣ k Δt ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦

28
7. Reservoir Pressure Distribution during Pressure Buildup (Continued)
φ=0.15 rw=0.1 ft pi=2000 psia
k=10 md h=150 ft re=3000 ft
Oil properties:
Bo=1.2 RB/STB μo=1.0 cp ct=7.03x10-6 psia-1
q=177 STB/D s=0 tp=1000 hr
Working Plot
___________________________________________________________________________________

29
Solution:
Recalling Eq. 7, we have:
qBμ ⎡ ⎡ φμct r2 ⎤ ⎡ φμct r 2 ⎤ ⎤

pr = pi − 70.6 ⎢ E1 ⎢948 ⎥ − E1 ⎢948 ⎥ ⎥ ....................................................(7)
kh ⎢ ⎢ k (t p + Δt ) ⎥ ⎢ k Δt ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎦
Lumping terms, we obtain:
⎡ ⎡ r2 ⎤ ⎡ r 2 ⎤⎤
pr = pi − a ⎢ E1 ⎢b ⎥ − E1 ⎢b ⎥ ⎥ .........................................................................................(8)
⎢ ⎢⎣ (t p + Δt ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Δt ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎣
Where:
qBμ
a = 70.6 ........................................................................................................................................(9)
kh
φμct
b = 948 .......................................................................................................................................(10)
k
Substituting values, we have:
(177 STB/D )(1.2 RB/STB)(1.0 cp)
a = 70.6
(10 md)(150 ft ) .......................................................................................(11)
= 10
(0.15)(1.0 cp)(7.03x10−6 psi −1)
b = 948
(10 md) .............................................................................................(12)
= 0.0001 or 1x10− 4
Substituting Eqs. 11 and 12 into Eq. 8, and recalling that pi=2000 psia, we have the starting point for our work:
⎡ ⎡ r2 ⎤ ⎡ r 2 ⎤⎤
pr = (2000 psia) − (10) ⎢ E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ − E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ ⎥ ...............................................(8)
⎢ ⎢⎣ (t p + Δt ) ⎥ ⎢⎣ Δt ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦
For r=1 ft, tp=1000 hr, and Δt =10 hr; we have:
⎡ ⎡ (1 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎡ (1 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎤
pr = (2000 psia) − (10) ⎢ E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ − E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ [(1000 hr) + (10 hr )] ⎥ ⎢⎣ (10 hr ) ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦
= (2000 psia) − (10) [ E1[(9.9010x10 −8 )] − E1[(1x10 −5 )]
= (2000 psia) − (10) [(15.55) − (10.94)]
= (2000 psia) − (10) (4.62)
= 1953.85 psia
⎡ ⎡ (10 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎡ (10 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎤
pr = (2000 psia) − (10) ⎢ E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ − E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ [(1000 hr) + (10 hr )] ⎥ ⎢ (10 hr ) ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎦
= (2000 psia) − (10) [ E1[(9.9010x10 − 6 )] − E1[(1x10 −3 )]
= (2000 psia) − (10) [(10.95) − (6.33)]
= (2000 psia) − (10) (4.61)
= 1953.86 psia

30
Solution:
⎡ ⎡ (100 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎡ (100 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎤
pr = (2000 psia) − (10) ⎢ E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ − E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ [(1000 hr) + (10 hr )] ⎥ ⎢ (10 hr ) ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎦
= (2000 psia) − (10) [ E1[(9.9010x10 − 4 )] − E1[(1x10 −1 )]
= (2000 psia) − (10) [(6.34) − (1.82)]
= (2000 psia) − (10) (4.52)
= 1954.81 psia
⎡ ⎡ (1000 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎡ (1000 ft) 2 ⎤ ⎤
pr = (2000 psia) − (10) ⎢ E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥ − E1 ⎢(1x10 − 4 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ [(1000 hr) + (10 hr )] ⎥ ⎢⎣ (10 hr ) ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎦⎦
= (2000 psia) − (10) [ E1[(9.9010x10 − 2 )] − E1[(1x101 )]
= (2000 psia) − (10) [(1.83) − (4.1570 x10 − 6 )]
= (2000 psia) − (10) (1.83)
= 1981.68 psia

31
Exam 1/Problem 8 (Average Reservoir Pressure for an IARF System) — Spring 2008
(05 pts) 8. Average Reservoir Pressure for an Infinite-Acting Radial Flow (IARF) System
The defining identity for average reservoir pressure for a radial flow system is given as:
2 ri
p(r , t ) =
2 2
(ri − rw ) rw
∫
p(r , t ) r dr .................................................................................................. (1)
Where Eq. 1 is valid for any specified radius of investigation (ri) in a radial system.
The "reservoir pressure" form of the logarithmic approximation of the solution for an infinite-acting radial flow
system is given as:
qBμ ⎡ 1 k t ⎤
p (r , t ) = pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ ⎥
kh ⎣1688 φμ ct r 2 ⎦
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤ qBμ ⎡ rw2 ⎤
= pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ − 70.6 ln ⎢ ⎥
kh ⎢⎣1688 φμ ct rw2 ⎥⎦ kh ⎢⎣ r 2 ⎥⎦
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤ ⎡ qBμ ⎤
= pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ + 2 ⎢70.6 ln(r/rw )
kh 1688 φμ ct rw2 ⎣ kh ⎥⎦
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤ qBμ
= pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ + 141.2 ln(r/rw )
kh 2
⎢⎣1688 φμ ct rw ⎥⎦ kh
(reservoir pressure relation — no skin effect) ................................................................................. (2)
Required:
You are to substitute the reservoir pressure solution (Eq. 2) into the average reservoir pressure identity for a radial
flow system (Eq. 1), and then resolve the calculus and algebra into the most compact form.
Hints:
1. Shorthand notation for the reservoir pressure relation:
p (r , t ) = a + b ln(r/rw ) ................................................................................................................... (3)
Where:
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤
a = pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ ......................................................................................... (4)
kh ⎢⎣ 1688 φμ ct rw2 ⎥⎦
qBμ
b = 141.2 ................................................................................................................................ (5)
kh
(You can work this problem using the p(r,t) = a + b ln(r/rw) form.)
2. Useful mathematical identity:
b b
1 2 1
∫a x ln( x/c) dx =
2
x ln( x/c) − x 2
4 a
.......................................................................................... (6)
___________________________________________________________________________________
Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 1, we have:

2 ri
p(r , t ) =
(ri2 − rw2 ) rw
∫
[a + b ln(r/rw )] r dr ......................................................................................... (7)

32
Exam 1/Problem 8 (Average Reservoir Pressure for an IARF System) — Spring 2008
8. Average Reservoir Pressure for an Infinite-Acting Radial Flow (IARF) System (Continued)
Expanding Eq. 7 yields:
2 ⎡ ri ri ⎤
p(r , t ) = ⎢ a
(ri2 − rw2 ) ⎣⎢ rw
∫
r dr + b
rw
∫
ln(r/rw ) r dr ⎥ ......................................................................... (8)
⎦⎥
Solving the integrals in Eq. 8 yields:
⎡ ⎡ 2 ri ⎤ ⎡1 r ⎤
2 ⎢ ⎢r ⎥ 2 1 2 i ⎤⎥
p(r , t ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ............................................................ (9)
⎢a ⎢ ⎥ + b ⎢ 2 r ln(r/rw ) − 4 r
(ri2 − rw2 ) ⎢ ⎢ 2 r ⎥ ⎣ r ⎥
w ⎦⎥
⎣ ⎣ w⎦ ⎦
Expanding the terms in Eq. 9 yields:
⎡ 2 2 ⎡⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤⎤⎤
p(r , t ) = ⎢a (ri − rw ) + b ⎢⎢ ri ln(ri /rw ) − ri ⎥ − ⎢ rw ln(rw /rw ) − rw ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ......................... (10)
2
(ri2 − rw2 ) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎢⎢⎣ 2
⎣
4⎥ ⎢2
⎦ ⎣
4 ⎥⎥⎥
⎦⎦⎦
Expanding Eq. 10 and isolating the a and b-terms: (note that ln(rw/rw) = ln(1) = 0)
⎡r2
2 (r 2 − rw2 ) ⎤
p(r , t ) = a + b ⎢ i ln(ri /rw ) − i ⎥ ......................................................................... (11)
(ri2 − rw2 ) ⎢⎣ 2 4 ⎥⎦
Collecting terms in Eq. 11, we have the "most compact" form:
⎡ r2 1⎤
p(r , t ) = a + b ⎢ i ln(ri /rw ) − ⎥
⎢⎣ (ri2 − rw2 ) 2⎥
⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (12)
Substituting Eqs. 4 and 5 into Eq. 12, gives us the final form:
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤ qBμ ⎡ ri2 1⎤
p (r , t ) = pi − 70.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ + 141.2 ⎢ ln(ri /rw ) − ⎥
kh ⎢⎣1688 φμ ct rw2 ⎦⎥ kh ⎢ (ri2 − rw2 )
⎣
2⎥
⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (13)
Re-casting Eq. 13 in terms of log(t) (i.e., the more conventional "analysis" form), we obtain:
qBμ ⎡ 1 k ⎤ qBμ ⎡ ri2 1⎤
p (r , t ) = pi − 162.6 ln ⎢ t ⎥ + 141.2 ⎢ ln(ri /rw ) − ⎥
kh ⎢⎣1688 φμ ct rw2 ⎥⎦ kh ⎢ (ri2 − rw2 )
⎣
2⎥
⎦
........................................................................................................................................................... (14)

33
Exam 1/Problem 9 (Darcy's Law — Units Conversion) — Spring 2008
(05 pts) 9. Darcy's Law — Units Conversion
The "rate form/pressure drop" of Darcy's Law for a finite (steady-state) radial reservoir system is:
1 kh
qsc = cr ( pe − pw )
Bμ ln(re /rw )
Required:
You are to derive the "cr"-term (i.e., the units conversion constant) for the "field units" case. As a hint, cr=2π for
the "Darcy" units case, and use this as a starting point. As with all problems, you must show all work for credit
— work which is unclear, incomplete, or cannot be followed will be given zero credit.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Starting with the "Darcy" formulation:

1 kh
qsc = 2π ( pe − pw )
Bμ ln(re /rw )
Putting in this result unity form for convenience: (the ln(re/rw) term is dimensionless by definition)
2π kh( pe − pw ) 1
1=
qsc Bμ ln(re /rw )
Substituting the field and Darcy unit conversions for each variable:
⎡ 1D ⎤ ⎡ 30.48 cm ⎤ ⎡ 1 atm ⎤
2π k [ md ] ⎢ ⎥ h [ ft ] ⎢ 1 ft ⎥ ( pe − p w ) [ psi ] ⎢ 14.696 psi ⎥
⎣ 1000 md ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 1
1=
⎡ 5.615 ft 3 ⎤ ⎡ 30.48 cm ⎤ 3 ⎡ 1 day ⎤ ⎡ 1 hr ⎤ ln( re /rw )
q sc [STB/D] ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 24 hr ⎥ ⎢ 3600 sec ⎥ B [RB/STB] μ [cp]
⎢⎣ bbl ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ft ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
Or, upon reduction, we have:
⎡ D cm atm bbl sec ⎤ kh 1
1 = 2π (1.127x10−3 ) ⎢ ⎥ ( pe − pw )
⎣ md ft psi cm day ⎦ qsc Bμ ln(re /rw )
3
Our final result for the field units case is:

cr = 2π (1.127x10−3 )
= 7.081x10−3
= 1/141.2

34
Exam 1/Problem 10 (Specialized Analysis of Wellbore Storage Distorted Data) — Spring 2008
(10 pts) 10. Specialized Analysis of Wellbore Storage Distorted Data
Given:
These attached data were taken from a pressure buildup test performed on an oil reservoir — the reservoir is
assumed to be homogeneous. Wellbore storage and skin effects are exhibited in these data
φ=0.039 rw=0.198 ft ct=20x10-6 psia-1 h=69 ft
Oil properties:
Bo=1.136 RB/STB μo=0.80 cp
pwf(Δt=0)=702 psia qo=250 STB/D tp=13,630 hr
Objective: (You must show all work for credit)
You are required to "correct" the attached wellbore storage distorted test data (i.e., the Δpw data) using the
following relations: (mwbs is the slope of the Δpw versus Δt data plot (ETR1 data only)).
a. The corrected time function (Δtc): (to be used like Δt).
1
Δt − Δp w
mwbs
Δt c =
1 d
1− [Δpw ]
mwbs dΔt
b. The corrected pressure drop function (Δps): (to be used like Δpw)
Δp w
Δp s =
1 d
1− [Δpw ]
mwbs dΔt
For THIS PROBLEM you are to use mwbs =970 psi/hr for your analyses.
Required:
a. You are to calculate and plot the Δtc and Δps functions.
b. You are to perform a complete analysis of the Δtc and Δps functions using a semilog plot of Δps versus log(Δtc)
(i.e., estimate formation permeability and skin factor). You should note that the Δps − Δtc correction typically
does not work well for the very earliest data.
c. You are to describe your analysis/interpretation and results in a summary paragraph.
Results:
Slope of the Δpw versus data plot (ETR1 data), mwbs = 970 psia/hr
Summary Observations/Comments:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

35
10. Specialized Analysis of Wellbore Storage Distorted Data (Continued)
Data Functions: Pressure Buildup Case
Δt, hr Δpw, psi Δpw', psi dpw/dΔt, psi/hr Δtc, hr Δps, psi
0.01 9.59 9.48 948.007 0.005 423.02
0.02 19.03 18.72 935.923 0.011 541.66
0.03 28.32 27.67 922.334 0.016 576.39
0.04 37.48 36.36 909.041 0.022 596.46
0.05 46.51 44.80 896.003 0.027 609.74
0.07 64.20 61.04 872.012 0.038 635.57
0.10 90.69 84.51 836.913 0.055 660.96
0.14 124.64 113.02 792.330 0.077 680.48
0.20 169.59 147.92 734.127 0.110 697.44
0.32 249.97 200.96 629.313 0.175 711.70
0.45 326.30 238.46 528.651 0.252 717.14
0.71 444.41 266.76 373.152 0.417 722.25
1.01 536.26 259.24 256.716 0.621 729.27
1.43 620.36 224.03 157.062 0.939 740.22
2.01 688.68 171.69 85.212 1.431 755.01
3.19 750.67 103.25 32.333 2.503 776.55
4.02 770.99 78.34 19.488 3.291 786.80
5.06 786.30 59.83 11.821 4.303 796.00
7.15 803.24 43.03 6.019 6.360 808.26
10.10 816.26 34.72 3.438 9.290 819.16
11.33 820.14 33.29 2.938 10.517 822.63
14.26 827.46 30.84 2.162 13.441 829.30
17.96 834.34 29.10 1.620 17.126 835.73
22.61 840.85 27.48 1.215 21.767 841.90
25.37 843.97 26.64 1.050 24.522 844.88
All analyses must be performed on the Δtc and Δps data functions (do not use the Δt−Δpw data).

36
10. Specialized Analysis of Wellbore Storage Distorted Data (Continued)
Permeability, k:
qBμ (250 STB/D) (1.136 RB/STB) (0.8 cp)
k = 162.6 = = 7.65 md
Skin Factor, s:
⎡ Δp ⎡ k ⎤ ⎤
s,1hr
s = 1.1513 ⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢ msl
⎣ ⎢⎣ φμct rw2 ⎥⎦ ⎥
⎦
⎡ (749 psia) ⎡ (7.65 md) ⎤ ⎤
s = 1.1513⎢ − log ⎢ ⎥ + 3.2275⎥
⎢⎣ (70 psi/cycle) ⎢⎣ (0.039) (0.8 cp) (20x10 − 6 psi −1 ) (0.1982 ft) 2 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
s = 6.25


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Í Person on my left is: ____________________ Person on my right is: ____________________ Î

Your Name: __Key/TAB/DI/2008.03.27__

Required: (You must show all work for credit)

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

φμct (0.15) (1.0 cp) (7.03x10 -6 psi −1 )

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Using linear interpolation, we obtain

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

k(r) indicates a radial distribution of permeability.

Required: (You must show all work for credit)

b. Increase in productivity index: = Increase in PI is 1.61 (dimensionless)

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Part a. Skin factor expression Part b. Increase in productivity index

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Required: (You must show all work for credit)

b. α=qo,max (intercept) = 450 STB/D

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Plot for Absolute-Open-Flow Potential (qo,max)

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Starting: ASSUMING ugz = (ugz)c = constant, we have:

Our required final form is:

qg Therefore, the constant "C" is given by:

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Solving for the average reservoir pressure, we have:

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

erf( x D /2 t D ) in terms of xD) into Eq. 11 yields:

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Required: (You must show all work for credit)

qBμ ⎡ ⎡ φμct r2 ⎤ ⎡ φμct r 2 ⎤ ⎤

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

qBμ ⎡ ⎡ φμct r2 ⎤ ⎡ φμct r 2 ⎤ ⎤

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Substituting Eq. 3 into Eq. 1, we have:

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Starting with the "Darcy" formulation:

Our final result for the field units case is:

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

Petroleum Engineering 324 — Well Performance

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