Indeterminate Forms and

CHAPTER 8 Improper Integrals

8.1 Concepts Review 0
7. The limit is not of the form .
0
1. lim f ( x); lim g ( x)
x→a x →a As x → 1– , x 2 – 2 x + 2 → 1, and x 2 – 1 → 0 – so
f ′( x) x2 – 2 x + 2
2. lim = –∞
g ′( x) x →1– x2 + 1
0
3. sec2 x; 1; lim cos x ≠ 0 8. The limit is of the form .
x →0 0
1 2x
4. Cauchy’s Mean Value ln x 2 2 1
lim = lim x = lim =1
x →1 x 2 – 1 x →1 2 x x →1 x 2
Problem Set 8.1
0
0 9. The limit is of the form .
1. The limit is of the form . 0
0 1 3sin 2 x cos x
2 x – sin x 2 – cos x ln(sin x)3 3
lim = lim =1 lim = lim sin x
x →0 x x →0 1 x →π / 2 π / 2 – x x →π / 2 –1
0
0 = =0
2. The limit is of the form . –1
0
cos x – sin x 0
lim = lim =1 10. The limit is of the form .
x →π / 2 π / 2 – x x →π / 2 –1 0
ex – e– x ex + e– x 2
0 lim = lim = =1
3. The limit is of the form . x →0 2sin x x →0 2 cos x 2
0
x – sin 2 x 1 – 2 cos 2 x 1– 2 0
lim = lim = = –1 11. The limit is of the form .
0
x →0 tan x x →0 sec2 x 1
1 – 2t
t – t2 2 t –3 3
0 lim = lim = 2 =–
t →1 ln t t →1 1 1 2
4. The limit is of the form . t
0
3 0
tan –1 3 x 1+ 9 x 2 3 12. The limit is of the form .
lim = lim = =3 0
x →0 sin –1 x x →0 1 1
1– x 2 7 x ln 7
x x
7 –1 2 x 7 ln 7
lim = lim = lim
+
0 x →0 2 x
–1 x →0+ 2 x ln 2 x →0 +
2 x
ln 2
5. The limit is of the form . 2 x
0
ln 7
x2 + 6 x + 8 2x + 6 = ≈ 2.81
lim = lim ln 2
x → –2 x 2
– 3x –10 x → –2 2 x – 3
2 2 0
= =– 13. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
–7 7 0
Rule twice.)
0 –2sin 2 x
6. The limit is of the form . ln cos 2 x cos 2 x –2sin 2 x
0 lim = lim = lim
x →0 2 x →0 14 x x →0 14 x cos 2 x
7x
x3 – 3 x 2 + x 3x2 + 6 x + 1 1 1
lim = lim = =– –4 cos 2 x –4 2
x →0 x3 – 2 x x →0 3x2 – 2 –2 2 = lim = =–
x →0 14 cos 2 x – 28 x sin 2 x 14 – 0 7

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 0 0
14. The limit is of the form . 19. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0 0
3sin x 3cos x Rule twice.)
lim = lim –2 x
1 1
x →0 – –x x →0 – – –1
2 –x tan –1 x – x 1+ x 2 (1+ x 2 ) 2
lim = lim = lim
= lim – 6 – x cos x = 0 x →0 8 x3 24 x 2
x →0 x →0 48 x
x →0 – 1 1
= lim – =–
x →0 24(1 + x 2 ) 2 24
0
15. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0
0
Rule three times.) 20. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0
tan x – x sec2 x – 1 Rule twice.)
lim = lim
x →0 sin 2 x – 2 x x →0 2 cos 2 x – 2 cosh x –1 sinh x cosh x 1
lim = lim = lim =
2sec 2 x tan x 2sec 4 x + 4sec2 x tan 2 x x →0 2` → 0 2 x → 0 2 2
= lim = lim x x x
x →0 –4sin 2 x x →0 –8cos 2 x
2+0 1 0
= =– 21. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
–8 4 0
Rule twice.)
0 1 − cos x − x sin x
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s lim 2
0 x → 0 2 − 2 cos x − sin x
+

Rule three times.) − x cos x

= lim
sin x – tan x cos x – sec2 x x → 0+ 2sin x − 2 cos x sin s
lim = lim
x →0 x 2 sin x x →0 2 x sin x + x 2 cos x x sin x – cos x
= lim
+ 2 2
– sin x – 2sec2 x tan x x →0 2 cos x – 2 cos x + 2sin x
= lim
x →0 2sin x + 4 x cos x – x 2 sin x 0
This limit is not of the form .
0
– cos x – 2sec4 x – 4sec2 x tan 2 x
= lim As x → 0+ , x sin x – cos x → −1 and
x →0 6 cos x – x 2 cos x – 6 x sin x
–1 – 2 – 0 1 2 cos x – 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x → 0+ , so
= =–
6–0–0 2 x sin x – cos x
lim = –∞
+ 2 cos x – 2 cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x
x →0
0
17. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0 0
22. The limit is of the form .
Rule twice.) 0
x2 2x 2 sin x + tan x cos x + sec2 x
lim = lim = lim lim = lim
+ sin x – x + cos x – 1 + − sin x
x →0 x →0 x →0 x →0 – ex + e– x – 2 ex – e– x
x →0 –
0 0
This limit is not of the form . As This limit is not of the form .
0 0
x → 0+ , 2 → 2, and − sin x → 0− , so As x → 0 – , cos x + sec 2 x → 2, and
2 cos x + sec2 x
lim = −∞. e x – e – x → 0 – , so lim = – ∞.
+ sin x
x →0 x →0 – ex – e– x
0 0
18. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s 23. The limit is of the form .
0 0
Rule twice.) x
∫
lim 0
1 + sin t dt
= lim 1 + sin x = 1
e – ln(1 + x) –1
x e x
– 1+1x x →0 x x →0
lim = lim
x →0 2 x →0 2x
x
e + x 1
(1+ x )2 1+1
= lim = =1
x →0 2 2

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 0 26. Note that sin (1 0 ) is undefined (not zero), so
24. The limit is of the form .
0 l'Hôpital's Rule cannot be used.
x 1 ⎛1⎞
lim
∫0 t cos t dt
= lim
x cos x As x → 0, → ∞ and sin ⎜ ⎟ oscillates rapidly
x ⎝ x⎠
+ 2 + 2x
x →0 x x →0 between –1 and 1, so
= lim
x →0 +
cos x
2 x
=∞
lim
( ) ≤ lim
x 2 sin 1x x2
.
x →0 tan x x →0 tan x
25. It would not have helped us because we proved
sin x x2 x 2 cos x
lim = 1 in order to find the derivative of =
x →0 x tan x sin x
sin x. x 2 cos x ⎡⎛ x ⎞ ⎤
lim = lim ⎢⎜ ⎟ x cos x ⎥ = 0 .
x →0 sin x x →0 ⎣⎝ sin x ⎠ ⎦

Thus, lim
x 2 sin ( 1x ) = 0 .
x →0 tan x
A table of values or graphing utility confirms
this.

1
27. a. OB = cos t , BC = sin t and AB = 1 – cos t , so the area of triangle ABC is sin t (1 – cos t ).
2
1 1
The area of the sector COA is t while the area of triangle COB is cos t sin t , thus the area of the curved
2 2
1
region ABC is (t – cos t sin t ).
2
1 sin t (1 – cos t )
area of triangle ABC
lim = lim 2
1
t →0+ area of curved region ABC t →0+ 2 (t – cos t sin t )

sin t (1 – cos t ) cos t – cos 2 t + sin 2 t 4sin t cos t – sin t 4 cos t – 1 3

= lim = lim = lim = lim =
+ t – cos t sin t + 1 – cos 2 t + sin 2 t + 4 cos t sin t + 4 cos t 4
t →0 t →0 t →0 t →0
(L’Hôpital’s Rule was applied twice.)

1 1 1
b. The area of the sector BOD is t cos 2 t , so the area of the curved region BCD is cos t sin t – t cos 2 t.
2 2 2
1 cos t (sin t – t cos t )
area of curved region BCD
lim = lim 2
+ area of curved region ABC 1 (t – cos t sin t )
t →0 t →0+ 2
cos t (sin t – t cos t ) sin t (2t cos t – sin t ) 2t (cos 2 t – sin 2 t ) t (cos 2 t – sin 2 t )
= lim = lim = lim = lim
t – sin t cos t 2 2 4 cos t sin t 2 cos t sin t
t →0+ t →0+ 1 – cos t + sin t t →0+ t →0+
cos 2 t – 4t cos t sin t – sin 2 t
1– 0 – 0 1
= lim = =
+ 2 2–0 2 2
t →0 2 cos t – 2sin t
(L’Hôpital’s Rule was applied three times.)

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 28. a. Note that ∠DOE has measure t radians. Thus the coordinates of E are (cost, sint).
Also, slope BC = slope CE . Thus,
0− y sin t − 0
=
(1 − t ) − 0 cos t − (1 − t )
(1 − t ) sin t
−y =
cos t + t − 1
(t − 1) sin t
y=
cos t + t –1
(t – 1) sin t
lim y = lim
+ + cos t + t – 1
t →0 t →0
0
This limit is of the form .
0
(t – 1) sin t sin t + (t – 1) cos t 0 + (–1)(1)
lim = lim = = –1
t →0+ cos t + t – 1 t →0+ – sin t + 1 –0 + 1

b. Slope AF = slope EF . Thus,

t t − sin t
=
1 − x 1 − cos t
t (1 − cos t )
= 1− x
t − sin t
t (1 + cos t )
x = 1−
t − sin t
t cos t – sin t
x=
t – sin t
t cos t – sin t
lim x = lim
t →0 +
t →0 + t – sin t
0
The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule three times.)
0
t cos t – sin t –t sin t
lim = lim
t →0 + t – sin t t →0 1 – cos t
+

– sin t – t cos t t sin t – 2 cos t 0 – 2

= lim = lim = = –2
t →0 + sin t t →0 + cos t 1

⎛0⎞ ex −1 ex
29. By l’Hộpital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ , we have lim f ( x) = lim = lim = 1 and
⎝0⎠ x →0 + x →0+ x x →0+ 1
ex −1 ex
lim f ( x) = lim = lim = 1 so we define f (0) = 1 .
x →0 − x →0− x x →0− 1

1
⎛0⎞ ln x
30. By l’Hộpital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ , we have lim f ( x) = lim = lim x = 1 and
⎝0⎠ x →1+ x →1+ x − 1 x →1+ 1
1
ln x
lim f ( x) = lim = lim x = 1 so we define f (1) = 1 .
x →1− x →1− x − 1 x →1− 1

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 31. A should approach 4πb 2 , the surface area of a sphere of radius b.
⎡ 2 2 ⎤ 2 2
⎢ 2
2πa 2 b arcsin a a– b ⎥ 2
a 2 arcsin a a– b
lim ⎢ 2πb + ⎥ = 2πb + 2πb lim+
a →b + ⎢ a 2 – b2 ⎥ a →b a 2 – b2
⎣ ⎦
Focusing on the limit, we have
a 2 – b2 ⎛ ⎞
a 2 – b2 2a arcsin + a2 ⎜ b
⎟ ⎛ ⎞
a 2 arcsin a
⎝a 2
a –b 2 2 2
⎠ = lim ⎜ 2 a 2 – b 2 arcsin a – b + b ⎟ = b.
lim a
= lim
+ +
a →b + ⎜ ⎟
2 2 a a
a →b a –b a →b
a 2 –b2 ⎝ ⎠
Thus, lim A = 2πb 2 + 2πb(b) = 4πb 2 .
a →b +

32. In order for l’Hôpital’s Rule to be of any use, a(1)4 + b(1)3 + 1 = 0, so b = –1 – a.

Using l’Hôpital’s Rule,
ax 4 + bx3 + 1 4ax3 + 3bx 2
lim = lim
x →1 ( x – 1) sin πx x →1 sin πx + π( x – 1) cos πx
To use l’Hôpital’s Rule here,
4a(1)3 + 3b(1)2 = 0, so 4a + 3b = 0, hence a = 3, b = –4.
3 x 4 – 4 x3 + 1 12 x3 – 12 x 2 36 x 2 – 24 x 12 6
lim = lim = lim = =–
x →1 ( x – 1) sin πx x →1 sin πx + π( x – 1) cos πx 2
x →1 2π cos πx – π ( x – 1) sin πx –2π π
6
a = 3, b = –4, c = –
π

33. If f ′(a ) and g ′(a ) both exist, then f and g are 38.
both continuous at a. Thus, lim f ( x) = 0 = f (a )
x →a
and lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (a ).
x →a
f ( x) f ( x) – f (a )
lim = lim
x→a g ( x) x→a g ( x) – g (a )
f ( x )– f ( a )
f ( x )– f ( a ) lim
x–a x →a x–a f ′(a)
lim = =
x → a g ( x )– g ( a ) lim
g ( x )– g ( a ) g ′(a )
x–a x→a x–a

cos x – 1 + x2
2 1
34. lim =
x →0 4 24
x

ex – 1 – x – x2 – x3
2 6 1
35. lim =
x →0 4 24
x

1 – cos( x 2 ) 1
36. lim = The slopes are approximately 0.02 / 0.01 = 2 and
x →0 3 2
x sin x 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 2 /1 = 2 , indicating that the limit of the
tan x − x sec2 x − 1 ratio should be about 2. An application of
37. lim = lim 1 =2
x → 0 arcsin x − x x →0 −1 l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
2
1− x

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 39.
The slopes are approximately 0.005 / 0.01 = 1/ 2
and 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
40.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and
0.02 / 0.01 = 2 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore 1/ 2 , indicating that the limit of the
ratio should be about 1/ 2 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
Instructor’s Resource Manual
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this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
41.
The slopes are approximately 0.01/ 0.01 = 1 and
−0.01/ 0.01 = 1 . The ratio of the slopes is
therefore −1/1 = −1 , indicating that the limit of
the ratio should be about −1 . An application of
l'Hopital's Rule confirms this.
42. If f and g are locally linear at zero, then, since
lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 , f ( x) ≈ px and
x →0 x →0
g ( x) ≈ qx , where p = f '(0) and q = g '(0) .
Then f ( x) / g ( x) ≈ px / px = p / q when x is
near 0.
Section 8.1 481
 8.2 Concepts Review ∞
5. The limit is of the form .
∞
f ′( x) 3sec x + 5 3sec x tan x
1. lim = lim
g ′( x )
x→ π
2
tan x x→ π
2
sec 2 x
f ( x) g ( x) 3 tan x
2. lim or lim = lim = lim 3sin x = 3
x →a 1 x →a 1 x→ π sec x x→ π
2 2
g ( x) f ( x)

3. ∞ – ∞, 0°, ∞°, 1∞ –∞
6. The limit is of the form .
–∞
4. ln x 1 2sin x cos x
ln sin 2 x sin 2 x
lim = lim
x →0+ 3ln tan x x →0+ 3 sec 2 x
tan x
2 cos 2 x 2
Problem Set 8.2 = lim =
x →0+ 3 3
∞
1. The limit is of the form . ∞
∞ 7. The limit is of the form .
∞

( )
1 1000 x999
ln x1000 1000 1 1 1000 x999
lim = lim x ln(ln x1000 ) ln x1000 x1000
x →∞ x x →∞ 1 lim = lim
x →∞ ln x x →∞ 1
1000 x
= lim =0
x →∞ x 1000
= lim =0
x →∞ x ln x1000
∞
2. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
∞ –∞
8. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
Rule twice.) ∞
(ln x)2 2(ln x) 1x Rule twice.)
lim = lim 1 2(4 – 8 x)(–8)
x →∞ 2x x →∞ 2 x ln 2 ln(4 – 8 x) 2 (4–8 x )2
lim = lim
= lim
2 ln x
= lim
2 ( 1x ) ( 2)
x→ 1
– tan πx x→ 1 ( 2)
–
π sec2 πx
x →∞ x ⋅ 2 x ln 2 x →∞ 2 x ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
–16 cos 2 πx 32π cos πx sin πx
2 = lim = lim
= lim =0 π(4 – 8 x ) –8π
(2) (2)
– –
x→ 1 x→ 1
x →∞ x ⋅ 2 ln 2(1 + x ln 2)
x

= lim – 4 cos πx sin πx = 0

(2)
–
x 10000 x→ 1
3. lim = 0 (See Example 2).
x →∞ x
e
∞
9. The limit is of the form .
∞ ∞
4. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
∞ cot x – csc2 x
Rule three times.) lim = lim
1
x →0 + – ln x x →0+ –
3x 3 2 x – ln x
lim = = lim
x →∞ ln(100 x + e x ) x →∞ 1 (100 + e x ) 2 x – ln x
x
100 x + e = lim
x →0 + sin 2 x
300 x + 3e x 300 + 3e x ⎡ 2x ⎤
= lim = lim = lim ⎢ csc x – ln x ⎥ = ∞
x →∞ 100 + e x x →∞ ex x →0 + ⎣ sin x ⎦
3e x x
= lim =3 since lim = 1 while lim csc x = ∞ and
x →∞ ex x →0 + sin x
x →0 +
lim – ln x = ∞.
x →0 +

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 ∞ 15. The limit is of the form 00.
10. The limit is of the form , but the fraction can
∞ 2
be simplified. Let y = (3 x) x , then ln y = x 2 ln 3x
2 csc2 x 2 2 ln 3 x
lim = lim = =2 lim x 2 ln 3 x = lim
+ + 1
x →0 cot 2 x x →0 cos 2 x 12 x →0 x →0
x2
∞
1000 ln x1000 The limit is of the form .
11. lim ( x ln x ) = lim ∞
x →0 x →0 1
1 ⋅3
x ln 3 x 3x x2
∞ lim = lim = lim – =0
1 2 2
The limit is of the form . x →0 + x →0 + – 3 x →0 +
∞ x2 x
2
1 1000 x999 lim (3x) x = lim eln y = 1
ln x1000 1000 +
lim = lim x x →0 x →0 +
x →0 1 x →0 – 1
x x2
= lim – 1000 x = 0 16. The limit is of the form 1∞.
x →0 Let y = (cos x)csc x , then ln y = csc x(ln(cos x))
2 ln(cos x)
⎛ x ⎞ lim csc x(ln(cos x)) = lim
12. lim 3 x 2 csc 2 x = lim 3 ⎜ ⎟ = 3 since x →0 x →0 sin x
x →0 x →0 ⎝ sin x ⎠
0
x The limit is of the form .
lim =1 0
x →0 sin x 1 (– sin x )
ln(cos x)
lim = lim cos x
1 – cos 2 x x →0 sin x x →0 cos x
13. lim (csc 2 x – cot 2 x) = lim
x →0 x →0 sin 2 x sin x 0
= lim – =– =0
2 x →0 cos 2 x 1
sin x
= lim =1
x →0 sin 2 x lim (cos x)csc x = lim eln y = 1
x →0 x →0

sin x – 1
14. lim (tan x – sec x) = lim 17. The limit is of the form 0∞ , which is not an
x→ π x→ π cos x
2 2
indeterminate form. lim (5cos x) tan x = 0
0 –
x →(π / 2 )
The limit is of the form .
0
sin x – 1 cos x 0
lim = lim = =0
x → π cos x x → π – sin x –1
2 2

2 2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 – sin 2 x ⎞
18. lim ⎜ csc2 x – ⎟ = lim ⎜ – ⎟ = lim ⎜ ⎟
x →0 ⎝ x2 ⎠ x →0 ⎝ sin 2 x x 2 ⎠ x →0 ⎜ x 2 sin 2 x ⎟
⎝ ⎠
x 2 – sin 2 x 0
Consider lim . The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule four times.)
x →0 2 2 0
x sin x
2 2
x – sin x 2 x – 2sin x cos x x – sin x cos x
lim = lim = lim
2 2 2 2
x →0 x sin x x →0 2 x sin x + 2 x sin x cos x x →0 x sin x + x 2 sin x cos x
2

1 – cos 2 x + sin 2 x 4sin x cos x

= lim = lim
x →0 sin 2 x + 4 x sin x cos x + x cos x – x sin x 2 2 2 2 x →0 6 x cos x 2 + 6 cos x sin x − 4 x 2 cos x sin x − 6 x sin 2 x
4 cos 2 x – 4sin 2 x 4 1
= lim = =
2 2 2 2 2 2 12 3
x →0 12 cos x – 4 x cos x – 32 x cos x sin x – 12sin x + 4 x sin x
2 2
⎛ x 2 – sin 2 x ⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1
Thus, lim ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ 2
x →0 x sin x 2 ⎟ ⎝ 3⎠ 9
⎝ ⎠

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 19. The limit is of the form 1∞. 24. The limit is of the form 1∞.
3 2 1
Let y = ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x , then ln y = ln( x + e x / 3 ). Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y = ln(cos x) .
x x2
3 3ln( x + e x / 3 ) 1 ln(cos x)
lim ln( x + e x / 3 ) = lim lim ln(cos x ) = lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x 2 x →0 x2
0 0
The limit is of the form . The limit is of the form .
0 0

lim
3ln( x + e x / 3 )
= lim
3
x +e x / 3
(
1 + 13 e x / 3 ) (Apply l’Hôpital’s rule twice.)
1 (– sin x )
ln(cos x) − tan x
x →0 x x →0 1 lim = lim cos x = lim
x →0 2 x →0 2x x →0 2 x
x
3 + ex / 3 4
= lim = =4 − sec 2 x −1 1
x/3 1 = lim = =−
x →0 x+e
x →0 2 2 2
lim ( x + e x / 3 )3 / x = lim eln y = e 4 2 1
x →0 x →0 lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = e−1/ 2 =
x →0 x →0 e
20. The limit is of the form (–1)0 .
The limit does not exist. 25. The limit is of the form 0∞ , which is not an
indeterminate form.
21. The limit is of the form 10 , which is not an lim (tan x) 2 / x = 0
x →0 +
indeterminate form.
lim (sin x)cos x = 1 26. The limit is of the form ∞ + ∞, which is not an
x→ π indeterminate form.
2
lim (e – x – x) = lim (e x + x) = ∞
∞ x→ – ∞ x →∞
22. The limit is of the form ∞ , which is not an
indeterminate form.
27. The limit is of the form 00. Let
lim x x = ∞
x →∞ y = (sin x) x , then ln y = x ln(sin x).
ln(sin x)
23. The limit is of the form ∞ 0 . Let lim x ln(sin x) = lim
+ + 1
x →0 x →0 x
1
y = x1/ x , then ln y = ln x. –∞
x The limit is of the form .
∞
1 ln x
lim ln x = lim 1 cos x
x →∞ x x →∞ x ln(sin x) sin x
lim = lim
+ 1 1
–∞ x →0 x →0 + –
The limit is of the form . x x2
∞
⎡ x ⎤
1 = lim ⎢ (– x cos x) ⎥ = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0
ln x 1 + ⎣ sin x ⎦
lim = lim x = lim = 0 x →0
x →∞ x x →∞ 1 x →∞ x
lim (sin x ) x = lim eln y = 1
1/ x ln y x →0 + x →0+
lim x = lim e =1
x →∞ x →∞
28. The limit is of the form 1∞. Let
1
y = (cos x – sin x)1/ x , then ln y =ln(cos x – sin x).
x
1 ln(cos x − sin x)
lim ln(cos x − sin x ) = lim
x →0 x x →0 x
1 (− sin x − cos x)
cos x −sin x
= lim
x →0 1
− sin x − cos x
= lim = −1
x →0 cos x − sin x
lim (cos x − sin x )1/ x = lim eln y = e−1
x →0 x →0

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 29. The limit is of the form ∞ – ∞. 33. The limit is of the form 1∞.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ x – sin x 1
lim ⎜ csc x – ⎟ = lim ⎜ – ⎟ = lim Let y = (cos x)1/ x , then ln y = ln(cos x).
x →0 ⎝ x ⎠ x →0 ⎝ sin x x ⎠ x →0 x sin x x
0 1 ln(cos x)
The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s lim ln(cos x) = lim
0 x →0 x x →0 x
Rule twice.) 0
x – sin x 1 – cos x The limit is of the form .
lim = lim 0
x →0 x sin x x →0 sin x + x cos x 1
ln(cos x) (– sin x) sin x
sin x 0 lim = lim cos x = lim – =0
= lim = =0 x →0 x x →0 1 x →0 cos x
x →0 2 cos x – x sin x 2
lim (cos x)1/ x = lim eln y = 1
x →0 x →0
30. The limit is of the form 1∞.
x
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 34. The limit is of the form 0 ⋅ – ∞.
Let y = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ , then ln y = x ln ⎜ 1 + ⎟ .
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ ln x
lim ( x1/ 2 ln x) = lim
⎛ 1⎞
lim x ln ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = lim
ln 1 + 1x ( ) x →0 + x →0+
1
x
x →∞ ⎝ x ⎠ x →∞ 1 –∞
x The limit is of the form .
0 ∞
The limit is of the form . 1
0 ln x
lim = lim x
= lim – 2 x = 0
(– )
1 1
1 1 x →0 + x →0 + – x →0+

lim
(
ln 1 + 1x ) = lim 1+ 1
x
x2
x 2 x3/ 2

x →∞ 1 x →∞ – 1 35. Since cos x oscillates between –1 and 1 as

x x2
x → ∞, this limit is not of an indeterminate form
1 previously seen.
= lim =1
x →∞ 1 + 1
x Let y = ecos x , then ln y = (cos x)ln e = cos x
x
⎛ 1⎞ lim cos x does not exist, so lim ecos x does not
lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = lim eln y = e1 = e x →∞ x →∞
x →∞ ⎝ x⎠ x →∞
exist.
31. The limit is of the form 3∞ , which is not an 36. The limit is of the form ∞ – ∞.
indeterminate form. x +1
x 1/ x lim [ln( x + 1) – ln( x – 1)] = lim ln
lim (1 + 2e ) =∞ x →∞ x →∞ x –1
x →0 +
x +1 1 + 1x x +1
lim = lim = 1, so lim ln =0
32. The limit is of the form ∞ – ∞. x →∞ x – 1 x →∞ 1 – 1 x →∞ x –1
x
⎛ 1 x ⎞ ln x – x 2 + x
lim ⎜ – ⎟ = lim
x →1 ⎝ x – 1 ln x ⎠ x →1 ( x – 1) ln x 0
37. The limit is of the form , which is not an
0 –∞
The limit is of the form . indeterminate form.
0
Apply l’Hôpital’s Rule twice. x
lim =0
1 − 2x +1 x →0+ ln x
ln x − x 2 + x
lim = lim x
x →1 ( x − 1) ln x x →1 ln x + x −1 38. The limit is of the form – ∞ ⋅ ∞, which is not an
x
1− 2x + x2
−4 x + 1 −3 3 indeterminate form.
= lim = lim = =− lim (ln x cot x) = – ∞
x →1 x ln x + x − 1 x →1 ln x + 2 2 2 x →0 +

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 1 + e−t > 1 for all t, so
( n n − 1) = nlim n −1
n
39. d. lim n
n →∞ →∞ 1
1 + e−t dt > ∫ dt = x − 1 .
x x
∫1 1
n
0
∞ This limit is of the form ,
The limit is of the form . 0
∞
since lim n
n = 1 by part b.
1 + e−t dt
x
∫1 1+ e −x n →∞
lim
x →∞ x
= lim
x →∞ 1
=1
lim
n
n −1
= lim
n
n ( ) (1 − ln n)
1
n2
n →∞ 1 n →∞ − 1
0 n n2
40. This limit is of the form .
0
= lim n
n (ln n − 1) = ∞
x n→∞
lim
∫1 sin t dt
= lim
sin x
= sin(1)
x →1 + x −1 +
x →1 1 42. a. The limit is of the form 00.
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
1
41. a. Let y = a , then ln y = ln a.
n
ln x
n lim x ln x = lim
+ + 1
1 x →0 x →0 x
lim ln a = 0
n →∞ n –∞
ln y
The limit is of the form .
lim n
a = lim e =1 ∞
n →∞ n →∞ 1
ln x
lim = lim x
= lim – x = 0
1 1
b. The limit is of the form ∞ 0 . x →0 + x x →0 + – 2 x →0 +
x
1 ln y
Let y = n n , then ln y = ln n . lim x x = lim e =1
n x →0 + x →0 +
1 ln n
lim ln n = lim
n →∞ n n →∞ n b. The limit is of the form 10 , since
∞ lim x x = 1 by part a.
This limit is of the form .
∞ x →0 +

ln n
1 Let y = ( x x ) x , then ln y = x ln( x x ).
lim = lim n = 0
n →∞ n n→∞ 1 lim x ln( x x ) = 0
x →0+
lim n
n = lim eln y = 1
n →∞ n →∞ lim ( x x ) x = lim eln y = 1
x →0 + x →0 +
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
( n a − 1) = nlim a −1
n
c. lim n
n →∞ →∞ 1
The limit is of the form 01 , since
n
c.
0
This limit is of the form , lim x x = 1 by part a.
0 x →0 +
since lim n
a = 1 by part a. x
n →∞ Let y = x( x ) , then ln y = x x ln x
− 1 n a ln a
n
a −1 lim x x ln x = – ∞
n2 x →0+
lim = lim
n →∞ 1 n→∞ − 1
x
n n2 lim x( x )
= lim eln y = 0
+
x →0 x →0 +
= lim n
a ln a = ln a
n →∞ Note that 01 is not an indeterminate form.

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 d. The limit is of the form 10 , since ln x
1
lim = lim x = 0, so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 1
lim ( x x ) x = 1 by part b. x →∞ x x →∞ 1 x →∞ x →∞
x →0 + 1 ln x
y = x1/ x = e x
Let y = (( x ) ) , then ln y = x ln(( x ) ).
x x x x x

⎛ 1 ln x ⎞ 1x ln x
lim x ln(( x x ) x ) = 0 y′ = ⎜ − ⎟e
x →0 + ⎝ x2 x2 ⎠
lim (( x x ) x ) x = lim eln y = 1 y ′ = 0 when x = e.
x →0 + x →0 + y is maximum at x = e since y ′ > 0 on (0, e) and
Note that 10 is not an indeterminate form.
y ′ < 0 on (e, ∞). When x = e, y = e1/ e .
e. The limit is of the form 00 , since
44. a. The limit is of the form (1 + 1)∞ = 2∞ , which
(xx )
lim ( x ) = 0 by part c. is not an indeterminate form.
x →0 +
( xx )
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = ∞
x →0 +
x
Let y = x( x )
, then ln y = x( x ) ln x.
x ln x
lim x( x ) ln x = lim
1
b. The limit is of the form (1 + 1) – ∞ = 2 – ∞ ,
+ +
x →0 x →0 x
x( x )
which is not an indeterminate form.
–∞ lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 0
The limit is of the form . x →0 –
∞
1
ln x c. The limit is of the form ∞0 .
lim = lim x
1
x →0 + x →0+ – x ( x x ) ⎡ x x (ln x +1) ln x + x ⎤ Let y = (1x + 2 x )1/ x , then
x
x ⎢ x ⎥⎦
x( x ) ⎣
x 1
( x( x ) )2 ln y = ln(1x + 2 x )
x
x
– x( x )
1 ln(1x + 2 x )
= lim lim ln(1x + 2 x ) = lim
+ 2
x →0 x x(ln x) + x x ln x + x
x x x
x →∞ x x →∞ x
0 ∞
= =0 The limit is of the form . (Apply
1⋅ 0 + 1⋅ 0 + 1 ∞
(ln x)2 l’Hôpital’s Rule twice.)
Note: lim x(ln x )2 = lim 1 (1x ln1 + 2 x ln 2)
1
x →0 + x →0 + ln(1x + 2 x ) 1x + 2 x
x lim = lim
2 ln x x →∞ x x →∞ 1
= lim x
= lim – 2 x ln x = 0 2 x ln 2 2 x (ln 2)2
1
x →0+ – 2 x →0 + = lim = lim = ln 2
x x →∞ 1x + 2x x →∞ 1x ln1 + 2 x ln 2
( xx )
lim x( x )
= lim eln y = 1 lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = lim eln y = eln 2 = 2
x →∞ x →∞
x →0 + x →0+

43. d. The limit is of the form 10 , since 1x = 1 for

all x. This is not an indeterminate form.
lim (1x + 2 x )1/ x = 1
x →−∞

ln x
ln y =
x
ln x
lim = −∞, so lim x1/ x = lim eln y = 0
+ x
x →0 x →0+ x →0+

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 1/ t
1k + 2k + " + n k ⎛1 9 ⎞ 10 9
45. lim c. lim ⎜ 2t + 5t ⎟ = 10 2 ⋅ 5 ≈ 4.562
n →∞ n k +1 t →0 + ⎝ 10 10 ⎠
1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎤
k k k
⎛n⎞
= lim ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + " ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 48. a.
n →∞ n ⎢⎝ n ⎠ ⎝n⎠ ⎝n⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
k
n
1 ⎛i⎞
= lim ∑ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
i =1 n ⎝ n ⎠
n →∞

The summation has the form of a Reimann sum

for f ( x ) = x k on the interval [ 0,1] using a
regular partition and evaluating the function at
1 i
each right endpoint. Thus, Δxi = , xi = , and
n n
n2 x ∞
k b. n 2 xe− nx = , so the limit is of the form .
⎛i⎞ ∞
f ( xi ) = ⎜ ⎟ . Therefore,
nx
e
⎝n⎠ 2
n x 2nx
k lim = lim
1k + 2k + " + n k 1 ⎛i⎞ n
lim = lim ∑ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ n →∞ e nx n →∞ xenx
n →∞ n k +1 n →∞
i =1 n ⎝ n ⎠ ∞
1
This limit is of the form .
1 ⎡ 1 k +1 ⎤ ∞
= ∫ x k dx = ⎢ x ⎥ 2nx 2x
0 ⎣ k +1 ⎦0 lim = lim =0
n →∞ xe nx n →∞ x 2 enx
1
=
k +1 1 −x 1 2
c. ∫0 xe dx = ⎡ − xe− x − e− x ⎤ = 1 −
⎣ ⎦0 e
1/ t
⎛ n ⎞ 1 ⎛ n ⎞ 1 −2 x 1 3
46. Let y = ⎜ ∑ ci xit ⎟ , then ln y = ln ⎜ ∑ ci xit ⎟ . ∫0 4 xe dx = ⎡ −2 xe−2 x − e−2 x ⎤ = 1 −
⎜ ⎟ ⎜
t ⎝ i =1 ⎟ ⎣ ⎦0 e2
⎝ i =1 ⎠ ⎠
1 −3 x 1 4
⎛ n ⎞ ∫0 9 xe dx = ⎡ −3xe−3 x − e−3 x ⎤ = 1 −
ln ⎜ ∑ ci xit ⎟ ⎣ ⎦0 e3
1 ⎛ n ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
lim ln ⎜ ∑ ci xit ⎟ = lim ⎝ i =1 ⎠ 1 −4 x 1 5
+ t ⎜ ⎟ + ∫016 xe dx = ⎡ −4 xe−4 x − e−4 x ⎤ = 1 −
t →0 ⎝ i =1 ⎠ t →0 t ⎣ ⎦0 e4
n 1
0 1 6
The limit is of the form
0
, since ∑ ci = 1. ∫0 25 xe
−5 x
= ⎡ −5 xe−5 x − e−5 x ⎤ = 1 −
⎣ ⎦0 e5
i =1
1 1 7
⎛ ⎞ −6 x
dx = ⎡ −6 xe−6 x − e−6 x ⎤ = 1 −
∫0 36e
n
ln ⎜ ∑ ci xit ⎟ ⎣ ⎦0 e6
⎜ ⎟ 1 n
lim ⎝ i =1 ⎠ = lim
∑ ci xit ln xi 1 2
t →0 + t →0+
∫ n xe− nx dx = 1
t n
d. Guess: lim
∑ ci xit i =1 n →∞ 0
i =1 1 2 1
n n ∫0 n xe− nx dx = ⎡ − nxe− nx − e− nx ⎤
⎣ ⎦0
= ∑ ci ln xi = ∑ ln xi ci
i =1 i =1 n +1
= −(n + 1)e− n + 1 = 1 −
1/ t en
⎛ n ⎞
lim ⎜ ∑ ci xi t ⎟ = lim eln y 1 ⎛ n +1⎞
⎜
t →0+ ⎝ i =1
⎟ t →0 + lim ∫ n 2 xe− nx dx = lim ⎜1 −
⎠ 0 ⎟
n
n →∞ n →∞ ⎝ en ⎠
∑ ln xici n n +1
= ei =1 = x1c1 x2c2 … xncn = ∏ xi ci = 1 − lim if this last limit exists. The
n →∞ e n
i =1
∞
limit is of the form .
1/ t ∞
⎛1 1 ⎞
47. a. lim ⎜ 2t + 5t ⎟ = 2 5 ≈ 3.162 n +1 1
t →0 +⎝2 2 ⎠ lim = lim = 0, so
n →∞ e n n →∞ en
1/ t
⎛1 4 ⎞ 5 1 2
b. lim ⎜ 2t + 5t ⎟ = 5 2 ⋅ 54 ≈ 4.163 lim∫n xe− nx dx = 1 .
+⎝5 5 ⎠ n →∞ 0
t →0

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 49. Note f(x) > 0 on [0, ∞). ∞
∞ dx ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎛ x 25 x3 ⎛ 2 ⎞ x ⎞ 7. ∫1 x1.00001 = ⎢⎣ – 0.00001x0.00001 ⎥⎦
lim f ( x) = lim ⎜ + +⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0 1
x →∞ x →∞ ⎜ e x e x ⎝ e ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= 0–⎜– ⎟= = 100, 000
Therefore there is no absolute minimum. ⎝ 0.00001 ⎠ 0.00001
f ′( x) = (25 x 24 + 3 x 2 + 2 x ln 2)e− x
∞ x 1 ∞
∫10 1 + x2 dx = 2 ⎡⎣ln(1 + x )⎤
2
− ( x 25 + x3 + 2 x )e− x 8.
⎦10
= (− x 25 + 25 x 24 − x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + 2 x ln 2)e− x 1
= ∞ – ln 101 = ∞
Solve for x when f ′( x) = 0 . Using a numerical 2
method, x ≈ 25. The integral diverges.
A graph using a computer algebra system verifies
∞
that an absolute maximum occurs at about x = 25. ∞ dx ⎡ x 0.00001 ⎤
9. ∫ =⎢ ⎥ = ∞ – 100, 000 = ∞
1 x 0.99999
⎣⎢ 0.00001 ⎦⎥1
The integral diverges.
8.3 Concepts Review
∞
1. converge ∞ x ⎡ 1 ⎤
10. ∫1 (1 + x2 )2 dx = ⎢⎢ – 2(1 + x2 ) ⎥⎥
b ⎣ ⎦1
2. lim∫ cos x dx
b →∞ 0 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
= 0–⎜– ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ 4
0 ∞
3. ∫– ∞ f ( x)dx; ∫0 f ( x)dx
∞ 1
11. ∫e dx = [ln(ln x)]e∞ = ∞ – 0 = ∞
4. p > 1 x ln x
The integral diverges.

Problem Set 8.3 ∞

∞ ln x ⎡1 2⎤ 1
In this section and the chapter review, it is understood
12. ∫e x dx = ⎢⎣ 2 (ln x) ⎥⎦ e = ∞ – 2 = ∞
∞ b The integral diverges.
that [ g ( x)] means lim [ g ( x)] and likewise for
a b →∞ a
1 1 1
similar expressions. 13. Let u = ln x, du = dx, dv = dx, v = − .
x 2 x
x
∞ ∞ ∞ ln x b ln x
1. ∫100 edx = ⎡ e x ⎤
x
⎣ ⎦100
= ∞ – e100 = ∞ ∫2 x 2 dx = blim
→∞ ∫2 x 2
dx

The integral diverges. ⎡ ln x ⎤

b
b 1

x ⎥⎦ 2 b →∞ ∫2 x 2
= lim ⎢ − + lim dx
–5 b →∞ ⎣
5 dx⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
2. ∫– ∞ x 4 = ⎢⎣ – 3x3 ⎥⎦ = – 3(–125) – 0 = 375 ⎡ ln x 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ − − ⎥ =
ln 2 + 1
b
–∞
b →∞ ⎣ x x ⎦2 2
∞
1
2 xe – x dx = ⎡⎢ – e – x ⎤⎥ = 0 – (– e –1 ) =
∞ 2 2
3. ∫1 ⎣ ⎦1 e 14.
∞
∫1 xe – x dx
u = x, du = dx
1
1 ⎡1 ⎤ 1 1 dv = e – x dx, v = – e – x
4. ∫ e4 x dx = ⎢ e4 x ⎥ = e4 – 0 = e4
–∞ ⎣4 ⎦ –∞ 4 4 ∞
∞ ∞
∫1 xe – x d = ⎡ – xe – x ⎤ + ∫ e – x dx
⎣ ⎦1 1
∞ ∞
= ⎡ 1 + x 2 ⎤ = ∞ – 82 = ∞
x dx ∞
5. ∫9 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 9 = ⎡ – xe – x – e – x ⎤ = 0 – 0 – (– e –1 – e –1 ) =
⎣ ⎦1
2
1+ x e
The integral diverges.
1
1 dx ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ x⎤
∞ 15. ∫ = ⎢– ⎥
∞ dx 2 – ∞ (2 x – 3) 3 2
6. ∫1 πx = ⎢2 π ⎥ = ∞ – π = ∞ ⎣⎢ 4(2 x – 3) ⎦⎥ – ∞
⎣ ⎦1 1 1
The integral diverges. =– – (–0) = −
4 4

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this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 ∞ dx 1/ 3 ⎤ ∞
16. ∫4 (π − x )2 / 3 = ⎡⎣−3 (π − x ) ⎦4
= ∞ + 33 π − 4 = ∞

The integral diverges.

∞ ∞ 0 ∞
dx = ⎡ x 2 + 9 ⎤ + ⎡ x 2 + 9 ⎤ = (3 – ∞) + (∞ – 3)
x 0 x x
17. ∫– ∞ dx = ∫
–∞
dx + ∫
0 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ – ∞ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ 0
x2 + 9 x2 + 9 2
x +9
0 x ∞ x
The integral diverges since both ∫– ∞ 2
dx and ∫0 2
dx diverge.
x +9 x +9

∞ dx 0 dx ∞ dx
18. ∫– ∞ ( x2 + 16)2 = ∫– ∞ ( x2 + 16)2 + ∫0 ( x + 16) 2
2

dx 1 –1 x x
∫ ( x 2 + 16)2 = 128 tan +
2
4 32( x + 16)
by using the substitution x = 4 tan θ.

0
0 dx ⎡ 1 –1 x x ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎛ π⎞ ⎤ π
∫– ∞ ( x2 + 16)2 = ⎢⎢128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) ⎥⎥ = 0 – ⎢⎣128 ⎜⎝ – 2 ⎟⎠ + 0⎥⎦ = 256
⎣ ⎦ –∞
∞
∞ dx ⎡ 1 –1 x x ⎤ 1 ⎛ π⎞ π
∫0 ( x2 + 16)2 = ⎢⎢128 tan 4 + 32( x2 + 16) ⎥⎥ = 128 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ + 0 – (0) = 256
⎣ ⎦0
∞ dx π π π
∫– ∞ ( x 2 + 16)2 = 256 + 256 = 128

∞ 1 ∞ 1 0 1 ∞ 1
19. ∫– ∞ x 2 + 2 x + 10 dx = ∫– ∞ ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = ∫– ∞ ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx + ∫0 ( x + 1)2 + 9
dx

1 1 –1 x +1
∫ ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = 3 tan 3
by using the substitution x + 1 = 3 tan θ.

0
0 1 ⎡1 –1 x + 1 ⎤ 1 –1 1 1 ⎛ π ⎞ 1⎛ –1 1 ⎞
∫– ∞ ( x + 1)2 + 9 dx = ⎢⎣ 3 tan 3 ⎥⎦ – ∞ = 3 tan 3 – 3 ⎜⎝ – 2 ⎟⎠ = ⎜ π + 2 tan
6⎝ 3⎠
⎟
∞
∞ 1 ⎡1 x + 1⎤ 1⎛ π⎞ 1 1 1⎛ 1⎞
∫0 dx = ⎢ tan –1 ⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ – tan –1 = ⎜ π – 2 tan –1 ⎟
2 ⎣3 3 ⎦0 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 3 6⎝ 3⎠
( x + 1) + 9
∞ 1 1⎛ –1 1 ⎞ 1⎛ –1 1 ⎞ π
∫– ∞ x2 + 2 x + 10 dx = 6 ⎜⎝ π + 2 tan ⎟ + ⎜ π – 2 tan
3⎠ 6 ⎝
⎟=
3⎠ 3

∞ x 0 x ∞ x
20. ∫– ∞ 2x
dx = ∫
– ∞ e –2 x
dx + ∫
0 e 2x
dx
e
0 x 0 1 2x
For ∫– ∞ e –2 x dx = ∫– ∞ xe
2x
dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e2 x dx, v = e .
2
0 0
0 2x ⎡ 1 2x ⎤ 1 0 2x ⎡ 1 2x 1 2x ⎤ 1 1
∫– ∞ xe dx = ⎢⎣ 2 xe ⎥⎦ – ∞ – 2 ∫– ∞ e dx = ⎢⎣ 2 xe – 4 e ⎥⎦ – ∞ = 0 – 4 – (0) = – 4
∞ x ∞ 1
For ∫ dx = ∫ xe –2 x dx, use u = x, du = dx, dv = e –2 x dx, v = – e –2 x .
0 e2 x 0 2
∞ ∞
∞ ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 ∞ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 1
∫0 xe –2 x dx = ⎢ – xe –2 x ⎥ + ∫ e –2 x dx = ⎢ – xe –2 x – e –2 x ⎥ = 0 – ⎜ 0 – ⎟ =
⎣ 2 ⎦0 2 0 ⎣ 2 4 ⎦0 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
∞ x 1 1
∫– ∞ 2 x dx = – 4 + 4 = 0
e

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 ∞ 0 ∞ 25. The area is given by
21. ∫– ∞ sech x dx = ∫– ∞ sech x dx = ∫0 sech x dx ∞ 2 ∞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= [tan –1 (sinh x)]0– ∞ + [tan –1 (sinh x)]∞
∫1 4 x 2 − 1dx = ∫1 ⎜⎝ 2 x –1 – 2 x + 1 ⎟⎠ dx
0
∞
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎡ π ⎤ 1 ∞ 1 ⎡ 2x −1 ⎤
= ⎢0 – ⎜ – ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢ – 0 ⎥ = π = ⎡ ln 2 x − 1 − ln 2 x + 1 ⎤⎦ = ⎢ ln
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2⎣ 1 2 ⎣ 2 x + 1 ⎥⎦1
1⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞ 1
∞ ∞ 1 ∞ 2 = ⎜ 0 − ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = ln 3
22. ∫1 csch x dx = ∫
1 sinh x
dx = ∫
1 ex – e– x
dx 2⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ 2
2x −1
∞ 2e x Note:. lim ln = = 0 since
=∫ dx x →∞ 2x + 1
1 2x
e –1
⎛ 2x −1 ⎞ .
Let u = e x , du = e x dx . lim ⎜ ⎟ =1
x →∞ ⎝ 2 x + 1 ⎠
∞ 2e x ∞ 2 ∞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∫1 e 2x
–1
dx = ∫
e 2
u –1
du = ∫ ⎜
e
– ⎟ du
⎝ u –1 u + 1 ⎠
26. The area is
∞ 1 ∞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= [ln(u –1) – ln(u + 1)]∞
⎡ u –1 ⎤
∞
∫1 x 2 + x dx = ∫1 ⎜⎝ x – x + 1 ⎟⎠ dx
e = ⎢ln ⎥
⎣ u + 1⎦ e ∞
∞ ⎡ x ⎤ 1
e –1 = ⎡⎣ln x − ln x + 1 ⎤⎦ = ⎢ ln ⎥ = 0 − ln = ln 2
= 0 – ln ≈ 0.7719 1
⎣ x + 1 ⎦1 2
e +1
.
⎛ b –1 b –1 ⎞
⎜ lim ln = 0 since lim = 1⎟
⎝ b →∞ b + 1 b →∞ b +1 ⎠ 27. The integral would take the form
∞ 1 ∞
∞ k∫ dx = [ k ln x ]3960 = ∞
∞ −x ⎡ 1 ⎤ 3960 x
23. ∫
0
e cos x dx = ⎢
⎣ 2e x
(sin x − cos x) ⎥
⎦0 which would make it impossible to send anything
out of the earth's gravitational field.
1 1
= 0 − (0 − 1) =
2 2 28. At x = 1080 mi, F = 165, so
(Use Formula 68 with a = –1 and b = 1.)
k = 165(1080) 2 ≈ 1.925 × 108 . So the work done
∞ in mi-lb is
∞ −x ⎡ 1 ⎤
24. ∫
0
e sin x dx = ⎢−
⎣ 2e x
(cos x + sin x) ⎥
⎦0 1.925 × 108 ∫
∞ 1
dx = 1.925 × 108 ⎡ − x −1 ⎤
∞
1080 x 2 ⎣ ⎦1080
1 1 8
= 0 + (1 + 0) = 1.925 × 10
2 2 = ≈ 1.782 × 105 mi-lb.
1080
(Use Formula 67 with a = –1 and b = 1.)
∞ ∞
29. FP = ∫ e− rt f (t ) dt = ∫ 100, 000e−0.08t
0 0
∞
⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢− 100, 000e−0.08t ⎥ = 1,250,000
⎣ 0.08 ⎦0
The present value is $1,250,000.

∞
30. FP = ∫ e−0.08t (100, 000 + 1000t )dt
0
∞
= ⎡ −1, 250, 000e−0.08t − 12,500te−0.08t − 156, 250e−0.08t ⎤ = 1,406,250
⎣ ⎦0
The present value is $1,406,250.

31. a. ∞ a b 1 ∞
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫−∞ 0 dx + ∫a b − a dx + ∫b 0 dx

1 1
= 0+ [ x ]b + 0 = (b − a )
b−a a b−a

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 b. ∞
μ=∫ x f ( x) dx
−∞
a b 1 ∞
=∫ x ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ x dx + ∫ x ⋅ 0 dx
−∞ a b−a b
b
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
= 0+ ⎢ ⎥ +0
b − a ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
a
2 2
b −a
=
2(b − a)
(b + a)(b − a )
=
2(b − a)
a+b
=
2
∞
σ2 = ∫ ( x − μ ) 2 dx
−∞
a b 1 ∞
=∫ ( x − μ )2 ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ ( x − μ )2 dx + ∫ ( x − μ )2 ⋅ 0 dx
−∞ a b−a b

3 ⎤b
1 ⎡( x − μ )
= 0+ ⎢ ⎥ +0
b−a ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦a
3 3
1 (b − μ ) − ( a − μ )
=
b−a 3
1 b3 − 3b 2 μ + 3bμ 2 − a3 + 3a 2 μ − 3a μ 2
=
b−a 3
Next, substitute μ = (a + b) / 2 to obtain
1 ⎡ 1 b3 − 3 b 2 a + 3 ba 2 − 1 a3 ⎤
σ2 =
3(b − a ) ⎣ 4 4 4 4 ⎦
1
= ( b − a )3
12 ( b − a )

( b − a )2
=
12

c. 2
P ( X < 2) = ∫ f ( x) dx
−∞
0 2 1
=∫ 0 dx + ∫ dx
−∞ 0 10 − 0
2 1
= =
10 5

θ (θ )
32. a. ∞ 0 ∞β β −1 −( x / θ ) β
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫−∞ 0 dx + ∫0 x e dx

In the second integral, let u = ( x / θ ) β . Then,

du = ( β / θ )(t / θ ) β −1 dt . When x = 0, u = 0 and when
x → ∞, u → ∞ . Thus,

(x)
∞ ∞β β −1 − ( x / θ ) β
∫−∞ f ( x) dx = ∫0 θ θ
e dx
∞ ∞
= ∫ e−u du = ⎡ −e−u ⎤ = −0 + e0 = 1
0 ⎣ ⎦0

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 b. β −1
∞ 0 ∞ β ⎛ x⎞
μ=∫ xf ( x) dx = ∫ x ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ x⎜ ⎟ e−( x / θ ) dx∂
−∞ −∞ 0 θ ⎝θ ⎠
2 ∞ 2 − ( x / 3)2 3
3 ∫0
= x e dx = π
2
∞ 0 2 ∞ 2
σ2 = ∫ ( x − μ )2 f ( x) dx = ∫ ( x − μ )2 ⋅ 0 dx + ∫ ( x − μ )2 xe− ( x / 9) dx
−∞ −∞ 9 0
3 3 3
π −μ =
= π − π =0
2 2 2
c. The probability of being less than 2 is
2
( )
β −1 − ( x / θ ) β β
dx = 0 + ⎡⎢ −e −( x / θ ) ⎤⎥
2 0 2β
∫−∞ f ( x ) dx = ∫
−∞
0 dx + ∫ θ θx
0
e
⎣ ⎦0
β 2
= 1 − e−(2 / θ ) = 1 − e−(2 / 3) ≈ 0.359
33.

x–μ 2 2
f ′( x) = – e –( x – μ ) / 2σ
3
σ 2π
2
1 2 2 ( x – μ ) –( x – μ )2 / 2σ 2
f ′′( x) = – e –( x – μ ) / 2σ + e
3
σ 2π σ 5 2π
⎛ ( x – μ )2 1 ⎞ –( x – μ )2 / 2σ 2
=⎜ – ⎟e =
⎜ σ 5 2π σ 3 2π ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 2 2
[( x − μ )2 − σ 2 ]e –( x – μ ) / 2σ
σ 5 2π
f ′′( x) = 0 when ( x – μ )2 = σ 2 so x = μ ± σ and the distance from μ to each inflection point is σ.

∞
∞ ∞ CM k ⎡ 1 ⎤ k⎛ 1 ⎞ C C
34. a. ∫– ∞ f ( x)dx = ∫
M x k +1
dx = CM k ⎢ –
⎣ kx k
⎥ = CM ⎜ 0 +
⎦M ⎝ k ⎟
kM ⎠ k
= . Thus, = 1 when C = k.
k

∞ ∞ kM k ∞ 1 ⎛ b 1 ⎞
b. μ=∫ xf ( x)dx = ∫ x
k +1
dx = kM k ∫ dx = kM k ⎜ lim ∫ dx ⎟
–∞ x M M xk
⎝ b→∞ M x k
⎠
This integral converges when k > 1.
⎛ ⎡ ⎤
b ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ kM
k⎜ 1 ⎟ = kM k ⎜ –0 + 1
When k > 1, μ = kM lim ⎢ – ⎥ ⎟=
⎜⎜ b→∞ ⎢ (k –1) x k –1 ⎥ ⎟⎟ ⎜ (k –1) M k –1 ⎟ k –1
⎝ ⎣ ⎦ M ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
The mean is finite only when k > 1.

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 c. Since the mean is finite only when k > 1, the variance is only defined when k > 1.
2 ⎛ 2 2kM
∞ ∞⎛ kM ⎞ kM k k ∞ k 2M 2 ⎞ 1
σ 2 = ∫ ( x – μ ) 2 f ( x)dx = ∫ ⎜ x – ⎟ dx = kM ∫M ⎜
⎜ x – x + ⎟ dx
–∞ M⎝ k –1 ⎠ x k +1 ⎝ k –1 (k –1)2 ⎟⎠ x k +1
∞ 1 2k 2 M k +1 ∞ 1 k 3M k +2 ∞ 1
= kM k ∫ dx – ∫ dx + ∫ dx
M x k –1 k –1 M xk (k –1) 2 M x k +1
The first integral converges only when k – 1 > 1 or k > 2. The second integral converges only when k > 1,
which is taken care of by requiring k > 2.
∞ ∞ ∞
⎡ 1 ⎤ 2k 2 M k +1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ k 3M k +2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
σ 2 = kM k ⎢ – ⎥ – ⎢ – ⎥ + ⎢– k ⎥
⎢⎣ (k – 2) x k –2 ⎦⎥ M k –1 ⎣⎢ (k –1) x k –1 ⎦⎥
M (k –1)2 ⎣ kx ⎦ M
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2k 2 M k +1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ k 3M k +2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= kM k ⎜ –0 + ⎟ – ⎜ –0 + ⎟ + –0 +
⎜ k –2 ⎟ –1 ⎜ k –1 ⎟ 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ (k – 2) M ⎠ k ⎝ (k –1) M ⎠ (k –1) ⎝ kM k ⎠
kM 2 2k 2 M 2 k 2 M 2
= – +
k – 2 (k –1) 2 (k –1) 2
⎛ 1 k ⎞ ⎛ k 2 – 2k + 1 – k 2 + 2k ⎞ kM 2
= kM 2 ⎜ – ⎟ = kM 2 ⎜ ⎟ =
⎜ k – 2 (k –1)2 ⎟ ⎜ (k – 2)(k –1) 2 ⎟ (k – 2)(k –1)2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

35. We use the results from problem 34: ∞ dx

36. u = Ar ∫
a. To have a probability density function (34 a.)
a ( r + x 2 )3 / 2
2

we need C = k ; so C = 3. Also, ∞
A⎡ x ⎤ A⎛ a ⎞
kM = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜1 − ⎟
μ= (34 b.) and since, in our problem, r ⎣⎢ r 2 + x 2 ⎥⎦ a r ⎝⎜ ⎟
r 2 + a2 ⎠
k −1
μ = 20, 000 and k =3, we have dx x
Note that ∫ = by using
2 2 3/ 2
3 4 × 104 (r + x ) r 2 r 2 + x2
20000 = M or M = .
2 3 the substitution x = r tan θ .

∞ 0 ∞
kM 2 37. a. ∫−∞ sin x dx = ∫−∞ sin x dx + ∫0 sin x dx
b. By 34 c., σ 2 = so that
2
(k − 2)(k − 1)
= lim [ − cos x ]0 + lim [ − cos x ]a
a 0
4 ⎞2 a →∞ a →−∞
3 ⎛ 4 × 10 4 × 10 8
σ2 = ⎜ ⎟ = Both do not converge since –cos x is
⎜ 4⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎟ 3 oscillating between –1 and 1, so the integral
diverges.
3
∞ ⎛ 4 × 104 ⎞ t 3
c. ∫105 ⎜ 3 ⎟ t →∞ ∫105 x 4
f ( x) dx = ⎜ ⎟ lim dx = b. lim
a
∫ sin x dx = alim [− cos x]− a a
⎝ ⎠ a →∞ − a →∞

⎛ 4 × 104
3
⎞ t = lim [− cos a + cos(−a)]
⎡1⎤ a →∞
−⎜ ⎟ lim ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎜ 3 ⎟ t →∞ ⎣ x ⎦ 5 = lim [− cos a + cos a] = lim 0 = 0
⎝ ⎠ 10
a →∞ a→∞
⎛ 4 × 10 4 ⎞3
⎡ 1 1⎤ 64
=⎜ ⎟ lim − = 38. a. The total mass of the wire is
⎜ 3 ⎟ t →∞ ⎣⎢1015 t 3 ⎦⎥ 27 × 103
⎝ ⎠ ∞ 1 π
≈ 0.0024 ∫0 1 + x2 dx = 2 from Example 4.
Thus 6 of one percent earn over ⎡1
∞
25 ∞ x 2 ⎤
$100,000.
b. ∫0 1 + x2 dx = ⎢⎣ 2 ln 1 + x ⎥⎦0 which
diverges. Thus, the wire does not have a
center of mass.

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 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
39. For example, the region under the curve y =
x ⎢ n, n + 2 ⎥ and ⎢ n + 1 – 2
, n + 1⎥
⎣ 2n ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(n + 1) ⎥⎦
to the right of x = 1.
Rotated about the x-axis the volume is 1 1
will never overlap since ≤ and
∞ 1 2 2
2n
π∫ dx = π . Rotated about the y-axis, the
1 x2 1 1
≤ .
2 8
∞ 1 2(n + 1)
volume is 2π ∫ x ⋅ dx which diverges.
1 x The graph of f consists of a series of isosceles
triangles, each of height 1, vertices at
40. a. Suppose lim f ( x) = M ≠ 0, so the limit ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
x →∞ ⎜ n – 2 , 0 ⎟ , (n, 1), and ⎜ n + 2 , 0 ⎟ ,
exists but is non-zero. Since lim f ( x) = M , ⎝ 2n ⎠ ⎝ 2n ⎠
x →∞ based on the x-axis, and centered over each
there is some N > 0 such that when x ≥ N, integer n.
M lim f ( x) does not exist, since f(x) will be 1
f ( x) – M ≤ , or x →∞
2
at each integer, but 0 between the triangles.
M M Each triangle has area
M– ≤ f ( x) ≤ M +
2 2 1 1⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
Since f(x) is nonnegative, M > 0, thus bh = ⎢ n + –⎜n – ⎟ ⎥ (1)
2
M
2 2⎣ 2n ⎝ 2n 2 ⎠ ⎦
> 0 and
2 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟=
∞ N ∞ 2 ⎝ n 2 ⎠ 2n 2
∫0 f ( x )dx = ∫
0
f ( x)dx + ∫
N
f ( x)dx
∞
N M ∞ N⎡ Mx ⎤
∞ ∫0 f ( x)dx is the area in all of the triangles,
≥∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ⎢ ⎥ =∞ thus
0 N 2 0 ⎣ 2 ⎦N
∞
∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
so the integral diverges. Thus, if the limit
∫0 f ( x)dx = ∑ = ∑
exists, it must be 0. 2 2 n =1 n 2
n =1 2n
1 1 ∞ 1 1 1 ∞ 1
For example, let f(x) be given by + ∑
2 2 n = 2 n 2 2 2 ∫1 x 2
b. = ≤ + dx
⎧ 2 3 1
⎪2n x – 2n + 1 if n – 2 ≤ x ≤ n ∞
⎪ 2n 1 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 1
= + – = + (–0 + 1) = 1
⎪
f ( x) = ⎨ –2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1 if n < x ≤ n +
1 2 2 ⎢⎣ x ⎥⎦1 2 2
⎪ 2n 2 ∞
1
⎪0
⎪
otherwise (By viewing ∑ n2 as a lower Riemann sum
n=2
⎩
for every positive integer n. 1
for )
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ x2
f ⎜n – = 2n 2 ⎜ n – 3
⎟ – 2n + 1
2⎟ ∞
⎝ 2n ⎠ ⎝ 2n 2 ⎠ Thus, ∫0 f ( x )dx converges, although
3 3
= 2n – 1 – 2n + 1 = 0 lim f ( x) does not exist.
x →∞
f ( n ) = 2 n 2 ( n ) – 2 n3 + 1 = 1
lim f (n) = lim (–2n 2 x + 2n3 + 1) = 1 = f (n)
x→n+ x →n+

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
f ⎜n+ = –2n 2 ⎜ n + 3
⎟ + 2n + 1
2⎟
⎝ 2n ⎠ ⎝ 2n 2 ⎠
= –2n3 –1 + 2n3 + 1 = 0
Thus, f is continuous at
1 1
n– , n, and n + .
2
2n 2n 2
Note that the intervals

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 100 Problem Set 8.4
100 1 ⎡ 1⎤
41. ∫1 x 2
dx = ⎢ – ⎥
⎣ x ⎦1
= 0.99
3
3 dx ⎡ 3( x – 1) 2 / 3 ⎤
∫1 ( x – 1)1/ 3 = blim
100
100 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1. ⎢ ⎥
∫1 x 1.1
dx = ⎢ – ⎥
⎣ 0.1x 0.1 ⎦1
≈ 3.69 →1+ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ b
100 33 2 3(b – 1) 2 / 3 3 3
100 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ = 2 – lim = –0=
∫1 x 1.01
dx = ⎢ –
⎣ 0.01x 0.01 ⎥
⎦1
≈ 4.50 2 b→1+ 2 3
2 3
2

100 1 3
dx = [ln x]100 ⎡ ⎤
∫1 x
1 = ln100 ≈ 4.61
2. ∫
3 dx
= lim ⎢ –
3
⎥
1 ( x – 1) 4 / 3 b →1+ 1/ 3
100 ⎢⎣ ( x – 1) ⎥⎦ b
100 1 ⎡ x 0.01 ⎤
∫1 x 0.99
dx = ⎢ ⎥ ≈ 4.71
=–
3
+ lim
3
=–
3
+∞
⎣⎢ 0.01 ⎦⎥1 3 +
2 b→1 ( x –1) 1/ 3 3
2
The integral diverges.
10 1 1 ⎡ −1 ⎤10
42. ∫0 π(1 + x ) 2
dx =
π⎣
tan x
⎦0 10 dx 10
1.4711
3. ∫3 = lim ⎡ 2 x – 3 ⎤⎦
x – 3 b→3+ ⎣ b
≈ ≈ 0.468
π = 2 7 – lim 2 b – 3 = 2 7
b →3+
50 1 1 −1 50
∫0 π(1 + x2 ) dx = π ⎡⎣ tan x ⎤⎦0
9 dx b

≈
1.5508
≈ 0.494
4. ∫0 = lim ⎡ −2 9 – x ⎤⎦
9 – x b→9 – ⎣ 0
π
= lim − 2 9 – b + 2 9 = 6
100 1 1 −1 100 b →9 –
∫0 π(1 + x2 ) dx = π ⎡⎣ tan x ⎤⎦ 0
1 dx b
1.5608 5. ∫0 = lim ⎡sin –1 x ⎤
≈ ≈ 0.497 2 b →1–
⎣ ⎦0
π 1– x
π π
1 1 = lim sin –1 b – sin –1 0 = – 0 =
43. ∫0 exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx ≈ 0.3413 b →1– 2 2
2π
2 1 ∞ b
∫0 exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx ≈ 0.4772 dx = lim ⎡ 1 + x 2 ⎤
x
2π
6. ∫100 2 b →∞ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦100
1+ x
3 1
∫0 exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx ≈ 0.4987 = lim 1 + b 2 + 10, 001 = ∞
2π b →∞
4 1 The integral diverges.
∫0 exp(–0.5 x 2 )dx ≈ 0.5000
2π
3 1 b 1 3 1
7. ∫–1 x3 dx = blim ∫ 3 dx + blim
→0 – –1 x
∫ 3 dx
→0+ b x
b 3
8.4 Concepts Review ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ – + lim ⎢ –
2⎥ + 2⎥
b →0 ⎣ 2 x ⎦ –1 b →0 ⎣ 2 x ⎦ b
–
1. unbounded

2. 2 ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ lim – + + – + lim
2 2 ⎟ ⎜ 18 + 2⎟
⎝ b→0 2b
–
⎠ ⎝ b →0 2b ⎠
b 1
3. lim
b→4 – 0 ∫ 4– x
dx ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1
= ⎜ −∞ + ⎟ + ⎜ – + ∞ ⎟
⎞
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
4. p < 1 The integral diverges.

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 –5 1 b 1 –5 1 128 –5 / 7
8. ∫5 x 2/3
dx = lim ∫ 2 / 3 dx + blim
b →0 + 5 x
∫
→0– b x 2/3
dx 9. ∫–1 x dx
b –5 / 7 128 –5 / 7
= lim ⎡3x1/ 3 ⎤ + lim ⎡3 x1/ 3 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ 5 b→0 – ⎣ ⎦b
b –5 = lim ∫ x
b →0 – –1
dx + lim ∫
b →0 + b
x dx
b →0+
b 128
= lim 3b1/ 3 – 33 5 + 33 –5 – lim 3b1/ 3 ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡7 ⎤
= lim ⎢ x 2 / 7 ⎥ + lim ⎢ x 2 / 7 ⎥
b →0+ b →0 – b →0 – ⎣2 ⎦ –1 b→0 ⎣ 2
+ ⎦b
= 0 – 3 5 + 33 5 – 0 = 33 −5 − 3 5 = −6 3 5
3 3
7 7 7 7
= lim b 2 / 7 – (–1)2 / 7 + (128) 2 / 7 – lim b 2 / 7
– 2 2 2 + 2
b →0 b→0
7 7 21
= 0 – + (4) – 0 =
2 2 2

1 x b x
10. ∫0 3 dx = lim
b →1– 0 3
∫ dx
1 – x2 1 – x2
b
⎡ 3 ⎤
= lim ⎢ – (1 – x 2 )2 / 3 ⎥
–⎣ 4 ⎦0
b →1
3 3 3 3
= lim − (1 – b 2 ) 2 / 3 + = –0 + =
– 4 4 4 4
b →1

b 4
4 dx b dx 4 dx ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
11. ∫ = lim ∫ + lim ∫ = lim ⎢ – (2 – 3 x)2 / 3 ⎥ + lim ⎢ – (2 – 3x ) 2 / 3 ⎥
0 (2 – 3x)1/ 3 b→ 2
– 0
(2 – 3 x)1/ 3 b→ 2
+ b
(2 – 3 x)1/ 3 b→ 2 ⎣ 2
– ⎦ 0 b→ 2 ⎣ 2
+ ⎦b
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
= lim − (2 – 3b) 2 / 3 + (2)2 / 3 – (–10) 2 / 3 + lim (2 – 3b)2 / 3
b→ 2
– 2 2 2 b→ 2 2
+
3 3
1 1 1
= 0 + 22 / 3 − 102 / 3 + 0 = (22 / 3 − 102 / 3 )
2 2 2

b
8 x ⎡ 3 ⎤ 3 3 3
12. ∫ dx = lim ⎢ − (16 − 2 x 2 )1/ 3 ⎥ = lim − (16 − 2b 2 )1/ 3 + 3 6 = 3 6
5 2 2/3 −⎣ 4 ⎦ − 4 4 4
(16 − 2 x ) b→ 8 5 b→ 8

–4 x b x –4 x
13. ∫0 16 – 2 x 2
dx = lim
+ ∫0
16 – 2 x 2
dx + lim
– ∫b
16 – 2 x 2
dx
b→ – 8 b→ – 8
b –4
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
= lim – ln 16 – 2 x 2 ⎥ + lim ⎢ – ln 16 – 2 x 2 ⎥
+⎢
⎣ 4 ⎦ – ⎣ 4 ⎦b
b→ – 8 0 b→ – 8
1 1 1 1
= lim − ln 16 – 2b 2 + ln16 – ln16 + lim ln 16 – 2b 2
+ 4 4 4 – 4
b→ – 8 b→ – 8
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢ –(– ∞) + ln16 ⎥ + ⎢ – ln16 + (– ∞) ⎥
⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
The integral diverges.

b
dx = lim ⎡ – 9 – x 2 ⎤ = lim − 9 – b 2 + 9 = 3
3 x
14. ∫0 2 ⎢
b →3 – ⎣
⎥⎦ 0 b→3–
9– x

b
–1 dx ⎡ 3 ⎤ 3 3
15. ∫–2 ( x + 1)4 / 3 = lim ⎢ –
1/ 3
⎥ = lim –
1/ 3
+
(–1)1/ 3
= –(– ∞) – 3
b → –1– ⎣⎢ ( x + 1) ⎦⎥ –2 b→ –1 (b + 1)
–

The integral diverges.

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 dx dx ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
16. Note that ∫ x2 + x − 2 = ∫ ( x − 1)( x + 2) = ∫ ⎢⎣ 3( x − 1) − 3( x + 2) ⎥⎦ dx by using a partial fraction decomposition.

3 dx b dx 3 dx
∫0 x2 + x – 2 = blim ∫ 2 + lim ∫
2
→1– 0 x + x – 2 b→1+ b x + x – 2
b 3
⎡1 1 ⎤ ⎡1 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ ln x –1 – ln x + 2 ⎥ + lim ⎢ ln x –1 – ln x + 2 ⎥
– ⎣3 3 ⎦ 0 b→1 ⎣ 3
+ 3 ⎦b
b →1
b 3
⎡1 x –1 ⎤ ⎡1 x –1 ⎤ 1 b –1 1 1 1 2 1 b –1
= lim ⎢ ln ⎥ + lim+ ⎢ 3 ln x + 2 ⎥ = lim– 3 ln b + 2 – 3 ln 2 + 3 ln 5 – lim+ 3 ln b + 2
– 3
b →1 ⎣ x + 2 ⎦ 0 b→1 ⎣ ⎦ b b→1 b →1
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 2 ⎞
= ⎜ – ∞ – ln ⎟ + ⎜ ln + ∞ ⎟
⎝ 3 2⎠ ⎝3 5 ⎠
The integral diverges.

1 1 1 1
17. Note that = − +
3 2
x − x − x + 1 2( x − 1) 2 4( x − 1) 4( x + 1)
3 dx b dx 3 dx
∫0 x3 – x2 – x + 1 = blim
→1 – ∫0 x3 – x 2 – x + 1
+ lim ∫
b→1 + b x3 – x 2 – x + 1

b 3
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= lim ⎢ – – ln x − 1 + ln x + 1 ⎥ + lim ⎢ – – ln x − 1 + ln x + 1 ⎥
b →1 ⎣ 2( x –1) 4
– 4 ⎦ 0 b→1 ⎣ 2( x –1) 4
+ 4 ⎦b
⎡⎛ 1 1 b +1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎛ 1 1 b + 1 ⎞⎤
lim ⎢⎜ – + ln ⎟ + ⎜ – + 0 ⎟ ⎥ + lim ⎢ – + ln 2 – ⎜ – + ln ⎟⎥
b →1– ⎣⎝ 2(b –1) 4 b −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ b→1+ ⎣ 4 4 ⎝ 2(b –1) 4 b − 1 ⎠ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ∞ + ∞ – ⎟ + ⎜ – + ln 2 + ∞ – ∞ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠
The integral diverges.

x1/ 3 1 9
18. Note that = + .
2/3 1/ 3 1/ 3
x −9 x x ( x 2 / 3 − 9)
x1/ 3
b
27 ⎡ 3 2 / 3 27 2/3 ⎤ ⎛ 3 2 / 3 27 2/3 ⎞ ⎛ 27 ⎞
∫0 x2 / 3 – 9 dx = b→lim27 – ⎢⎣ 2 x + 2 ln x – 9 ⎥⎦0 = b→lim27 – ⎜⎝ 2 b + 2 ln b – 9 ⎟⎠ – ⎜⎝ 0 + 2 ln 9 ⎟⎠
27 27
= – ∞ – ln 9
2 2
The integral diverges.

b π/2 π/2
⎡ 1 ⎤
19.
π/4
∫0 tan 2 xdx = lim ⎢ – ln cos 2 x ⎥ 20. ∫0 csc xdx = lim ⎡⎣ln csc x – cot x ⎤⎦
+
b →0
b
b→ π ⎣
– 2 ⎦0
4 = ln 1 – 0 – lim ln csc b – cot b
1 1 b →0 +
= lim − ln cos 2b + ln1 = –(–∞) + 0
– 2 2 1 – cos b
b→ π = 0 – lim ln
4
b →0 + sin b
The integral diverges.
1 – cos b 0
lim is of the form .
b →0+ sin b 0
1 – cos b sin b 0
lim = lim = =0
+ sin b + cos b 1
b →0 b →0
1 – cos b
Thus, lim ln = – ∞ and the integral
b →0 + sin b
diverges.

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 π/2 sin x π/ 2 1 − cos x x
21. ∫0 dx = lim ⎡⎣ ln 1 – cos x ⎤⎦ 25. Since = sin 2 ,
1 – cos x b →0 + b 2 2
= ln1 – lim ln 1 – cos b = 0 – (– ∞) 1 1 x
= − csc 2 .
b →0+ cos x − 1 2 2
The integral diverges. π
π dx ⎡ x⎤
π/2 ∫0 cos x – 1 = blim+⎢
→0 ⎣
cot ⎥
2 ⎦b
π/2 cos x ⎡3 2/3 ⎤
22. ∫0 3 sin x dx = blim+⎢
→0 ⎣ 2
sin x⎥
⎦b π b
= cot – lim cot = 0 – ∞
3 2/3 3 2/3 3 2 b →0 + 2
= (1) – (0) = The integral diverges.
2 2 2
–1 dx b
π/2 ⎡1 ⎤
tan x sec x dx = lim ⎢ tan 3 x ⎥
2 2
b 26. ∫–3 x = lim ⎡ 2 ln(– x) ⎤⎦
ln(– x) b→ –1– ⎣
23. ∫0 –3
b→ π ⎣
– 3 ⎦0
2 = lim 2 ln(–b) – 2 ln 3 = 0 – 2 ln 3
1 1 b →−1–
= lim tan 3 b – (0)3 = ∞
– 3 3 = –2 ln 3
b→ π
2
The integral diverges. e x dx ln 3
= lim ⎡ 2 e x –1 ⎤
ln 3
27. ∫0 +⎢ ⎥⎦ b
sec2 x
b e –1 b→0 ⎣
x
π/4 ⎡ 1 ⎤
24. ∫0 2
dx = lim ⎢ –
tan x – 1 ⎥⎦ 0 = 2 3 – 1 – lim 2 eb – 1 = 2 2 – 0 = 2 2
b→ π ⎣
–
(tan x – 1)
4 b →0+
1 1
= lim − + = –(– ∞) – 1
b→ π
– tan b – 1 0 – 1
4
The integral diverges.

28. Note that 4 x − x 2 = 4 − ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) = 22 − ( x − 2)2 . (by completing the square)

b
4 dx b dx ⎡ x – 2⎤ –1 b – 2 π π
∫2 = lim ∫ = lim ⎢sin –1 ⎥ = lim– sin – sin –1 0 = – 0 =
4 x – x2 b→4– 2 4 x – x2 b→ 4 –⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 b→4 2 2 2

e dx
∫1 x ln x = blim [ln(ln x)]b = ln(ln e) – lim ln(ln b) = ln 1 – ln 0 = 0 + ∞
e
29.
→1+ b →1+
The integral diverges.

10
10 dx ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1 1
30. ∫ = lim – =– + lim =– +∞
1 x ln100 x b →1+ ⎢⎣ 99 ln 99 x ⎥⎦ 99 + 99
99 ln 10 b→1 99 ln b 99 ln 99 10
b
The integral diverges.

4c
4c dx ⎡ ⎤
31. ∫2c = lim ⎢ln x + x 2 − 4c 2 ⎥ = ln ⎡⎣ (4 + 2 3)c ⎤⎦ − lim ln b + b 2 − 4c 2
+⎣ ⎦b
2
x − 4c 2 b → 2c b → 2c +

= ln ⎡⎣ (4 + 2 3)c ⎤⎦ − ln 2c = ln(2 + 3)

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 2c x dx 2c x dx 2c ( x + 2c ) dx − c 2c dx
32. ∫c =∫ =∫ ∫
( x + 2c ) ( x + 2c ) − 94 c2 ( x + 2c ) − 94 c2
2 0
x 2 + xc – 2c 2 2 2 2
c c
– 94 c 2
2c
⎡ c c ⎤
= lim ⎢ x 2 + xc – 2c 2 − ln x + + x 2 + xc – 2c 2 ⎥
+
b →c ⎣ 2 2 ⎦b
c 5c ⎡ c c ⎤
= 4c 2 − ln + 4c 2 – lim ⎢ b 2 + bc – 2c 2 − ln b + + b 2 + bc – 2c 2 ⎥
2 2 +
b →c ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
c 9c ⎛ c 3c ⎞ c 9c c 3c c
= 2c − ln – ⎜ 0 − ln + 0 ⎟ = 2c − ln + ln = 2c − ln 3
2 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
33. For 0 < c < 1, is continuous. Let u = , du = – dx .
x (1 + x) 1+ x (1 + x) 2
1
dv = dx, v = 2 x .
x
1
1 1 ⎡2 x ⎤ 1 xdx 2 2 c 1 xdx 2 c 1 xdx
∫c x (1 + x) dx = ⎢1 + x ⎥ + 2∫c (1 + x)2 = 2 – 1 + c + 2∫c (1 + x)2 = 1 – 1 + c + 2∫c (1 + x)2
⎣ ⎦c
1 1 ⎡ 2 c 1 xdx ⎤ 1 xdx
Thus, lim ∫ dx = lim ⎢1 – + 2∫ ⎥ = 1 – 0 + 2∫0
c →0 c x (1 + x) c →0 ⎢⎣ 1+ c c 2
(1 + x) ⎥⎦ (1 + x) 2
This last integral is a proper integral.

1 1
34. Let u = , du = – dx
1+ x 2(1 + x)3 / 2
1
dv = dx, v = 2 x .
x
1
1⎡ 2 x ⎤ 1
dx x 2 1 2 c 1 x
For 0 < c < 1, ∫ =⎢ ⎥ + ∫c dx = – +∫ dx
c x(1 + x)
⎣ 1 + x ⎦c (1 + x) 3 / 2 2 1+ c c (1 + x)3 / 2
1 dx 1 dx ⎡ 2 c 1 x ⎤ 1 x
Thus, ∫0 x(1 + x)
= lim ∫
c →0 c
= lim ⎢ 2 –
x(1 + x) c→0 ⎢⎣ 1+ c
+∫
c (1 + x) 3 / 2
dx ⎥ = 2 – 0 + ∫
⎥⎦ 0 (1 + x)3 / 2
dx

This is a proper integral.

0 b
dx = lim ⎡ – 9 – x 2 ⎤ + lim ⎡ – 9 – x 2 ⎤
3 x 0 x 3 x
35. ∫–3 dx = ∫
–3
dx + ∫
0 ⎢
b→ –3+ ⎣
⎥⎦ b b→3– ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 0
9 – x2 9 – x2 9– x 2

= – 9 + lim 9 – b 2 – lim 9 – b 2 + 9 = –3 + 0 – 0 + 3 = 0
+ –
b → –3 b →3

0 b
3 x 0 x ⎡ 1 3 ⎤ x ⎡ 1 ⎤
36. ∫−3 9 − x2 dx = ∫ dx = lim ⎢ − ln 9 − x 2 ⎥ + lim ⎢ − ln 9 − x 2 ⎥
dx + ∫
−3 9 − x 2 0 9 − x2 b →3+⎣ 2 ⎦ b b→3 ⎣ 2
− ⎦0
1 1
= − ln 3 + lim ln 9 − b 2 − lim ln 9 − b 2 + ln 3 = (− ln 3 − ∞) + (∞ + ln 3)
+ 2 − 2
b →−3 b →3
The integral diverges.

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 0 b
4 1 0 1 4 1 ⎡1 x + 4 ⎤ ⎡1 x + 4 ⎤
37. ∫–4 16 – x2 dx = ∫
–4 16 – x 2
dx + ∫
0 16 – x 2
dx = lim ⎢ ln
+ 8
b → –4 ⎣ x – 4 ⎥ + lim– ⎢ 8 ln x – 4 ⎥
⎦ b b →4 ⎣ ⎦0

1 1 b+4 1 b+4 1
= ln1 – lim ln + lim ln – ln1 = (0 + ∞) + (∞ – 0)
8 b→ –4 +8 b – 4 b→4 –8 b–4 8
The integral diverges.

1 1 −1 2 1 0 1 12 1 1 1
38. ∫−1 x − ln x
dx = ∫
−1 x − ln x
dx + ∫
−1 2 x − ln x
dx + ∫
0 x − ln x
dx + ∫
12 x − ln x
dx

−1 2 b 12 b
= lim ⎡ −2 − ln x ⎤ + lim ⎡ −2 − ln x ⎤ + lim ⎡ −2 − ln x ⎤ + lim ⎡ −2 − ln x ⎤
b →−1+
⎣ ⎦b b →0 −
⎣ ⎦ −1 2 b→0+ ⎣ ⎦b b→1−
⎣ ⎦1 2
= (−2 ln 2 + 0) + (−∞ + 2 ln 2) + (−2 ln 2 + ∞ ) + (0 + 2 ln 2)
The integral diverges.

∞ 1 1 1 ∞ 1 1 −2 / 3 1
39. ∫0 dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx 43. a. ∫0 x dx = lim ⎡3x1/ 3 ⎤ = 3
xp 0 xp 1 xp b →0 +
⎣ ⎦b
1
1 1 ⎡ 1 − p +1 ⎤
If p > 1, ∫0 x p dx = ⎢⎣ − p + 1 x ⎥⎦ diverges b.
1
V = π∫ x −4 / 3 dx = lim π ⎡ −3x −1/ 3 ⎤
1
0 0 b →0 +
⎣ ⎦b
since lim x − p +1 = ∞ . = −3π + 3π lim b −1/ 3
x →0 + b →0
∞
⎡ 1 ∞ 1 ⎤ The limit tends to infinity as b → 0, so the
If p < 1 and p ≠ 0, ∫ dx = ⎢ x − p +1 ⎥
1 xp
⎣ − p +1 ⎦1 volume is infinite.

diverges since lim x − p +1 = ∞ . 44. Since ln x < 0 for 0 < x < 1, b > 1
x →∞ b 1 b
∞ ∫0 ln x dx = clim ∫ ln x dx + ∫1 ln x dx
If p = 0, ∫0 dx = ∞ . →0 − c

= lim [ x ln x − x ]c + [ x ln x − x ]1
1 b
1 1 ∞1
If p = 1, both ∫0 x
dx and ∫1 x
dx diverge. c →0 +

= −1 − lim (c ln c − c) + b ln b − b + 1
c →0+
∞
= b ln b − b
40. ∫0 f ( x)dx
Thus, b ln b – b = 0 when b = e.
b c b
= lim
b →1
∫
− 0
f ( x)dx + lim
b→1 + b ∫ f ( x)dx + lim
b →∞ c
∫ f ( x)dx
1 sin x
where 1 < c < ∞.
45. ∫0 x
dx is not an improper integral since

sin x
8 −2 / 3 b is bounded in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
41. ∫0 ( x − 8) dx = lim ⎡3( x − 8)1/ 3 ⎤ x
b →8−
⎣ ⎦0
= 3(0) – 3(–2)= 6 1 1 1
46. For x ≥ 1, < 1 so < .
4 4
1+ x 4
x (1 + x ) x4
1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
42. ∫0 ⎜⎝ x − x3 + x ⎟⎠ dx ∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
b

1
∫1 x 4 dx = blim ⎢– ⎥ = – blim
→∞ ⎣ 3 x3 ⎦1 →∞ 3b3 3
+
1 x ⎡1 ⎤
dx = lim ⎢ ln x 2 + 1 ⎥
− ∫b 2
= lim 1 1
− ⎣2 ⎦b
b →0 x +1 b →0 = –0 + =
3 3
1 1 1
= ln 2 − lim ln b 2 + 1 = ln 2 ∞ 1
2 b →0− 2 2 Thus, by the Comparison Test ∫ dx
1 x 4 (1 + x 4 )

converges.

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 47. For x ≥ 1, x 2 ≥ x so – x 2 ≤ – x, thus xa
51. a. From Example 2 of Section 8.2, lim =0
2 x →∞ e x
e– x ≤ e– x .
for a any positive real number.
∞ –x 1
∫ e dx = lim [– e – x ]1b = – lim + e –1 x n +1
1 b→∞ b →∞ eb Thus lim = 0 for any positive real
x →∞ e x
1 1
= –0 + = number n, hence there is a number M such
e e
x n +1
∞ – x2 that 0 < ≤ 1 for x ≥ M. Divide the
Thus, by the Comparison Test, ∫1 e dx ex
converges. x n –1 1
inequality by x 2 to get that 0 < ≤
e x
x2
48. Since x + 2 − 1 ≤ x + 2 we know that
for x ≥ M.
1 1 ∞ 1
≥ . Consider ∫ dx
x + 2 −1 x+2 0 x+2 ∞ 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 1 1
b
∞ 1 b 1 b. ∫1 x2 dx = blim ⎢ – ⎥ = – lim +
→∞ ⎣ x ⎦1 b →∞ b 1
∫2 x + 2 dx = blim
→∞
∫2 x+2
dx
= –0 + 1 = 1
( )
∞ ∞ n –1 – x ∞
= lim ⎡⎣ 2 x + 2 ⎤⎦ = lim 2 b+2 −2 = ∞ M
x n –1e – x dx + ∫ x n –1e – x dx
b →∞ 2 b →∞ ∫1 x e dx = ∫
1 M
M ∞ 1
Thus, by the Comparison Test of Problem 46, we ≤∫ x n –1e – x dx + ∫ dx
1 1 x2
∞ 1
conclude that ∫ dx diverges. M
0 x+2 = 1+ ∫ x n –1e – x dx
1
by part a and Problem 46. The remaining
49. Since x 2 ln ( x + 1) ≥ x 2 , we know that ∞ n –1 – x
∞
integral is finite, so ∫1 x e dx
1 1 ⎡ 1⎤∞ 1 converges.
x ln ( x + 1) x
2
≤
2
x
∫1
dx = ⎢ − ⎥ = 1
. Since
⎣ x ⎦1 2
1 –x 1 1
we can apply the Comparison Test of Problem 46 52. ∫0 e dx = ⎡ – e – x ⎤ = – e –1 + 1 = 1 – , so the
∞ 1 ⎣ ⎦0 e
to conclude that ∫ dx converges. integral converges when n = 1. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
( )
1 x 2 ln x + 1
0 ≤ x n –1 ≤ 1 for n > 1. Thus,
50. If 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ g(x) on [a, b] and either x n –1
= x n –1e – x ≤ e – x . By the comparison test
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = ∞ or e x
x→a x→a
1 n −1 – x
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = ∞, then the convergence
x →b x →b
from Problem 50, ∫0 x e dx converges.
b
of ∫a g ( x)dx implies the convergence of
53. a.
∞
Γ(1) = ∫ x0 e− x dx = ⎡ −e− x ⎤ = 1
∞

b b 0 ⎣ ⎦0
∫a f ( x)dx and the divergence of ∫a f ( x)dx
∞
b b. Γ(n + 1) = ∫ x n e− x dx
implies the divergence of ∫a g ( x)dx. 0
Let u = x , dv = e− x dx,
n

du = nx n −1dx, v = −e− x .
∞
Γ(n + 1) = [− x n e− x ]∞
0 + ∫ nx
n −1 − x
e dx
0
∞ n −1 − x
= 0 + n∫ x e dx = nΓ(n)
0

c. From parts a and b,

Γ(1) = 1, Γ(2) = 1 ⋅ Γ(1) = 1,
Γ(3) = 2 ⋅ Γ(2) = 2 ⋅1 = 2! .
Suppose Γ(n) = (n − 1)!, then by part b,
Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) = n[(n − 1)!] = n ! .

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 ∞ –x
54. n = 1, ∫0 e dx = 1 = 0! = (1 –1)!
∞
n = 2, ∫0 xe – x dx = 1 = 1! = (2 –1)!
∞ 2 –x
n = 3, ∫0 x e dx = 2 = 2! = (3 –1)!
∞ 3 –x
n = 4, ∫0 x e dx = 6 = 3! = (4 –1)!
∞ 4 –x
n = 5, ∫0 x e dx = 24 = 4! = (5 –1)!

∞ ∞ α –1 – β x
55. a. ∫– ∞ f ( x)dx = ∫0 Cx e dx
y 1
Let y = βx, so x = and dx = dy .
β β
α –1
∞ ∞ ⎛ y⎞ 1 C ∞ α –1 – y
∫0 Cx
α –1 – β x
e dx = ∫ C⎜ ⎟ e– y dy = ∫ y e dy = C β –α Γ(α )
0
⎝β⎠ β βα 0
1 βα
C β –α Γ(α ) = 1 when C = = .
β –α Γ(α ) Γ(α )

∞ ∞ β α α –1 – β x βα ∞ α –β x
μ=∫ xf ( x)dx = ∫ x
Γ(α ) ∫0
b. x e dx = x e dx
–∞ 0 Γ(α )
y 1
Let y = βx, so x = and dx = dy.
β β
α
βα ∞⎛ y ⎞ – y 1 1 ∞ α –y 1 1 α
μ= ∫ ⎜ ⎟ e
Γ(α ) ⎝ β ⎠
0 β
dy =
βΓ(α ) ∫0
y e dy =
βΓ(α )
Γ(α + 1) =
βΓ(α )
αΓ(α ) =
β
(Recall that Γ(α + 1) = αΓ(α) for α > 0.)

2
2 ∞ α ⎞ β α α –1 – β x
2 β α ∞ ⎛ 2 2α
∞⎛ α 2 ⎞ α –1 – β x
Γ(α ) ∫0 ⎜⎝
c. σ = ∫ ( x – μ ) f ( x)dx = ∫ ⎜ x – ⎟ x e dx = ⎜ x – x + ⎟x e dx
–∞ 0
⎝ β ⎠ Γ(α ) β β 2 ⎟⎠
β α ∞ α +1 – β x 2αβ α –1 ∞ α – β x α 2 β α –2 ∞ α –1 – β x
Γ(α ) ∫0 Γ(α ) ∫0 Γ(α ) ∫0
= x e dx – x e dx + x e dx

y 1
In all three integrals, let y = βx, so x = and dx = dy .
β β
α +1 α α –1
βα ∞⎛ y ⎞ 1 2αβ α –1 ∞ ⎛ y ⎞ – y 1 α 2 β α –2 ∞ ⎛ y ⎞ 1
σ2 = e– y e– y
Γ(α ) ∫0 ⎝ β ⎠ Γ(α ) ∫0 ⎝ β ⎠ Γ(α ) ∫0 ⎝ β ⎠
⎜ ⎟ dy – ⎜ ⎟ e dy + ⎜ ⎟ dy
β β β
1 ∞ α +1 – y 2α ∞ α –y α2 ∞ α –1 – y
=
β 2
Γ(α )
∫ 0
y e dy –
β 2
Γ(α )
∫ 0
y e dy +
β 2 ∫
Γ(α ) 0
y e dy

1 2α α2 1 2α α2
= Γ(α + 2) – Γ(α + 1) + Γ(α ) = (α + 1)αΓ(α ) – αΓ(α ) +
β 2 Γ(α ) β 2 Γ(α ) β 2 Γ(α ) β 2 Γ(α ) β 2 Γ(α ) β2
α 2 +α 2α 2 α2 α
= – + =
2 2 2
β β β β2

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 ∞
56. a. L{tα }( s ) = ∫ tα e – st dt
0
x 1
Let t = , so dt = dx, then
s s
α
∞ α – st ∞⎛ x ⎞ 1 ∞ 1 Γ(α + 1)
∫ t e dt = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ e – x dx = ∫ xα e – x dx = .
0 0 ⎝s⎠ s 0 sα +1 sα +1
If s ≤ 0 , tα e− st → ∞ as t → ∞, so the integral does not converge. Thus, the transform is defined only when
s > 0.

∞
∞ ∞ ⎡ 1 (α – s )t ⎤ 1 ⎡
b. L{eα t }( s ) = ∫ eα t e – st dt = ∫ e(α – s )t dt = ⎢ e ⎥ = lim e(α – s )b –1⎤⎥
0 0 ⎣α – s ⎦ 0 α – s ⎢⎣b→∞ ⎦

⎧∞ if α > s
lim e(α – s )b = ⎨
b →∞ ⎩0 if s > α
−1 1
Thus, L{eα t }( s ) = = when s > α. (When s ≤ α , the integral does not converge.)
α – s s −α

∞
c. L{sin(α t )}( s ) = ∫ sin(α t )e – st dt
0
∞
Let I = ∫ sin(α t )e – st dt and use integration by parts with u = sin(α t), du = α cos(α t)dt,
0
– st 1
dv = e dt , and v = – e – st .
s
∞
⎡ 1 ⎤ α ∞
Then I = ⎢ – sin(α t )e – st ⎥ + ∫ cos(α t )e – st dt
⎣ s ⎦0 s 0
Use integration by parts on this integral with
1
u = cos(αt), du = –α sin(αt)dt, dv = e – st dt , and v = – e – st .
s
∞ ⎛ ∞ ⎞
⎡ 1 ⎤ α ⎡ 1 ⎤ α ∞
I = ⎢ – sin(α t )e – st ⎥ + ⎜ ⎢ – cos(α t )e – st ⎥ – ∫ sin(α t )e – st dt ⎟
⎣ s ⎦ 0 s ⎜⎝ ⎣ s ⎦0 s 0 ⎟
⎠
∞
1⎡ ⎛ α ⎞⎤ α2
= – ⎢e – st ⎜ sin(α t ) + cos(α t ) ⎟ ⎥ – I
s⎣ ⎝ s ⎠⎦0 s2
Thus,
∞
⎛ α2 ⎞ 1 ⎡ – st ⎛ α ⎞⎤
I ⎜1 + ⎟ = – ⎢ e ⎜ sin(α t ) + cos(α t ) ⎟ ⎥
⎜ s 2 ⎠⎟ s⎣ ⎝ s ⎠⎦0
⎝
∞
1 ⎡ – st ⎛ α ⎞⎤ s ⎡ ⎛ α ⎞ α⎤
I=– ⎢ e ⎜ sin(α t ) + s cos(α t ) ⎟ ⎥ = – 2 ⎢blim e – sb ⎜ sin(α b) + cos(α b) ⎟ – ⎥
(
s 1 + α2
s
2
) ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦0 2
s + α ⎣ →∞ ⎝ s ⎠ s⎦

⎛ α ⎞ ⎧0 if s > 0
lim e – sb ⎜ sin(α b) + cos(α b) ⎟ = ⎨
b →∞ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎩∞ if s ≤ 0
α
Thus, I = when s > 0.
s +α 2
2

504 Section 8.4 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 57. a. The integral is the area between the curve 58. For 0 < x < 1, x p > x q so 2 x p > x p + x q and
1– x
y2 = and the x-axis from x = 0 to x =1. 1
>
1
. For 1 < x, x q > x p so
x
x +x
p q
2x p
1– x
y2 = ; xy 2 = 1 – x; x( y 2 + 1) = 1 1 1
x 2 x > x + x q and
q p
> .
x +x
p q
2 xq
1
x= ∞ 1 1 1 ∞ 1
2
y +1 ∫0 x p + xq dx = ∫0 x p + xq dx + ∫1 x p + xq dx
1– x Both of these integrals must converge.
As x → 0, y = → ∞, while
x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1–1
∫0 x p + xq dx > ∫0 2 x p dx = 2 ∫0 x p dx which
when x = 1, y = = 0, thus the area is
1 converges if and only if p < 1.
∞ 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
∫0 2
dy = lim [tan –1 y ]b0 ∫1 x p + xq dx > ∫1 2 x q dx = 2 ∫1 xq dx which
y +1 b →∞
converges if and only if q > 1. Thus, 0 < p < 1
π
= lim tan –1 b – tan –1 0 = and 1 < q.
b →∞ 2

b. The integral is the area between the curve 8.5 Chapter Review
1+ x
y2 = and the x-axis from x = –1 to
1– x Concepts Test
x = 1.
1. True: See Example 2 of Section 8.2.
1+ x 2
y2 = ; y – xy 2 = 1 + x; y 2 –1 = x( y 2 + 1);
1– x 2. True: Use l'Hôpital's Rule.
2
y –1
x=
y2 + 1 1000 x 4 + 1000 1000
3. False: lim = = 106
4 0.001
x →∞ 0.001x + 1
1 + (–1) 0
When x = –1, y = = = 0, while
1 – (–1) 2
4. False: lim xe −1/ x = ∞ since e−1/ x → 1 and
x →∞
1+ x
as x → 1, y = → ∞. x → ∞ as x → ∞ .
1– x
The area in question is the area to the right of 5. False: For example, if f(x) = x and
1+ x g ( x) = e x ,
the curve y = and to the left of the
1– x
x
line x = 1. Thus, the area is lim = 0.
x →∞ e x
∞⎛ y2 – 1 ⎞ ∞ 2
∫0 ⎜⎜1 – y 2 + 1 ⎟⎟ dy = ∫0 y 2 + 1 dy 6. False: See Example 7 of Section 8.2.
⎝ ⎠

= lim ⎡ 2 tan –1 y ⎤
b 7. True: Take the inner limit first.
b →∞ ⎣ ⎦0
8. True: Raising a small number to a large
⎛ π⎞
lim 2 tan –1 b – 2 tan –1 0 = 2 ⎜ ⎟ = π exponent results in an even smaller
b →∞ ⎝2⎠ number.

9. True: Since lim f ( x) = –1 ≠ 0, it serves

x→a
only to affect the sign of the limit of
the product.

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 10. False: Consider f ( x) = ( x – a )2 and 17. False: Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 + x + 1 and

g ( x) =
1
, then lim f ( x ) = 0 g ( x) = 4 x3 + 2 x + 3; f ′( x) = 6 x + 1
2 x →a
( x – a) g ′( x) = 12 x 2 + 2, and so
and lim g ( x) = ∞, while
x→a f ′( x) 6x + 1 1
lim = lim = while
lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = 1. x →0 g ′( x ) 2
x →0 12 x + 2 2
x→a

f ( x) 3x 2 + x + 1 1
11. False: Consider f ( x) = 3x 2 and lim = lim =
x →0 g ( x ) x →0 4 x 3 + 2 x + 3 3
g ( x) = x 2 + 1, then
f ( x) 3x2 18. False: p > 1. See Example 4 of Section 8.4.
lim = lim
x →∞ g ( x) x→∞ x 2 + 1 ∞ 1 1 1 ∞ 1
3
19. True: ∫0 p
dx = ∫
0 p
dx + ∫
1 xp
dx;
= lim = 3, but x x
x →∞ 1 + 1 1 1
∫0 x p dx
2
x diverges for p ≥ 1 and
lim [ f ( x ) – 3 g ( x)]
x →∞ ∞ 1
2
= lim [3x – 3( x + 1)]2 ∫1 xp
dx diverges for p ≤ 1.
x →∞
= lim [–3] = –3
x →∞ ∞ 1
20. False: Consider ∫0 x +1
dx .
12. True: As x → a, f ( x) → 2 while
∞ 0 ∞
1
→ ∞. 21. True: ∫– ∞ f ( x)dx = ∫−∞ f ( x)dx + ∫0 f ( x)dx
g ( x)
If f is an even function, then
f(–x) = f(x) so
13. True: See Example 7 of Section 8.2. 0 ∞

1/ f ( x )
∫– ∞ f ( x)dx = ∫0 f ( x)dx.
14. True: Let y = [1 + f ( x)] , then Thus, both integrals making up
1 ∞
ln y =
f ( x)
ln[1 + f ( x)]. ∫– ∞ f ( x)dx converge so their sum
converges.
1 ln[1 + f ( x)]
lim ln[1 + f ( x)] = lim
x→a f ( x) x →a f ( x) 22. False: See Problem 37 of Section 8.3.
0
This limit is of the form . ∞ b
0 23. True: ∫0 f ′( x)dx = lim ∫
b →∞ 0
f ′( x )dx

ln[1 + f ( x)]
1
1+ f ( x )
f ′( x)
lim = lim = lim [ f ( x)]b0 = lim f (b) – f (0)
x→a f ( x) x →a f ′( x) b →∞ b →∞
= 0 – f(0) = –f(0).
1
= lim =1 f(0) must exist and be finite since
x →a 1 + f ( x) f ′( x) is continuous on [0, ∞).
lim [1 + f ( x)]1/ f ( x ) = lim eln y = e1 = e
x→a x →a ∞ ∞
24. True: ∫0 f ( x )dx ≤ ∫ e – x dx = lim [– e – x ]b0
0 b →∞
15. True: Use repeated applications of
–b ∞
l'Hôpital's Rule. = lim – e
b →∞
+ 1 = 1, so ∫0 f ( x)dx

16. True: e0 = 1 and p(0) is the constant term. must converge.

25. False: The integrand is bounded on the

⎡ π⎤
interval ⎢ 0, ⎥ .
⎣ 4⎦

506 Section 8.5 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 Sample Test Problems ∞
8. The limit is of the form .
∞
0
1. The limit is of the form . 2 x3 6 x2
0 lim = lim = lim 6 x3 = ∞
x →∞ ln x x →∞ 1 x →∞
4x 4 x
lim = lim =4
x →0 tan x x →0 sec 2 x
1
9. As x → 0, sin x → 0 , and → ∞ . A number
0 x
2. The limit is of the form . less than 1, raised to a large power, is a very
0
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞32 ⎞
tan 2 x 2sec2 2 x 2 small number ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 2.328 × 10−10 ⎟ so
lim = lim = ⎜⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟
x →0 sin 3 x x →0 3cos 3 x 3 ⎝ ⎠
lim (sin x)1/ x = 0 .
0 x →0 +
3. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0
Rule twice.) ln x
10. lim x ln x = lim
sin x − tan x cos x − sec2 x x →0 + x →0+
1
lim = lim x
x →0 1 x2 x →0 2x
3 3 ∞
The limit is of the form .
− sin x − 2sec x(sec x tan x) ∞
= lim =0 1
x →0 2 ln x
3 lim = lim x
= lim – x = 0
1 1
x →0 + x x →0 + – 2 x →0 +
x
cos x
4. lim = ∞ (L’Hôpital’s Rule does not apply
x →0 x2 11. The limit is of the form 00.
since cos(0) = 1.)
Let y = x x , then ln y = x ln x.
2 x cos x ln x
5. lim 2 x cot x = lim lim x ln x = lim
x →0 sin x 1
x →0 x →0 + x →0+ x
0
The limit is of the form . ∞
0 The limit is of the form .
∞
2 x cos x 2 cos x – 2 x sin x 1
lim = lim ln x
x →0 sin x x →0 cos x lim = lim x
= lim – x = 0
1 1
2–0 x →0 + x x →0 + – 2 x →0 +
= =2 x
1 lim x x = lim e ln y
=1
x →0 + x →0 +
∞
6. The limit is of the form .
∞ 12. The limit is of the form 1∞.
ln(1 − x) − 1−1x 2
lim = lim Let y = (1 + sin x)2 / x , then ln y = ln(1 + sin x).
x →1 cot πx
− 2
x →1− −π csc πx x
sin 2 πx 2 2 ln(1 + sin x )
= lim lim ln(1 + sin x) = lim
x →0 x x →0
x →1− π(1 − x )
x
0
0 The limit is of the form .
The limit is of the form . 0
0
cos x 2
sin 2 πx 2π sin πx cos πx 2 ln(1 + sin x)
lim = lim =0 lim = lim 1+sin x
x →1− π(1 – x )
x →1− −π x →0 x x →0 1
2 cos x 2
= lim = =2
∞ x →0 1 + sin x 1
7. The limit is of the form .
∞ lim (1 + sin x)2 / x = lim eln y = e 2
1 x →0 x →0
ln t 1
lim = lim t
= lim =0
t →∞ t 2 t →∞ 2t t →∞ 2t 2

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.5 507

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this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
 13. lim x ln x = lim
ln x 17. The limit is of the form 1∞.
1
x →0 + x →0+ Let y = (sin x) tan x , then ln y = tan x ln(sin x).
x
∞ sin x ln(sin x)
The limit is of the form . lim tan x ln(sin x ) = lim
∞ x→ π
2
x→ π
2
cos x
1
ln x
lim = lim x
= lim – 2 x = 0 0
1 1
x →0 + x →0 + – x →0+ The limit is of the form .
x 2 x3/ 2 0
cos x ln(sin x) + sin x cos x sin x
sin x ln(sin x)
14. The limit is of the form ∞ 0 . lim = lim
1 x→ π cos x x→ π sin x
2 2
Let y = t1/ t , then ln y = ln t.
t cos x(1 + ln(sin x)) 0
= lim = =0
1 ln t x→ π sin x 1
lim ln t = lim 2
t →∞ t t →∞ t
lim (sin x) tan x = lim eln y = 1
∞ x→ π x→ π
The limit is of the form . 2 2
∞
1
ln t 1 ⎛ π ⎞ x sin x – π2
lim = lim t = lim = 0 18. lim ⎜ x tan x – sec x ⎟ = lim
t →∞ t t →∞ 1 t →∞ t 2
x→ π ⎝
2
⎠ x → π2 cos x
lim t1/ t = lim eln y = 1
t →∞ t →∞ 0
The limit is of the form .
0
⎛ 1 1⎞ x – sin x x sin x – π2
15. lim ⎜ – ⎟ = lim sin x + x cos x 1
x →0 + ⎝ sin x x ⎠ x →0 x sin x
+ lim = lim = =1
x→ π cos x x→ π sin x 1
0 2 2
The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
0 ∞
Rule twice.) ∞ dx ⎡ 1 ⎤
x – sin x 1 – cos x
19. ∫0 ( x + 1)2 = ⎢⎣ – x + 1⎥⎦0 = 0 + 1 = 1
lim = lim
+ x sin x + sin x + x cos x
x →0 x →0
∞ dx ∞ π π
∫0 1 + x2 = ⎣⎡ tan x⎤ = – 0 =
sin x 0 –1
= lim = =0 20.
+ 2 cos x – x sin x
⎦0 2 2
x →0 2
1
∞ 1 2x ⎡ 1 2x ⎤ 1 2 1 2
16. The limit is of the form . (Apply l’Hôpital’s
∞
21. ∫– ∞ e dx = ⎢⎣ 2 e ⎥⎦ – ∞ = 2 e – 0 = 2 e
Rule three times.)
tan 3x 3sec2 3 x 1 dx
∫–11 – x = blim[–
b
lim = lim 22. ln(1 – x)]–1
2 →1
x → π tan x x → π sec x
2 2
= – lim ln(1 – b) + ln 2 = ∞
2 b→1
3cos x cos x sin x
= lim = lim The integral diverges.
π 2 π cos 3 x sin 3 x
x → cos 3 x x→
2 2

cos 2 x − sin 2 x 1 1 ∞ dx
= [ln( x + 1)]0∞ = ∞ – 0 = ∞
= lim
x→ π
2
3(cos 3 x − sin 3 x) 2
=− =
3(0 − 1) 3
23. ∫0 x +1
2
The integral diverges.

508 Section 8.5 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 b 2
2 dx b dx 2 dx ⎡5 ⎤ ⎡5 ⎤
∫12 x(ln x)1/ 5 ∫1 x(ln x)1/ 5 = lim ⎢ (ln x)4 / 5 ⎥ + lim ⎢ (ln x) 4 / 5 ⎥
+ ∫b
24. = lim + lim
1/ 5 1
b →1– 2 b →1 x(ln x) b →1 ⎣ 4
– ⎦ b →1 ⎣ 4
+ ⎦b
2
⎛5 5⎛ 1⎞
4/5 ⎞
⎛5 5 ⎞ 5 5⎛ 1⎞
4/5
5
= ⎜ (0) – ⎜ ln ⎟ ⎟ + ⎜ (ln 2)4 / 5 – (0) ⎟ = (ln 2) 4 / 5 – ⎜ ln ⎟ = [(ln 2)4 / 5 – (– ln 2)4 / 5 ]
⎜4 4⎝ 2⎠ ⎟ ⎝ 4 4 ⎠ 4 4⎝ 2⎠ 4
⎝ ⎠
5
= [(ln 2) 4 / 5 – (ln 2) 4 / 5 ] = 0
4

∞
∞ dx ∞⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎡ 1 –1 ⎤ π –1 π π π
25. ∫1 x 2 + x4 = ∫1 ⎝⎜ x2 − 1 + x 2 ⎠⎟ dx = ⎢⎣ – x – tan x ⎥⎦1 = 0 – 2 + 1 + tan 1 = 1 + 4 – 2 = 1 – 4
1
1 dx ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1
26. ∫– ∞ (2 – x)2 = ⎢⎣ 2 – x ⎥⎦ – ∞ = 1 − 0 = 1
b 0
0 dx b dx 0 dx ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
27. ∫–2 2 x + 3 = lim3 – ∫–2 2 x + 3 + lim3 + ∫b 2 x + 3 = lim3 – ⎢⎣ 2 ln 2 x + 3 ⎥⎦ –2 + lim3 + ⎢⎣ 2 ln 2 x + 3 ⎥⎦b
b→ – b→ – b→ – b→ –
2 2 2 2
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1 1 1 ⎛1 ⎞
= ⎜ lim ln 2b + 3 – (0) ⎟ + ⎜ ln 3 – lim ln 2b + 3 ⎟ = (– ∞) + ⎜ ln 3 + ∞ ⎟
⎜⎜ 3 2
– ⎟
2 ⎟ ⎜2 ⎜ + 2 ⎟
⎟ ⎝2 ⎠
b→ – 3
⎝ b→ – 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The integral diverges.

4 dx
28. ∫1 = lim [2 x – 1]b4 = 2 3 – lim 2 x – 1 = 2 3 – 0 = 2 3
x –1 b →1+ b →1+

∞
∞ dx ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
29. ∫2 x(ln x) 2
= ⎢– ⎥
⎣ ln x ⎦ 2
= –0 + =
ln 2 ln 2

∞
∞ dx ⎡ 2 ⎤ 2
30. ∫0 ex / 2
= ⎢–
⎣ e x/2 ⎥
⎦0
= –0 + = 2
1

5 dx b dx 5 dx b 5
31. ∫3 (4 – x)2 / 3 = blim ∫ + lim ∫ = lim ⎡ –3(4 – x)1/ 3 ⎤ + lim ⎡ –3(4 – x)1/ 3 ⎤
→ 4 – 3 (4 – x )
2/3
b →4+ b (4 – x )
2/3
b→4–
⎣ ⎦ 3 b → 4+ ⎣ ⎦b

= lim − 3(4 – b)1/ 3 + 3(1)1/ 3 – 3(–1)1/ 3 + lim 3(4 – b)1/ 3 = 0 + 3 + 3 + 0 = 6

b→4– b→4+

∞
∞ 2 ⎡ 1 2⎤ 1 1
32. ∫2 xe – x dx = ⎢ – e – x ⎥ = 0 + e –4 = e –4
⎣ 2 ⎦2 2 2

∞ x 0 x ∞ x
33. ∫– ∞ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫– ∞ x2 + 1 dx + ∫0 2
x +1
dx

1⎡ 0 1 ∞
= ln( x 2 + 1) ⎤ + ⎡ ln( x 2 + 1) ⎤ = The integral diverges.
2 ⎣ ⎦ –∞ 2 ⎣ ⎦ 0
(0 + ∞) + (∞ – 0)

0 ∞
∞ x 0 x ⎡1
∞ x ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
34. ∫– ∞ 1 + x 4 dx = ∫ dx = ⎢ tan –1 x 2 ⎥ + ⎢ tan –1 x 2 ⎥
dx + ∫
–∞ 1 + x4 0 1 + x4 ⎣ 2 ⎦ –∞ ⎣ 2 ⎦0
1 1 ⎛ π ⎞ 1 ⎛ π ⎞ 1 π π
= tan –1 0 – ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ – tan –1 0 = 0 – + – 0 = 0
2 2⎝ 2⎠ 2⎝ 2⎠ 2 4 4

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 8.5 509

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 ex ex
35. =
e2 x + 1 (e x ) 2 + 1
Let u = e x , du = e x dx
∞ ex ∞ 1 ∞ π π π π
∫0 dx = ∫ du = ⎡ tan –1 u ⎤ = – tan –1 1 = – =
e 2x
+1 1 2
u +1 ⎣ ⎦1 2 2 4 4

36. Let u = x3 , du = 3 x 2 dx
∞ 2 – x3 ∞ 1 –u 1 0 –u 1 ∞ –u 1 –u 0 1 –u ∞ 1 1
∫– ∞ x e dx = ∫– ∞ 3 e du = 3 ∫– ∞ e du + 3 ∫0 e du = 3 ⎡⎣ –e ⎤⎦ – ∞ + 3 ⎡⎣ – e ⎤⎦ 0 = 3 (–1 + ∞) + 3 (–0 + 1)
The integral diverges.

3 x
37. ∫−3 dx = 0
9 − x2
See Problem 35 in Section 8.4.

1
38. let u = ln(cos x), then du = ⋅ – sin x dx = – tan x dx
cos x
1
π 1 ln
tan x –∞ 1 ln 1 ⎡ 1⎤ 2 1 1
∫ 2
π
(ln cos x) 2
dx = ∫
ln
1–
2
du = ∫
–∞
2
2
du = ⎢ – ⎥
⎣ ⎦ –∞
u
=–
1
ln 2
+0 =
ln 2
3 2 u u

∞
∞ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
39. For p ≠ 1, p ≠ 0, ∫1 x p dx = ⎢⎢ – ( p – 1) x p –1 ⎥⎥ = blim
→∞ (1 – p )b p –1
+
p –1
⎣ ⎦1
1 1
lim = 0 when p – 1 > 0 or p > 1, and lim = ∞ when p < 1, p ≠ 0.
b →∞ b p –1 b →∞ b p −1
∞1
When p = 1, ∫1 dx = [ln x]1∞ = ∞ – 0 . The integral diverges.
x
∞ ∞
When p = 0, ∫1 1dx = [ x]1 = ∞ – 1 . The integral diverges.
∞ 1
∫1 xp
dx converges when p > 1 and diverges when p ≤ 1.

1
1 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 1
40. For p ≠ 1, p ≠ 0, ∫0 x p dx = ⎢⎢ – ( p – 1) x p –1 ⎥⎥ = 1 – p + blim
→ 0 ( p – 1)b p –1
⎣ ⎦0
1
lim converges when p – 1 < 0 or p < 1.
b →0 b p –1

11 1
When p = 1, ∫0 x dx = [ln x]0 = 0 – blim
→0+
ln b = ∞ . The integral diverges.

1 1
When p = 0, ∫01dx = [ x]0 = 1 – 0 = 1
1 1
∫0 x p dx converges when p < 1 and diverges when 1 ≤ p.

1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
41. For x ≥ 1, x 6 + x > x 6 , so x 6 + x > x 6 = x3 and < . Hence, ∫1 dx < ∫ dx which
3
x6 + x x x6 + x
1 x3
∞ 1
converges since 3 > 1 (see Problem 39). Thus ∫1 dx converges.
x6 + x

510 Section 8.5 Instructor’s Resource Manual

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 ln x 4. Original:
42. For x > 1, ln x < e x , so < 1 and f continuous at c ⇒ f differentiable at c
x
e
ln x ln x 1 Converse:
= < . f differentiable at c ⇒ f continuous at c (AT)
e 2 x (e x ) 2 e x
Contrapositive:
Hence,
f non-differentiable at c ⇒ f discontinuous at c
∞ ln x ∞ –x –x ∞ –1 1
∫1 e2 x dx < ∫1 e dx = [– e ]1 = –0 + e = e . 5. Original:
∞ ln x f right continuous at c ⇒ f continuous at c
Thus, ∫ dx converges.
1 e2 x Converse:
f continuous at c ⇒ f right continuous at c
ln x 1 (AT)
43. For x > 3, ln x > 1, so > . Hence,
x x Contrapositive:
∞ ln x ∞1 f discontinuous at c ⇒ f not right continuous at c
∫3 dx > ∫ dx = [ln x]3∞ = ∞ – ln 3.
x 3 x
∞ ln x 6. Original: f ′( x) ≡ 0 ⇒ f ( x) = c (AT)
The integral diverges, thus ∫3 x
dx also Converse: f ( x) = c ⇒ f ′( x) ≡ 0 (AT)
diverges. Contrapositive: f ( x) ≠ c ⇒ f ′( x) ≡ 0 (AT)

ln x ln x 1 7. Original: f ( x) = x 2 ⇒ f ′( x) = 2 x (AT)
44. For x ≥ 1, ln x < x, so < 1 and < .
x x3 x2
Hence, Converse: f ′( x) = 2 x ⇒ f ( x) = x 2
∞ ln x ∞ ⎡ 1⎤
1
∞ (Could have f ( x) = x 2 + 3 )
∫1 x3 dx < ∫1 x2 dx = ⎢⎣ – x ⎥⎦1 = –0 + 1 = 1. Contrapositive: f ′( x ) ≠ 2 x ⇒ f ( x) ≠ x 2 (AT)
∞ ln x
Thus, ∫ dx converges.
1 x3 8. Original: a < b ⇒ a 2 < b 2
Converse: a 2 < b 2 ⇒ a < b
Review and Preview Problems Contrapositive: a 2 ≥ b 2 ⇒ a ≥ b

1 1 4 2 1 7
1. Original: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT) 9. 1 + + = + + =
2 4 4 4 4 4
Converse: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
1 1 1 1 1
10. 1 + + + + + =
2 4 8 16 32
Contrapositive: If x 2 ≤ 0 , then x ≤ 0 (AT)
32 16 8 4 2 1 63
+ + + + + =
32 32 32 32 32 32 32
2. Original: If x 2 > 0 , then x > 0
4
1 1 1 1 1 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 25
Converse: If x > 0 , then x 2 > 0 (AT) 11. ∑i = 1+ 2 + 3+ 4 = 12
=
12
i =1
2
Contrapositive: If x ≤ 0 , then x ≤ 0
4
(−1) k −1 1 −1 1
3. Original: 12. ∑ 2 k
= + + + =
2 4 8 16
k =1
f differentiable at c ⇒ f continuous at c (AT)
−8 + 4 − 2 + 1 −5
Converse: =
f continuous at c ⇒ f differentiable at c 16 16
Contrapositive:
⎛∞⎞
f discontinuous at c ⇒ f non-differentiable at c 13. By L’Hopital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ :
⎝∞⎠
(AT)
x 1 1
lim = lim =
x →∞ 2 x + 1 x →∞ 2 2

Instructor’s Resource Manual Review and Preview 511

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 ⎛∞⎞ ∞ x t x
14. By L’Hopital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ twice:
⎝∞⎠
20. ∫1 2
x +1
dx = lim ∫
t →∞ 1 x +12
dx =
u = x 2 +1
n2
2n 2 1 du = 2 x dx
lim = lim = =
2
n →∞ 2n + 1 n→∞ 4n 4 2
1 t 2 +1 1
lim ∫ du = ∞
2 t →∞ 2 u
⎛∞⎞
15. By L’Hopital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ twice:
⎝∞⎠ Integral does not converge (see problem 17).
2
x 2x 2
lim = lim = lim =0 ∞
x →∞ e x x →∞ e x x →∞ ex 21.
∞
∫1
x
x2 + 1
dx = lim ∫1
t →∞ x2 + 1
t x
dx =
1
2
( 2
ln x +1 ) 1
=∞

⎛∞⎞ Integral does not converge.

16. By L’Hopital’s Rule ⎜ ⎟ twice:
⎝∞⎠ ∞ 1 t 1
lim
n2
= lim
2n
= lim
2
=0
22. ∫2 x (ln x) 2
dx = lim ∫
t →∞ 2 x(ln x) 2
dx =
n →∞ en n →∞ en n →∞ en u = ln x
du = 1 x dx
∞1 t 1
17. ∫1 dx = lim ∫ dx = ln t 1 ⎡ 1⎤
ln t
x t →∞ 1 x lim ∫
t →∞ ln 2 u 2
du = lim ⎢ − ⎥
t →∞ ⎣ u ⎦ ln 2
=
lim [ ln x ] [ ]=∞
t
= lim ln t
1 t →∞
t →∞ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 1
lim ⎢ − ⎥ = ≈ 1.443
t →∞ ⎣ ln 2 ln t ⎦ ln 2
Integral does not converge.
Integral converges.
∞ 1 t 1
18. ∫1 x2
dx = lim ∫
t →∞ 1 x2
dx =

t
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
lim ⎢ − ⎥ = lim ⎢1 − ⎥ = 1
t →∞ ⎣ x ⎦1 t →∞ ⎣ t⎦

Integral converges.

∞ 1 t 1
19. ∫1 x1.001
dx = lim ∫
t →∞ 1 x1.001
dx =

t
⎡ 1000 ⎤ ⎡ 1000 ⎤
lim ⎢ − ⎥ = lim ⎢1000 − ⎥ = 1000
0.001
t →∞ ⎣ x ⎦1 t →∞ ⎣ t 0.001 ⎦

Integral converges.

512 Review and Preview Instructor’s Resource Manual

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this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.