Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Overture:
Smart grid is one of the new principles of combining the conventional electrical grid with the
advancement of data and telecommunications technology to boost power generation,
transmission, distribution and consumption efficiency. The classic one-way power supply for
customers is not sufficient to meet the growing and rising demand for energy for the 21st
century. Smart grid has a number of unique features, including distribution optimization,
asset management, distributed power generation, AMI and demand side management (DSM).
Smart networks allow companies to manage and automate the energy and distribution
processes by incorporating intelligent control algorithms into information technologies. It
significantly improves network security, performance and productivity. The incorporation of
renewable energy resources and storage sources into the consumer side is one of the key
features of the smart grid. Another main feature is the ability for customers and utilities to
communicate among themselves to share responsibility for controlling power flows and
usage. Today, it makes possible to use the Internet of Things (IoT) to create a communication
protocol for home automation and energy management. Home appliances, as well as
renewable and storage energy devices can be considered as artifacts. Therefore, mobile
phones of homeowners can also be regarded as artifacts as well as application servers. It
allows information and commands to be shared on connected devices such as intelligent
meters and utility services, i.e. computer, machine, person, system or utilities. The smart
home features three main features: 1) detecting and tracking changes; 2) software and
equipment can connect and interact with people, systems and other items; and 3) logical
decision-making based on established information. This work provides a method for closing
the gap between power supplies and residential consumers. This approach allows all
organizations to form their priorities by rules and goals. It allows the use of existing and new
algorithms to take decisions on power planning and distribution using the given information
(regulations and objectives). Such a strategy would help remove power outages in homes.
When a particular house overloads the energy grid usage, the customer can be warned of
consumer behavior and be informed about the use of the equipment. Electricity planning and
distribution decisions can be automated based on the electricity utility specified and customer
regulations. In order to reduce power consumption from the house based on a model
produced and decided upon by the user, the system may, for instance, decide to shut down the
power generated from the home and power other appliances. Electricity planning and
distribution decisions can be automated on the basis of specified electricity supply and
consumer laws. For example, the system may decide to shut down the power from a house or
switch off specific devices to minimize the power consumption from a particular home on the
basis of the template that the customers have developed and decided on. [1]

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1.2. Historical Background:
There was a need for an equipment to measure the consumption and to help distributors
deliver, cost and track their service as soon as there were electricity distribution grids. There
was a long journey from the first experimental tools to calculate usage to today's intelligent
grid technology that uses two-way metering software to transform appliances on and off
according to demand and off-peak electricity prices.

In Edison’s 1882 Pearl Street system in lower Manhattan, electro-magnetic pull against a

carefully adjusted spring closed or opened contacts illuminating either a red lamp(if a line
voltage rose) or a blueish lamp (if a line voltage drops) indicating to the attendant that the
electric-magnetic field strength in the generators is controlled by the hand wheels to match
the generator output with the power supply. Edison constructed a meter of two electrodes in
an electrolyte to calculate the electricity consumed.

Samuel Gardiner patented the first known electric meter in 1872. A clock was halted by an
electric. It gave information on the flow length, but not the quantity. Hermann Aron patented
a meter in 1883 that showed that energy was used on a number of clock dials. The 1886
meter of Edward Weston, which stipulates high accuracy requirements, was not intended to
measure usage, but rather to measure current.

A measuring wattmeter was invented in 1889 by Elihu Thomson. This was immediately a
popular metering technology that allowed utilities to measure a customer's electricity. The
road to exactness was nevertheless a long one. The power surge following the lightning
storms often damaged braking magnets on meters. This meant the meters would then run fast
and the customer would complain about quick-running smart meters parallel. Under overload
conditions, older meters tended to run slowly. When grid energy demand increased by the
end of the 20th century, utilities looked for ways to accommodate peak loads. Capital costs
for building capacity to handle those peaks — a capacity that would then sit idle in long non-
popular load times — led companies to find ways to measure their demand cycles, pricing
them accordingly and allowing clients to move consumption from peak to non-popular
periods. The purpose of matching consumption to production required meters that, apart from
cumulative consumption, could measure the time of day of consumption.

Ted Paraskevakos then developed an electronic monitoring system for fire, security and
medical alarm systems while working for the Boeing company in Huntsville, Alabama in
1972. It could also read energy meters. This technology came from the automatic system of
identification of the telephone line now known as Caller I.D. In 1974, Mr. Paraskevakos was
granted a US patent for this technology. Three years later, Metretek, Inc., the first fully
automated remote meter reading and load management system available for the industry, was
introduced. Providers have long sought ways of balancing energy generation with
consumption. Traditional gas and electricity meters measured total consumption only and did
not provide information as to the use of the energy. Nevertheless, intelligent measuring
meters monitor site-specific information, which provides valuable insight on energy use to

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both customers and suppliers. Intelligent meters can even calculate surge voltages to detect
issues with power performance. The foundation for building the better, more effective and
more reliable electricity distribution network which will eventually become the smart grid
have all of these innovations and the growth of over a century.

1.2.1. Earlier Research:

TABLE 1.1

SUMMARY OF RELATED SURVEYS OF IOT-AIDED SMART GRID

Considered Survey Publication Focus

Network Year
Collier [5] 2017 A short magazine paper on the convergence of
IoT with the IoT.
Al-Turjman and 2019 AMI and Smart Metering technologies for the
Abujubbeh [6] monitoring of reliability and power quality in
IoT-aided SG systems.
Gupta et al. [7] 2019 Security in IoT-aided SG systems, specifically
vulnerabilities, security threads and their
countermeasures.
De La Torre 2019 Evaluating deep packet inspection as a security
Parra et al. [8] tool for IoT-aided SG systems.
Bedi et al. [9] 2018 Electric power and energy systems, mainly how
IoT can be applied to electric power and energy
systems, e.g., the value of IoT in electric power
network. Also presents an example of IoT in
electric power and energy systems.
Reka et al. [10] 2018 Providing awareness to researchers in the field of
IoT-aided SG IoT and SG systems.
Sohraby et al. 2017 Satellite and wireless-based M2M services
[11] applied to SG.
Jain et al. [12] 2014 A short survey on SG technologies, including
smart metering, IoT and energy management
system with separate focus on the technologies,
rather than surveying them combinely as IoT-
aided SG system.
Al-Ali and 2015 Presents a conceptual model for SG within the
Aburukba [13] IoT context with the main focus on SG
communication layer based on IPv6 as the
backbone.
Viswanath et al. Developed a testbed for residential SG, i.e., smart
[14] 2016 home that controls the energy based on dynamic
pricing and performs an energy management
system. The authors also developed an Android
application for allowing remote access to
consumers.
Yang [15] 2019 Presents the application of IoT in SG with a focus
on brief overview of opportunities, challenges and
future directions. However, it does survey
existing work in the domain of IoT-aided SG
systems.

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Over the past few years, IoT technology has gained tremendous popularity in various
applications, allowing the Internet to be interconnected with various network-embedded
devices that are used in everyday life. It has automated the operation of different systems
such as health care, transportation, military, home appliances, protection, surveillance,
farming, and power grids. IoT devices are normal objects equipped with transceivers,
microcontrollers and protocol stacks that enable communication with other devices as well as
with external entities (e.g. humans) to enable the creation of entirely automated systems that
make them an essential component of the Internet. It is shown that in the last couple of years
how much advanced technologies or researches are going on about IoT aided Smart Grid.
Now a day, an iot-based smart grid system is a crying need for developing countries or
developed countries like us to overcome the power shortage, which is why it has become a
major issue.

1.3. Objective of this Work:

The title of this project is the reflection of the objective of this project. The main goal is to
design such a device which will provide the system of monitoring and controlling over the
electricity uses in both user end and the distributor or the substation end.
1.3.1. Primary objectives:

 To monitor the active load from anywhere,

 To control the load from anywhere through IoT,

 To detect any fault or low power in the generation sector and switching the
generators automatically,
1.3.2. Secondary Objectives:

 To improve the communication between generation sector and user end,

 To minimize the loss occurred by the generation sectors failure,

 To minimize the shortage of power by proper monitoring and controlling.

1.4. Impact of project on Society:

The effect of the project on society, specifically from Bangladesh's perspective, would show
quite the positive impact. Is it necessary or appropriate for a small and developing country
like Bangladesh? Some feedback has been obtained from colleagues, the public and experts
in order to know and understand their opinions on this initiative. Such data proportions are

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based on 70 people's online surveys. The input data are demonstrated by displaying Pie
Charts below.

About 85.7% people thinks that our project would be helpful to reduce the energy
consumption.

Almost everyone said it will employ a significant change in our country.

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Here, most of the people said it is effective for our financial benefit, then some people said it
moderately effective, a very few people thinks it is less effective and 1.4% people thinks it is not
effective at all.

The response for the percentage population (X) is moderately high between 25 to 75%.

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About 88.6% people think this project is environment friendly.

Only 10% of people said it will not save our natural resources, then 5.7% didn’t think about
this and the rest 84.3% people said it will save our natural resources.

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Almost everyone said this system can reduce the workload of its users.

More people think that our device can be used by people of any age.

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© Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Here most of the people said it can be implemented in both areas, some people responded as
maybe and very few said it can’t be implemented in both areas of Bangladesh.

More than 92% people think that our device can give people control over their electricity
uses.

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29% people think there is bad effect from our project, 14% said maybe and most of the
people to be exact 56% people said there is no bad effect from our project in the society.

Here more than 53% people said there is no negative impact on environment, then 26% said a
little impact and 20% said it has negative effect on environment.

1.5. Project Management:

Table 1.2

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 TASKS MILESTONES
BRAIN STORMING PROJECT TOPICSELECTED.
LITERATURE REVIEW SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF PRE-
DEFENSE
MODEL DESIGN PROGRESS REPORT SUBMISSION
RE-ADJUSTMENT OF SELECTED COMPLETION OF PROGRESS REPORT
SOLUTION BASED ON SURVEY
RESULTS
PROJECT BRIEFING SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF PRE-
DEFENSE PROPOSAL SUBMISSION
FINAL MODEL IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION ON FINAL DEFENCE
SUBMISSION OF FINAL BOOK & COMPLETION ON FINAL DEFENCE
POSTER

Figure 1.1. Project Management (GANTT CHART)

References:
[1] IoT Based Energy Management for Residential Area Raafat O. Aburukba, Member, IEEE, A. R.
Al-Ali, Senior Member, IEEE, Taha Landolsi, Senior Member, IEEE, Mohammed Rashid, and
Rizwan Hassan

[2] Dr. Robert Erickson, “Introduction to Power electronics”, August 27, 2012.

[3] Ethw website, [Online: November 30, 2019], [Cited: N/A], Available:

https://ethw.org/The_History_of_Making_the_Grid_Smart

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[4] Smart grid website, [Online: November 30,2019], [Cited; N/A], Available:

https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/sg_introduction.pdf

[5] S. E. Collier, “The emerging Enernet: Convergence of the Smart Grid with the Internet of Things,”
in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 2, 2017, pp. 12–16.
[6] F. Al-Turjman and M. Abujubbeh, “IoT-enabled Smart Grid via SM: An Overview,” Future
Generation Computer Systems, In Press, 2019.
[7] A. Gupta, A. Anpalagan, G. H. Carvalho, L. Guan, and I. Woungang, “Prevailing and Emerging
Cyber Threats and Security Practices in IoTenabled Smart Grids: A Survey,” Journal of Network and
Computer Applications, vol. 132, p. 1, 2019.
[8] G. De La Torre Parra, P. Rad, and K.-K. R. Choo, “Implementation of Deep Packet Inspection in
Smart Grids and Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities,” Journal of Network and
Computer Applications, vol. 135, pp. 32–46, 2019.
[9] G. Bedi, G. K. Venayagamoorthy, R. Singh, R. R. Brooks, and K.-C. Wang, “Review of Internet
of Things (IoT) in Electric Power and Energy Systems,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no.
2, pp. 847–870, 2018.
[10] S. S. Reka and T. Dragicevic, “Future Effectual Role of Energy Delivery: A Comprehensive
Review of Internet of Things and Smart Grid,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 91,
pp. 90–108, 2018
[11] K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, B. Occhiogrosso, and W. Wang, “A Review of Wireless and Satellite-
Based M2M/IoT Services in Support of Smart Grids,” Mobile Networks and Applications, pp. 1–15,
2017.
[12] S. Jain, N. Kumar, A. Paventhan, V. K. Chinnaiyan, V. Arnachalam, and M. Pradish, “Survey on
Smart Grid Technologies-Smart Metering, IoT and EMS,” in Students’ Conference on Electrical,
Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2014, pp. 1–6.
[13] A. Al-Ali and R. Aburukba, “Role of Internet of Things in the Smart Grid Technology,” Journal
of Computer and Communications, vol. 3, no. 05, p. 229, 2015.
[14] S. K. Viswanath, C. Yuen, W. Tushar, W.-T. Li, C.-K. Wen, K. Hu, C. Chen, and X. Liu,
“System Design of the Internet of Things for Residential Smart Grid,” IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 90–98, 2016.
[15] Q. Yang, “Internet of Things Application in Smart Grid: A Brief Overview of Challenges,
Opportunities, and Future Trends,” in Smart Power Distribution Systems. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 267–
283.

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