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C. Agency by necessity –
Agency by necessity arises under following circumstances
i. There is an actual necessity for acting on behalf of principal
ii. It is impossible to communicate with the principal and
obtain his consent
iii. The act must be done in the interest of principal .
3. Agency by Ratification u/s 196
Meaning – It arises when a person , on whose behalf the acts are
done without his knowledge or authority , expressly or
impliedly ,accepts such acts . Thus , when the principal
approves an act of the agent who never had an authority to
undertake such acts , it is called as ratification . It is also called
as ex post facto agency . i.e agency arising after event .
Ex – A without authority buys goods for B . Afterwards B sells
them to C on his own account . B’s conduct implies that
ratification of the purchases made for him by A
Ex – A without B’s authority , lends B’s money to C . Afterwards B
accepts the interest on the money from C . B’s conduct implies
ratification to loans.
Modes of Ratification – u/s 197
1. Full Knowledge of the principal - s.198
2. Ratification must be for whole transaction – s. 199
When person ratifies half transaction it is treated as the
ratification of whole transaction .
Ex – X without Y authority buys 100 bales of cotton . Y wants to
ratify this transaction for 60 bales of cotton and rejects the
rest . Y cannot do so . If he does so , it will be treated as the
ratification of whole transaction of 100 bales of cotton .
3. No damage to third party s.200
An act which has the effect of subjecting 3rd person to damage or
interest of 3rd person cannot ratified such transaction .
Ex – X holds a flat on lease from Y . The lease is terminable on 3
months notice . Z without Y ‘s authority gives notice to X for
termination of lease . Y cannot ratify the notice given by Z
4. Act on behalf of the another person –
The act done by an agent on behalf of the another person can
only be ratified . Thus the act done by agent in his name can
not be ratified .
Ex – X without Y’s authority or knowledge buts 100 bales of
cotton on behalf of Y and buys 50 bales of cotton in his own
name from Z on different date . Y can ratify only 100 bales and
not just other 50 bales of cotton .
5. Existence of Principal –
The principal must be existence at the time of act is done in his
name .
Ex – The promoters enter into contract for the company before
its incorporation . The company after incorporation cannot
ratify the same .
6. Contractual Capacities - Principal should have the capacity to
contract at the time of creation and ratification .
7. Within reasonable time otherwise it will not be binding upon
principal