sistemis calkeuli elementis muSaobis reJimebi

urTierTdamokidebulebaSia. aqedan gamomdinare, raime SeS-

foTeba eleqtroenergiis gadacemisas imavdriulad gavlenas
axdens energiis warmoebis da moxmarebis procesze.
energosistemis ganviTarebis dagegmvisas ama Tu im
axali elementis parametrebis SerCeva SeuZlebelia misi
momavali reJimisa da sistemis sxva, ukve arsebul, elemen-
tebTan kavSiris gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare,
energetikuli sistema miekuTvneba didi sistemebis jgufs,
romelTa funqcionirebis analizi SesaZlebelia mxolod
sistemuri midgomis safuZvelze.
eleqtroenergetikul sistemaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT mowyo-
bilobaTa sami jgufi: eleqtruli energiis warmoebis mixedviT –
eleqtruli sadgurebi (kvebis wyaroebi), eleqtroenergiis ga-
dacema-ganawilebis mixedviT – eleqtruli qselebi, eleqtruli
energiis moxmareba-gamoyenebis mixedviT - eleqtromimRebebi
(momxmareblebi).
eleqtruli energiis miReba warmoebs eleqtrosadgurebze,
romlebic gamoyenebuli pirveladi energoresursis mixedviT
SeiZleba iyos:
- Tboeleqtrosadgurebi (Tesi), sadac pirveladi energo-
resursis saxiT gamoiyeneba bunebrivi airi, Txevadi an myari
sawvavi;
- hidroeleqtrosadgurebi (hesi), sadac pirveladi energo-
resursis saxiT gamoiyeneba wylis potenciuri energia;
- atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi (aesi), sadac pirveladi ener-
goresursebis saxiT gamoiyeneba atombirTvis daSlis Sedegad mi-
Rebuli Tburi energia.

5
 amrigad, denis rxevis pirvel naxevar periodSi mTav-
rdeba wredSi energiis rxevis erTi cikli. meore naxevar
periodSi wredSi energetikuli procesi, rogorc zemoT avR-
niSneT, meordeba imave mimdevrobiT. amasTan, yovel naxevar
periodSi generatoris mier gamomuSavebuli aqtiuri energia
moixmareba wredis R winaRobaSi gamoiyofili siTbos saxiT,
xolo reaqtiuli energia cirkulirebs generatorsa da wre-
dis L da C elementebs Soris.
cvladi denis samfaza simetriuli sistemisTvis sruli
simZlavris Caweris moxerxebuli formaa

∗
S = 3 U ⋅ I = P + jQ, mgva, (1.1)
sadac: I - denis kompleqsuri mniSvneloba, ka; U - xazuri Zab-
vis kompleqsuri mniSvneloba, kv; P - aqtiuri simZlavre, mgvt;
Q - reaqtiuli simZlavre, mgvar.
aqtiuri simZlavre (misi ucvleli mniSvnelobisas) gam-
ravlebuli droze gvaZlevs eleqtruli energiis raodeno-
bas am droSi
Э = P ⋅ t.
reaqtiuli simZlavre warmoadgens cvladi denis wred-
Si energiis mimocvlis maxasiaTebeli suraTis Semavsebel
sidides.
(1.1) gamosaxulebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba avagoT sim-
ZlavreTa samkuTxedi (nax. 1.5.), romlis mixedviT gvaqvs:
S2=P2+Q2; P=S∙cos ϕ ; Q=S∙sin ϕ ; Q=P∙tg ϕ

11
sadac: cos ϕ - aqtiuri simZlavris koeficienti; tg ϕ - reaqtiu-
li simZlavris koeficienti; ϕ - Zvris kuTxe Zabvisa da denis
veqtorebs Soris.

1.3. eleqtruli energiis gadacemis principuli sqema

eleqtrosadgurebidan momxmareblamde eleqtruli ener-

giis gadacemas Tan axlavs simZlavrisa da Zabvis danakargebi
eleqtrogadacemis xazebsa da transformatorebSi
∆P = 3 I2 R da ∆U = 3 I Z,
sadac:
∆P -aqtiuri simZlavris danakargi eleqtrogadacemaSi;
∆U - Zabvis vardna amave gadacemaSi;
I, I - datvirTvis denis moduli, kompleqsuri mniSvneloba;
Z = R + jX -gadacemis sruli winaRoba;
R, X – eleqtrogadacemis aqtiuri da reaqtiuli winaRoba.
Tu am formulebSi datvirTvis dens SevcliT datvirTvis
simZlavriT
P − jQ anu P +Q
2 2

I= I= ,
3U 3U
miviRebT
P +Q R
2
PR + QX
2
∆P = 2
da ∆U =
U U
sadac:
P - datvirTvis aqtiuri simZlavre;
Q - datvirTvis reqatiuli simZlavre;
∆U - Zabvis danakargi eleqtrogadacemaSi (Zabvis vardnis
grZivi Semdgeni);
U – eleqtrogadacemis muSa Zabva.

12
 eleqtrosadgurebze warmoebuli eleq-
truli energiis nawili SeiZleba gadacemuli iqnes SedarebiT
dabal Zabvaze, xolo danarCeni nawili ki amaRlebuli Zabvis sa-
SualebiT gadaecema SedarebiT Sors mdebare momxmareblebs. ga-
dacemis mimReb boloSi xdeba Zabvis dadableba mimRebisTvis sa-
Wiro donemde.

nax. 1.6. eleqtruli energiis gadacemis principuli sqema:

g-eleqtruli generatori; t1, t2-samaRlebeli da
sadablebeli transformatorebi; e.g.x.-eleqtrogadacemis xazi;
Ug-generatoris Zabva; U 1 , U 2 – Zabvebi xazis Tavsa da boloSi;
U mimR - eleqtromimRebis Zabva

1.4. eleqtrogadacemis nominaluri Zabvebi

eleqtromowyobilobebisa da danadgarebis nominaluri

Zabva ewodeba Zabvis im mniSvnelobas, romelzedac gaangariSe-
bulia da damzadebulia mocemuli mowyobiloba-danadgari nor-
malur reJimSi xangrZlivi da efeqturi muSaobisTvis. eleqtro-
gadacemis nominaluri Zabvis sidide gavlenas axdens mis teqni-
kur maxasiaTeblebze – gadacemis zRvruli simZlavre, zRvruli
sigrZe, simZlavrisa da energiis danakargebi, Zabvis danakargebi
da sxva.

14
 dabali Zabvis manawilebel qselSi gamoiyeneba 380 da 600 v
nominaluri Zabva. 380 v gavrcelebulia saqalaqo da sasoflo
qselebis gare da Siga ganaTebis sistemebSi da, agreTve, mcire
simZlavris Zravuli momxmareblebis kvebisTvis. 600 v nominalu-
ri Zabva gamoiyeneba mxolod Zalovani datvirTvis kvebisTvis.
6-10 kv Zabvaze aigeba qa-

laqebis, soflebisa da samrewvelo sawarmoTa eleqtromoma-

ragebis qselebi, romelic gamoiyeneba, ZiriTadad, 380 v Zabvis
kvebis centrebis Sesaqmnelad. 10 kv Zabvis qseli ufro farTodaa
gacrcelebuli, vidre 6kv. es ukanaskneli gamoiyeneba im SemTxve-
vaSi, roca samrewvelo sawarmoTa eleqtrul Zravebs gaaCniaT
am safexuris nominaluri Zabva.
35 kv Zabva gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad soflis adgilebSi 6-10
kv Zabvis kvebis centrebis Sesaqmnelad (transformatorebi
35/0,38 kv Zabvaze iSviaTad mzaddeba).
110 kv Zabis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba qalaqebis, samrewve-
lo sawarmoTa, eleqtroficirebuli rkinigzis momxmarebelTa
eleqtromomarageba, SedarebiT mcire simZlavris eleqtrosad-
gurebidan simZlavris gacema da, zogjer, soflis adgilebSi uf-
ro dabali Zabvis kvebis centrebis Seqmna.
220 kv Zabva gamoiyeneba 110 kv Zabvis kvebis centrebis Se-
saqmnelad da saSualo simZlavris eleqtrosadgurebidan sim-
Zlavris gasacemad.
330 kv Zabva 500 kv Zabvis eqspluataciaSi Seyvanamde ga-
moiyeneboda sistemawarmomqmneli qselis asagebad, mZalvri
eleqtrosadgurebidan simZlavris gasacemad da sistemaTaSorisi
kavSirebisTvis. momxmarebelTa datvirTvis da eleqtrosadgu-
rebis simZlavreTa zrdasTan erTad 330 kv Zabva TandaTan kar-
gavs sistemawarmomqmneli qselisa da sistemaTaSorisi kavSiris
funqcias, romelic gadadis 500 da 750 kv Zabvis funqciebSi. zo-
gierT regionebSi (azerbaijani, daRestani) 330 kv Zabva dResac
warmoadgens sistemawarmomqmneli qselis Zabvas.
500-750 kv Zabva gamoiyeneba sistemawarmomqmneli qselebisa
da 220 kv Zabvis kvebis centrebis Sesaqmnelad, mZlavri eleqtro-
sadgurebidan simZlavreTa gadasacemad da sistemaTaSorisi kav-
SirebisTvis.
 1.5. eleqtruli sistemebis reJimebisadmi wayenebuli
moTxovnebi da reJimebis gaangariSebis amocanebi

eleqtruli sistemis reJimi es aris misi gansazRvruli

mdgomareoba (mdgradi an aramdgradi), romelic ganisazRvreba
simZlavris, denis, Zabvis, sixSiris da sxva fizikuri sidideebiT,
romelTac reJimis parametrebi ewodeba da romlebic damaxa-
siaTebelia eleqtruli energiis warmoeba-gadacema-ganawilebis
teqnologiuri procesisTvis.
sistemis reJimi icvleba momxmarebelTa muSaobis reJimis
Secvlisa da sistemaSi warmoqmnili raime SeSfoTebis Sedegad.
sistemis reJimi SeiZleba iyos: normaluri damyarebuli, nor-
maluri gardamavali, avariuli gardamavali da avariis Semd-
gomi damyarebuli.
normaluri damyarebuli reJimi xasiaTdeba droSi nela
cvladi parametrebiT, romlis drosac rogorc qselis ele-
mentebis, aseve, momxmarebelTa muSaoba dasaSveb farglebSia anu
reJimis maxasiaTebeli parametrebis nominaluridan gadaxra ar
gamodis winaswar dadgenil farglebs gareT.
normaluri damyarebuli reJimi xangrZlivi reJimia da am
reJimisadmi wayenebul ZiriTad moTxovnas warmoadgens misi
ekonomikuroba – minimaluri danakargebi qselSi, momxmare-
belTan miwodebuli energiis maRali xarisxi, pirveladi
energoresursis minimaluri xarji, qselis calkeuli elementis
muSaoba misTvis dasaSveb reJimSi da a.S.
normalur gardamaval reJims adgili aqvs qselis sqemis
Secvlisas (qselis romelime elementis CarTva-gamorTva), didi
simZlavris momxmareblis datvirTvis reJimis mkveTri cvli-
lebisas, generacia-moxmarebis CarTva-gamorTvisas. am reJimi-
sadmi wayenebul ZiriTad moTxovnas warmoadgens Casatarebel
operaciaTa sworad warmarTva, romlis Sedegad gardamavali
procesi swrafad mTavrdeba da gadadis ramdenadme Secvlil,
magram axal normalur damyarebul reJimSi.

19
 avariul gardamaval reJims adgili aqvs qselSi mokle
SerTvebisas, sistemis statikuri mdgradobis darRvevisas, danad-
garTa dazianebisas an operaciaTa arasworad warmarTvisas
(SecdomiT asinqronuli CarTva, Camiwebuli xazis CarTva, qselis
datvirTuli elementis SecdomiT gamorTva da sxv.) am reJimSi
reJimis parametrebi icvleba swrafad da, SedarebiT, did
farglebSi. am reJimisadmi wayenebul ZiriTad moTxovnas
warmoadgens misi swrafi likvidacia anu es reJimi unda iyos
xanmokle, rac uzrunvelyofs danadgarTa usafrTxoebas, gamori-
cxavs avariis Semdgom ganviTarebas, aamaRlebs momxmarebelTa
energomomaragebis saimedoobas da Seamcirebs normaluridan
gadaxrili reJimis parametrebis xangrZlivobas.
avariis Semdgom damyarebul reJims adgili aqvs dazia-
nebuli elementis (an elementebis) avariulad gamorTvis Semdeg.
am reJimSi reJimis maxasiaTebeli parametrebis sidide bevradaa
damokidebuli avariuli gardamavali reJimis mimdinareobis
xasiaTze. avariis Semdgom reJimSi qselisadmi wayenebuli Ziri-
Tadi moTxovnaa nominaluri damyarebuli reJimis aRdgena
umokles droSi.
eleqtruli sistemebis reJimebisadmi wayenebul ZiriTad
moTxovnaTa uzrunvelyofa SesaZlebelia mxolod Sesabamis
teqnikur-ekonomikur amocanaTa amoxsnis Sedegebis analizis
safuZvelze, romelTa Catareba aucilebelia rogorc qselebis
proeqtirebisas, aseve maTi eqspluataciis procesSi. ris safuZ-
velzec daismeba da gaanalizdeba im aucilebeli damatebiTi Ro-
nisZiebebis gatarebis sakiTxi, rac uzrunvelyofs qselisadmi wa-
yenebuli moTxovnebis Sesrulebis pirobebs.
sadenSi denis gavlisas izrdeba misi temperatura, romlis
dasaSvebze metad amaRleba iwvevs izolaciis daCqarebul cveTas,
SeerTebis adgilebis dazianebas, sahaero xazebis meqanikuri sim-
tkicis Semcirebas. yvelaferi es zrdis qselis avariulobis al-
baTobas. am garemoebaTa gamo tardeba sadenebisa da kabelebis
gaangariSeba gaxurebaze, romlis drosac dadgindeba maTi is mi-
nimaluri ganivi kveTi, rac uzrunvelyofs am sadenTa Tbur me-
degobas.
qselis avariuloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios, agreTve, misi ama
Tu im elementis meqanikuri simtkicis darRvevam. amitom eleq-
truli qseli unda gaangariSdes meqanikur simtkiceze. es ufro
exeba sahaero eleqtrogadacemis xazebs da qvesadguris manawi-
lebel mowyobilobas. am gaangariSebisas dadgindeba sayrdene-

20
bis, sadenebisa da sxva elementTa meqanikuri muSaobis pirobebi,
maTze moqmedi meqanikuri datvirTvebi. gaangariSebis safuZvelze
SemuSavdeba konstruqciuli Sesrulebis saxe da SeirCeva saTana-
do masala, rac uzrunvelyofs meqanikur saimedoobas.
garda zemoTYCamoTvlilisa, qselebisTvis unda Catardes
agreTve gaangariSebebi mokle SerTvis denebis, sistemis mdgra-
dobis maragis, sahaero xazebis mexmedegobisa da a.S. dadgenis
TvalsazrisiT.
eleqtruli qselis proeqtireba warmoebs ramdenime wlis
winswrebiT, ris gamoc angariSebisTvis saWiro sawyisi informa-
ciis sizuste dabalalbaTuria. am pirobebSi zusti gaangariSebis
Catarebis moTxovna gamarTlebuli ar aris. aq sakmarisia dad-
gindes is saWiro sidideebi, rac saSualebas mogvcems gadavwyvi-
toT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. kerZod, qselis konfiguraciis SerCeva,
eleqtrogadacemis nominaluri Zabvis dadgena, sadenTa ganikve-
Tebis SerCeva da a.S. damproeqteblis ZiriTadi amocanaa Seqmnas
iseTi qseli, rac uzrunvelyofs moTxovnebs simZlavrisa da Zab-
vis danakargebis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebeli iqneba qselis ekonomi-
kuri eqspluatacia da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba.
eqspluataciis procesSi qselis muSaobis reJimebis ana-
lizisas aucilebelia gaangariSebis maRali sizuste. es moTxovna
Sesrulebadia, radganac angariSebisTvis saWiro sawyisi infor-
macia cnobilia maRali sizustiT: momxmarebelTa datvirTvebi,
sadenTa ganivi kveTebi, xazebis sigrZe, transformatorTa ricxvi
da nominaluri simZlavre da a.S.
qselis eleqtruli mdgomareoba uwyvetad icvleba, rac da-
kavSirebulia sxvadasxva momxmarebelTa CarTva-gamorTvasTan
da aseve, maTi muSaobis reJimebis cvlilebasTan. eleqtruli
mdgomareobis ufro mkveTri cvlileba SeimCneva manawilebel,
gansakuTrebiT, samrewvelo qselebSi. qselis jamuri datvirTvis
zrdasTan erTad aRniSnuli cvlilebebi naklebad mkveTria da
ufro eqvemdebareba prognozs. datvirTvebi icvleba SedarebiT
mdored da mcire farglebSi. datvirTvebis aRniSnuli stabilu-
roba ufro SesamCnevia maRali Zabvis mkvebav qselebSi. miuxe-
davad amisa, sistemis jamuri datvirTva mainc sxvadasxvaa dRe-
Ramis sxvadasxva saaTze. yvela es mniSvnelobebi moqceulia gar-
kveul maqsimalur da minimalur mniSvnelobaTa Soris. amitom
sistemis maqsimaluri da minimaluri datvirTvebis reJimi SeiZ-
leba sakmarisi aRmoCndes qselis muSaobis reJimebis dasaxa-
siaTeblad.

21
 maqsimaluri datvirTvis reJimSi qselis TiTqmis yvela
elementSi gadis maqsimaluri deni (Tumca mosalodnelia, rom am
dros calkeuli elementi ar iyos maqsimalurad datvirTuli).
am reJimSi SeimCneva ZabvaTa didi vardniloba. minimaluri dat-
virTvis reJimSi momxmarebelTa datvirTvebi minimaluria da
aseve, minimaluria qselze mierTebuli (muSaobaSi CarTuli) ge-
neratorebis ricxvic.
qselis dasaxasiaTeblad ganixilaven, agreTve, yvelaze uf-
ro mZime avariis Semdgom reJims, romelsac SeiZleba adgili
hqondes maqsimaluri datvirTvis reJimSi ama Tu im maqsimalu-
rad datvirTuli elementis meyseulad amorTvis Semdeg. am Sem-
TxvevaSi gardamavali procesis (avariuli reJimis) warmatebuli
gavla qselisadmi wayenebul moTxovnaTa Soris erTerTi Zi-
riTadia.
normaluri damyarebuli reJimebis gaangariSebis erTerT
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens qselis sakvanZo wertilebSi Zab-
vis saTanado reJimis uzrunvelyofa. mkvebav qselebSi Zabvis
mniSvnelobebi izRudeba danadgarTa izolaciis muSaobisa da sa-
dablebeli transformatorebis foladis gaxurebis pirobebiT.
manawilebel qselebSi ki Zabvis mniSvneloba damatebiT izRudeba
eleqtromimRebTa muSaobis pirobiT.
izolaciis muSaobis pirobiT Zabvis nominalurze metad
amaRleba dasaSvebia 20%-mde 20 kv (CaTvliT) qslebSi, 15%-mde 35-
220 kv Zabvis qselebSi, 10%-mde 330 kv Zabvis qselebSi da 5%-mde
ufro maRali Zabvis qselebSi. umravles eleqtromimRebTaTvis
dasaSvebia Zabvis nominaluridan gadaxra ±5%-is farglebSi.

1.6. aqtiuri simZlavris balansi da rezervi

eleqtrosistemaSi simZlavrisa da energiis balansis

safuZvelze ganisazRvreba magenerirebel simZlavreTa
struqtura. eleqtrosadguris eleqtrogeneratori da masTan
kompleqsSi momuSave danadgarebi da nagebobebi (turbinebi,
qvabdanadgari, hidronagebobebi, Tbo- da hidromilgayvanilo-
bebi da sxv.), pirveladi energoresursis moculobidan gamom-
dinare, gaTvlilia xangrZlivi da efeqturi muSaobisTvis
garkveul simZlavreze, romelsac mocemuli mowyobilobis
(danadgaris) nominalur simZlavres uwodeben – P ნ .

22
 erT eleqtrosadgurze SeiZleba idges erTi an ramdenime
erTnairi an sxvadasxva nominaluri simZlavris eleqtroge-
neratori. generatorTa am nominalur simZlavreTa jams
sadguris dagdmul simZlavres uwodeben
P დადგმ.სადგ. =∑ 𝑃ნ . გენ.სადგ.
energosistemis muSaobis dagegmvisas dadgenili unda
iqnes sistemis dadgmuli, qonebuli, muSa, CarTuli da
faqtiuri simZlavreebis mniSvnelobebi (nax.1.7), rac saSua-
lebas mogvcems SevafasoT simZlavris rezervi da, Sesaba-
misad, sistemis muSaobis mdgradobis done.

nax. 1.7. eleqtrosistemis aqtiur simZlavreTa klasifikacia

 1.7. reaqtiuli simZlavris Taviseburebani

cvladi denis wredSi mimdinare energetikuli procesebis

analzma ($.1.1) gviCvena, rom qselSi aqtiuri simZlavris gverdiT
“arsebobs” reaqtiuli simZlavrec.
aqtiuri simZlavre moixmareba eleqtromimRebebis mier,
sadac eleqtruli energia gardaiqmneba momxmareblisTvis sasu-
rvel energiad (meqanikuri, siTburi, sinaTlis da a.S.). igi nawi-
lobriv moixmareba, agreTve, qselis elementebis mier maTSi
gamoyofili siTbos saxiT. reaqtiuli simZlavre cvladi denis
wredSi mimdinare energetikuli procesebis Tanmdevi movlenaa
da igi qselis elementebsa da generatorebs Soris energiis
mimocvlis ciklSi monawileobs. amasTan, energiis mimocvlis
cikli sruldeba cvladi denis yovel naxevar periodSi.
aqtiuri simZlavris generacia warmoebs eleqtrosadgureb-
ze pirveladi energoresursis xarjze da moixmareba qselis
rezistorul elementebSi. reaqtiuli simZlavris generacia-
moxmareba pirobiTia. kerZod, roca qselSi Warbobs induqciuri
1
elementebi 𝜔L>𝜔𝐶, maSin p L. >p C da, Sesabamisad, cvladi denis

25
naxevari periodis raRac monakveTze induqciur elementSi
energia Sedis rogorc tevaduri elementidan, aseve, eleqtro-
generatoridan. am SemTxvevaSi eleqtrogeneratori da qselis
tevaduri elementi mogvevlineba rogorc reaqtiuli simZlav-
ris wyaro, xolo qselis induqciuri elementi ki rogorc
reaqtiuli simZlavris momxmarebeli. magram cvladi denis imave
naxevari periodis danarCen monakveTze energia qselis induq-
ciuri elementidan gamodis da Sedis rogorc generatorSi,
aseve qselis tevadur elementSi. am SemTxvevaSi induqciuri
elementi mogvevlineba rogorc reaqtiuli simZlavris wyaro,
xolo eleqtrogeneratori da qselis tevaduri elementi ki
rogorc reaqtiuli simZlavris momxmarebeli. analogiuri su-
1
raTia, roca qselSi Warbobs tevaduri elementebi 𝜔L< ,
𝜔𝐶
magram am dros cvladi denis naxevari periodis erT monak-
veTSi energia tevaduri elementidan Sedis rogorc eleqtro-
generatorSi, aseve induqciur elementSi, xolo naxevari perio-
dis meore monakveTSi energia erTdroulad gamodis eleqt-
rogeneratoridan da induqciuri elementidan da Sedis
tevadur elementSi.
1
amrigad miviReT, rom roca qselSi 𝜔L ≠ 𝜔𝐶, maSin qselis
elementebi (eleqtrogeneratori, induqtivoba da tevadoba)
cvladi denis naxevari periodis drois garkveul intervalSi
aris reaqtiuli simZlavris wyaro an momxmarebeli da imave
naxevari periodis drois meore intervalSi piriqiT. im SemTx-
1
vevaSi, roca qselSi 𝜔L=𝜔𝐶, maSin reaqtiuli simZlavris mimoc-
vlis procesSi eleqtrogeneratori ar monawileobs da es
mimocvla xorcieldeba mxolod induqciur da tevadur elemen-
tebs Soris yovel naxevar periodSi. amasTan, cvladi denis
naxevari periodis pirvel naxevarSi tevaduri elementi war-
moadgens reaqtiuli simZlavris wyaros da induqciuri ele-
menti ki reaqtiuli simZlavris momxmarebels, xolo imave na-
xevari periodis meore naxevarSi induqciuri elementi war-
moadgens reaqtiuli simZlavris wyaros da tevaduri elementi
ki reaqtiuli simZlavris momxmarebels.
eleqtruli qselis elementebs Soris reaqtiuli simZlav-
ris mimocvlas yovelTvis Tan sdevs aqtiuri simZlavris dama-
tebiTi danakargebi. aqedan gamomdinare, reaqtiuli simZlavris
mimocvla eleqtrogeneratorebTan xSirad araekonomikuria. es

26
ki migviTiTebs masze, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi ufro ekonomikuria
qselSi ganvaTavsoT reaqtiuli simZlavris makompensirebeli
danadgarebi. am danadgarTa simZlavre da qselSi ganTavsebis
adgili unda SeirCes ise, rom reaqtiuli simZlavris mimocvla
xorcieldebodes rac SeiZleba qselis naklebi raodenobis
elementebis gavliT, raTa minimumamde iqnes dayvanili aqtiuri
simZlavris danakargebi.
aqtiuri simZlavris balansis uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba
mTeli sistemis masStabiT. reaqtiuli simZlavris balansi ki
ekonomikurad mizanSewonilia sruldebodes sistemis calkeu-
li regionuli qselebisTvisac. reaqtiuli simZlavris gadacema
erTi regionuli qselidan meoreSi yovelTvis iwvevs ZabvaTa
did sxvadasxvaobas da, amasTan, adgili aqvs aqtiuri simZlav-
ris damatebiT danakargebs.

1.8. eleqtroenergiis momxmareblebi da

eleqtruli datvirTvis grafikebi

eleqtrosadgurebze gamomuSavebuli energiis (simZlavris)

momxmareblebia mrewveloba, mSenebloba, eleqtroficirebuli
transporti, sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi, sayofacxovrebo
momsaxurebis sferoebi da sxva. energia, romelic moixmareba
momxmarebეlTa mier, sasargeblod gacemul energias warmoad-
gens ( ∆Эmoxm ). eleqtrosadgurebze gamomuSavebuli energiis na-
wili ixarjeba TviTon am sadgurze teqnologiuri procesis
mimdinareobisas. energiis es xarji eleqtrosadguris sakuTari
moxmarebaa ( ∆Эsak.moxm ). nawili energiisa ixarjeba gadacemis
procesSi, romelsac energiis danakargebs uwodeben ( ∆Эqs ).
eleqtrosistemaSi drois yvela momentSi unda sruldebo-
des simZlavrisa da energiis balansi:
• aqtiuri simZlavris balansi

∑P moxm. = ∑ Pgen. − ∑ Psak.moxm. − ∑ ∆Pqs.

• reaqtiuli simZlavris balansi

∑Q moxm. = ∑ Qgen. − ∑ Qsak.moxm. − ∑ ∆Qqs.

• eleqtroenergiis balansi

27
 ∑Э moxm = ∑ Эgen. − ∑ Эsak.moxm. − ∑ ∆Эqs.
sistemis jamuri datvirTva damokidebulia momxmarebe-
lTa muSaobis reJimze. drois intervalSi (dReRame, kvira,
Tve) calkeuli momxmareblis mier moTxovnili simZlavre
icvleba misi muSaobis reJimis Sesabamisad. aqedan gamomdina-
re icvleba sistemis jamuri datvirTvac. es cvlileba moi-
cema datvirTvis grafikebis saxiT, sadac abscisaTa RerZze
gadaizomeba dro (sT, dRe, Tve), xolo ordinataze ki dat-
virTvis simZlavre. gansaxilveli drois intervalis (dRe,
weli da sxva) mixedviT gvaqvs dReRamuri, wliuri da sxva
saxis datvirTvis grafikebi.
datvirTvis grafikis forma damokidebulia momxmareb-
lis gvarobaze (mrewveloba, mSenebloba, ganaTebis qseli da
a.S.) da maTi muSaobis pirobebze (erT-, or-, samcvliani, se-
zonuri da sxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli momxmareb-
lebis datvirTvis grafiki sxvadasxva formisaa, sistemis ja-
muri datvirTvis grafiki mainc garkveuli kanonzomierebiT
xasiaTdeba.
sistemis muSaobis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmoadgenis mi-
saRebad, ZiriTadad, sargebloben dReRamuri datvirTvis
grafikiT, sadac mkafiod gamokveTilia Ramisa da dRis Ca-
vardnebi (minimumi) da dilisa da saRamos pikuri datvirTve-
bi (maqsimumi) (nax.1.8).

28
 Tu energosistemaSi Warbobs sayofacxovrebo momsaxu-
rebis datvirTvebi, maSin saRamos maqsimumi mniSvnelovnad
metia, vidre dilis. es sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia
zafxulSi. amasTan zafxulSi saRamos piki ufro gvian dge-
ba, vidre zamTarSi. minimaluri datvirTva, romelic Ramis 3-
5 saaTis periodSi SeimCneva, maqsimaluri datvirTvis daax-
loebiT 50-60%-s Seadgens. energosistemaSi, sadac samrewve-
lo datvirTvebis xvedriTi wili didia, saRamos da dilis
pikuri datvirTvebi TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisa-
gan. aseTi sistemis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki ufro Ta-
nabaria - minimaluri datvirTva maqsimaluris 70-80%-s Sead-
gens.
dReRamuri datvirTvis grafikis moxazulobaze gavle-
nas axdens dRis naTebis xangrZlivoba da garemos tempera-
tura. naTebis Semcirebuli xangrZlivobisas datvirTva iz-
rdeba da dilisa da saRamos pikebi ufro xangrZlivia. gare-
mos dabali temperaturisas datvirTva SedarebiT metia, vid-
re maRali temperaturisas. dReRamuri datvirTvis grafiki
xasiaTdeba Semdegi maCveneblebiT:
• maqsimaluri P maqs da minimaluri P min datvirTvebi:
• saangariSo periodi T 0 , romelic datvirTvis dReRa-
muri grafikisTvis Seadgens T 0 =24 sT, xolo wliuri grafi-
kisTvis T 0 =8760 sT.
Эდღ
• saSualo dReRamuri datvirTva 𝑃საშ = 24
• Э dR - eleqtroenergiis dReRamuri moxmareba
𝑇
Эდღ = ∫0 0 𝑃(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
• datvirTvis uTanabrobis koeficienti
α = p min / p maqs ;
• datvirTvis Sevsebis koeficienti β = PsaS. Pmaqs. .
datvirTvis grafiki pirobiTad iyofa sam zonad: pikuri,
romelic ganTavsebulia saSualo dReRamuri datvirTvis
wrfis zeviT; naxevarpikuri, romelic ganTavsebulia minima-
luri da saSualo dReRamuri datvirTvebis Sesabamis wrfe-
ebs Soris: bazisuri, romelic moTavsebulia minimaluri
datvirTvis wrfis qvemoT.
datvirTvis grafikis erTerT saxed ganixileba wliuri
datvirTvis grafiki xangrZlivobis mixedviT (nax.1.9), rome-

29
lic warmoadgens TandaTanobiT klebad safexurovan gra-
fiks. yoveli safexuri uCvenebs mocemuli datvirTvis xan-
grZlivobas wlis ganmavlobaSi. aseve ganixilaven maqsimalu-
ri datvirTvebis wliur grafiks, sadac abscisaze gadazomi-
lia kalendaruli Tveebi, xolo ordinataze Sesabamisi Tvis
maqsimaluri datvirTva (nax.1.10).
wliuri datvirTvis grafiki moxerxebulia davaxasiaToT
maqsimaluri datvirTvis gamoyenebis xangrZlivobiT T maqs. am
parametriT ganisazRvreba is dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic
momxmarebels, rom emuSava maqsimaluri datvirTviT, qseli-
dan miiRebda imave raodenobis energias, rac faqtiuri gra-
fikiT muSaobisas. ganmartebis Tanaxmad
8760
Э wel = ∫ p( t )dt = Pmaqs ⋅ Tmaqs . ,
0
aqedan
1 8760
Tმაქს. = Pმაქს
∫0 P(t)dt

proeqtirebisas momxmarebelTa mosalodneli aqtiuri

datvirTvis grafiki aiReba tipiuri grafikebis mixedviT,
romlebic miiReba imave tipis moqmedi eleqtromimRebebis
datvirTvebis gazomvebis safuZvelze. gazomvebi Sesrulebu-
li unda iqnes drois sxvadasxva periodebisTvis, romlis

30
Semdeg tardeba am eqsperimentuli monacemebis statistikuri
damuSaveba. uSualod gazomvebis safuZvelze miRebuli Sede-
gebi miT ufro sandoa, rac ufro meti raodenobis momxmare-
belTa realuri datvirTvis reJimi iqneba gamokvleuli. ama-
ve gziT SeiZleba dadgenili iqnes reaqtiuli datvirTvis
grafikebic.

sistemis dReRamuri datvirTvis grafikis dafarvaSi

monawileobs eleqtrosistemis yvela eleqtrosadguri. gra-
fikis dafarvaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven
bazisur da pikur eleqtrosadgurebs.
bazisur eleqtrosadgurs uwodeben im sadgurebs, rom-
lebic monawileoben grafikis bazisuri nawilis dafarvaSi
da muSaobis reJimidan gamomdinare iReben TiTqmis mudmiv
datvirTvas. aseT sadgurebs warmoadgenen sezonuri hidro-
sadgurebi, Tbo da atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi. sezonur hid-
rosadgurebs SeuZliaT aiRon datvirTva mxolod mdinareSi
wylis bunebrivi Camonadenis mixedviT. Tbosadgurebis eleq-
truli datvirTva damokidebulia am sadguris Tburi
Tbomomxmareblis datvirTvaze (Tboeleqtrocentralebi) an,
sadguris muSaobis ekonomikurobodan gamomdinare arasasur-
velia datvirTvis cvalebadoba (kondensaciuri Tboeleqtro-
sadguri da atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi).
pikur sadgurebs uwodeben im sadgurebs, romelebic dat-
virTvis grafikis pikuri nawilis dafarvaSi monawileoben.
aseT sadgurebs warmoadgenen wyalsacaviani hidrosadgurebi
da airturbiniani eleqtrosadgurebi, romelTac gaaCniaT
manevrirebis farTo diapazoni da, Sesabamisad, muSa
simZlavris cvlilebis saSualeba.
datvirTvis grafikis dafarvas (nax. 1.11) daiwyeben misi
pikuri nawilis dafarviT, sadac Caismeba wliuri reguli-
rebis hesi. am sadguris saaTuri datvirTvebi ise unda Seir-
Ces, rom man maqsimalurad gamoiyenos misi dadgmuli simZ-
lavre aucilebeli cxeli rezervis gamoklebiT da mTlianad
aiTvisos energiis mocemuli dReRamuri resursi. garda amisa,
dRis nebismier saaTze hesis minimaluri datvirTva unda War-
bobdes im aucilebel minimalur zRvars, romlis Sesabamisi

31
wylis xarji hesis qveda biefSi uzrunvelyofs damatebiTi
moTxovnebis Sesrulebas (naosnoba, meloriacia, sanitaruli
xarji da sxv.). amasTan, grafikis darCenili nawili Sedare-
biT naklebad cvalebadi xasiaTis unda darCes. analogiurad
ganisazRvreba meore maregulirebeli hesis (Tu ki aseTi
aris) saaTuri datvirTvebi.
datvirTvis grafikis bazisur nawilSi qvemodan erT-
maneTis miyolebiT Caismeba sezonuri (Camodinebaze momuSave)
hesebi TavianTi muSa simZlavriT, romelTa Semdeg Caismeba
atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi mudmivi datvirTviT, Tbocentra-
lebi TavianTi muSa simZlavriT (samrewvelo sawarmoTa mxri-
dan Ramis saaTebSi naklebi moTxovnaa Tboenergiaze, vidre
dRe) da Semdeg kondensaciuri eleqtrosadgurebi.

nax. 1.11. dReRamuri datvirTvis grafikis dafarvis magaliTi:

1 – airturbinuli eleqtrosadguri;
2 – maregulirebeli hesi-1; 3 - maregulirebeli hesi-2;
4 – kondensaciuri Tbosadguri; 5 – Tboeleqtrocentrali:
6 – atomuri eleqtrosadguri: 7 – sezonuri hesebi.
 1.9. eleqtruli qselebis daniSnuleba.
klasifikacia. aRniSvnebi. terminologia

eleqtruli qseli warmoadgens im danadgar-mowyobilobaTa

erTobliobas, romelTa daniSnulebaa eleqtruli energiis ga-
dacema kvebis wyaroebidan momxmareblamde. am amocanis Sesru-
lebis sirTule dakavSirebulia, erTi mxriv, momxmarebelTa did
raodenobasTan da, meore mxriv, kvebis wyaroebidan am momxma-
rebelTa teritoriul daSorebasTan.
eleqtruli qseli Sedgeba sahaero da sakabelo eleqtroga-
dacemis xazebisagan, qvesadgurebisagan, manawilebeli da gadamr-
Tveli punqtebisagan. eleqtrogadacemis xazebis daniSnulebaa
eleqtruli energiis gadatana qselis erTi kvanZidan meoremde.
manawilebel da gadamrTvel punqtebSi xdeba miwodebuli eleq-
truli energiis ganawileba sxvadasxva momxmareblebs Soris Zab-
vis Seucvlelad, xolo qvesadgurebSi ki warmoebs miwodebuli
eleqtruli energiis nominaluri Zabvis dadableba (an zog Sem-
TxvevaSi amaRleba) da Semdgomi ganawileba momxmareblebs So-
ris.
eleqtruli qselebi SeiZleba iyos sakmarisad rTuli. mis
maxasiaTebel parametrebze da muSaobis reJimze damokidebulia
momxmarebelTan miwodebuli eleqtruli energiis xarisxi. ami-
tom, eleqtruli qselebi guldasmiT unda gaangariSdes da dageg-
mardes, kvalificiurad aigos da, aseve, kvalificiurad unda xde-
bodes maTi eqspluatacia.
Tanamedrove eleqtruli sistemis eleqtruli qselebi ga-
moirCeva sakmarisad rTuli konfiguraciiT da didi raodenobis
sxvadasxva xasiaTis elementebiT. am pirobebSi qselebis klasifi-
kacia da maTi erTmaneTisagan garkveuli gamijvna SeiZleba gan-
vaxorcieloT sxvadasxva Tvisebebisa da maCveneblebis gamoye-
nebiT. kerZod, qselebis klasifikacia SeiZleba movaxdinoT de-
nis gvarobis, nominaluri Zabvis donis, konstruqciuli Sesru-
lebis, konfiguraciis da daniSnulebis mixedviT.
denis gvarobis mixedviT gvaqvs cvladi da mudmivi denis
qselebi.
cvladi denis qselis ZiriTad nawils gaaCnia samfaza Ses-
ruleba. 380v Zabvaze farTod gavrcelbulia oTxsadeniani samfa-
za sistema neitralis yru CamiwebiT (nax.1.12). am qselSi gvaqvs
380/220 v Zabva (mricxveli gviCvenebs qselis xazur Zabvas, mniS-
vneli ki fazurs).

33
 1000 voltze meti Zabvis danadgarebs aqvT mxolod samfaza
Sesruleba. 6-10 kv Zabvis qselSi sargebloben fazebis samku-
Txeduri SeerTebiT, sadac eleqtruli Zravebi da Zalovani
transformatorebi mierTebulia samive fazaze (nax. 1.13).
35 kv da meti Zabvis qselSi sargebloben fazebis varskvla-
vuri SeerTebiT, sadac neitrali SeiZleba iyos izolirebuli,
yrudCamiwebuli an Camiwebuli induqciurobis koWis gavliT.

nax. 1.12. cvladi denis oTxsadeniani samfaza sistema

neitralis yru CamiwebiTY

nax. 1.13 1000 voltze meti Zabvis samfaza qseli

mudmivi denis qseli gamoiyeneba zogierTi samrewvelo sa-

warmos eleqtromomaragebisTvis (eleqtrolizis saamqroebi,
aluminis qarxnebi). eleqtroficirebul rkinigzaSi SeiZleba ga-
moyenebuli iqnes rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvladi denis qseli. ma-
Rali Zabvis (±400; ±750 kv) mudmivi denis eleqtrogadacema per-
speqtiuli gadawyvetilebaa, romelsac cvladi denis eleqtro-
gadacemasTan SedarebiT gaaCnia garkveuli upiratesoba (eleq-
trogadacemis xazis martivi konstruqcia, naklebi kapitaluri
xarjebi, SedarebiT maRali saimedooba, sistemebs Soris arasin-
qronuli kavSiris realizacia, simZlavris mcire danakargebi

34
gvirgvinze da sxva), Tumca amasTan erTad mas gaaCnia mTeli rigi
uaryofiTi mxarec (qvesadgurebis konstruqciis sirTule, didi
raodenobis ventilebisa da sxva aparaturis arsebobis gamo Zab-
visa da denis mrudis formis damaxinjeba, gadacemis gaZvireba in-
ventoruli qvesadgurebis mier SedarebiT didi reaqtiuli sim-
Zlavris moxmarebis gamo da sxva).
eleqtruli qselebisTvis gamoiyeneba grafikuli aRniSvna
calxazovani sqemis saxiT

nax.1.14 martivi eleqtruli qselis grafikuli aRniSvna

generaciis kvanZebSi generacia naCvenebia kvanZisken mimar-

Tuli isriT, xolo moxmarebis kvanZebSi datvirTva naCvenebia
kvanZidan gamomavali isriT. aseve isrebiT aCveneben energiis ga-
dacemis mimarTulebas. amasTan, im kvanZs, saidanac gamodis ener-
giis gadacemis mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli isari, xazis Tavs uwo-
deben, xolo kvanZs, romliskenac mimarTulia aRniSnuli isari,
xazis bolos.
simZlavris danakargebis gamo sruli simZlavre xazis Tav-
sa da biloSi sxvadasxvaa da, Sesabamisad, aRniSnaven S1 da SII sim-
boloebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, simZlavris danakargi xazSi
∆S = S − S .
I II

eleqtrogadacemis ubanSi adgili aqvs Zabvis vardnas

U1 − U 2 = ∆U = ∆U + j δU,
sadac: ∆U - Zabvis vardnis grZivi Semdgeni, δU - Zabvis vardnis ga-
nivi Semdegni.
Sesabamisad, ubnis Tavisa da bolos Zabvebs Soris kavSiri
Caiwereba saxeSi

35
 U 1 = U 2 + ∆U + jδU. (1.4)
am gamosaxulebis Tanaxmad Zabvebis diagramas aqvs 1.15 na-
xazze naCvenebi saxe, sadac U 2 Zabvis veqtori mimarTulia nam-
dvil ricxvTa RerZis gaswvriv.
nominaluri Zabvis donis mixedviT eleqtruli qselebi pi-
robiTad SeiZleba iyos: dabali (1000 v-mde), saSualo (3-35 kv), ma-
Rali (110-220 kv) da zemaRali (330-1150 kv) Zabvis qselebad. unda
aRiniSnos, rom oficialur dokumentebSi qselebis aseTi kla-
sifikacia ar agmoiyeneba. arsebul terminologiaSi miRebulia
dabali (1000v-mde) da maRali (1000v-ze meti) Zabvis qselebad kla-
sifikacia.

nax.1.15 Zabvebis diagrama eleqtrogadacemis ubnisTvis

konstruqciuli Sesrulebis mixedviT gvaqvs sahaero da sa-

kabelo qselebi. sahaero qseli aigeba praqtikulad yvela no-
minalur Zabvaze da, Sesabamisad, Zabvis mixedviT icvleba maTi
konstruqciuli Sesruleba. sakabelo xazebi Cadebulia ZiriTa-
dad uSualod miwaSi an miwaSi mowyobil sakabelo arxebsa da
gvirabebSi. sakabelo xazebi gacilebiT Zviria, vidre imave no-
minaluri Zabvis sahaero xazebi, Tumca maTi dazianebis albaToba
ufro dabalia.
kongifuraciis mixedviT qselebi SeiZleba iyos Ria da Sek-
ruli. Ria qseli ewodeba qsels, sadac moxmarebels SeuZlia kve-
ba miiRos mxolod erTi mxridan (calmxrivi kvebis qseli)
(nax.1.16). Sekruli qseli ki ewodeba qsels, sadac momxmarebels
SeuZlia kveba miiRos aranakleb ori mxridan. Tavis mxriv Ria
qseli SeiZleba iyos erTubniani radialuri (nax.1.16a), mravalub-
niani magistralur-radialuri (nax.1.16b) da magistralur-gan-
Stoebuli (nax.1.16g).
qselis konfiguraciis ama Tu im saxes gansazRvravs am qselis
kvanZebSi mierTebul momxmarebelTa kvebis saimedoobis saWiro
done. kvebis saimedoobis donis mixedviT momxmareblebi iyofian
sam kategoriad. pirvel kategorias miekuTvneba is momxmareblebi,
romlebTanac kvebis Sewyveta dasaSvebia im droiT, rac sakmarisi

36
iqneba sarezervo kvebis avtomaturi CarTvisTvis (1 wm-mde). meore
kategorias miekuTvneba momxmareblebi, romelTanac energiis
Sewyveta dasaSvebia im droiT, rac sakmarisi iqneba sarezervo
kvebis xeliT CarTvisTvis morige personalis an gamsvleli
brigadis mier (araumetes 1 saaTi). mesame kategorias miekuTvneba
momxmareblebi, romelTanac energiis Sewyveta dasaSvebia im
droiT, rac sakmarisi iqneba dazianebuli elementis remontisTvis
an gamocvlisTvis (araumetes 24 saaTi).
pirveli kategoriis momxmareblebs Soris gamoyofen metad
sapasuxismgeblo momxmareblebs, romelTac sarezervo kvebasTan
erTad unda gaaCndes avtonomiuri kvebis wyaro.

nax. 1.16. Ria qsli: a)radialuri; b)magistraluri-radialuri;

g)magistralur-ganStoebuli.

Sekruli qselebis umartives saxes warmoadgens yulfuri

(nax.1.17 a) da ormxrivi kvebis (nax.1.17b) qselebi.
eleqtruli energiis gadacemisa da momxmarebelTa kvebis
saimedoobis amaRlebis mizniT ageben rTul Sekrul qselebs
(nax.1.18).
daniSnulebis mixedviT gamoyofen raionul (mkvebav) da ad-
gilobriv (manawilebel) qselebs. raionuli qselebi eleqtroe-
nergias gadascemen energiis wyaroebidan msxvili raionebis kve-
bis centrebamde anu raionul qvesadgurebamde (raionuli kvebis
centrebi). adgilobrivi qselebi ki axdenen am energiis gadacemas

37
raionuli kevbis centrebidan adgilobrivi kvebis centrebamde
anu manawilebeli qselebis qvesadgurebamde.

nax. 1.17 umartivesi Sekruli qeli:

a) yulfuri; b) ormxrivi kvebis

nax. 1.18. rTuli Sekruli qseli

raionul qselebs miakuTvneben 110-220 kv Zabvis qselebs,

xolo adgilobriv qselebs ki 35 kv-mde (CaTvliT) Zabvis qse-
lebs, romelTa Soris gamoyofen sasoflo, saqalaqo da samrew-
velo daniSnulebis qselebs. 330-500 kv da meti Zabvis eleqtro-
gadacemis xazebi warmoadgenen sistemaTaSoris an Siga sasistemo
xazebs, romelTa daniSnulebaa didi simZlavris (ramdenime aseu-
li mgvt) did manZilze (ramdenime aseuli km) gadacema.
mkvebavi qselebi, rogorc wesi, Sekrul qselebs warmoad-
genen. raionuli qvesadgurebis maRali Zabva 110-220 kv-ia, xolo
dabali ki 6,10 an 35kv. am qvesadgurebze ayeneben transforma-
torebs, romelTac gaaCniaT datvirTvis qveS Zabvis regulirebis

38
 2.3. gvirgvinuli ganmuxtvebi eleqtrogadacemis
sahaero xazebze

maRali da zemaRali Zabvis xazebze sadenisa da fazis

konstruqciuli parametrebis SerCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnes iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, rogoricaa sadenze
gvirgvinuli ganmuxtvis movlena, romelic sadenis uSualo
maxloblobaSi myofi haeris ionizaciis process warmoad-
gens.
sadenis uSualo maxloblobaSi eleqtruli velis da-
Zabuloba mniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre misgan daSorebul
sivrceSi. amitom sadenis axlos myofi haeris nawili mole-
kulebi ganicdian ionizacias. garkveul wilad haeri gamtari
xdeba. am movlenas gvirgvinul ganmuxtvas uwodeben.
xazze gvirgvinuli ganmuxtva misTvis yvelaze ufro
xelsayreli pirobebisas iwyeba maSin, roca sadenis zedapir-
ze eleqtruli velis daZabuloba 1700-1900 kv/m-s aRwevs.
gvirgvinul ganmuxtvas Tan axlavs arasasurveli movlenebi
– radiodabrkolebebi, akustikuri xmauri, sadenis zedapiris
daJangvis procesis gaZliereba da eleqtroenergiis damate-
biTi danakargebi.
xazis muSa Zabvis amaRlebisas, sawyis stadiaze, rome-
lic win uswrebs saerTo gvirgvinis warmoqmnas, sadenis ze-
dapirze iwyeba mcire simZlavris adgilobrivi (lokaluri)
ganmuxtvebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT mdgradi xasiaTi. Zabvis
Semdgomi amaRlebiT, garkveuli momentidan, adgili aqvs
gvirgvinuli ganmuxtvis denis mkveTr zrdas. es miuTiTebs
maszed, rom adgilobrivi gvirgvinuli ganmuxtvebi TandaTan
vrceldeba mTlianad sadenis mTel zedapirze da warmoiqmneba
saerTo gvirgvini, ris gamoc SeimCneva gvirgvinuli ganmuxtis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli tkacuni da xmauri, xolo Zabvis Semdgomi
zrdisas ki adgili aqvs iisfer-cisfer naTebas.
potencialTa sxvaobas, romlis drosac iwyeba saerTo
gvirgvinis (gvirgvinuli ganmuxtvis) movlena, gvirgvinul ganmux-
tvis sawyis Zabvas uwodeben. misi sidide damokidebulia sadenis
zedapiris mdgomareobaze, geometriul zomebze da sadenebs So-
ris manZilze. gvirgvinis sawyisi Zabva SeiZleba davadginoT sa-
denis zedapirze eleqtruli velis sawyisi daZabulobis mixed-
viT.

50
 fazis konstruqcia da sadenebis kveTebi ise unda SeirCios,
rom zedapirze el. velis daZabuloba ar aRwevdes gvirgvinis
sawyisi daZabulobis oTxmocdaaT procents.
imisaTvis, rom adgili ar qondes saerTogvirgvinid movlenas,
saWiroaSevamciroT sadenis zedairze el. velis muSa daZabuloba,
rac miiRweva sadenis radiusis gazrdiT, xolo zemaRali Zabvis
xazebze ki fazaTa gaxleCiT (ramodenime sadeni fazaSi).