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 Statement of revolutionary ideals

• Inspired by Declaration of
Independence
7.2 – EQ:  Men born equal, remain free in equal
How did the extremist revolutionary ideas rights
 Liberty, property, security, resistance to
contribute to French instability? oppression
 Title analysis: who is excluded?
• Women
 “Life, liberty, fraternity” = slogan of
Revolution
 Olympe de Gouges – Rights of Women
 1793: Executed as traitor of Revolution

National Assembly declares “control” of

 August 4, 1789

Church
• Officials/priests must be elected & paid as state
• Nobles (2nd estate) officials
• Church lost land to gov’t, Nat’l Assembly sold it
formally join 3rd estate to pay off debts
Analysis - Why take over the church?
 Eliminated medieval

 Church = nobility (2nd estate), not equal if rich/more
privileges resources
• Economic system for gov’t controlled re-
 Proclaimed support of distribution of land equally?
 Communism
Enlightenment ideas (life,  Will grow as an idea in Europe, more formal in 19th C.
liberty, equality)  Implications
• Peasants = Catholic
 Effectively made 2nd = 3rd  Catholic Church = government → distrust from the
people
estate  People oppose future reforms of Nat’l Assembly

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 Nat’l
Assembly + Bastille  New structure, old problems
→ Louis/monarchy • Food shortage, debt remain
unstable • Different ideas on solving problems
• Pro-monarchs felt unsafe, fled  Radicals – left side
country  Opposed monarchy
 Louis + Marie
try to flee to  Wanted sweeping changes
 Moderates – middle
Austrian Netherlands  Wanted some change
(1791)  Conservatives – right side
• Caught at the border, forcibly  Limited monarchy, limited changes
returned to Paris  Seating in government like this
• Attempted escape further upsets today?
the people • Yes – by political parties

 National Assembly HOUSE SENATE

creates new
constitution (1791).
• Louis “reluctantly
approved.”
• Stripped king of power
• Established “Legislative
Assembly”
 Created laws, declare war
 King still in charge of
enforcing

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 Turmoil in Paris
 Extremes • August 1792: 20k French people storm
• Undo the revolution Tuileries Palace
 Massacre guards, imprison Louis, Marie,
 Émigré (migrants) their kids
 Nobles who fled France  Why the kids?
• September 1792: Massacres
• Go further than revolution  Paris mobs murder 1,000+ jailed monarch-
 Sans-culottes (those without knee sympathizers
 Included clergy, nobles, rich-pro-monarchs
breeches)  Chaos → calls for new government
 Workers/shopkeepers • National Assembly → National
 Did not wear fancy knee-length trousers Convention
 Exposed knee = poor, working-class  Old constitution (1791) thrown out
 Abolishes monarchy, French = Republic

 Revolution in France = threat to  Jacobins = radicals leading new

European order
• Austria, Prussia = pro-monarch gov’t
 Demand re-instatement of Louis • Jean-Paul Marat
• Legislative Assembly declares war  L’Ami du Peuple (Friend of the People)
(April 1792)  Kill any pro-king people
 French suffer/lose greatly • Georges Danton
 Enemies advance onto Paris – threaten to invade
if royals harmed  Pro-poor people lawyer
• Great Britain, Holland, Spain join against  Effective speaker
France  Trial of Louis
• France drafts 300k 18-40 year-olds • Found guilty of treason
(1793-1794)
 Including women! • January 21, 1793: executed by Guillotine

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 Maximilien Robespierre creates  1794: Nat’l

Convention turns on
“republic of virtue” Robespierre
• Wipe out France’s past • Executed July 28,1794
 Changed time
 No Sundays, religion = old-fashioned, dangerous
 Weary people call for new gov’t
 Closed churches • 1795: 3rd gov’t of Revolution
• Leader of Committee of Public Safety • Moderate gov’t of upper-middle class
 Reign of Terror (July 1793)  2-house legislature
 Protect Revolution at any cost – capture/kill  5-person executive branch (Directory)
“enemies”
 Problem: used as tool for political • Corrupt, but stable
opponents/dissidents  Powerful general: Napoleon Bonaparte
 Turned against fellow Jacobins

 “Enemies of the Revolution”

• Georges Danton
 “Don’t forget to show my head to the people. It’s well
worth seeing.”
• Marie Antoinette
• Thousands of unknown people
 ~40,000 people
 Analyzing data
• Who would be the “enemies of the Revolution?”
 Rich, nobles, pro-monarchs
• Who was mostly killed as “enemies of the
Revolution?”
 85 percent = peasants, urban poor, middle class (old
3rd estate)

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_________________________

Essential Question:

Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:

Summary:
 Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776
Thomas Jefferson
When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume among the powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of
Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that
they should declare the causes which impel them
to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by
their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness.--That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the
governed, --That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it
is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new Government, laying its
foundation on such principles and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to affect their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments
long established should not be changed for light
and transient causes; and accordingly all
experience hath shown, that mankind are more
disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than
to right themselves by abolishing the forms to
which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same Object evinces a design to reduce them
under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is
their duty, to throw off such Government, and to
provide new Guards for their future security.--
Such has been the patient sufferance of these
Colonies; and such is now the necessity which
constrains them to alter their former Systems of
Government. The history of the present King of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations, all having in direct object the
establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these
States
Declaration of the Rights of Man
August 1789
National Assembly
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social
distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the
natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are
liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the
nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which
does not proceed directly from the nation.
4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which
injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of
each man has no limits except those which assure to the other
members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These
limits can only be determined by law.
5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society.
Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no
one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will… It must be the
same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being
equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities
and to all public positions and occupations…
7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in
the cases and according to forms prescribed by law. Any one
soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any
arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or
arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as
resistance constitutes an offense.
8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are
strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer
punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed
and promulgated before the commission of the offense.
9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been
declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all
harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person
shall be severely repressed by law.
10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions,
including his religious views, provided their manifestation does
not disturb the public order established by law.
Name

Directions: After reading both the American Declaration of Independence and French Declaration of the Rights
of Man, fill in this Venn Diagram with similarities and differences that you noticed.

Declaration of Declaration of
Independence the Rights of Man

1. What is the purpose of each of these documents?

2. Which aspects of the Enlightenment are reflected in these two documents?

3. How does the Declaration of the Rights of Man define liberty? Do you agree or disagree
with this definition?

4. Using this definition, are Americans denied their liberty in any sense today?