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Lecturer
Department of Pharmacy
International Islamic University Chittagong
microencapsulaTion
Microencapsulation is a means of
or droplets of liquids.
microcapsules
Microcapsules are small particles that contain an active
agent (core material) surrounded by a shell or coating
coating..
Their diameters generally range from a few microns to a
few millimetres
millimetres..
Microcapsules can have many different types and
structures:
structures:
a) simple droplets of liquid core material surrounded by a
spherical shell (Microcapsules)
b) irregularly
irregularlyshaped particles containing small particles of
solid core material dispersed in a continuous polymer shell
matrix (microspheres)
microspheres)..
Microencapsulated solid Microencapsulated liquid
microspheres
Mechanisms for the release of encapsulated core materials:
Disruption of the coating by pressure, shear, or abrasion
forces.
Enzymatic degradation of the coating where permeability
changes.
Diffusion or leaching of core materials.
4. Tastemasking.
1.The stabilization of core materials
injectables.
Core Material
The core material is the material to be coated, which
may be liquid or solid in nature
nature..
The composition of the core material can be varied
varied::
The liquid core can include dispersed and/or dissolved
material..
material
The solid core can be a mixture of active constituents,
stabilizers, diluents, excipients , and releaserate
release
retardants or accelerators
accelerators..
Coating Materials
The coating material should used in microencapsulation:
• Be capable of forming a film that is cohesive with the core
material
• Be chemically compatible and nonreactive with the core
material
• Provide the desired coating properties, such as strength,
flexibility, impermeability, optical properties, and stability.
• Coating material selected from natural and synthetic film
forming polymers like:
carboxy methyl cellulose ethyl cellulose
cellulose acetate phthalate poly vinyl alcohol
gelatin, gelatin gum arabic poly hydroxy cellulose
waxes chitosan
Purpose of microencapsulation
Permeability
Moisture absorption
Solubility
Stability
Clarity
Types of microencapsulation
1. Coating core
- Shell contain only one particles
- Spherical
- Surrounded by continuous shell
2. Multinuclear microencapsule
3. Mono nuclear microencapsule
4. Multinuclear spherical capsule
5. Multinuclear irregular capsule
6. Multinuclear irregular Clusters
7. Encapsulated microcapsule
microencapsulaTion meThods
1. Air suspension
2. Coacervationphase separation
3. Spray drying
4. Congealing
5. Pan coating
6. Solvent evaporation techniques
Microencapsulation Processes and Their Applicabilities
A, control panel;
B, coating chamber;
C, particles being treated;
D, process airflow;
E, air distribution plate;
F, nozzle for applying film coatings.
A
XE
TEMPERATURE
C D
B
F G
POLYMER CONCENTRATION %
Temperaturecomposition phase
diagram for a binary system of a
polymer and a solvent.
Incompatible Polymer Addition
SOLVENT
100%
100%
• The diagram illustrates a
A
ternary system consisting of a
solvent, and two polymers, X and E
Y.
C D
B
• If an immiscible core material
Polymer X is dispersed in a
solution of polymer Y (point A) ,
100%
100% 100%
100%
the phase boundary will be POLYMER x POLYMER Y
crossed at point E.
Phase diagram for phase
phase
separation/ coacervation
induced by Incompatible
Polymer Addition
As the twophase region is penetrated with the further
addition of polymer X, liquid polymer, immiscible droplets
form and coalesce to form microcapsules.
The polymer that is more strongly adsorbed at the core
materialsolvent interface, (in this case polymer Y),
becomes the coating material.
Solidification of the coating material is accomplished by
further penetration into the twophase region, washing the
embryonic microcapsules with a liquid that is a nonsolvent
for the coating, polymer Y, and that is a solvent for polymer
X.
Nonsolvent Addition
SOLVENT
A liquid that is a nonsolvent for 100%
100%
A
a given polymer can be added to
a solution of the polymer to E
D
induce phase separation, as
indicated by the general phase B
diagram. C
The resulting immiscible, liquid
polymer can be utilized to 100%
100% 100%
100%
NON SOLVENT POLYMER
microencapsulation of an
Phase diagram for phase
phase
immiscible core material. separation/ coacervation
induced by Non Solvent
Addition
Salt Addition WATER
100%
100%
A
Soluble inorganic salts can be
sulfate.
100%
100% 100%
100%
SALTS POLYMER
1. Simple technique .
drug