IoT & Big Data Analytics for Climate Change Due to Fast
Urbanization
J Uma Mahesh* G Vijay Kumar**
* Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, G.C.E.T, Postal address:501301,
Ranga Reddy,Telangana,India E-Mail: umamaheshsjcet@gmail.com, http://www.Geethanjaliiinstitutions.in/~author
** Associate Professor, School of Computing, K.L E F., Postal address:522 502, Guntur District, A.P,India
Phone: 9247411556, E-Mail: gvijay_73@kluniversity.in, http://www.kluniversity.in/~coauthor
Abstract – Internet of Things (IoT) is widely being
accepted as a new technology for business operations, with
excellence view mainly for wireless communication between
sensors, actuators and other useful small electronic devices
in day-to-day human life, all in general being referred to as
“Things”. As quite a potential technology, IoT is bound to
experience a widespread application in a few years. This
offers the ability to compute changes in climate using
environmental indicators. This paper presents practical
examples of innovative observational, statistical and
analytical approaches employed in Climate Change and its
environmental impacts in cities. In this paper, we analyze
the changes in climate due to fast urbanization as a key
factor. We will analyze the data of green house gases in
different areas using various sensors and generate results
using two different combinations of machine learning
algorithms using confusion matrix of SVM with PCA &
SVM without PCA to draw a conclusion which generates
best results.
Keywords: IoT, Fast Urbanization, Sensors, Machine
Learning, Confusion Matrix, SVM, PCA.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is dream. Since several years our
actual necessity has remained unchanged. We are wishing to
desire something to do new and useful for the society to be in
protected manner and entertained. IoT have ability to support
our society and play a major role in the larger proposal of
things (1). Big data Analytics has become known as the
advanced technological revolution in Information technology
industry next to the Internet of Things (2).This is a new
automation technique and analytics system which makes use
of computer networking, algorithmic trading, sentiment
measurement, artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms to deploy entire systems for a product or service
oriented. These automation systems allow higher degree of
transparency and accounting, control and performance when
practically applied to any industry business or organization.
These systems have various applications across industry
business organizations because of its unique features and
capability to be fit in any nature of environment. They
improve data preprocessing techniques, automation
techniques, various other computing techniques, and many
1
more using smart devices and technology.
An IoT Technology and Big Data Analytics allow users to
achieve intelligent automation system.IoT uses its technology
for networking, sensing and robotics. IoT is the reason for
falling hardware prices due to its current trends and advances
in software technology. Its emerging trends and technologies
changed the delivery of products, goods, and services; and
the social, economic and other changes. As quite a potential
technology, IoT and Big Data is bound to experience a
widespread application in a few years. This offers the
capability to measure changes in climate due to fast
urbanization (3) and release of green house gases (9).
II FAST URBANIZATION
Fast Urbanization is a people changing their residence from
rural places to urban places, "the rapid increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas", and the living
style in which each society of aggregate of people adapts to
the change (3). It is the major reason because of this small
town and cities are becoming larger as more population
begins living and working in these areas (4). The urban areas
of the globe are rapidly increasing. By 2050, about 70
percentage of the globe population are likely to stay and do
work in city kind of areas. That is almost equal to 3.5 billion
people who live in cities by 2050, mostly it will happen in
Africa and Asia countries (4). Especially the United Nations
organization has also recently predicted that nearly all world
population growth from 2018 to 2030 will be occupied by
cities, about 1.5 billion people are more likely to reside in
cities for the coming 12 years(5).
People changing their residence from rural places
to urban places are related to a various factors, such as
physical and human geography, society and social
relationships, production and consumption of goods and
services, public welfare and health. The happening has
been directly related to modernize, computerization,
mechanization, and the society and social relationships
process of rationalization (6). It is clearly defined People’s
leaving from rural places to urban places at a set time i.e.
towns and cities total population growth. So Fast
urbanization can be defined as rapidly people changing
their residence from rural places to urban places can be
evaluate based on increase of urban growth in proportion
to the total population growth. Fast Urbanization creates b MQ 135
enormous Climate and its Environmental effects on people Name MQ 135
in the world, social, economic changes, change in people Image
health , which offer an opportunity for carry on
“maximum use of resources more efficiently, to create
more sustainable solutions. It requires progress of new
statistical tools and data mining techniques to protect the Purpose Smoke Detection Sensor
biodiversity of natural ecosystems (7).”
Properties • Sensitive gas -Smoke
• Boost converter chip -
PT1301
• Operating voltage - 2.5V-
5.0V
• Dimensions -
40.0mm*21.0mm
Fixing hole size - 2.0mm

c MQ 2
Name MQ 2
Image

Purpose Methane Gas Sensor

Properties • Working Voltage: 4.9 - 5.1
Fig. 1 Consequences of fast urbanization
• Heating consumption: 0.5 -
800
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES • Load resistance:
Environmental impacts of climate
• Heater resistance:- -
change(10,11)e such as intense emission of greenhouse
Sensing Resistance: 3 - 30
gases, heat waves, rising sea-levels, changes in
precipitation resulting in flooding and droughts, intense
hurricanes, and degraded air quality, affect directly and
d MQ 7
indirectly the physical, social, and psychological health of Name MQ 7
humans(8,9). The main reason for these consequences can Image
be seen as rapid urbanization over the last century. People
have been migrated from villages to cities in search of
employment and many other reasons exploiting the
environment at a rapid pace causing disturbances in the
Purpose Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor
ecological cycle.
Properties • Circuit voltage - 5v
III. SENSORS • Using temperature - -20C
In this paper we use four different sensors to collect to +50C
information about different gases present in the • Storage temperature - -
20C to +50C
environment. These sensors include
• Relative humidity - Less
a. DHT 11 than 95% RH
Name DHT 11
Image
Fig. 2 Sensors

Purpose Capacitive humidity sensor

Properties
• 2.5mA max current use
during conversion
(while requesting data)

• 20-80%
humidity readings with
5% accuracy

• 0-50°C
temperature readings
±2°C accuracy
2
 .
IV. MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Machine learning – branch of computer science (mainly
Used in artificial and computationalal intelligeeence
ence).
It is a "Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn
without being explicitly programmed". It discovers the
learning and building of algorithms that can study from
applying classification & predictions techniques on data. This
kind of machine learning algorithms can be tested by
designing a model or method from an example of training
data set of input. To analyze and predict our evaluation
decisions which are used as outputs. Fig. 4: A diagram of the toy example for PCA
Classification is one of the data mining techniques for
diverse application areas which are textual data classification, V.METHODOLOGY
voice detection, extracting image information, artificial We use gas sensors to collect concentration of gas
intelligence and computational intelligence classification, in the environment. The data from the sensor is converted
climate change classification etc to readable form using arduino.we can send data directly to
cloud from the sensor avoiding additional storage device.
1. SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM) The cloud API keys are used to read and write data to
The fundamentals of SVM Machine learning algorithm have cloud. The data is collected continuously as these are
been developed by Vapnik. SVM is more popular in the area analog sensors. Hence, we can take data in specified time
of deep learning and machine learning due to its exciting spell as per our need and store in the cloud.
features and performance (18). This algorithm does not have The data from cloud can be retrieved to R console
drawbacks of data reduction dimensionality and inadequate using a request. Once the raw data is retrieved it is divided
samples. Latest surveys results SVM (support vector into data sets and analyzed by applying specific algorithms
machines) usually are capable of producing higher using its confusion matrix.
classification accuracy performance than other algorithms.

Export climate data from

sensor to the cloud
database

lan

Fig. 3: Maximum margin hyper-planes for SVM trained samples

2. Principle Component Analysis (PCA)
This reduction technique used for dimensionality reduction Apply SVM and PCA
algorithms on data sheet
i.e. reducing large set of data information to small set of data using rattle

information without losing actual information. Here reduced

set of data inputs can be used as principle factors. So reduced
data inputs are easy to compute and analyze
Compare the results of both algorithms
and choose the one with best performance

Fig. 5 Architecture

V1. IMPLEMENTATION
We will analyze the data of green house gases in different
areas using various sensors and generate results using two
different combinations of machine learning algorithms
using confusion matrix of SVM with PCA & SVM without
PCA to draw a conclusion which generates best results on
the following data sets

3
Data Sets

Fig. 7 Climate Latitude Plot

PCA: the main aim of this dimensionality reduction
technique is to remove redundancy and noisy data in order
Fig. 6 Data Sets to find hidden patterns and correlated variables.
To create our Data sets we used R language. The following We have various functions from various packages from
structure and syntax we used in R language to perform CRAN-R
classification by finding the hyper-plane that compares two Following are the functions we used prcomp()
classes.. and princomp() from the built-in R stats package.
climate<read.csv(file="D:/umamahesh1.csv",head=TRUE,s PCA() from FactoMineR package.
ep=",")
> climate
latitude longitude mq37 mq135
1 123 12 101
2 245 14 102
3 3 46 13 103 >
summary(climate)
latitude longitude mq37 mq135 Min. :1.0 Min. :23.0
Min. :12.0 Min. :101.0 1st Qu.:1.5 1st Qu.:34.0 1st
Qu.:12.5 1st Qu.:101.5 Median :2.0 Median :45.0 Median
:13.0 Median :102.0 Mean :2.0 Mean :38.0 Mean :13.0
Mean :102.0 3rd Qu.:2.5 3rd Qu.:45.5 3rd Qu.:13.5 3rd
Qu.:102.5 Max. :3.0 Max. :46.0 Max. :14.0 Max. :103.0
> library(e1071)
> mymodel<-svm(latitude~.,data=climate)
> summary(mymodel)
Call:
svm(formula = latitude ~ ., data = climate) Results
Parameters:
SVM-Type: eps-regression
SVM-Kernel: radial
cost: 1
gamma: 0.3333333
epsilon: 0.1
Number of Support Vectors: 3
>plot(climate$latitude,climate$longitude,col=climate$mq3
7)

4
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CONCLUSION
In this research paper, we analyze the changes in climate due
to fast urbanization as a key factor by using IoT and Big
Data Analytics. We used various green house gas sensors by
placing them in various locations and those data results will
be stored in a cloud. From that data we will analyze where
the pollution is more due to these green house gases mixed in
air. These results are generated using two different
combinations of machine learning algorithms using
confusion matrix of SVM with PCA & SVM without PCA to
draw a conclusion which generates best results.