FIG.

23-2
Physical Constants

23-2
FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Physical Constants

23-3
FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Physical Constants

23-4
 FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Notes and References for the Table of Physical Constants

23-5
 FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Notes and References for the Table of Physical Constants

23-6
 FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Notes and References for the Table of Physical Constants

23-7
 FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
Notes for the Table of Physical Constants

a. Values in parentheses are estimated values. p. An extrapolated value.

b. The temperature is above the critical point. q. Gas at 60°F and the liquid at the normal boiling point.
c. At saturation pressure (triple point). r. Fixed points on the 1968 International Practical Temperature
d. Sublimation point. Scale (IPTS-68).
e. The + sign and number following specify the number of cm3 of s. Fixed points on the 1990 International Temperature Scale
TEL added per gallon to achieve the ASTM octane number of (ITS-90).
100, which corresponds to that of Isooctane (2,2,4-
Trimethylpentane). t. Densities at the normal boiling point are: Ethane, 4.540 [29];
Propane, 4.484 [28]; Propene, 5.083 [5]; Hydrogen Chloride,
f. These compounds form a glass.
9.948 [43]; Hydrogen Sulfide, 7.919 [25]; Ammonia, 5.688 [43];
g. Average value from octane numbers of more than one sample. Sulfur Dioxide, 12.20 [43].
h. Saturation pressure and 60°F.
u. Technically, water has a heating value in two cases: net (–1060.
i. Index of refraction of the gas. Btu/lb) when water is liquid in the reactants, and gross
j. Densities of the liquid at the normal boiling point. (+50.313 Btu/ft3) when water is gas in the reactants. The value
k. Heat of sublimation. is the ideal heat of vaporization (enthalpy of the ideal gas less
m. Equation 2 of the reference was refitted to give: the enthalpy of the saturated liquid at the vapor pressure).
a = 0.7872957; b = 0.1294083; c = 0.03439519. This is a matter of definition; water does not burn.
n. Normal hydrogen (25% para, 75% ortho). v. Extreme values of those reported by reference 19.

A. Molar mass (molecular weight) is based upon the following
atomic weights: C = 12.011; H = 1.00794; O = 15.9994; N =
14.0067; S = 32.066; Cl = 35.4527. The values were rounded
off after calculating the molar mass using all significant figures
in the atomic weights.
B. Boiling point: the temperature at equilibrium between the liq-
uid and vapor phases at 14.696 psia.
C. Freezing point: the temperature at equilibrium between the crys-
talline phase and the air saturated liquid at 14.696 psia.
D. The refractive index reported refers to the liquid or gas and is
measured for light of wavelength corresponding to the sodium
D-line (589.26 nm).
E. The relative density (specific gravity): ρ(liquid, 60°F)/ρ(water,
60°F). The density of water at 60°F is 8.3372 lb/gal.
F. The temperature coefficient of density is related to the expan-
sion coefficient by: (∂ρ/∂T)P/ρ = –(∂ρV/∂T)P/V, in units of 1/T.
G. Pitzer acentric factor: ω = –log10(P/Pc) –1, P at T = 0.7 Tc
H. Compressibility factor of the real gas, Z = PV/RT, is calculated
using the second virial coefficient.
I. The density of an ideal gas relative to air is calculated by di-
viding the molar mass of the of the gas by 28.9625, the calcu-
lated average molar mass of air. See ref. 34 for the average
composition of dry air. The specific volume of an ideal gas is
calculated from the ideal gas equation. The volume ratio is:
V(ideal gas)/V(liquid in vacuum).
J. The liquid value is not rigorously CP, but rather it is the heat ca-
pacity along the saturation line CS defined by: CS = CP – T
(∂V/∂T)P(∂P/∂T)S. For liquids far from the critical point, CS ≈ CP.
K. The heating value is the negative of the enthalpy of combustion
at 60°F and 14.696 psia in an ideal reaction (one where all
gasses are ideal gasses). For an arbitrary organic compound,
the combustion reaction is:
CnHmOhSjNk (s,l,or,g) + (n + m/4 – h/2 + j ) O2(g) →
n CO2(g) + m/2 H2O (g or l) + k/2 N2(g) + j SO2(g),
where s, l and g denote respectively solid, liquid and ideal gas.
For gross heating values, the water formed is liquid; for net
heating values, the water formed is ideal gas. Values reported
are on a dry basis. To account for water in the heating value,
see GPA 2172. The Btu/lb or gal. liquid column assumes a re-
action with the fuel in the liquid state, while the Btu/ft3 ideal
gas column assumes the gas in the ideal gas state. Therefore,
the values are not consistent if used in the same calculation,
e.g. a gas plant balance.
L. The heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of the saturated vapor
at the boiling point at 14.696 psia minus the enthalpy of the
saturated liquid at the same conditions.
M. Air required for the combustion of ideal gas for compounds of
formula CnHmOhSjNk is:
V(air)/V(gas) = (n + m/4 ( h/2 + j)/0.20946.

COMMENTS
Units: reported values are based upon the following units with energy: British thermal unit (I.T.)
their equivalent corresponding SI units: Btu = 251.9958 cal (I.T.) = 1055.056 J
mass: Pound (avdp), lbm = 0.45359237 kg Gas constant, R:
length: foot, ft = 0.3048 m 1.985887 Btu (I.T.)/(R lb mol)
temperature: degree Fahrenheit 10.73164 ft3 psia/(R lb mol)
t/°F) = 32 = [1.8(t/°C)]. 8.314510 J/(K(mol)
The Celsius scale is defined by the International Temperature Conversion factors:
of 1990 (ITS-90), where 0°C = 273.15 K.
1 ft3 = 7.480520 gal.
Other derived units are:
volume: cubic foot, ft3 = 0.02831685 m3 1 lbm/ft3 = 0.1336806 lbm/gal = 16.018462 kg/m3
gallon = 231 in3 = 0.0037854512 m3 1 psia = 0.06804596 atm = 6.894757 kPa
pressure: pound per square inch absolute 1 atm = 14.69595 psia = 760 Torr = 101.3250 kPa
psia = 6894.757 kPa 1 Btu (I.T.) = 252.1644 calth

23-8
 FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)
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23-9
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