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Jose Maria Madrid / Ivan Lozano / Jose Manuel Roca, Gas Natural Fenosa, Spain
Abstract
In this paper we want to show our experience in
GNF on impedance measurement of underground
cables and the influence that the soil of a big city
like Madrid has on zero sequence impedance.
This parameter, influenced by the return paths that
can be found on the ground and the type of
connection of the screens, found in a city like
Madrid with unexpected return paths through the
soil (pipelines, railways, building structures, etc. ...)
does vary significantly from the theoretical values
in zero sequence impedance.
For this study we tested all the underground cables
that we have in 220kV, 132kV and some 45kV,
finding notable differences between the theoretical
and measured values. Fig. 1 Autotransformer
GNF Grid
Gas Natural Group is one of the leading
multinational companies in the gas and electricity
sector, operating in 25 countries and with more
than 20 million customers.
Following the acquisition of the electricity
company, Unión Fenosa, third in the Spanish
market, Gas Natural Fenosa has achieved its
objective of integrating the gas and electricity
business in a single company with extensive
experience in the energy sector, capable of
competing efficiently in energy markets subject to a
process of increasing integration, globalisation and
levels of competition.
In Union Fenosa we have over 40 years measuring
impedance cables with equipment manufactured
for us (see Figure 1), but in 2005, when we
acquired an OMICRON CPC 100 we intensified
this field work.
Nowadays, all the electric distribution circuits in the
city of Madrid which are the property of Gas
Natural Fenosa, are underground, with voltage
levels of 220, 132, 45 and 15kV. All 220, 132 and
45kV lines are fitted with a distance relay as main
or redundant protection. This makes it very
important for us to measure the reliability of the Fig. 2 CPC 100 in Azca Substation
impedance data lines in terms of protection Based on our experience, we consider the
settings calculations. impedance measurement of underground power
Since 2006 we have been able to measure all the cables very important because we have found
220kV circuits which are for us the most critical, substantial differences between the values
and any position of 45kV that we believe needs to indicated by the manufacturer or calculated for us,
be measured for its unique features. and those actually measured by us. In addition, it
allows us to detect implementation errors in the
laying of cables related to the connection of the
sheaths in cable joints, errors in the grounding of the cable route and installed very close to the
systems of sheaths or errors in the surge arresters. cable conductors, to carry the fault current during
ground faults and to limit the voltage rise of the
sheath during ground faults to an acceptable level.
As the main advantage is their simplicity, the
screens circulating insignificant current and
magnetic fields between conductors are broadly
balanced.
It is widely used in lines where it is necessary to
maximize the allowed amp capacity in the
conductor without the limitations that cause the
current screen.
Fig. 9 Comparative