ERROR DETECTING CODES AND TYPES OF CORRECTION

I. INTRODUCTION

In digital communication system errors are transferred from one communication

system to another along with the data, it is from the transmitter to the receiver. If these errors
are not detected and corrected during transmission, the data will be lost caused by the
external noise or some imperfections. For the data to be able to transfer with a good standard
of accuracy, it could be achieved by first detecting the errors occur and then correcting them.
Today, technology uses error detecting codes and error correction to have an effective
communication. Error detection involves checking whether any error has occurred or not,
Error correction involves ascertaining the exact number of bits that has been corrupted and
the location of the corrupted bits.
II. CONTENT
Error detection is the process of detecting the errors that are present in the data
transmitted from transmitter to receiver, in a communication system. Error detecting codes
ensures messages to be encoded before they are sent over noisy channels. The encoding is
done in a manner so that the decoder at the receiving end can detect whether these are errors
in the incoming signal with high probability of success. There are types of error detection
such as: (1) Parity Checking (2) Cyclic Redundancy Check and more.

 Parity Checking- Parity bit means, nothing but an additional bit added to the data at
the transmitter before transmitting the data. The circuit which adds a parity bit to the
data at transmitter is called “Parity generator”. The parity bits are transmitted, and
they are checked at the receiver. If the parity bits sent at the transmitter and the parity
bits received at receiver are not equal, then an error is detected.
 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)- A cyclic code is a linear (n, k) block code with
the property that every cyclic shift of a codeword results in another code word. Here k
indicates the length of the message at transmitter (the number of information bits). n
is the total length of the message after adding the check bits. (actual data and the
check bits). n, k is the number of check bits. The codes use for cyclic redundancy
check there by error detection are known as CRC codes. These types of codes are
used for error detection and encoding. They are easily implemented using shift-
registers with feedback connections. That is why they are widely used for error
detection on digital communication. CRC codes will provide effective and high level
of protection.

Error correction is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original free data
or signal. Error correction is a step better than error detection; when it detects an error, it tries
to put the data back to how it should have been. The codes which are used for both error
detecting and error correction are called as “Error Correction Codes”. The error correction
techniques are of two types. They are, (1) Single bit error correction and (2) Burst error
correction. The process or method of correcting single bit error is called “single bit error
correction”. The method of detecting and correcting burst errors in the data sequence is
called “Burst error”. Some of the error correction are:
  Error-correcting code (ECC) or forward error correction (FEC) is a method that
involves adding parity data bits to the message. These parity bits will be read by the
receiver to determine whether an error happened during transmission. In this case, the
receiver corrects the error when they occur. It does not ask the transmitter to resend
the frame or message.
 Hamming code- This error detecting and correcting code technique not only
identifies the error bit, in the whole data sequence and it also corrects it.
We often practice in our daily life the method and strategy in this system, just like
when we purchase an item online we do not want any mistake held during the delivery so we
make it sure by putting our name and address and ascertaining that we will received the
number of the items we purchased. The online seller is the transmitter, the item we purchased
is the data along with our name and address on it as the bits, the transmission is the delivery
and receiver are us. Now if there are mistake while giving our name and address, there would
be possibility that we cannot receive the item we purchased. Therefore, we check it before
sending our name and address or correcting if there are mistakes, the guts we have in
checking or correcting our name and address serve as the error detection and error correction.

III. LEARNINGS

At my younger age I am so confuse on how it is possible that technology can run a

system of communication. I have understood that there are also codes and some techniques
that are used to successfully transmit the messages accuracy. In that way I have realized that
some practice in our daily living could be possible making things at ease with technology.
There are more with just a numbers and letters.

IV. REFERENCES
Administrator. (2019), Error Correction and Detection Codes, New York: Electronics Hub.
Jatinder S. (2012) A comparative Study of Error Detection and Correction Coding Techniques,
Rohtak, Haryana, India. IEEE
Othman O. Khalifa, MD Rafiqul Islam and S. Khan, “Cyclic Redundancy Encoder for Error
Detection in Communication Channels”, RF and microwave conference, 2004.