Final&Exam&Study&Guide&

&
Congress(
Basic&set&up&of&the&institution&
Differences&between&the&chambers&
& How&do&these&differences&produce&different&policy&outcomes?&
Motivation&of&members&of&Congress&
The&role&of&parties&in&Congress&
& Leadership&positions&
& Incentives&to&members&
The&legislative&process&
& Know&the&steps&
& Winnowing&
& Gatekeeping&and&veto&points&
& & Committees&
& & Party&leadership&
& & Filibustering&
& & Presidential&vetoes&
&
The(President(
Formal&and&informal&powers&
Foreign&policy&
& Treaties&
& Executive&agreements&
How&does&the&president&exert&his/her&power&to&persuade?&
The&role&of&public&opinion&
& How&does&it&work?&
& How&is&it&used?&
& Does&it&change&over&time?&
The&role&of&cabinet&members&and&executive&staff&
& Why&so&important?&
&
The(Courts(
Hierarchy&of&the&courts&
& Jurisdiction&
& Where&do&cases&start?&
& Where&do&they&end?&
& Percent&of&cases&that&reach&the&Supreme&Court&
Judicial&Review&
& Origins&and&power&
The&different&models&for&interpreting&the&law&
The&“nuclear&option”&for&confirmation&of&judges&
&
!
!
The(Bureaucracy(
Definition&of&a&bureaucracy&
The&civil&service&system&
Interpretation&and&enforcement&of&public&policy&
& Monitoring&
Policymaking&
& Implications&of&the&hierarchy&
& Changes&to&public&laws&
Rulemaking&
& The&federal&registry&
Growth&of&the&federal&bureaucracy&over&time&
Congressional&influence&on&the&bureaucracy&
Presidential&influence&on&the&bureaucracy&
Bureaucratic&decisionPmaking&
& Principals&and&agents&
& Accountability&
& Inefficiencies&
& Reforms&